INTRODUCTION LITERATURE REVIEW METHODOLOGY RESULT AND DISCUSSION CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

v TABLE OF CONTENT Abstrak i Abstract ii Dedication iii Acknowledgement iv Table of Content v List of Tables viii List of Figures ix List of Abbreviations, Symbols and Nomenclature x

1.0 INTRODUCTION

1 1.1 Background 1 1.2 Problem Statement 2

1.3 Objectives

2 1.4 Scopes 3

2.0 LITERATURE REVIEW

4

2.1 Fertilizer

4 2.2 Urea Fertilizer 5 2.3 Urea Manufacturing Process 6 2.3.1 Synthesis 6 2.3.2 Purification 6 2.3.3 Concentration 7 2.3.4 Granulation Process 7 2.3.4.1 Wet Granulation 8 2.3.4.2 Dry Granulation 8 2.4 The Physical Characteristic of Urea 9 2.4.1 Particle Size 10 vi 2.4.1.1 Effects on Agronomic Response 10 2.4.1.2 Effects on Granulation and Process Performance 11 2.4.1.3 Effects on Storage, Handling, and Application Properties 11 2.4.1.4 Effects on Blending Properties 12 2.4.1.5 Particle Size Analysis 14 2.4.2 Density 14 2.4.2.1 Bulk Density 14 2.4.2.2 Apparent Density 15 2.4.2.3 True Density 15 2.4.3 Granule Hardness 16 2.4.3.1 Crushing Strength 16 2.4.3.2 Abrasion Resistance 17 2.4.3.3 Impact Resistance 18 2.5 The Parameters in Urea 18 2.5.1 Concentration of Urea 18

3.0 METHODOLOGY

20 3.1 Planning of the Study 20 3.2 Flow Chart of Methodology 21 3.3 Machines and Equipment 22

3.3.1 Extruder machine 22

3.3.2 Particle Size Analyzer 24 3.3.3 Electronic Densimeter MD-300S 26 3.3.4 Compression Tester 28 3.4 The Materials 30 3.4.1 Pure Urea CH4N2O 30 3.4.2 Soy Bagasse 31 3.4.3 Wheat Flour 32

4.0 RESULT AND DISCUSSION

33 4.1 Results of Experiment 33 vii 4.1.1 Compression Test 35 4.1.2 Density Test 37 4.1.3 Particle Size Analysis 38 4.2 Discussion 41

5.0 CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

5.1 Conclusions 44 5.2 Recommendations 45 REFERENCES 46 APPENDICES A Gantt chart for PSM 1 B Gantt chart for PSM 2 C Parts of Extruder machine D Parts of Extruder machine E Parts of Extruder machine F Parts of Compression tester viii LIST OF TABLES 3.1 Sample Ratio by Gram 23 3.2 Sample Ratio by Percentage 23 4.1 Result of Compression test 35 4.2 Result of Density test 36 4.3 The Range size of Soy Bagasse for Particle Size analysis 38 4.4 The Range size of Wheat Flour for Particle Size analysis 39 4.5 The Range size of Urea for Particle Size analysis 40 4.6 The Range size of sample D for Particle Size analysis 41 ix LIST OF FIGURES 2.1 Schematic representation of Urea synthesis 5 3.1 Flow Chart for Methodology 21 3.2 Extruder machine 22 3.3 Particle Size Analyzer 24 3.4 Flow Chart for Particle Size Analyzer 25 3.5 Electronic Densimeter 26 3.6 Flow Chart for Electronic Densimeter 28 3.7 Compression Tester 28 3.8 Flow Chart for Compression Tester 30 3.9 Pure Urea CH 4 N 2 O 30 3.10 Soy Bagasse 31 3.11 Wheat Flour 32 4.1 Sample A Soy Bagasse 50: Wheat Flour 25: Urea 25 33 4.2 Sample B Soy Bagasse 25: Wheat Flour 50: Urea 25 34 4.3 Sample C Soy Bagasse 25: Wheat Flour 25: Urea 50 34 4.4 Sample D Soy Bagasse 33.34: Wheat Flour 33.34: Urea 33.34 35 4.5 Graph of Compression test 36 4.6 Graph of Density test 37 4.7 Graph of Soy Bagasse for Particle Size analysis 38 4.8 Graph of Wheat Flour for Particle Size analysis 39 4.9 Graph of Urea for Particle Size analysis 40 4.10 Graph of sample D 41 x LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS, SYMBOLS AND NOMENCLATURE C - Carbon H - Hydrogen He - Helium ISO - International Organization for Standardization K Potassium MTPD - Mertic Tonne per Day N - Nitrogen Ne - Neon No.exp - Number of experiment O - Oxygen P - Phosphorus QC - Quality control R - Correlation coefficient R 2 - The value of coefficient of determination UPM - Universiti Putra Malaysia USM - Universiti Sains Malaysia UTeM - Universiti Teknikal Malaysia Melaka UTP - Universiti Teknologi Petronas 1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION Fertilizer is known as a catalyst or supply the plant nutrient essential to growth the plant. Typically the term of fertilizer is used to refer to the industry of agriculture that researches, designs, manufactures, operates, and maintains the growth of the plant on the earth. Fertilizer is very important in agriculture industry because it also contribute in the economy of country. These specifications narrowed the manufacturing processes of fertilizer of Urea.

1.0 Background