Motivation of the main character in becoming a prostitute : a comparative study of Paulo Coelho`s eleven minutes and nawal el saadawi`s woman at point zero - USD Repository

  

MOTIVATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN BECOMING A PROSTITUTE:

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAULO COELHO’S ELEVEN MINUTES

AND NAWAL EL SAADAWI’S WOMAN AT POINT ZERO

  A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  By Risa Pareka Y

  Student Number: 041214020 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

  2008 A Thesis on

  

MOTIVATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN BECOMING A PROSTITUTE:

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAULO COELHO’S ELEVEN MINUTES

AND NAWAL EL SAADAWI’S WOMAN AT POINT ZERO

  Risa Pareka Y Student Number: 041214020

  Approved by Date

  Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. 10 November 2008 Sponsor

  A Thesis on

  

MOTIVATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN BECOMING A PROSTITUTE:

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAULO COELHO’S ELEVEN MINUTES

AND NAWAL EL SAADAWI’S WOMAN AT POINT ZERO

  Risa Pareka Y Student Number: 041214020

  Defended before the Board of Examiners on November 24, 2008 and Declared Acceptable

  

Board of Examiners

Chairperson : A. Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A.

  Secretary : Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. Member : Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. Member : Dr.

  A. Herujiyanto, M.A. Member : Carla Sih Prabandari, S.Pd., M.Hum.

  .

  

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

  I honestly declare that this thesis, which I wrote, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

  Yogyakarta, November 24, 2008 The Writer

  Risa Pareka Y 04121402

  

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

  Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Risa Pareka Y Nomor Mahasiswa : 041214020 Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

  MOTIVATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN BECOMING A PROSTITUTE:

  A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAULO COELHO’S ELEVEN MINUTES AND NAWAL EL SAADAWI’S WOMAN AT POINT ZERO

  Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

  Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal: 13 Desember 2008 Yang menyatakan, Risa Pareka Y

  

Today I s The Day

by Semetra C. Vanison

  Today is t he day I will change my mind, and leave all t he negat ive t hings behind. Today is t he day I want t o be f ree, and not let lif e t roubles get t o me. Today is t he day I will do my best , and make sure I f ocus t o past each day' s t est . Today is t he day I will t ake a st and, and choose t o do right t o my f ellow man. Today is t he day I will put my f oot down, and encourage myself when I f eel I want t o f rown. I will respect t hose around me, young and old, f or respect is t he key, t hat ' s what I ' ve been t old. I will reach f or t he st ars no mat t er how hard it seems, and f ly like a bird wit h t he knowledge t his j ourney brings. So you see it ' s not impossible, I must t ake lif e day by day and do t he right t hings as I t ravel along t he wa

For t hose who have color ed my lif e .

(par ent s, f amily, and f r iends) I dedicat e t his t hesis f or t hem

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  Most of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ and Mother Mary. I am sure that I would not have been able to write this thesis and to finish it without their blessing. Their blessing has given me the greatest power to finish writing this thesis.

  I would like to sincerely express my deepest gratitude to my sponsor,

  

Henny Herawati S.Pd., M.Hum., who had supported me and given me advice. I

  would like to thank her for her kindness, patience, and beneficial suggestion for my thesis. May God bless her and all of her families with luck and great happiness.

  My next gratitude is for all lecturers of English Education Study

  

Program for guiding and showing their knowledge during my study in Sanata

Dharma University. I also thank all English Education Study Program

  secretariat staffs and Sanata Dharma University library staffs for their assistance and best services.

  My deepest gratitude would also go to my beloved father and mother,

  

Robertus Eko Budi Saryanto and Partini, who have given me financial

  support, encouragement, and prayer. I would also like to express my appreciation to my sister, Veronica Putri El Pareka for her assistance and encouragement. I also thank my special friend, Stefanus Tri Wibisono, who always encourages me to accomplish this thesis.

  Then, I would like to appreciate my classmates, Rini, Eli, Sita, Sukma,

  

Cahya, Reni, Chrisogonus, Oon, Lani, Nana, Christina, Icha, Mita, Vina,

Mbak Nora, Tia for their willingness to always help me, share laughter,

  happiness, madness and pain with me. I thank Patrice and Jodi, who become my thesis readers.

