t pd 0908734 table of contents
DAFTAR ISI
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................................
i
KATA PENGANTAR ..........................................................................................................
ii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH .................................................................................................
iii
DAFTAR ISI .........................................................................................................................
v
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................................
ix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ..........................................................................................................
xi
BAB I
BAB II
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Balakang Masalah ..............................................................................
1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................................
8
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .........................................................................................
9
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................................
10
1.5 Asumsi .........................................................................................................
11
1.6 Hipotesis ......................................................................................................
12
1.7 Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................
12
1.8 Lokasi, Populasi dan Sampel ........................................................................
13
KAJIAN TEORETIS
2.1 Media Pembelajaran Kartu Kata Bergambar (Flashcard) ...........................
14
2.1.1 Pengertian Media Pembelajaran ........................................................
14
2.1.2 Nilai dan Manfaat Media Pembelajaran ............................................
16
2.1.3 Jenis dan Kriteria Memilih Media Pembelajaran ..............................
22
2.1.4 Pembuatan Media Kartu Kata Bergambar (Flashcard) .....................
23
2.1.5 Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Untuk Meningkatkan
Keterampilan Berbicara Dan Membaca Anak ....................................
26
2.2 Media Flashcard
2.2.1 Pengertian Media Flashcard .............................................................
27
2.2.2 Bentuk Flashcard ..............................................................................
28
2.2.3 Kegunaan Flashcard .........................................................................
28
2.2.4 Flashcard sebagai Media Pembelajaran .............................................
30
2.3 Keterampilan Berbicara ...............................................................................
31
2.3.1 Pengertian Keterampilan Berbicara Anak Usia Dini .........................
31
2.3.2 Tujuan Berbicara ...............................................................................
34
v
2.3.3 Tahapan Perkembangan Berbicara Anak ..........................................
34
2.3.4 Fungsi Berbicara Bagi Anak ..............................................................
35
2.3.5 Kriteria Anak Mampu Berbicara ........................................................
37
2.3.6 Kemampuan Berbicara Awal Anak Usia Dini ..................................
39
2.3.7 Metode dan Tujuan Pengembangan Bicara Anak .............................
42
2.3.8 Pola Belajar Bicara .............................................................................
43
2.3.9 Tugas Utama Dalam Belajar Berbicara ..............................................
43
2.4 Keterampilan Membaca ...............................................................................
44
2.4.1 Pengertian Membaca .........................................................................
44
2.4.2 Tujuan Membaca ...............................................................................
48
2.4.3 Manfaat Membaca ..............................................................................
50
2.4.4 Kemampuan Membaca Dini Anak .....................................................
51
2.4.5 Materi Yang Diajarkan Dalam Membaca Dini Untuk
Anak ...................................................................................................
54
2.4.6 Kriteria Anak Mampu Membaca ........................................................
55
2.4.7 Proses Membaca Dini .........................................................................
56
2.4.8 Aspek-aspek Membaca ......................................................................
58
2.4.9 Pentingnya Kemampuan Membaca ....................................................
60
2.4.10 Tahapan Perkembangan Kemampuan Membaca pada
BAB III
BAB IV
Anak ...................................................................................................
60
2.4.11 Faktor yang Menentukan Keberhasilan Membaca Dini ...................
62
2.4.12 Indikator Tes Keteramppilan Berbicara ............................................
66
METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Desain Penelitian ..........................................................................................
67
3.2 Definisi Operasional .....................................................................................
70
3.3 Pengembangan Alat Pengumpul Data ........................................................
73
3.4 Penentuan Sampel ........................................................................................
76
3.5 Prosedur dan Teknik Pengolahan Data ........................................................
76
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Deskripsi Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Penggunaan Media
Kartu Kata Bergambar .................................................................................
85
4.2 Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................................
91
4.2.1 Data Hasil Pembelajaran Keterampilan Berbicara pada
Kelas Kontrol .....................................................................................
vi
91
4.2.1.1 Data Hasil Pretes Pembelajaran Keterampilan
Berbicara ..............................................................................
91
4.2.1.2 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .........................................
