v
TABLE OF CONTENT
Abstrak i
Abstract ii
Dedication iii
Acknowledgement iv
Table of Content v
List of Tables viii
List of Figures ix
List of Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclature x
1.0 INTRODUCTION
1
1.1 Background
1 1.2
Problem Statement 2
1.3 Objectives
2 1.4
Scopes 3
2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW
4
2.1 Fertilizer
4 2.2
Urea Fertilizer 5
2.3 Urea Manufacturing Process
6 2.3.1 Synthesis
6 2.3.2 Purification
6 2.3.3 Concentration
7 2.3.4 Granulation Process
7 2.3.4.1 Wet Granulation
8 2.3.4.2 Dry Granulation
8 2.4
The Physical Characteristic of Urea 9
2.4.1 Particle Size 10
vi
2.4.1.1 Effects on Agronomic Response 10
2.4.1.2 Effects on Granulation and Process Performance 11
2.4.1.3 Effects on Storage, Handling, and Application Properties 11
2.4.1.4 Effects on Blending Properties 12
2.4.1.5 Particle Size Analysis 14
2.4.2 Density 14
2.4.2.1 Bulk Density 14
2.4.2.2 Apparent Density 15
2.4.2.3 True Density 15
2.4.3 Granule Hardness 16
2.4.3.1 Crushing Strength 16
2.4.3.2 Abrasion Resistance 17
2.4.3.3 Impact Resistance 18
2.5 The Parameters in Urea
18 2.5.1 Concentration of Urea
18
3.0 METHODOLOGY
20
3.1 Planning of the Study
20 3.2
Flow Chart of Methodology 21
3.3 Machines and Equipment
22
3.3.1 Extruder machine 22
3.3.2 Particle Size Analyzer 24
3.3.3 Electronic Densimeter MD-300S 26
3.3.4 Compression Tester 28
3.4 The Materials
30 3.4.1 Pure Urea CH4N2O
30 3.4.2 Soy Bagasse
31 3.4.3 Wheat Flour
32
4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION
33
4.1 Results of Experiment
33
vii
4.1.1 Compression Test 35
4.1.2 Density Test 37
4.1.3 Particle Size Analysis 38
4.2 Discussion
41
5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS
5.1 Conclusions
44 5.2
Recommendations 45
REFERENCES 46
APPENDICES A
Gantt chart for PSM 1 B
Gantt chart for PSM 2 C
Parts of Extruder machine D
Parts of Extruder machine E
Parts of Extruder machine F
Parts of Compression tester
viii
LIST OF TABLES
3.1 Sample Ratio by Gram
23 3.2
Sample Ratio by Percentage 23
4.1 Result of Compression test
35 4.2
Result of Density test 36
4.3 The Range size of Soy Bagasse for Particle Size analysis
38 4.4
The Range size of Wheat Flour for Particle Size analysis 39
4.5 The Range size of Urea for Particle Size analysis
40 4.6
The Range size of sample D for Particle Size analysis 41
ix
LIST OF FIGURES
2.1 Schematic representation of Urea synthesis
5
3.1 Flow Chart for Methodology
21 3.2
Extruder machine 22
3.3 Particle Size Analyzer
24 3.4
Flow Chart for Particle Size Analyzer 25
3.5 Electronic Densimeter
26 3.6
Flow Chart for Electronic Densimeter 28
3.7 Compression Tester
28 3.8
Flow Chart for Compression Tester 30
3.9 Pure Urea CH
4
N
2
O 30
3.10 Soy Bagasse
31 3.11
Wheat Flour 32
4.1 Sample A Soy Bagasse 50: Wheat Flour 25: Urea 25
33 4.2
Sample B Soy Bagasse 25: Wheat Flour 50: Urea 25 34
4.3 Sample C Soy Bagasse 25: Wheat Flour 25: Urea 50
34 4.4
Sample D Soy Bagasse 33.34: Wheat Flour 33.34: Urea 33.34 35
4.5 Graph of Compression test
36 4.6
Graph of Density test 37
4.7 Graph of Soy Bagasse for Particle Size analysis
38 4.8
Graph of Wheat Flour for Particle Size analysis 39
4.9 Graph of Urea for Particle Size analysis
40 4.10
Graph of sample D 41
x
LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE
C -
Carbon H
- Hydrogen
He -
Helium ISO
- International Organization for Standardization
K Potassium
MTPD -
Mertic Tonne per Day N
- Nitrogen
Ne -
Neon No.exp
- Number of experiment
O -
Oxygen P
- Phosphorus
QC -
Quality control R
- Correlation coefficient
R
2 -
The value of coefficient of determination UPM
- Universiti Putra Malaysia
USM -
Universiti Sains Malaysia UTeM
- Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka
UTP -
Universiti Teknologi Petronas
1
CHAPTER 1
INTRODUCTION
Fertilizer is known as a catalyst or supply the plant nutrient essential to growth the plant. Typically the term of fertilizer is used to refer to the industry of agriculture that
researches, designs, manufactures, operates, and maintains the growth of the plant on the earth. Fertilizer is very important in agriculture industry because it also contribute in the
economy of country. These specifications narrowed the manufacturing processes of fertilizer of Urea.
1.0 Background