  Finally, I thank all of 2004 PBI students whom I cannot mention one by one, who have given me support in the process of writing this thesis. I thank them for being so good to me.

  For all the people whom I love, may God bless them all and give them great happiness.

  Risa Pareka Y

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  7 2.1.3 Theory of Characterization ……………………………….

  3.1 Subject Matter ………………………………………………………

  CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

  2.2 Theoretical Framework ……………………………………………. 18

  14

  2.1.6 Theory of Motivation ….…………………………………

  2.1.5 Psychoanalytic Theory of Motivation …………………… 10

  10

  8 2.1.4 Theory of Comparative Literature ………………………..

  6 2.1.2 Theory of Character ……………………………………....

  Page

  6 2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches to Literature ……………..

  2.1 Theoretical Review …………………………………………………

  5 CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

  4 1.5 Definition of Terms ………………………………………………...

  4 1.4 Benefits of the Study …………………………………………….....

  4 1.3 Objectives of the Study …………………………………………….

  1 1.2 Problem Formulation ……………………………………………….

  CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study …………………………………………...

  TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………… i PAGES OF APPROVAL …….……………………………………………… ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY …………………………….. iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………. vi TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………. viii ABSTRACT ………………………………………………………………….. xi ABSTRAK …………………………………………………………………….. xiii

  20

  3.3 Research Procedures ………………………………………………..

  22 CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS

  4.1 The Characterization of Main Characters ………...…………………

  24 4.1.1 The Characterization of Firdaus …………………………………..

  25

  4.1.1.1 Smart ……………………………….……………………... 25

  4.1.1.2 Brave ………………………………….…………………... 26

  4.1.1.3 Determined …………………………………………….…. 27 4.1.2 The Characterization of Maria ………………………..…………...

  29

  4.1.2.1 Smart ………………………………………………….….. 29

  4.1.2.2 Brave ………………………………………………..…….. 30

  4.1.2.3 Ambitious ………………………………………….……... 31

  4.2 Motivation of the Main Character in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Coelho’s Eleven Minutes in Becoming a Prostitute …….. 32

  4.2.1 The Similarity between Firdaus and Maria Decision in Choosing Prostitution as Their Profession: The Family Background……...………………………..….. 33

  4.2.2 The Differences between Firdaus and Maria Decision in Choosing Prostitution as Their Profession…………....... 38

  4.2.2.1 The Society/ Surroundings ……………………….. 38

  4.2.2.2 Love ………………………...…………………….. 44

  4.2.2.3 Economy ………………………………………… 48

  CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

  5.1 Conclusions…………………………………………………………. 53

  5.2 Suggestions …………………………………………………………. 57

  5.2.1 Suggestions for the Future Researchers ………………….. 57

  5.2.2 Suggestions for English Teachers ………………………... 58

  

REFERENCES………………………………………………………………... 61

  

APPENDICES …………………………………………………………………63

Appendix 1 Lesson Plan for teaching Intensive reading II ………………... 64

Appendix 2 Syllabus of Intensive Reading II ………………………………. 68

Appendix 3 Teaching Material ……………………………………………… 70

Appendix 4 Summary of Eleven Minutes ………………………………….. 77

Appendix 5 The Biography of Paulo Coelho ……………………………….. 79

Appendix 6 Summary of Woman at Point Zero ………………………….... .81

Appendix 7 The Biography of Nawal El Saadawi …………………………. .83

  

ABSTRACT

Pareka, Risa Y. (2008). Motivation of the Main Character in Becoming A

Prostitute: A Comparative Study of Paulo Coelho s Eleven Minutes and Nawal

EL Saadawi s Woman at Point Zero. Yogyakarta: English Language

Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

  This study analyzes Nawal El Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes. Both of the novels portray the life of a prostitute. Therefore, this study discusses the motivation of the main character in becoming a prostitute.

  The aim of the study is to answer the two questions in the problem formulation. The first is how Firdaus and Maria are described. The second is what motivate Firdaus and Maria in becoming a prostitute.

  This thesis employed the library research in gathering the data. There were two kinds of sources used in this study, namely primary and secondary sources. The primary source was obtained from the novels, Woman at Point Zero and Eleven Minutes. The secondary sources were gained from books on literary works. This study utilizes theory of character and characterization, theory of comparative study and also theory of motivation. The approach used is psychological approach because this study deals with the main character’s motivation in becoming a prostitute.