93
4.2.1.3 Pengujian Hipotesis .............................................................
93
4.2.2 Data Penelitian Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas
Eksperimen ........................................................................................
94
4.2.2.1 Data Hasil Pretes Pembelajaran ..........................................
94
4.2.2.2 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .........................................
95
4.2.2.3 Pengujian Hipotesis ..............................................................
96
4.2.2.4 Data Hasil Postes Keterampilan berbicara ..........................
96
4.2.2.5 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes ........................................
98
4.2.2.6 Pengujian Hipotesis .............................................................
98
4.2.3 Data Hasil Pembelajaran Membaca pada Kelas Kontrol ..................
99
4.2.3.1 Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Membaca ..........................
99
4.2.3.2 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes ......................................... 100
4.2.3.3 Pengujian Hipotesisi ............................................................ 101
4.2.3.4 Data Hasil Postes Keterampilan Membaca ......................... 103
4.2.3.5 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes ........................................ 104
4.2.3.6 Pengujian Hipotesis ............................................................. 105
4.2.4 Data Penelitian pada Kelas Eksperimen ............................................ 105
4.2.4.1 Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Membaca .......................... 105
4.2.4.2 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes ......................................... 106
4.2.4.3 Analisis Data Hasil Penelitian ............................................. 107
4.2.4.4 Data Hasil Postes Pembelajaran Keterampilan
Membaca ............................................................................. 108
4.2.4.5 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes ........................................ 109
4.2.4.6 Pengujian Hipotesis ............................................................. 110
4.3 Analisis Deskripsi terhadap Hasil Pembelajaran Berbicara
dan Membaca ............................................................................................... 111
4.3.1 Analisis Deskripsi Hasil Pembelajaran Berbicara dan Membaca
pada Kelas Kontrol ............................................................................ 112
4.3.2 Analisis Deskripsi Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas
Kontrol ............................................................................................... 113
4.3.3 Analisis Deskripsi Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas
vii
Kontrol ............................................................................................... 116
4.3.4 Analisis Deskripsi Hasil Pembelajaran Berbicara dan Membaca
pada Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................................... 119
4.3.5 Analisis Deskripsi Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas
Eksperimen ........................................................................................ 120
4.3.6 Analisis Deskripsi Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas
Eksperiman ........................................................................................ 124
4.4 Kesulitan Yang Dihadapi Guru dalam Menggunakan Kartu Kata
Bergambarr pada saat Proses Pembelajaran ................................................. 128
4.5 Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian ....................................................................... 129
4.5.1 Deskripsi Pembelajaran dengan Menggunakan Media Kartu
Kata Bergambar (Flashcards) ........................................................... 129
4.5.2 Penggunaan Media Kartu Kata Bergambar Untuk
Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berbicara Anak Usia Dini .................... 132
4.5.3 Media Kartu Kata Bergambar (flash card) Untuk
Meningkatkan Keterampilan Membaca Anak Usia Dini .................. 134
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI
5.1 Simpulan ..................................................................................................... 137
5.2 Rekomendasi ............................................................................................... 138
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................................... 140
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN
A. DATA HASIL PENELITIAN ........................................................................................ 143
B. ALAT PENGUMPUL DATA ......................................................................................... 219
C. DATA PENELITIAN ...................................................................................................... 238
D. DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP ........................................................................................ 250
viii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
3.1
Jadwal Kegiatan Penelitian ......................................................................
70
3.2
Kisi-kisi Intrumen Penelitian ...................................................................
74
4.1
Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas Kontrol .........................
92
4.2
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .............................................................
93
4.3
Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas Eksperimen ..................
94
4.4
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .............................................................
96
4.5
Data Hasil Postes Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas Eksperimen ..................
97
4.6
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes .............................................................
98
4.7
Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas Kontrol .........................
99
4.8
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .............................................................
101
4.9
Data Hasil Postes Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas Kontrol ..............
103
4.10
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes .............................................................
104
4.11
Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas Eksperimen ..................
105
4.12
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .............................................................
107
4.13
Data Hasil Postes Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas Eksperimen ..................
108
4.14
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes .............................................................
109
4.15
Data Kualitatif Keterampilan Berbicara dan Membaca pada
Kelas Kontrol ...........................................................................................