  There are two findings based on the analysis. The first finding describes the characterization of Firdaus and Maria. Firdaus is a smart and brave woman. She is a smart woman because she wants to learn many things. She is a brave woman because she is able to face the death sentence. She is also determined woman because of her belief and hatred toward men. Maria is a smart, brave, and an ambitious girl. Maria’s smartness is seen by the way she uses her attraction to reach her dream. Her bravery is shown from the way she makes a decision in becoming a prostitute. Her ambition is shown when she wants to be a successful girl.

  The second finding reveals Firdaus’s and Maria’s motivation in becoming a prostitute. There are some motivations directed by the five kinds of needs and the components of personality. The physiological need is the basic motivation. Both of them come from economically low family, so that their id and ego motivate them to make a lot of money. A prostitute is a profession which can make Firdaus feel secure from men. Meanwhile, being a prostitute with a lot of money makes Maria feel secure because she does not need to worry about making her family happy. Therefore, they can fulfill their safety need. Next, both of them can meet the belongingness need. Firdaus feels that she can give and receive a kind of love as a prostitute although it only happens when she serves her customers. Maria can give and receive love through her relationship with a man she loves named Ralf. Then both of them can also meet the esteem need. Firdaus can be recognized as an honorable citizen, whereas Maria can have respect from successful women who can fulfill their needs through their profession as a prostitute. Here, they can meet their self-actualization need.

  ABSTRAK

Pareka, Risa Y. (2008). Motivation of the Main Character in Becoming A

Prostitute: A Comparative Study of Paulo Coelho s Eleven Minutes and Nawal

EL Saadawi s Woman at Point Zero. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa

Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Skripsi ini membahas tentang novel karya Nawal El Saadawi, Woman at

  

Point Zero dan Paulo Coelho, Eleven Minutes. Kedua novel ini menggambarkan

  kehidupan dari seorang pelacur. Oleh karena itu, skripsi ini membahas tentang motivasi dari karakter utama di dalam novel tersebut untuk menjadi pelacur.

  Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan dalam rumusan masalah, yang pertama bagaimana karakter Firdaus dan Maria, sedangkan yang kedua, apa yang memotivasi Firdaus dan Maria untuk menjadi seorang pelacur.

  Studi ini menggunakan studi pustaka untuk mengumpulkan data. Ada dua macam sumber yang digunakan, yakni sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utama didapat dari novel, Woman at Point Zero dan Eleven Minutes, sedangkan sumber kedua didapat dari beberapa beberapa buku kesusastraan. Studi ini menggunakan karakter dan karakteristik, teori perbandingan dan juga teori motivasi. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologi yang menyangkut tentang motivasi dari karakter utama untuk menjadi seorang pelacur.

  Ada dua hasil analisa berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan. Hasil analisa pertama menyatakan karakteristik dari Firdaus dan Maria. Firdaus adalah seorang wanita yang pandai dan berani. Firdaus adalah seseorang yang pintar karena dia ingin belajar banyak hal. Firdaus adalah seseorang yang berani karena dia dapat menghadapi hukuman mati. Firdaus adalah seorang wanita yang mempunyai tekad yang kuat karena kepercayaan dan kebenciannya terhadap laki-laki. Maria adalah seorang wanita yang pintar, berani, dan ambisius. Kepintaran Maria ditunjukkan dalam penggunaan daya tariknya untuk mencapai cita-citanya. Keberaniannya ditunjukkan dari caranya membuat keputusan untuk menjadi seorang pelacur. Ambisinya ditunjukkan ketika dia ingin menjadi wanita yang sukses.

  Hasil analisa kedua menunjukkan motivasi Firdaus dan Maria untuk menjadi seorang pelacur. Ada beberapa motivasi yang didorong oleh tujuh macam kebutuhan dan bagian dari kepribadian. Kebutuhan badaniah merupakan kebutuhan dasar. Firdaus dan Maria berasal dari keluarga yang kurang mampu secara ekonomi, oleh karena itu, id dan ego memotivasi mereka untuk mencari uang yang banyak. Pelacur adalah suatu pekerjaan yang membuat Firdaus merasa aman dari laki-laki. Sedangkan, menjadi seorang pelacur dengan banyak uang membuat Maria merasa aman karena dia tidak perlu cemas lagi untuk membuat keluarganya bahagia. Oleh karena itu, mereka dapat memenuhi kebutuhan akan keamanan.

  Selanjutnya, Firdaus dan Maria dapat memenuhi kebutuhannya akan rasa pelayanan kepada pelanggannya. Maria juga dapat memberi dan menerima cinta melalui hubungannya dengan aeorang laki-laki yang dia cintai yang bernama Ralf. Kemudian, Firdaus dan Maria dapat memenuhi kebutuhan akan rasa penghargaan. Firdaus dapat dikenal sebagai warga negara yang terhormat, sedangkan Maria mendapatkan penghargaan dari pelanggan-pelanggannya. Akhirnya, Firdaus dan Maria dapat menjadi seorang wanita yang sukses yang dapat memenuhi semua kebutuhannya melalui pekerjaannya sebagai seorang pelacur. Disinilah, mereka dapat mengaktualisasikan diri mereka.

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of five parts, namely background of the study, aim of the study, problem formulation, and benefits of the study and definition of terms. The background of the study explains the topic of this study. The aim of the study

  deals with the objectives of the thesis. The problem formulation consists of two questions which in general describe the problems that will be analyzed in this thesis. Benefits of the study explain the advantages of conducting this thesis. Definition of Terms gives the explanation about some terms that are related to the study to avoid misunderstanding about them.

1.1 Background of the Study

  God creates human variously. Therefore, everybody is unique. Human have different point of view about life. It depends on how they see their life.

  Therefore, each of them also has his/her own goals of life. These goals will be achieved if they have willingness to stimulate themselves to make it real. In other words, they must have motivation. Motivation is one of the important things for somebody. This motivation can lead someone’s desire to become stronger to achieve her goal of life. Beck states that motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal- directed behavior (24).

  There are various motivations in or to achieve goals. According to Maslow, there are five motivations in human needs. He called these motivations a hierarchy of needs. They are physiological needs, safety needs, love or belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. In self-actualization, Maslow states that self-actualized persons were interested in the goals toward which they were working, but in many instances, the way in which the goals were pursued was a goal itself. They took satisfaction in both doing and the product of that doing (309). Hence, if a person wants to get success to achieve the goals, one of way to make it real is through working. In this study, I will discuss the main characters who work as prostitutes.

  Prostitution is the oldest profession in the world. During the middle ages, prostitution was not prohibited. The attitude of worldly and religious authorities towards prostitution was pragmatic. Many countries tolerated prostitution to protect chaste female citizens from rape and defilement. There were, however, a number of conditions imposed on prostitutes and their clients. Prostitutes were not allowed to be married (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Age_Prostitution).

  So, we can see here that in the past, prostitution is legal although there are some rules for the prostitutes. Many countries were not prohibited female citizens to be prostitutes because they wanted to protect them from rape and defilement. Hence, prostitution was legal.

  On the contrary, some countries prohibited prostitution. For example in Dutch society. In Dutch, prostitution was considered a dishonorable profession. protected by the law. The concept of honor was very important in early modern Dutch society. Honor had social significance, but it also had legal ramifications.

  Honorable people had more rights. Until the late sixteenth century honor, aside from citizenship, was the most important criterion for the stratification of society (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Age_Prostitution.htm). In other words, we can say that Dutch society prohibit prostitution because they regard that prostitution is dishonorable. It is just unworthy profession.

  Holden Caulfield claims that the word prostitute is sometimes generalized to mean the selling of one’s services for a cause thought to be unworthy, in the sense of prostituting oneself or whoring oneself (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cather_in_the_Rhy). Currently, women working as prostitutes are perceived as bad girls and contravening social norms.

  Society stigma still believes that there is no positive side of being prostitutes. Working as prostitutes are worst, even if it is their choice of life. In fact, they are working to survive in society. They just want to make money for their life.

  Ironically, prostitution is considered as an unworthy profession since the prostitutes sells their service using her beauty of their body to attract men in exchange for money.