4.16
112
Data Kualitatif Keterampilan Berbicara dan Membaca pada
Kelas Eksperimen .....................................................................................
ix
120
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran
Halaman
Analisis Data Hasil Penelitian .................................................................. 143
Lembar Observasi yang Telah Dijudmend Penggunaan Media Kartu
Kata Bergambar ....................................................................................... 219
Lembar Tes yang Telah Dijudmend Keterampilan
Berbicara (Y1) .......................................................................................... 221
Lembar Observasi Variabel Keterampilan Membaca (Y2) ...................... 223
Satuan Kegiatan Mingguan ...................................................................... 224
Satuan Kegiatan Harian ............................................................................ 225
Dokumentasi Photo Penelitian ................................................................. 235
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Pretest Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Kontrol ........................................................................................... 238
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Pretest Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................................................... 239
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Postes Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Kontrol ........................................................................................... 240
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Postes Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................................................... 241
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Pretest Keterampilan Membaca
Kelas Kontrol ........................................................................................... 242
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Pretest Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................................................... 243
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Postes Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Kontrol ........................................................................................... 244
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Postes Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................................................... 245
Keputusan Direktur Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Pendidikan
Indonesia tentang Pengangkatan Pembimbing Penulisan Tesis
Program Magister (S2) ............................................................................. 246
Permohonan Izin Mengadakan Studi Lapangan/Penelitian ..................... 248
Surat Keterangan Telah Melakukan Penelitian dari TK PGRI
Sejahtera I Majalengka ............................................................................. 249
Riwayat Hidup ......................................................................................... 250
x
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................................
i
KATA PENGANTAR ..........................................................................................................
ii
UCAPAN TERIMA KASIH .................................................................................................
iii
DAFTAR ISI .........................................................................................................................
v
DAFTAR TABEL .................................................................................................................
ix
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN ..........................................................................................................
xi
BAB I
BAB II
PENDAHULUAN
1.1 Latar Balakang Masalah ..............................................................................
1
1.2 Rumusan Masalah ........................................................................................
8
1.3 Tujuan Penelitian .........................................................................................
9
1.4 Manfaat Penelitian .......................................................................................
10
1.5 Asumsi .........................................................................................................
11
1.6 Hipotesis ......................................................................................................
12
1.7 Metode Penelitian ........................................................................................
12
1.8 Lokasi, Populasi dan Sampel ........................................................................
13
KAJIAN TEORETIS
2.1 Media Pembelajaran Kartu Kata Bergambar (Flashcard) ...........................
14
2.1.1 Pengertian Media Pembelajaran ........................................................
14
2.1.2 Nilai dan Manfaat Media Pembelajaran ............................................
16
2.1.3 Jenis dan Kriteria Memilih Media Pembelajaran ..............................
22
2.1.4 Pembuatan Media Kartu Kata Bergambar (Flashcard) .....................
23
2.1.5 Pengaruh Penggunaan Media Untuk Meningkatkan
Keterampilan Berbicara Dan Membaca Anak ....................................
26
2.2 Media Flashcard
2.2.1 Pengertian Media Flashcard .............................................................
27
2.2.2 Bentuk Flashcard ..............................................................................
28
2.2.3 Kegunaan Flashcard .........................................................................
28
2.2.4 Flashcard sebagai Media Pembelajaran .............................................
30
2.3 Keterampilan Berbicara ...............................................................................
31
2.3.1 Pengertian Keterampilan Berbicara Anak Usia Dini .........................
31
2.3.2 Tujuan Berbicara ...............................................................................
34
v
2.3.3 Tahapan Perkembangan Berbicara Anak ..........................................
34
2.3.4 Fungsi Berbicara Bagi Anak ..............................................................
35
2.3.5 Kriteria Anak Mampu Berbicara ........................................................
37
2.3.6 Kemampuan Berbicara Awal Anak Usia Dini ..................................
39
2.3.7 Metode dan Tujuan Pengembangan Bicara Anak .............................
42
2.3.8 Pola Belajar Bicara .............................................................................
43
2.3.9 Tugas Utama Dalam Belajar Berbicara ..............................................
43
2.4 Keterampilan Membaca ...............................................................................
44
2.4.1 Pengertian Membaca .........................................................................
44
2.4.2 Tujuan Membaca ...............................................................................
48
2.4.3 Manfaat Membaca ..............................................................................
50
2.4.4 Kemampuan Membaca Dini Anak .....................................................
51
2.4.5 Materi Yang Diajarkan Dalam Membaca Dini Untuk
Anak ...................................................................................................