  As I have explained above, both of main characters work as prostitutes. They decide to be prostitutes as their choice of life. There are many motivations why they choose prostitutes as their profession. Therefore, in this study, I am interested in knowing their motivation beyond their decisions in becoming

  1.2 Problem Formulation

  There are two main questions that I am going to deal with based on the topic:

  1. How are the main characters of Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Coelho’s Eleven Minutes described?

  2. What motivate the main characters in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Coelho’s Eleven Minutes in becoming a prostitute?

  1.3 Objectives of the Study

  The purpose of this study is to describe the character of Firdaus as the main character in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Maria as the main character in Coelho’s Eleven Minutes. The purpose of this study also to reveal the differences and the similarities of the motivation between Firdaus as the main character in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Maria as the main character in Coelho’s Eleven Minutes.

  1.4 Benefits of the Study

  There are some benefits of the study. First, the benefit of the study is for students of English Education Study Program. I expect that this study will contribute to their study especially in Intensive Reading II subject. I hope that it will give additional knowledge in understanding the novels better.

  Second, it is for the future researchers who will study about the same topic, I hope this study can be supporting resource for them in completing their study.

  Finally, it is for the readers, I expect that the readers may perceive prostitution from a different point of view. The readers can regard that prostitution is not merely about unworthy profession.

1.5 Definition of Terms

  This part will provide some terms that are related to the study to avoid misunderstanding about them.

  1. According to Smith, motivation is an internal process that influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior (282). In this study, motivation is someone’s desire which can lead her to achieve goals.

  2. Prostitute is a person who is paid to provide sexual intercourse or other sex acts (Webster 1164). In this study, a prostitute is someone who sells her body in exchange for money.

  3. Prostitution is the act of engaging in sexual intercourse or performing other sex acts in exchange for money, or offering another person for such purposes (Webster 1164). I this study, prostitution is a profession which can lead somebody to sell her beauty of her body to attract men in exchange for money.

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter contains all review of related literature used in this thesis. It

  discusses the theoretical review and theoretical framework. In the theoretical review, the writer presents theories of literature related to the problem formulation. They are theory of critical approach to literature, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of comparative literature, theory of psychology and also theory of motivation. Meanwhile, in the theoretical framework reviews some theories to give the guidance in focusing the analysis of the subject in this study.

2.1 Theoretical Review

  This part consists of some theories related to literature that are important to support the analysis in this study. They are theory of critical approaches to literature, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of psychology and theory of motivation.

2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches to Literature

  Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods said, “To have a reasonable judgment, we need to employ a means, which is called critical approach” (3). It will lead the readers to have a better understanding of the nature, function, and approach, sociocultural-historical approach, biographical aaproach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach.

  The writer only uses one of the approaches stated above. It is psychological approach. Rohrberger and Woods state that this approach leads us to analyze the novel from psychological points of view of human beings. That is from the organization of thought and feelings of the character. Moreover, it also explaining and understanding the human motivation (13). Since this study aims at analyzing Firdaus and Maria’s motivation in becoming a prostitute, so that psychological approach is used in terms of the psychological aspects to analyze their motivation.

2.1.2 Theory of Character A character plays an important role in a literary work such as in a novel.

  Every character that is described by the author in his or her work is the reflection of people in real life as it is stated by Holman and Hormon (81). In addition, Abrams defines characters as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say, the dialogue and by what they do, the action. The grounds in the characters’ temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation (20).

  Another psychologist, Henkle, points out that character can be divided into 2 parts. The first one is major character and the second one is secondary character identified through the complexity of their characterization, the attention given by certain figures and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit. The major characters will completely need the reader’s fullest attention because they perform a key structural function (178-179). Different from major character, Henkle says that secondary character is a character who serves function that is more restricted. He performs and responds in more limited functions and may be less sophisticated; therefore their response to experience is less complex and less refreshing (180-181).

2.1.3 Theory of Characterization

  According to Barnet and Berman characterization or personality is defined, as in fiction by what the characters do or by what they say, by what others say about them and by the setting in which they move (77). We can say that the participations of those things may help the readers understand what kind of character he or she in the novel. Thus, the participants of those things are very important in knowing the personality of each character in the novel.

  The theory above supported by Murphy who illustrates nine ways in presenting the characters to make them understandable and to come alive for the readers. First, personal description. It means that the author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes (161). Second, characters as seen by another.

  Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinion of another. The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image (161- character. The author can give us insight into the character of one of the person in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, has conversation with others and puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clues to his character (163-166).