54
2.4.6 Kriteria Anak Mampu Membaca ........................................................
55
2.4.7 Proses Membaca Dini .........................................................................
56
2.4.8 Aspek-aspek Membaca ......................................................................
58
2.4.9 Pentingnya Kemampuan Membaca ....................................................
60
2.4.10 Tahapan Perkembangan Kemampuan Membaca pada
BAB III
BAB IV
Anak ...................................................................................................
60
2.4.11 Faktor yang Menentukan Keberhasilan Membaca Dini ...................
62
2.4.12 Indikator Tes Keteramppilan Berbicara ............................................
66
METODE PENELITIAN
3.1 Desain Penelitian ..........................................................................................
67
3.2 Definisi Operasional .....................................................................................
70
3.3 Pengembangan Alat Pengumpul Data ........................................................
73
3.4 Penentuan Sampel ........................................................................................
76
3.5 Prosedur dan Teknik Pengolahan Data ........................................................
76
HASIL PENELITIAN DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1 Deskripsi Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran Penggunaan Media
Kartu Kata Bergambar .................................................................................
85
4.2 Hasil Penelitian ............................................................................................
91
4.2.1 Data Hasil Pembelajaran Keterampilan Berbicara pada
Kelas Kontrol .....................................................................................
vi
91
4.2.1.1 Data Hasil Pretes Pembelajaran Keterampilan
Berbicara ..............................................................................
91
4.2.1.2 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .........................................
93
4.2.1.3 Pengujian Hipotesis .............................................................
93
4.2.2 Data Penelitian Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas
Eksperimen ........................................................................................
94
4.2.2.1 Data Hasil Pretes Pembelajaran ..........................................
94
4.2.2.2 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .........................................
95
4.2.2.3 Pengujian Hipotesis ..............................................................
96
4.2.2.4 Data Hasil Postes Keterampilan berbicara ..........................
96
4.2.2.5 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes ........................................
98
4.2.2.6 Pengujian Hipotesis .............................................................
98
4.2.3 Data Hasil Pembelajaran Membaca pada Kelas Kontrol ..................
99
4.2.3.1 Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Membaca ..........................
99
4.2.3.2 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes ......................................... 100
4.2.3.3 Pengujian Hipotesisi ............................................................ 101
4.2.3.4 Data Hasil Postes Keterampilan Membaca ......................... 103
4.2.3.5 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes ........................................ 104
4.2.3.6 Pengujian Hipotesis ............................................................. 105
4.2.4 Data Penelitian pada Kelas Eksperimen ............................................ 105
4.2.4.1 Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Membaca .......................... 105
4.2.4.2 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes ......................................... 106
4.2.4.3 Analisis Data Hasil Penelitian ............................................. 107
4.2.4.4 Data Hasil Postes Pembelajaran Keterampilan
Membaca ............................................................................. 108
4.2.4.5 Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes ........................................ 109
4.2.4.6 Pengujian Hipotesis ............................................................. 110
4.3 Analisis Deskripsi terhadap Hasil Pembelajaran Berbicara
dan Membaca ............................................................................................... 111
4.3.1 Analisis Deskripsi Hasil Pembelajaran Berbicara dan Membaca
pada Kelas Kontrol ............................................................................ 112
4.3.2 Analisis Deskripsi Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas
Kontrol ............................................................................................... 113
4.3.3 Analisis Deskripsi Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas
vii
Kontrol ............................................................................................... 116
4.3.4 Analisis Deskripsi Hasil Pembelajaran Berbicara dan Membaca
pada Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................................... 119
4.3.5 Analisis Deskripsi Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas
Eksperimen ........................................................................................ 120
4.3.6 Analisis Deskripsi Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas
Eksperiman ........................................................................................ 124
4.4 Kesulitan Yang Dihadapi Guru dalam Menggunakan Kartu Kata
Bergambarr pada saat Proses Pembelajaran ................................................. 128
4.5 Pembahasan Hasil Penelitian ....................................................................... 129
4.5.1 Deskripsi Pembelajaran dengan Menggunakan Media Kartu
Kata Bergambar (Flashcards) ........................................................... 129
4.5.2 Penggunaan Media Kartu Kata Bergambar Untuk
Meningkatkan Kemampuan Berbicara Anak Usia Dini .................... 132
4.5.3 Media Kartu Kata Bergambar (flash card) Untuk
Meningkatkan Keterampilan Membaca Anak Usia Dini .................. 134
BAB V
SIMPULAN DAN REKOMENDASI
5.1 Simpulan ..................................................................................................... 137
5.2 Rekomendasi ............................................................................................... 138
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ........................................................................................................... 140
LAMPIRAN-LAMPIRAN
A. DATA HASIL PENELITIAN ........................................................................................ 143
B. ALAT PENGUMPUL DATA ......................................................................................... 219
C. DATA PENELITIAN ...................................................................................................... 238
D. DAFTAR RIWAYAT HIDUP ........................................................................................ 250
viii
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel
Halaman
3.1
Jadwal Kegiatan Penelitian ......................................................................
70
3.2
Kisi-kisi Intrumen Penelitian ...................................................................
74
4.1
Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas Kontrol .........................
92
4.2
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .............................................................
93
4.3
Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas Eksperimen ..................
94
4.4
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .............................................................
96
4.5
Data Hasil Postes Keterampilan Berbicara pada Kelas Eksperimen ..................
97
4.6
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes .............................................................
98
4.7
Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas Kontrol .........................
99
4.8
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .............................................................
101
4.9
Data Hasil Postes Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas Kontrol ..............
103
4.10
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes .............................................................
104
4.11
Data Hasil Pretes Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas Eksperimen ..................
105
4.12
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Pretes .............................................................
107
4.13
Data Hasil Postes Keterampilan Membaca pada Kelas Eksperimen ..................
108
4.14
Distribusi Frekuensi Nilai Postes .............................................................
109
4.15
Data Kualitatif Keterampilan Berbicara dan Membaca pada
Kelas Kontrol ...........................................................................................
4.16
112
Data Kualitatif Keterampilan Berbicara dan Membaca pada
Kelas Eksperimen .....................................................................................
ix
120
DAFTAR LAMPIRAN
Lampiran
Halaman
Analisis Data Hasil Penelitian .................................................................. 143
Lembar Observasi yang Telah Dijudmend Penggunaan Media Kartu
Kata Bergambar ....................................................................................... 219
Lembar Tes yang Telah Dijudmend Keterampilan
Berbicara (Y1) .......................................................................................... 221
Lembar Observasi Variabel Keterampilan Membaca (Y2) ...................... 223
Satuan Kegiatan Mingguan ...................................................................... 224
Satuan Kegiatan Harian ............................................................................ 225
Dokumentasi Photo Penelitian ................................................................. 235
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Pretest Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Kontrol ........................................................................................... 238
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Pretest Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................................................... 239
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Postes Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Kontrol ........................................................................................... 240
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Postes Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................................................... 241
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Pretest Keterampilan Membaca
Kelas Kontrol ........................................................................................... 242
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Pretest Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................................................... 243
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Postes Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Kontrol ........................................................................................... 244
Rekapitulasi Data Responden Postes Keterampilan Berbicara
Kelas Eksperimen ..................................................................................... 245
Keputusan Direktur Sekolah Pascasarjana Universitas Pendidikan
Indonesia tentang Pengangkatan Pembimbing Penulisan Tesis
Program Magister (S2) ............................................................................. 246
Permohonan Izin Mengadakan Studi Lapangan/Penelitian ..................... 248
Surat Keterangan Telah Melakukan Penelitian dari TK PGRI
Sejahtera I Majalengka ............................................................................. 249
Riwayat Hidup ......................................................................................... 250
x