  Another way to presents the character stated by Murphy is past life. In a story sometimes, the plot jump to the past event and it also involves the past life of the character. He stated:

  By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life the author can give us a clue to events the have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the medium of another person (167). Next, conversation of others. The author can also give us clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things they say about him (167-168). Reaction is also one of the nine ways to present the characters. The author can give us a person’s character by letting us to know how the person reacts to various situations and events (169).

  Direct comment, thought, and mannerism also including in nine ways to present the characters. It is also stated by Murphy. Direct comment is the author can describe or give comment on a person’s character directly (170). Thought is very important aspect to know the motivation behind the person’s actions. The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this aspect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking (171). Then, Mannerism is the way in which the author can describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies, which may also tell us something about his character (171).

  2.1.4 Theory of Comparative Literature

  Tieghem in Bassnett, states that comparative literature should involve the study of two elements (27). In addition, Holman and Harmon define comparative literature as follows:

  Comparative study is the study of literatures of different their

  th

  relationships. In the 19 century, concurrently with the beginning of the comparative study of religion and mythology, various European scholars began to develop theories and methods for the comparative study of literatures of different languages and nationalities (104).

  Those theories above are also supported by Remak in Basnett. He clarifies comparative literature as follows: Comparative literature is the study of literature beyond the confines of one particular country, and the study of the relationships between literature on the one hand, and other areas of knowledge and belief, such as the arts (e.g. painting, sculpture, architecture, music), philosophy, history, the social sciences (e.g. politics, economics, sociology), the sciences, religion, etc., on the other. In brief, it is the comparison of one literature with another or others, and the comparison of literature with other spheres of human expression (31).

  2.1.5 Psychoanalytic Theory of Motivation

  In this part, the writer would like to discuss psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud because it has relation with this study that is about someone’s motivation. The writer will only use psychoanalytic theory of motivation since there are a lot of psychological concepts in this theory.

  Freud in Weiner describes the psychoanalytic theory that offers a concept of motivated behaviors. The basic principles are two central concepts namely, homeostasis and hedonism (10). Homeostasis is a tendency to maintain internal equilibrium while hedonism is a principle that pleasure and happiness are the goal of life. Homeostasis governs behaviors and pleasure is the result of being in equilibrium where all the goals are satisfied. Activity then indicates dissatisfaction because satisfied individual does not pursue any stimulation (11).

  Freud points out that all psychological works need energy. These concepts are pertinent to this concept. The first is conservation of energy. It says that there is a constant amount of energy in human body. Therefore, if energy is spent for one function, it cannot be used for other functions. The second is entropy. It refers to energy that is not available or doing work (11). Freud states that the third concept is the concept of kinetic or bound or potential energy. The term “cathexis” refers to bound energy. Energy is bound when it is attached to an object that is desires and has not been attained. If the goal is fulfilled, this energy is transferred into free (potential energy) (11-12).

  All psychological events can be predicted. Yet we cannot predict events, we can only interpret the past. Freud applied this concept of psychological determinism to pathological phenomena such as hysteria and obsession and to normal behaviors that are humors, slip of the tongue and dreams (13). In addition, he also argued that those behaviors had the same function in common. This theory also states the concept of the structure of personality. There are three components well as distinct process. This concept can be used to explain that behaviors are governed by needs, rationality and ideals (13-14).

  First, the id. Freud states that it is the first system within a person. The contents of the id are unconscious. It is the source of all psychological energy. It functions to release internal tension immediately. Immediate pleasure is the goal and achieved through homeostatic process and tension reduction (14). Moreover he says that id operates based on hedonism doctrine. There are two processes of how the id accomplishes its goal. These two processes are reflex action and the primary process. Reflex actions are automatic reactions like sneezing and blinking which reduce tension immediately while the primary process discharge tension by an image of an object (14-15).

  Second, the ego. According to Freud, immediate gratification usually leads to pain, therefore it is necessary to be delayed. The ego does it. It serves the id to obtain pleasure and to reduce tension as well as involves reality demand (15). The ego is governed by reality principle and operates by means of the secondary process. The reality principle prevents the discharge of tension until an appropriate object for the wish fulfillment is discovered. The secondary process is realistic, logic, time oriented and distinctive (between reality and unreality) thinking. The ego formulates a plan for the satisfaction of the needs and tests this plan to see whether it works or not for example a hungry person thinks where he may find foods and look for it that place later. Its contents are conscious mostly some of them are preconscious (16).

  Third, the super-ego. It is called a one’s conscious. It is the internalized values in one self. Superego has two main functions. These are to reward individual for acceptable behaviors and to punish actions that are not socially sanctioned. The superego always fights against unacceptable impulse (16). Here, Freud says that those are the components of the structure of personality. The ego inhibits the striving of the id. Yet it must satisfy the id demand. Ego is the highest structure of a person that responsible for final behavioral decisions. Ego is also said to be the executive agency (16-17).

  Freud also defines that Homeostasis and hedonism are also related to the structure of personality. The energy for behavior stores in the id. The duty of the ego is to prevent immediate gratification especially if it leads to pain. Later the ego creates counter cathexis which gets id of the threatening wish from consciousness. There is always a conflict between the id cathexis and the ego counter cathexis for counter cathexis opposes goal attainment. The existence of this conflict between the personal demands and the society demands (17).

  Freud proposed four models of the motivated behavior. These four models come from the same idea that behavior is derived from wishes and that the initiate action to reduce instinctual urges (18). The first is the primary model of action which is based on the hedonism principle. The model does not account for either thought process or the intervention of the physic structure. It is called the reflex are model with input-output relation (19). The second is the primary model of thought. It is the same as the previous that is initiated by a wish but the object to the first model, the ego that aids the organism to adapt the environment does not function. They only coordinate wishes with immediate gratification (20).

  Regarding the fact that immediate gratification may result in more pain that pleasure. Freud formulates the other two models, which involves the ego. The ego delays and alters the direction of behaviors. The third model is what is called secondary model of action. It includes delay mechanism (by the ego). The last model is secondary model of thought. This model involves thoughts and plans to attain the goal (20-21).

2.1.6 Theory of Motivation

  There are so many factors make a person to do an action because of his/ her motivation. In this thesis, the writer would like to analyze the motivation of Firdaus and Maria in becoming a prostitute. Before we discuss it further, it is better if we know what a motivation is. According Murray, motivation is a desire.

  Motivation is always related to behavior because it is involved in all kinds of behaviors: learning, performing, perceiving, attending, remembering, forgetting, thinking, creating, and feeling. Motivation also affects someone’s behavior because motivation may function as incentive for someone to behave in a certain manner (7). Another researcher, Petri, states; “motivation is the concept used when we describe the process within an organism to initiate” (3).

  Furthermore, Smith defines; “motivation as an internal process that influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior.” According to him, motivation is seen as an internal factor that moves human being to achieve their goals. Motivation also makes human being behave in a specific behavior that supports them in the process of achieving their goals (282).

  Another researcher, Maslow says; “People conduct action to fulfill their needs.” He also says that man is initially motivated by a series of basic needs; as these are satisfied, he moves toward the level of the higher needs and becomes motivated by them (47). The basic needs according to Maslow are physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. These basic needs called the hierarchy of needs.

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  Figure 1. Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

  First level is physiological needs. It is the lowest need. Maslow argues; “physiological needs are adequately met for most people in our society.” When controlling and directing behavior, for example hunger and thirst and also the basic requirement for other needs (38).

  Second level is safety needs. It is the need to be secure and out of danger. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is endangered, and our behavior reflects our attempts to remain secure (39). Moreover, Maslow felt that working of the safety needs could also be seen in people’s preference for familiar surroundings, secure jobs, savings accounts, and insurance. In no satisfactory of these needs, one reacts if one was in a threatening situation obsessive –compulsive neuroses (40).

  The third level is Love or belongingness needs. These needs involve a hunger for affectionate with others, a need to feel part of group, or a feeling that one “belongs” (40). The love needs require both the receiving and giving of love- love from another and someone to love. There are some ways to gain a sense of belonging needs. Marriage, a job, or admission to a select group such as a fraternity, sorority, or civic group can serve this need. The lack of these needs cause behavior maladjustment (41).

  The forth level is esteem needs. There are two subcategories of these needs namely, a need for self-esteem and a need for esteem from others. Maslow explains those two terms. He says: