Motivation of the main character in becoming a prostitute : a comparative study of Paulo Coelho`s eleven minutes and nawal el saadawi`s woman at point zero.

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xi ABSTRACT

Pareka, Risa Y. (2008). Motivation of the Main Character in Becoming A Prostitute: A Comparative Study of Paulo Coelho sEleven Minutes and Nawal EL Saadawi s Woman at Point Zero. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program, Sanata Dharma University.

This study analyzes Nawal El Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes. Both of the novels portray the life of a prostitute. Therefore, this study discusses the motivation of the main character in becoming a prostitute.

The aim of the study is to answer the two questions in the problem formulation. The first is how Firdaus and Maria are described. The second is what motivate Firdaus and Maria in becoming a prostitute.

This thesis employed the library research in gathering the data. There were two kinds of sources used in this study, namely primary and secondary sources. The primary source was obtained from the novels, Woman at Point Zero and Eleven Minutes. The secondary sources were gained from books on literary works. This study utilizes theory of character and characterization, theory of comparative study and also theory of motivation. The approach used is psychological approach because this study deals with the main character’s motivation in becoming a prostitute.

There are two findings based on the analysis. The first finding describes the characterization of Firdaus and Maria. Firdaus is a smart and brave woman. She is a smart woman because she wants to learn many things. She is a brave woman because she is able to face the death sentence. She is also determined woman because of her belief and hatred toward men. Maria is a smart, brave, and an ambitious girl. Maria’s smartness is seen by the way she uses her attraction to reach her dream. Her bravery is shown from the way she makes a decision in becoming a prostitute. Her ambition is shown when she wants to be a successful girl.

The second finding reveals Firdaus’s and Maria’s motivation in becoming a prostitute. There are some motivations directed by the five kinds of needs and the components of personality. The physiological need is the basic motivation. Both of them come from economically low family, so that their id and ego motivate them to make a lot of money. A prostitute is a profession which can make Firdaus feel secure from men. Meanwhile, being a prostitute with a lot of money makes Maria feel secure because she does not need to worry about making her family happy. Therefore, they can fulfill their safety need. Next, both of them can meet the belongingness need. Firdaus feels that she can give and receive a kind of love as a prostitute although it only happens when she serves her customers. Maria can give and receive love through her relationship with a man she loves named Ralf. Then both of them can also meet the esteem need. Firdaus can be recognized as an honorable citizen, whereas Maria can have respect from her customers. Finally, both Firdaus and Maria are capable of becoming

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successful women who can fulfill their needs through their profession as a prostitute. Here, they can meet their self-actualization need.

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xiii

ABSTRAK

Pareka, Risa Y. (2008). Motivation of the Main Character in Becoming A Prostitute: A Comparative Study of Paulo Coelho sEleven Minutes and Nawal EL Saadawi s Woman at Point Zero. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

Skripsi ini membahas tentang novel karya Nawal El Saadawi, Woman at Point Zero dan Paulo Coelho, Eleven Minutes. Kedua novel ini menggambarkan kehidupan dari seorang pelacur. Oleh karena itu, skripsi ini membahas tentang motivasi dari karakter utama di dalam novel tersebut untuk menjadi pelacur.

Tujuan dari skripsi ini adalah untuk menjawab dua pertanyaan dalam rumusan masalah, yang pertama bagaimana karakter Firdaus dan Maria, sedangkan yang kedua, apa yang memotivasi Firdaus dan Maria untuk menjadi seorang pelacur.

Studi ini menggunakan studi pustaka untuk mengumpulkan data. Ada dua macam sumber yang digunakan, yakni sumber utama dan sumber kedua. Sumber utama didapat dari novel, Woman at Point Zero dan Eleven Minutes, sedangkan sumber kedua didapat dari beberapa beberapa buku kesusastraan. Studi ini menggunakan karakter dan karakteristik, teori perbandingan dan juga teori motivasi. Pendekatan yang digunakan adalah pendekatan psikologi yang menyangkut tentang motivasi dari karakter utama untuk menjadi seorang pelacur.

Ada dua hasil analisa berdasarkan analisis yang dilakukan. Hasil analisa pertama menyatakan karakteristik dari Firdaus dan Maria. Firdaus adalah seorang wanita yang pandai dan berani. Firdaus adalah seseorang yang pintar karena dia ingin belajar banyak hal. Firdaus adalah seseorang yang berani karena dia dapat menghadapi hukuman mati. Firdaus adalah seorang wanita yang mempunyai tekad yang kuat karena kepercayaan dan kebenciannya terhadap laki-laki. Maria adalah seorang wanita yang pintar, berani, dan ambisius. Kepintaran Maria ditunjukkan dalam penggunaan daya tariknya untuk mencapai cita-citanya. Keberaniannya ditunjukkan dari caranya membuat keputusan untuk menjadi seorang pelacur. Ambisinya ditunjukkan ketika dia ingin menjadi wanita yang sukses.

Hasil analisa kedua menunjukkan motivasi Firdaus dan Maria untuk menjadi seorang pelacur. Ada beberapa motivasi yang didorong oleh tujuh macam kebutuhan dan bagian dari kepribadian. Kebutuhan badaniah merupakan kebutuhan dasar. Firdaus dan Maria berasal dari keluarga yang kurang mampu secara ekonomi, oleh karena itu, id dan ego memotivasi mereka untuk mencari uang yang banyak. Pelacur adalah suatu pekerjaan yang membuat Firdaus merasa aman dari laki-laki. Sedangkan, menjadi seorang pelacur dengan banyak uang membuat Maria merasa aman karena dia tidak perlu cemas lagi untuk membuat keluarganya bahagia. Oleh karena itu, mereka dapat memenuhi kebutuhan akan keamanan.

Selanjutnya, Firdaus dan Maria dapat memenuhi kebutuhannya akan rasa menyayangi. Firdaus merasa bahwa dia dapat memberi dan menerima cinta sebagai seorang pelacur walaupun itu hanya berlangsung ketika dia memberikan

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pelayanan kepada pelanggannya. Maria juga dapat memberi dan menerima cinta melalui hubungannya dengan aeorang laki-laki yang dia cintai yang bernama Ralf. Kemudian, Firdaus dan Maria dapat memenuhi kebutuhan akan rasa penghargaan. Firdaus dapat dikenal sebagai warga negara yang terhormat, sedangkan Maria mendapatkan penghargaan dari pelanggan-pelanggannya. Akhirnya, Firdaus dan Maria dapat menjadi seorang wanita yang sukses yang dapat memenuhi semua kebutuhannya melalui pekerjaannya sebagai seorang pelacur. Disinilah, mereka dapat mengaktualisasikan diri mereka.

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MOTIVATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN BECOMING A PROSTITUTE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAULO COELHO’S ELEVEN MINUTES

AND NAWAL EL SAADAWI’S WOMAN AT POINT ZERO

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain theSarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

By Risa Pareka Y

Student Number: 041214020

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA

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ii A Thesis on

MOTIVATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN BECOMING A PROSTITUTE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAULO COELHO’S ELEVEN MINUTES

AND NAWAL EL SAADAWI’S WOMAN AT POINT ZERO

Risa Pareka Y

Student Number: 041214020

Approved by

Date

Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. 10 November 2008 Sponsor

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iii A Thesis on

MOTIVATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN BECOMING A PROSTITUTE: A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAULO COELHO’S ELEVEN MINUTES

AND NAWAL EL SAADAWI’S WOMAN AT POINT ZERO

Risa Pareka Y

Student Number: 041214020

Defended before the Board of Examiners on November 24, 2008

and Declared Acceptable Board of Examiners Chairperson : A. Hardi Prasetyo, S.Pd., M.A.

Secretary : Made Frida Yulia, S.Pd., M.Pd. Member : Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum. Member : Dr. A. Herujiyanto, M.A.

Member : Carla Sih Prabandari, S.Pd., M.Hum.

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STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY

I honestly declare that this thesis, which I wrote, does not contain the work or parts of the work of other people, except those cited in the quotations and the references, as a scientific paper should.

Yogyakarta, November 24, 2008 The Writer

Risa Pareka Y 04121402

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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN

PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS

Yang bertandatangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma: Nama : Risa Pareka Y

Nomor Mahasiswa : 041214020

Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:

MOTIVATION OF THE MAIN CHARACTER IN BECOMING A PROSTITUTE:

A COMPARATIVE STUDY OF PAULO COELHO’S ELEVEN MINUTES AND NAWAL EL SAADAWI’S WOMAN AT POINT ZERO

Beserta perangkat yang diperlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, mengalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.

Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta

Pada tanggal: 13 Desember 2008

Yang menyatakan,

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Today I s The Day

by Semetra C. Vanison

Today is t he day I will change my mind, and leave all t he negat ive t hings behind.

Today is t he day I want t o be f ree, and not let lif e t roubles get t o me.

Today is t he day I will do my best ,

and make sure I f ocus t o past each day' s t est .

Today is t he day I will t ake a st and, and choose t o do right t o my f ellow man.

Today is t he day I will put my f oot down,

and encourage myself when I f eel I want t o f rown.

I will respect t hose around me, young and old, f or respect is t he key, t hat ' s what I ' ve been t old.

I will reach f or t he st ars no mat t er how hard it seems, and f ly like a bird wit h t he knowledge t his j ourney brings.

So you see it ' s not impossible, I must t ake lif e day by day and do t he right t hings as I t ravel along t he wa

For t hose who have color ed my lif e .

(par ent s, f amily, and f r iends)

I dedicat e t his t hesis f or t hem

MAY GOD BLESS THEM ALL THE BEST

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

Most of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Jesus Christ andMother Mary. I am sure that I would not have been able to write this thesis and to finish it without their blessing. Their blessing has given me the greatest power to finish writing this thesis.

I would like to sincerely express my deepest gratitude to my sponsor, Henny Herawati S.Pd., M.Hum., who had supported me and given me advice. I would like to thank her for her kindness, patience, and beneficial suggestion for my thesis. May God bless her and all of her families with luck and great happiness.

My next gratitude is for all lecturers of English Education Study Program for guiding and showing their knowledge during my study in Sanata Dharma University. I also thank all English Education Study Program secretariat staffs andSanata Dharma University library staffs for their assistance and best services.

My deepest gratitude would also go to my beloved father and mother, Robertus Eko Budi Saryanto and Partini, who have given me financial support, encouragement, and prayer. I would also like to express my appreciation to my sister, Veronica Putri El Pareka for her assistance and encouragement. I also thank my special friend,Stefanus Tri Wibisono, who always encourages me to accomplish this thesis.

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Then, I would like to appreciate my classmates, Rini, Eli, Sita, Sukma, Cahya, Reni, Chrisogonus, Oon, Lani, Nana, Christina, Icha, Mita, Vina, Mbak Nora, Tia for their willingness to always help me, share laughter, happiness, madness and pain with me. I thank Patrice and Jodi, who become my thesis readers.

Finally, I thank all of 2004 PBI students whom I cannot mention one by one, who have given me support in the process of writing this thesis. I thank them for being so good to me.

For all the people whom I love, may God bless them all and give them great happiness.

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

Page

TITLE PAGE ……… i

PAGES OF APPROVAL…….……… ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY……….. iv

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS………. vi

TABLE OF CONTENTS………. viii

ABSTRACT……….. xi

ABSTRAK……….. xiii

CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ………... 1

1.2 Problem Formulation ………. 4

1.3 Objectives of the Study ………. 4

1.4 Benefits of the Study ………... 4

1.5 Definition of Terms ………... 5

CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE 2.1 Theoretical Review ……… 6

2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches to Literature ……….. 6

2.1.2 Theory of Character ……….... 7

2.1.3 Theory of Characterization ………. 8

2.1.4 Theory of Comparative Literature ……….. 10

2.1.5 Psychoanalytic Theory of Motivation ……… 10

2.1.6 Theory of Motivation ….……… 14

2.2 Theoretical Framework ………. 18

CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY 3.1 Subject Matter ……… 20

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3.3 Research Procedures ……….. 22

CHAPTER 4 ANALYSIS 4.1 The Characterization of Main Characters ………...……… 24

4.1.1 The Characterization of Firdaus ……….. 25

4.1.1.1 Smart ……….………... 25

4.1.1.2 Brave ……….………... 26

4.1.1.3 Determined ……….…. 27

4.1.2 The Characterization of Maria ………..…………... 29

4.1.2.1 Smart ……….….. 29

4.1.2.2 Brave ………..…….. 30

4.1.2.3 Ambitious ……….……... 31

4.2 Motivation of the Main Character in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Coelho’s Eleven Minutes in Becoming a Prostitute …….. 32

4.2.1 The Similarity between Firdaus and Maria Decision in Choosing Prostitution as Their Profession: The Family Background……...………..….. 33

4.2.2 The Differences between Firdaus and Maria Decision in Choosing Prostitution as Their Profession…………... 38

4.2.2.1 The Society/ Surroundings ……….. 38

4.2.2.2 Love ………...……….. 44

4.2.2.3 Economy ……… 48

CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions………. 53

5.2 Suggestions ………. 57

5.2.1 Suggestions for the Future Researchers ……….. 57

5.2.2 Suggestions for English Teachers ………... 58

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APPENDICES………63

Appendix 1 Lesson Plan for teaching Intensive reading II………... 64

Appendix 2 Syllabus of Intensive Reading II………. 68

Appendix 3 Teaching Material……… 70

Appendix 4 Summary of Eleven Minutes……….. 77

Appendix 5 The Biography of Paulo Coelho……….. 79

Appendix 6 Summary of Woman at Point Zero……….... .81

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xi ABSTRACT

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successful women who can fulfill their needs through their profession as a prostitute. Here, they can meet their self-actualization need.

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xiii

ABSTRAK

Pareka, Risa Y. (2008). Motivation of the Main Character in Becoming A Prostitute: A Comparative Study of Paulo Coelho sEleven Minutes and Nawal EL Saadawi s Woman at Point Zero. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

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1 CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts, namely background of the study, aim of the study, problem formulation, and benefits of the study and definition of terms. The background of the study explains the topic of this study. The aim of the study deals with the objectives of the thesis. The problem formulation consists of two questions which in general describe the problems that will be analyzed in this thesis. Benefits of the study explain the advantages of conducting this thesis. Definition of Terms gives the explanation about some terms that are related to the study to avoid misunderstanding about them.

1.1 Background of the Study

God creates human variously. Therefore, everybody is unique. Human have different point of view about life. It depends on how they see their life. Therefore, each of them also has his/her own goals of life. These goals will be achieved if they have willingness to stimulate themselves to make it real. In other words, they must have motivation. Motivation is one of the important things for somebody. This motivation can lead someone’s desire to become stronger to achieve her goal of life. Beck states that motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal-directed behavior (24).

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There are various motivations in or to achieve goals. According to Maslow, there are five motivations in human needs. He called these motivations a hierarchy of needs. They are physiological needs, safety needs, love or belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. In self-actualization, Maslow states that self-actualized persons were interested in the goals toward which they were working, but in many instances, the way in which the goals were pursued was a goal itself. They took satisfaction in both doing and the product of that doing (309). Hence, if a person wants to get success to achieve the goals, one of way to make it real is through working. In this study, I will discuss the main characters who work as prostitutes.

Prostitution is the oldest profession in the world. During the middle ages, prostitution was not prohibited. The attitude of worldly and religious authorities towards prostitution was pragmatic. Many countries tolerated prostitution to protect chaste female citizens from rape and defilement. There were, however, a number of conditions imposed on prostitutes and their clients. Prostitutes were not allowed to be married (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Age_Prostitution). So, we can see here that in the past, prostitution is legal although there are some rules for the prostitutes. Many countries were not prohibited female citizens to be prostitutes because they wanted to protect them from rape and defilement. Hence, prostitution was legal.

On the contrary, some countries prohibited prostitution. For example in Dutch society. In Dutch, prostitution was considered a dishonorable profession. Prostitutes were not expected to conform to sexual rules, but prostitutes were not

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protected by the law. The concept of honor was very important in early modern Dutch society. Honor had social significance, but it also had legal ramifications. Honorable people had more rights. Until the late sixteenth century honor, aside from citizenship, was the most important criterion for the stratification of society (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middle_Age_Prostitution.htm). In other words, we can say that Dutch society prohibit prostitution because they regard that prostitution is dishonorable. It is just unworthy profession.

Holden Caulfield claims that the word prostitute is sometimes generalized to mean the selling of one’s services for a cause thought to be unworthy, in the sense of prostituting oneself or whoring oneself (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Cather_in_the_Rhy). Currently, women working as prostitutes are perceived as bad girls and contravening social norms. Society stigma still believes that there is no positive side of being prostitutes. Working as prostitutes are worst, even if it is their choice of life. In fact, they are working to survive in society. They just want to make money for their life. Ironically, prostitution is considered as an unworthy profession since the prostitutes sells their service using her beauty of their body to attract men in exchange for money.

As I have explained above, both of main characters work as prostitutes. They decide to be prostitutes as their choice of life. There are many motivations why they choose prostitutes as their profession. Therefore, in this study, I am interested in knowing their motivation beyond their decisions in becoming prostitutes.

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1.2 Problem Formulation

There are two main questions that I am going to deal with based on the topic:

1. How are the main characters of Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Coelho’s Eleven Minutes described?

2. What motivate the main characters in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Coelho’s Eleven Minutes in becoming a prostitute?

1.3 Objectives of the Study

The purpose of this study is to describe the character of Firdaus as the main character in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Maria as the main character in Coelho’s Eleven Minutes. The purpose of this study also to reveal the differences and the similarities of the motivation between Firdaus as the main character in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Maria as the main character in Coelho’s Eleven Minutes.

1.4 Benefits of the Study

There are some benefits of the study. First, the benefit of the study is for students of English Education Study Program. I expect that this study will contribute to their study especially in Intensive Reading II subject. I hope that it will give additional knowledge in understanding the novels better.

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Second, it is for the future researchers who will study about the same topic, I hope this study can be supporting resource for them in completing their study.

Finally, it is for the readers, I expect that the readers may perceive prostitution from a different point of view. The readers can regard that prostitution is not merely about unworthy profession.

1.5 Definition of Terms

This part will provide some terms that are related to the study to avoid misunderstanding about them.

1. According to Smith, motivation is an internal process that influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior (282). In this study, motivation is someone’s desire which can lead her to achieve goals.

2. Prostitute is a person who is paid to provide sexual intercourse or other sex acts (Webster 1164). In this study, a prostitute is someone who sells her body in exchange for money.

3. Prostitution is the act of engaging in sexual intercourse or performing other sex acts in exchange for money, or offering another person for such purposes (Webster 1164). I this study, prostitution is a profession which can lead somebody to sell her beauty of her body to attract men in exchange for money.

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6 CHAPTER 2

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

This chapter contains all review of related literature used in this thesis. It discusses the theoretical review and theoretical framework. In the theoretical review, the writer presents theories of literature related to the problem formulation. They are theory of critical approach to literature, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of comparative literature, theory of psychology and also theory of motivation. Meanwhile, in the theoretical framework reviews some theories to give the guidance in focusing the analysis of the subject in this study.

2.1 Theoretical Review

This part consists of some theories related to literature that are important to support the analysis in this study. They are theory of critical approaches to literature, theory of character, theory of characterization, theory of psychology and theory of motivation.

2.1.1 Theory of Critical Approaches to Literature

Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods said, “To have a reasonable judgment, we need to employ a means, which is called critical approach” (3). It will lead the readers to have a better understanding of the nature, function, and positive values. There are five kinds of critical approaches, namely, formalist

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approach, sociocultural-historical approach, biographical aaproach, mythopoeic approach and psychological approach.

The writer only uses one of the approaches stated above. It is psychological approach. Rohrberger and Woods state that this approach leads us to analyze the novel from psychological points of view of human beings. That is from the organization of thought and feelings of the character. Moreover, it also explaining and understanding the human motivation (13). Since this study aims at analyzing Firdaus and Maria’s motivation in becoming a prostitute, so that psychological approach is used in terms of the psychological aspects to analyze their motivation.

2.1.2 Theory of Character

A character plays an important role in a literary work such as in a novel. Every character that is described by the author in his or her work is the reflection of people in real life as it is stated by Holman and Hormon (81). In addition, Abrams defines characters as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say, the dialogue and by what they do, the action. The grounds in the characters’ temperament, desires, and moral nature for their speech and actions are called their motivation (20).

Another psychologist, Henkle, points out that character can be divided into 2 parts. The first one is major character and the second one is secondary character (87). Major character is the most significant characters in a novel. They can be

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identified through the complexity of their characterization, the attention given by certain figures and the personal intensity that a character seems to transmit. The major characters will completely need the reader’s fullest attention because they perform a key structural function (178-179). Different from major character, Henkle says that secondary character is a character who serves function that is more restricted. He performs and responds in more limited functions and may be less sophisticated; therefore their response to experience is less complex and less refreshing (180-181).

2.1.3 Theory of Characterization

According to Barnet and Berman characterization or personality is defined, as in fiction by what the characters do or by what they say, by what others say about them and by the setting in which they move (77). We can say that the participations of those things may help the readers understand what kind of character he or she in the novel. Thus, the participants of those things are very important in knowing the personality of each character in the novel.

The theory above supported by Murphy who illustrates nine ways in presenting the characters to make them understandable and to come alive for the readers. First, personal description. It means that the author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes (161). Second, characters as seen by another. Instead of describing a character directly the author can describe him through the eyes and opinion of another. The reader gets, as it were, a reflected image (161-162). Third, speech which an important way that may be used to describe a

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character. The author can give us insight into the character of one of the person in the book through what the person says. Whenever a person speaks, has conversation with others and puts forward an opinion, he is giving us some clues to his character (163-166).

Another way to presents the character stated by Murphy is past life. In a story sometimes, the plot jump to the past event and it also involves the past life of the character. He stated:

By letting the reader learn something about a person’s past life the author can give us a clue to events the have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, through the person’s thought, through his conversation or through the medium of another person (167).

Next, conversation of others. The author can also give us clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things they say about him (167-168). Reaction is also one of the nine ways to present the characters. The author can give us a person’s character by letting us to know how the person reacts to various situations and events (169).

Direct comment, thought, and mannerism also including in nine ways to present the characters. It is also stated by Murphy. Direct comment is the author can describe or give comment on a person’s character directly (170). Thought is very important aspect to know the motivation behind the person’s actions. The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this aspect, he is able to do what we cannot do in real life. He can tell us what different people are thinking (171). Then, Mannerism is the way in which the author can

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describe a person’s mannerism, habits or idiosyncrasies, which may also tell us something about his character (171).

2.1.4 Theory of Comparative Literature

Tieghem in Bassnett, states that comparative literature should involve the study of two elements (27). In addition, Holman and Harmon define comparative literature as follows:

Comparative study is the study of literatures of different their relationships. In the 19th century, concurrently with the beginning of the comparative study of religion and mythology, various European scholars began to develop theories and methods for the comparative study of literatures of different languages and nationalities (104).

Those theories above are also supported by Remak in Basnett. He clarifies comparative literature as follows:

Comparative literature is the study of literature beyond the confines of one particular country, and the study of the relationships between literature on the one hand, and other areas of knowledge and belief, such as the arts (e.g. painting, sculpture, architecture, music), philosophy, history, the social sciences (e.g. politics, economics, sociology), the sciences, religion, etc., on the other. In brief, it is the comparison of one literature with another or others, and the comparison of literature with other spheres of human expression (31).

2.1.5 Psychoanalytic Theory of Motivation

In this part, the writer would like to discuss psychoanalytic theory proposed by Freud because it has relation with this study that is about someone’s motivation. The writer will only use psychoanalytic theory of motivation since there are a lot of psychological concepts in this theory.

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Freud in Weiner describes the psychoanalytic theory that offers a concept of motivated behaviors. The basic principles are two central concepts namely, homeostasis and hedonism (10). Homeostasis is a tendency to maintain internal equilibrium while hedonism is a principle that pleasure and happiness are the goal of life. Homeostasis governs behaviors and pleasure is the result of being in equilibrium where all the goals are satisfied. Activity then indicates dissatisfaction because satisfied individual does not pursue any stimulation (11).

Freud points out that all psychological works need energy. These concepts are pertinent to this concept. The first is conservation of energy. It says that there is a constant amount of energy in human body. Therefore, if energy is spent for one function, it cannot be used for other functions. The second is entropy. It refers to energy that is not available or doing work (11). Freud states that the third concept is the concept of kinetic or bound or potential energy. The term “cathexis” refers to bound energy. Energy is bound when it is attached to an object that is desires and has not been attained. If the goal is fulfilled, this energy is transferred into free (potential energy) (11-12).

All psychological events can be predicted. Yet we cannot predict events, we can only interpret the past. Freud applied this concept of psychological determinism to pathological phenomena such as hysteria and obsession and to normal behaviors that are humors, slip of the tongue and dreams (13). In addition, he also argued that those behaviors had the same function in common. This theory also states the concept of the structure of personality. There are three components of personality. They are id, ego, and superego. Each operated in unique function s

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well as distinct process. This concept can be used to explain that behaviors are governed by needs, rationality and ideals (13-14).

First, the id. Freud states that it is the first system within a person. The contents of the id are unconscious. It is the source of all psychological energy. It functions to release internal tension immediately. Immediate pleasure is the goal and achieved through homeostatic process and tension reduction (14). Moreover he says that id operates based on hedonism doctrine. There are two processes of how the id accomplishes its goal. These two processes are reflex action and the primary process. Reflex actions are automatic reactions like sneezing and blinking which reduce tension immediately while the primary process discharge tension by an image of an object (14-15).

Second, the ego. According to Freud, immediate gratification usually leads to pain, therefore it is necessary to be delayed. The ego does it. It serves the id to obtain pleasure and to reduce tension as well as involves reality demand (15). The ego is governed by reality principle and operates by means of the secondary process. The reality principle prevents the discharge of tension until an appropriate object for the wish fulfillment is discovered. The secondary process is realistic, logic, time oriented and distinctive (between reality and unreality) thinking. The ego formulates a plan for the satisfaction of the needs and tests this plan to see whether it works or not for example a hungry person thinks where he may find foods and look for it that place later. Its contents are conscious mostly some of them are preconscious (16).

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Third, the super-ego. It is called a one’s conscious. It is the internalized values in one self. Superego has two main functions. These are to reward individual for acceptable behaviors and to punish actions that are not socially sanctioned. The superego always fights against unacceptable impulse (16). Here, Freud says that those are the components of the structure of personality. The ego inhibits the striving of the id. Yet it must satisfy the id demand. Ego is the highest structure of a person that responsible for final behavioral decisions. Ego is also said to be the executive agency (16-17).

Freud also defines that Homeostasis and hedonism are also related to the structure of personality. The energy for behavior stores in the id. The duty of the ego is to prevent immediate gratification especially if it leads to pain. Later the ego creates counter cathexis which gets id of the threatening wish from consciousness. There is always a conflict between the id cathexis and the ego counter cathexis for counter cathexis opposes goal attainment. The existence of this conflict between the personal demands and the society demands (17).

Freud proposed four models of the motivated behavior. These four models come from the same idea that behavior is derived from wishes and that the initiate action to reduce instinctual urges (18). The first is the primary model of action which is based on the hedonism principle. The model does not account for either thought process or the intervention of the physic structure. It is called the reflex are model with input-output relation (19). The second is the primary model of thought. It is the same as the previous that is initiated by a wish but the object to satisfy the wish is absent. Gratification is obtained by hallucinating the object. In

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the first model, the ego that aids the organism to adapt the environment does not function. They only coordinate wishes with immediate gratification (20). Regarding the fact that immediate gratification may result in more pain that pleasure. Freud formulates the other two models, which involves the ego. The ego delays and alters the direction of behaviors. The third model is what is called secondary model of action. It includes delay mechanism (by the ego). The last model is secondary model of thought. This model involves thoughts and plans to attain the goal (20-21).

2.1.6 Theory of Motivation

There are so many factors make a person to do an action because of his/ her motivation. In this thesis, the writer would like to analyze the motivation of Firdaus and Maria in becoming a prostitute. Before we discuss it further, it is better if we know what a motivation is. According Murray, motivation is a desire. Motivation is always related to behavior because it is involved in all kinds of behaviors: learning, performing, perceiving, attending, remembering, forgetting, thinking, creating, and feeling. Motivation also affects someone’s behavior because motivation may function as incentive for someone to behave in a certain manner (7). Another researcher, Petri, states; “motivation is the concept used when we describe the process within an organism to initiate” (3).

Furthermore, Smith defines; “motivation as an internal process that influences the direction, persistence and vigor of goal directed behavior.” According to him, motivation is seen as an internal factor that moves human being to keep their effort and their goal in order to prevent them from loosing their ways

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to achieve their goals. Motivation also makes human being behave in a specific behavior that supports them in the process of achieving their goals (282).

Another researcher, Maslow says; “People conduct action to fulfill their needs.” He also says that man is initially motivated by a series of basic needs; as these are satisfied, he moves toward the level of the higher needs and becomes motivated by them (47). The basic needs according to Maslow are physiological needs, safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. These basic needs called the hierarchy of needs.

Figure 1.Maslow’s hierarchy of needs.

First level is physiological needs. It is the lowest need. Maslow argues; “physiological needs are adequately met for most people in our society.” When these needs are met, the next need of the hierarchy emerges as a dominant force in

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controlling and directing behavior, for example hunger and thirst and also the basic requirement for other needs (38).

Second level is safety needs. It is the need to be secure and out of danger. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is endangered, and our behavior reflects our attempts to remain secure (39). Moreover, Maslow felt that working of the safety needs could also be seen in people’s preference for familiar surroundings, secure jobs, savings accounts, and insurance. In no satisfactory of these needs, one reacts if one was in a threatening situation obsessive –compulsive neuroses (40).

The third level is Love or belongingness needs. These needs involve a hunger for affectionate with others, a need to feel part of group, or a feeling that one “belongs” (40). The love needs require both the receiving and giving of love-love from another and someone to love-love. There are some ways to gain a sense of belonging needs. Marriage, a job, or admission to a select group such as a fraternity, sorority, or civic group can serve this need. The lack of these needs cause behavior maladjustment (41).

The forth level is esteem needs. There are two subcategories of these needs namely, a need for self-esteem and a need for esteem from others. Maslow explains those two terms. He says:

The need for self-esteem motivates the individual to strive for achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and freedom. The related need of esteem from others involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition, appreciation by others of one’s abilities, and a feeling of importance (42).

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When the esteem needs are satisfied, one has feelings of confidence and self-worth and sees oneself as having a purpose in the world. Lack of esteem leads the individual to feel inconsequential and to have little self-worth (42).

The last level is self-actualization. The behavior of self-actualized person is motivated by anew set of needs, which Maslow termed the being need (B-motivation or meta(B-motivation). This B-motivates is values such as truth, honesty, beauty, and goodness, and they provide meaning to the life of the self-actualized individual. This individual is motivated to become what he is capable of becoming. A self-actualized person is not motivated by deficiencies anymore and is stimulated to test his abilities (305). According to Maslow, only few people in the society can reach self-actualization for it takes really much time. Most people who can reach are over sixty years old (305-306).

The first four steps on Maslow’s hierarchy constitute the needs that must be satisfied before one reaches the final level, the level of self-actualization. It is called deprivation motivation. All behaviors related to those needs are motivated by attempts to deprive those needs. Those four needs are called deprivation motivation (D-motivation) (306). Maslow pointed out that the order of the hierarchy could be applied to some people. Common exception that for other people esteems needs precede love needs. Actually, people are unaware of the needs hierarchy as it is unconscious (307).

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2.2 Theoretical Framework

The analysis explains some theories to answer the problem formulation proposed in the problem formulation. They are theory of critical approach to literature, theory of character and characterization, theory of comparative study, theory of psychology and theory of motivation.

First, the writer uses theory of critical approach to literature and theory of character to answer the first problem formulation that is about the characterization of Firdaus and Maria as the main character. The theory of critical approach contains the psychological approach proposed by Rohrbrger and Woods. This approach used in order to help the writer in analyzing the main character so that the writer is able to answer the first problem formulation. Then, the writer applies theory of character and characterization proposed by Murphy. This theory presents nine ways in knowing the characters in a story. Therefore, it is very useful to get deeper understanding on their characters.

Next, the writer uses theory of comparative literature, theory of psychology and theory of motivation in order to answer the second problem formulation about the motivation of Firdaus and Maria in becoming a prostitute. The writer presents theory of comparative literature proposed by Holman and Harmon also Remak. Using this theory, the writer is able to compare the idea about the differences and similarity of the Firdaus’s and Maria’s motivation in becoming a prostitute. Furthermore, the writer employs theory of psychology stated by Freud. This theory explains the psychoanalytic concepts which has relation with someone’s motivation. Therefore, it becomes important points in

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analyzing the motivation of Firdaus and Maria in becoming a prostitute. In addition, the writer applies theory of motivation defined by Murphy. He explains the basic needs to understand human motivation in his theory. They are physiological needs, safety need, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization. Thus, this theory is crucial in order to analyze the motivation of Firdaus and Maria in becoming a prostitute.

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20 CHAPTER 3 METHODOLOGY

This chapter consists of three parts. They are subject matter, approach of the study, and research procedures. The subject matter deals with the subject of the study. Then, the approach of the study covers the literature approach used to analyze the novels. The last is research procedures which consists of some stages and sources used in completing the study.

3.1 Subject Matter

The primary subjects in this study are Eleven Minutes and Woman at Point Zero. Eleven Minutes consists of 269 pages and is divided into thirty-one chapters. This novel has written by Paulo Coelho. According to Filippo, Coelho is one of the most beloved authors of our time. His book has been translated into 61 languages and published in 150 countries. He was inducted into the Brazilian Academy of Letters in 2002 (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/eleven_minutes).

Matko states that Woman at Point Zero was published for the first time in Beirut in Arabic in 1979 by Nawal El Saadawi, the most popular and controversial journalist. Then in 1983, the book was translated to English and was published in 1986. This novel consists of 108 pages long and is divided into three main chapters (http//www.stubborn-fanatic.blogspot.com/2006/08/w-a-p-z-nawal-saadawi.html).

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Eleven Minutes tells a story about Maria, a young girl living in Brazilian village. There, she can only have access to restricted facility. She lives in worst conditions when she has to stay in a moderate family. In addition, she always feels upset with her love. These conditions lead her to make a vacation in Rio de Janeiro. In this place, she meets a Swiss tourist named Roger who has a club in Geneva. Roger wants to hire Maria as a dancer for his club. Here, Maria tries to find her fame and fortune to make her dreams come true and later she becomes a prostitute. Being a prostitute makes her to get a lot of money. Moreover, during her profession as a prostitute, she finally finds her real love through a young painter man named Ralf.

Woman at Point Zero tells about a woman named Firdaus who is waiting for execution in Cairo prison of murdering a pimp. She is poor and suffering from hunger and parental cruelty as a child. Every man she ever met including her husband treats her badly. Then, she finally meets Sherifa. She is a prostitute who tells about her life to Firdaus. Later, this condition takes Firdaus to prostitution. Living in the prostitution world, Firdaus is capable of earning a lot of money.

3.2 Approach of the Study

In conducting the comparative study between Eleven Minutes and Woman at Point Zero, especially focusing on the analysis of the motivation of the main character in becoming a prostitute, the writer applies psychological approach. This psychological approach is used in knowing the psychological side of Maria in Coelho’s Eleven Minutes and Firdaus in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero.

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Moreover, this approach helps the writer to observe the motivation of Maria and Firdaus in becoming a prostitute.

3.3 Research Procedures

In writing this thesis, the writer used library research to gather primary and secondary data. There were some stages during the process of this study. The stages could be clarified in the following paragraphs.

First of all, the writer chose Coelho’s Eleven Minutes and Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero. The writer started to read the novels many times in order to get better understanding. While reading the novels, the writer took some important notes that were interesting to be analyzed. Then, finally, the writer decided to analyze psychological aspect of the main character.

Second, the writer collected some references related to the study. The references were some books about theories and elements of literary works which were needed as the basic guidance to analyze the works of Coelho’s Eleven Minutes and Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero. They are theory of character, theory characterization, theory of comparative study, theory of psychology and also theory of motivation. Theory of character and characterization were used to answer the first problem formulation that was about the characterization of Maria and Firdaus as the main character. Then, theory of comparative literature, theory of psychology and theory of motivation were used to answer the second problem formulation. These theories were the base that guided the analysis of Maria’s and Firdaus’s motivation in becoming a prostitute precisely. Moreover, the writer used

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some references from the internet to get additional information about summary of the novels, biography of the author, characters list, and some comments from the readers of the novels.

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24 CHAPTER 4

ANALYSIS

In this chapter, the writer analyzes the problems stated in the first chapter. The first part is the discussion on the main character of Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Coelho’s Eleven Minutes. Then, the second part is the discussion on the motivation of the main characters in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Coelho’s Eleven Minutes in becoming a prostitute.

4.1 The Characterization of Main Character

Abrams defines characters as the person presented in a dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral, dispositional and emotional qualities that are expressed in what they say, the dialogue, and by what they do, the action (20). Firdaus is the person presented in a novel, and so does Maria. Firdaus is presented in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero, whereas Maria is presented in Coelho’s Eleven Minutes.

In revealing the characteristics of Firdaus and Maria better, the writer uses a theory proposed by Murphy. He proposes nine ways in presenting the characters in a novel. They are personal description, characters as seen by another, speech, past life, conversations others, reaction, direct comment, thought, and mannerism.

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4.1.1 The Characterization of Firdaus 4.1.1.1 Smart

Firdaus is a clever student. She loves to go to school to study. She likes to learn something new especially learn new books and subject at school. She also becomes one of the best students in class. Even, she has already awarded two certificates. They are primary and secondary school certificates.

I liked classes and I enjoyed studying, despite the unfailing vigilance of the superintendent, and other things. When the results of the final examination were announced, I was told that I have out in the school and seventh countryside (32).

Moreover, reading newspapers and magazines become her habit since then. It is because she always goes to the library to read them. This can be seen on page 27. “Newspapers and magazines were delivered to the library regularly. I got into the habit of reading what was written in them and looking at the picture.”

Firdaus also loves to read in a library although it is a bad room in her school and she has to sit in a broken chair. She does not only read newspapers and magazines there, but she also reads a lot of books. Reading a lot of books make her able to find and learn many things.

I developed a love of books, for with every book I learned something new. I got to know about Persians, the Turks and the Arabs. I read about the crimes committed by kings and rulers, about wars, people, revolutions, and the lives of revolutionaries (26).

As a woman who lives in a patriarchal country where a man has more power than a woman, Firdaus imagines of being a great head of state. Firdaus keeps imagining herself like that, in contrast, other women share each other about

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love and men. Actually, beyond this condition, Firdaus only wants to do as men can do.

I know that woman did not become heads of state, but I felt that I was nor like other women, nor like other girls around me who kept talking about love, or about men. For these were subjects I never mentioned, somehow I was not interested in the things that occupied their minds, and what seemed of importance to them stuck me as being trivial (25).

All of the Firdaus’s speech above shows that she is a smart woman. It can be seen when she wants to learn many things and has two certificates.

4.1.1.2 Brave

Firdaus is a brave woman. She is able to fight against men, especially a pimp. She refuses him to protect herself as a prostitute. She also shows her bad behavior to that man. It can be seen from Firdaus’s reaction to a pimp below.

One day he saw me entering my house and followed me. I tried to shut the door in his face, but he took out a knife, threatened me with it, and forced his way in.

“(Firdaus) What do you want of me?” I asked.

“(The Pimp) I want to protect you from other men,” he replied. “(Firdaus) But no one else besides you is menacing me” (92).

As a prostitute, Firdaus can do bad things to a pimp. She can fight against him harshly. She slaps him and it becomes worst when she kills him with her own hands. It is shown from Firdaus’s reaction to a pimp. She does those bad things to a pimp because she does not like him.

I raised my hand even higher than he had done, and brought it down violently on his face. The whites of his eyes went red. His hand started to reach for the knife he carried in his pocket, but my hand was quicker than his. I raised the knife and buried it deep in his neck, pulled it out his neck and then thrust it deep into his chest, pulled it out his chest and plunged it deep into his belly. I stuck the knife into almost every part of his body (95).

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At the end of the story in the novel, Firdaus shows her bravery through her speech. She does not want to ask the President to pardon her as a woman who will get a death sentence. She prefers to accept the death penalty.

“There is hope for you to release if you send an appeal to the president asking him to pardon you for the crime you committed”.

…

“Everybody has to die. I prefer to die for a crime I have committed rather than to die for one of the crimes which you have committed” (101).

The analysis above shows Firdaus’s bravery. It can be seen from Firdaus’s speech and reaction that she is able to kill a pimp and face her death sentence.

4.1.1.3 Determined

Starting from her childhood until adulthood, Firdaus hates men. It is because all men treat her badly. They think that they are better than Firdaus. That is why in her mind, she hates men. Therefore, Firdaus has a strong determination to find justice for her. Then, this condition brings her to the prostitution world. It can be seen from Firdaus’s speech below.

I became aware of the fact that I hated men, but for long years had hidden this secret carefully. The men I hated most of all were those who tried to give me advice, or told me that they wanted to rescue me from the life I was leading. I used to hate them more than the others because they thought they were better than I was and could help me change my life.

…

Yet not for a single moment did I have any doubts about my own integrity and honor as a woman. I knew that my profession had been invented by men, and that men were in control of both our worlds. The one on earth, and the one in heaven. That men force women to sell her bodies at a price, and that the lowest paid body is that of a wife. Or women are prostitutes of one kind of another (88-91).

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Her strong determination to find justice makes her to have a firm behavior too. It happens when she does not want to be a female employee anymore in a company. She feels that she is more valued as a prostitute rather than as a female employee. It is shown from her thought that being a prostitute is better than a female employee.

After I had spent three years in the company, I realized that as a prostitute I had been looked upon with more respect, and been valued more highly than all the female employees, myself included.

…

An employee is scared of losing her job and becoming a prostitute because she does not understand that the prostitute’s life is in fact better than hers (75-76).

Her firm behavior makes her think that being a prostitute is the right choice. She realizes that only by being a prostitute she can have the same level as men. Even, she can be respected by great men. Furthermore, by being a prostitute she can enjoy her life. It is clearly seen from her thought below.

I became a very successful prostitute. I was paid the highest price and even men of great importance competed for my favors.

…

Because I was intelligent, I prefer to be a free prostitute, rather than an enslaved wife. Every time I gave my body, I charged the highest price. I could employ any number of servants to wash my clothes and clean my shoes, hire a lawyer no matter how expensive to defend my honor, pay a doctor for an abortion, buy a journalist to publish a picture and write something about me in the newspapers (89-91).

Firdaus’s belief and hatred toward men have made her become a determined woman. This can be seen from Firdaus’s speech and thought in the sentences above.

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4.1.2. The Characterization of Maria 4.1.2.1 Smart

Maria is a smart girl. She is able to use her attraction to reach her dream. It is seen from Maria’s mannerism. She uses her attraction to get what she wants, especially to men who can give her money. She realizes that her beauty is her commodity to make men easily attracted to her. She knows that many men fall in love with her because of her physical beauty. She also knows that her beauty can be used as a power to get money, so that she knows how to take advantages from men who fall in love with her. These happen when she works in a shop where her boss falls in love with her. This condition makes Maria able to get some money from him.

She turned nineteen, having finished secondary school, and found a job in a draper’s shop, where her boss promptly feels in love with her. By then, however, Maria knew how to use a man, without being used by him. She never let him touch her, although she was very coquettish, conscious of her beauty.

…

With this in mind, she continued to keep her boss at arm’s length, though without putting him off completely, and this brought her a considerable increase in salary… (17).

Maria’s smartness is also seen from her other mannerism when she wants to learn French. She uses her spare time to learn and practice French in order to improve her French. Therefore, she buys some magazines to improve her French. Moreover, Maria’s smartness is shown when she often goes to library to read some books. There, she also can share about the contents of those books with the librarian.

To distract herself during this empty hours, and in order to practice her French, she began buying magazines about celebrities, but realizes at once

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that she was spending too much money, and so she looked for the nearest lending library. The woman in charge told her that they didn’t lend out magazines, but that she could suggest a few books that would help improve her French.

…

Maria became a regular visitor to the library, where she would chat to the woman, who seemed as lonely as she was, ask her to suggest more books and discuss life and authors until her money had nearly run out (49-50). Maria’s mannerisms above show that she is a smart girl. It is proved by the way she uses her power of attraction to reach her dream and also she wants to improve her French.

4.1.2.2 Brave

Maria is brave enough to build a new relationship with a man although she often feels upset with her love. She falls in love many times but she also feels suffer of her love. This condition does not make her afraid to find another love. Therefore, she never gives up building relationship with a man. This is seen from her mannerism on page 15; “…she went out with one boy and with another, and she dreamed and suffered despite her promise to herself never to fall in love again.”

Maria’s bravery is also seen from the way she makes a decision toward her life. It is shown from her mannerism when she decides to look for a job in Copacabama, one of the most expensive bars in Geneva. At the very beginning, she does not know what she is going to do in that place but then, she is able to decide to work as a prostitute in a very short time. It proves that Maria is brave to make hasty decision in being a prostitute although she does not know at all about it.

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“I’m looking for work, “she told the owner, who was washing glasses behind the bar.”

…

“(Brazilian girl) What made you choose this place?” …

“(Maria) To be perfectly honest, I don’t know where to start or if I want to start.”

She found herself confronted by the feeling that so often pushing people into making hasty decisions.

…

“(Maria) All right, I’ll start tonight.”

“(Milan) Tomorrow, wear black panties, bra and stocking. Taking off your clothes is all part of the ritual.”

Without more ado, and on the assumption now that he was talking to someone who was about to start work, … (64-67).

The analysis above describes Maria as a brave person. This characterization can be seen from her mannerism.

4.1.2.3 Ambitious

In the beginning of the story, the narrator describes Maria as an ambitious girl through her reaction. It is proved from her desire to increase her life economically. Since she comes from moderate family, Maria wants to improve her life economically. The fact that her father is a traveling salesman and her mother is a seamstress have pushed her to find a rich man in order to get better life. Those conditions become the factor that makes her to be an ambitious girl. Like all prostitutes, she was born both innocent and a virgin, and, as an

adolescent, she dreamed of meeting the man of her life (rich, handsome, intelligent), of getting married (in a wedding dress), having two children (who would grow up to be famous) and living in a lovely house (with a sea view). Her father was traveling salesman, her mother a seamstress, and her hometown, in the interior Brazil, had only one cinema, one night club and one bank, which was why Maria was always hoping that one day, without warning, her Prince Charming would arrive, sweep her off her feet and take her away with him so that they could conquer the world together (1).

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Maria’s ambition is also shown from her point of view that money is everything. It can be seen from her mannerism when she does not care about her own feeling because her ambition is to earn money. Her desire is to be a successful girl who has a lot of money, therefore, she is willing to do anything to reach it. It can be clarified that Maria is an ambitious girl who can do everything to make her dreams come true.

Maria chose to be an adventurer in search of treasure, she put aside her feelings, she stopped crying every night, and she forgot all about the person she used to be; she discovered that she had enough willpower to pretend that she had just been born and so had no reason to miss anyone. Feelings could wait, now what she needed to do was to earn some money, get to know the country and return home victorious (39).

Those sentences show that Maria is an ambitious girl. She becomes ambitious girl because of economical reason. It can be seen from Maria’s reaction and mannerism above.

4.2. Motivation of the Main Character in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Coelho’s Eleven Minutes in Becoming A Prostitute

Most people believe that prostitution is bad. Prostitution is considered as immoral, sinful and dirty. On the other side, there are several people who decide to be prostitutes as their profession. Yet, Maria and Firdaus decide to be a prostitute. They have some reasons beyond their decision in becoming a prostitute. Therefore, the writer would like to discuss the similarities and differences between decisions made by Firdaus in Saadawi’s Woman at Point Zero and Maria in Eleven Minutes in choosing prostitution as their profession.

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4.2.1. The Similarity between Firdaus and Maria Decision in Choosing Prostitution as Their Profession: The Family Background

Both Firdaus and Maria come from an economically low family. Firdaus’s father is a poor peasant farmer and her mother is a house wife. “My father, a poor peasant farmer, who could neither read, not write, knew very view things in life” (12). As a poor family, they cannot fulfill their basic needs. Sometimes they cannot have their supper. They are very hungry but they cannot eat because there is no food in their home. Even, they can go to bed with empty stomach. It is difficult for Firdaus’s family to fulfill their basic needs. As a result, Firdaus’s family lacks of physiological needs. “Sometimes when there was no food at home, we would all go to bed with empty stomachs” (18).

All of these conditions push her to change her life. She wants to be an economically successful girl. Freud points out that id operates based on hedonism doctrine (principle that pleasure and happiness are the goal of life) (11). Meanwhile ego serves the id to obtain pleasure. Therefore, her id and ego lead her in deciding to be a prostitute. Firdaus assumes that being a prostitute is the only way to reach success as a woman. Firdaus realizes that she can get a lot of money in order to change her life. Money is a means of making a better life for a woman. This profession enables her to be able to rent a good apartment. She can also have a cook to serve her meal. She has an employee to arrange all of her appointments. Amazingly, she is capable of building a private library for herself. There she usually spends her time. In addition, her bank account keeps increasing all the time. Here, Firdaus is able to fulfill the first level of hierarchy of needs stated by

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Maslow, that is physiological needs. Later, Firdaus can also fulfill her next needs. They are safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs, and self-actualization needs. She will try to achieve the higher needs after she can achieve the lower one. It is because Maslow states that if a person can satisfy his/her basic need, he/she moves toward higher level of needs and becomes motivated by them (47).

...I first started to have a clean apartment of my own, overlooking the main street, engage a cook who prepared the food I ordered, and employ someone to arrange for my appointments at the hours which suited me, and in accordance with the terms which I considered acceptable. My bank account kept mounting all the time.

...

I had a large library in my apartment, and it was here I spent most of my free time (69).

Realizing that money can buy everything, Firdaus uses it to accumulate some facilities for her. She begins to have her own servants, hire a lawyer, and pay a doctor to do abortion. She can also pay a journalist to make news about her. It proves that Firdaus understands the power of money well. Furthermore, Firdaus uses her money to make herself a woman with honor of fame. She makes herself an honorable and famous woman through donating her money for charity, so she can be recognized as an honorable citizen.

I could employ any number of servants to wash my clothes and clean shoes, hire a lawyer no matter how expensive to defend my honor, pay a doctor for an abortion, buy a journalist to publish my picture and write something about me in the newspaper.

...

One day, when I donated some money to charitable association, the newspapers published pictures of me and sang praises as the model of a citizen with a sense of civic responsibility (91).

Maria also has the same problem with Firdaus. Maria comes from an economically low family. They are poor since her father is a traveling salesman

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and her mother is a seamstress. Her parents cannot give her facilities and pleasure. As a result, they fail to meet their physiological needs. Therefore, Maria has to work in a draper’s shop. She works in a draper’s shop when she is 19 years old and has finished her secondary school. Working in a shop, she can help her family to fulfill their basic needs. ”Her father was a traveling salesman, her mother a seamstress, and her hometown, in the interior Brazil, had only one cinema, one night club, and one bank...”(1).

The condition of Maria’s family pushes her to increase the quality of her life, especially her economical situation. It also happened because of her mother’s advice. Her mother plays an important role in making Maria become an ambitious girl in order to change her life. Her mother gives Maria an advice to find a rich man. Living with a rich man will give Maria a better life. Maria’s mother told her that being unhappy with a rich man is always better for her life compared to being happy with a poor man. She can say that because of her own experience with Maria’s father. She chooses Maria’s father as her husband because of love. She falls in love with him although he is not rich at all. As a consequence, she lives with her husband poorly. Therefore, Maria’s mother does not let her daughter to make the same mistake like her. According to her mother, love is not the most important thing in life, but in contrast, money is the most valuable. It is because money can buy everything she wants even true love. Even, Maria’s mother lets her only daughter to go to Switzerland in order to work as a samba dancer. Her mother believes that Maria can be a rich woman there. “My dear, it’s better to be

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happy with a rich man than happy with a poor man, and over there you’ll have for more chance of becoming an unhappy rich woman” (32).

Maria’s profession as a samba dancer does not make her an economically successful girl. She can only rent a small room there with no special facilities. Therefore, she feels that her life is meaningless with all the routines and mediocrity. It makes her worried because she cannot give a better life for her family. In such condition, Maria comes to a hard decision. She decides to be a prostitute rather than coming back to Brazil as a loser who cannot give her family happiness. Being a prostitute leads her to be a successful woman. Her id and ego push her to make a lot of money through her profession as a prostitute. She can increase her money in bank, so that she can send some money to her mother in Brazil. She can also buy a nice apartment for herself with good facilities. Here, Maria is able to fulfill her physiological needs, the first level of hierarchy of needs stated by Maslow. Later, Maria can also fulfill her next needs just like Firdaus. They are safety needs, belongingness needs, esteem needs and self-actualization needs. She will try to achieve the higher needs after she can fulfill the lower one. Moreover, being a prostitute with a lot of money makes her secure because she does not need to be worry about making her family happy. Here, Maria’s profession as a prostitute proves that she is able to meet her safety needs, the second level of hierarchy of needs. She can fulfill her safety needs after she has fulfilled her physiological needs.

But Maria wasn’t there to save humanity, but to increase her bank balance, survive another six months of solitude and another six months of the choice she had made, send a regular monthly sum of money to her mother (who was thrilled to learn that the early absence of money had

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been due to the Swiss post, so much less efficient than the Brazilian postal system), and to buy all the things she had always dreamed of and never had. She moved to a much better apartment, which central heating (although the summer had already arrived), and from her window she could see a church, a Japanese restaurant, a supermarket, and a very nice cafe, where she used to sit and read the newspaper (86-87).

Furthermore, Maria also has several proposals of marriage from men who fall in love with her after working as a prostitute for two months. They promise Maria to give her a better life. This condition happened because Maria gives her customers advice. Maria gives her customers advice because they ask for it in order to solve their life’s problems. It becomes an important point for Maria to get respect from her customers. Then, she starts to read some books related to her customers’ problem. It makes her become unusual prostitute. She is different from the others prostitute. Even, her colleagues who work as a prostitute admire her. Therefore, many of her customers fall in love and want to get married with her.

Maria became a regular reader of newspapers, especially, where possible, the financial pages, because the majority of her clients were business executives. She sought out self-help books, because her clients nearly all asked for her advice. She read studies of the human emotion, because all her clients were in some kind of emotional pain. Maria was a respectable, rather unusual prostitute, and after six months, she had acquired a large, faithful, very select clientele, thus arousing the envy and jealously, but also the admiration, of her colleagues.

…

Maria had had several proposals of marriage, of which al least three were serious: the director of a firm of accountants, the pilot she went with on the very first night, and the owner of a shop specializing in knives. All three had promised “to take her away from that life” and to give her a nice house a future, perhaps children and grandchildren (81-88).

As the conclusion, both Firdaus and Maria are able to meet the fourth level of hierarchy of needs stated by Maslow. It is esteem needs which is consisted of 2 subcategories namely, a need for self-esteem and esteem from others. According

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to Maslow, a need for self-esteem motivates the individual to strive for achievement, strength, confidence, independence, and freedom. The related need of esteem from others involves a desire for reputation, status, recognition, appreciation by others of one’s abilities, and feeling of importance (42). In addition, there will be explanation that Firdaus and Maria are able to fulfill the lower needs before they can meet their esteem needs later. It will be proved on the next title about the differences between Firdaus and Maria decision in choosing prostitution as their profession.

Both Maria and Firdaus have motivation to achieve their dream as a prostitute. They are independent women who are able to earn money by themselves. Each of them has also recognition and appreciation given by their surroundings. Firdaus uses her money to make herself a woman with honor and fame. She makes herself to be an honorable and famous woman by donating her money for charity. As a result, she can be recognized as an honorable citizen. Meanwhile, Maria is able to have respect from her customers. It is because she can give advice to her customers to solve their life’s problems. Therefore, she can have several proposal of marriage from men who fall in love with her.

4.2.2. The Differences between Firdaus and Maria Decision in Choosing Prostitution as Their Profession

4.2.2.1 The Society / Surroundings

There are some differences between Firdaus’s and Maria’s society which motivate them in becoming a prostitute. In Firdaus’s society, men have more

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APPENDIX 5

THE BIOGRAPHY 0F PAULO COELHO

Paulo Coelho was born in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil, the city where he now lives. His own life has in many ways been as varied and unusual as the protagonists of his internationally acclaimed novels. Like them, he has followed a dream in a quest for fulfillment. His own dream, to be a writer, met with frustration throughout much of his early adult life, a time in which he worked at various professions, some of them materially rewarding but spiritually unfulfilling. "I always knew," he says, "that my Personal Legend, to use a term from alchemy, was to write." He was 38 when he published his first book.

In 1970, after deciding that law school was not for him, he traveled through much of South America, North Africa, Mexico, and Europe. Returning to Brazil after two years, he began a successful career as a popular songwriter. In 1974, he was imprisoned for a short time by the military dictatorship then ruling in Brazil. In 1980, he experienced one of the defining moments of his life: he walked the 500-plus mile Road of Santiago de Compostela in northwestern Spain. On this ancient highway, used for centuries by pilgrims

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self-awareness and a spiritual awakening that he later described inThe Pilgrimage.

Paulo Coelho once said that following your dream is like learning a foreign language; you will make mistakes but you will get there in the end. In 1988, he published The Alchemist, a novel that explores this theme, and it launched him as an international bestselling author. Specifically, Paulo Coelho is recognized for his powerful storytelling technique and the profound spiritual insights he blends seamlessly into his parables. Since then, The Alchemist has sold more than 11 million copies worldwide and has been translated into some 41 languages. In addition toThe Pilgrimage and The Alchemist, Paulo Coelho has written luminous novels about the different streams of our lives, including By The River Piedra I Sat Down & Wept, The Valkyries, The Fifth Mountain, and Veronika Decides to Die. A winner of numerous literary prizes, Paulo Coelho is also a prominent speaker for humanitarian causes. In 1999, he received a Crystal Award for Artistic Achievement at the Davos Economic Forum Conference.

(Taken from http://www.bookbrowse.com/biographies/.author.html, accessed on 9 October at 9 a.m.)

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APPENDIX 6

THE SUMMARY OF WOMAN AT POINT ZERO

A psychiatrist is asked to examine the mental health of a female inmate, who was prosecuted for killing her former pimp; she has been granted parole but she has refused it every single time it has been granted to her. Reluctantly, the inmate, who is named Firdaus, tells the psychiatrist her life story.

Firdaus was born into a farming community. She is forced to undergo female genital mutilation as a pre-adolescent. The pain subsides but she never regains clitoral sensitivity. Throughout the novel, Firdaus experiences incomplete sensations; a void, where there was once pleasure. Repetition of this theme signifies its importance.

After the death of her mother and father, she is sent to her uncle's house so she can attend school. While there, she falls in love with a female teacher named Miss Iqbal, who does not return her feelings. Her uncle loves her very much, but her aunt hates her, and accordingly, she is married off to a man who repulses her. To punish her for her

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prostitute on the streets of Cairo.

Over time, she is drafted into the harem of a female friend. Another acquaintance of Firdaus tells her that her living is not respectable, so she leaves it all behind and takes a job at a government agency. She falls in love with a co-worker, who does not return her feelings, as he wishes to climb the proverbial social ladder. He marries the daughter of the agency's president instead. Crushed, Firdaus goes back to prostitution, and is threatened by police action by a local pimp. He eventually drafts her as one of his women.

He is cruel to her, and many times, he locks her in the bordello for hours and even days. One day, he started to beat her up; she picked up a knife and stabbed him. She made her escape and lived on the lam. A high-profile Arabian prince offers her money in exchange for sex. As soon as the transaction is over, she tells him that she killed a man. He doesn't believe her, and she scares him to the point that he is convinced. He has her arrested, and she is sentenced to death. She stays in the prison, and for ten days is approached by a woman who wants to speak with her—a psychiatrist researching neurosis. The day of her execution, she tells the writer—the author Nawal El Saadawi–her story in its entirety.

(Taken from http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Woman_at_Point_Zero.html, accessed on 13 October 2008 at 10 a.m.

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APPENDIX 7

THE BIOGRAPHY OF NAWAL EL SAADAWI

Egyptian writer and feminist Nawal el Saadawi was born in 1932 in the village of Kafir Tahla. Her father, an official in the Egyptian Ministry of Education, provided all nine of his children with a University education. El Saadawi qualified as a doctor in 1955 in Cairo. She has published at least twenty-four books in Arabic and is popular among English speaking audiences. Despite her literary success, El Saadawi has been repeatedly punished by the Egyptian government because her experiences as a medical doctor lead her to write about the taboo issue of womanhood and sexuality.

El Saadawi was dismissed from her position of Director of Public Health in the Ministry of Health with the publication of Woman and Sex, published in 1972, which angered political and theological authorities. She also lost her positions as the Chief Editor of a health journal, and as the Assistant General Secretary in the Medical Association in Egypt. From 1973 to 1976 she researched women and neurosis in the Ain Shams

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Advisor for the Women's Programme in Africa and Middle East.

In 1981, she was arrested and imprisoned along with other Egyptian intellectuals under Anwar Sadat's regime. She was released upon Sadat's death in 1982, and shortly thereafter founded the Arab Women's Solidarity Association (AWSA), an international organization dedicated to "lifting the veil from the mind" of Arab women. In 1985, AWSA was granted consultant status with the Economic and Social Council of the United Nations as an Arab non-governmental association. Despite the association's obvious success, the Egyptian government closed AWSA down in 1991 and diverted its funds to a religious women's association. Using twelve lawyers who volunteered to help her, El Saadawi took the Egyptian government to court, but did not win the case.

(Taken from http://www.radicalparty.org/nawal/bio.htm, accessed on 9 October 2008 at 9 a.m.

Motivation of the main character in becoming a prostitute : a comparative study of Paulo Coelho`s eleven minutes and nawal el saadawi`s woman at point zero.

Today I s The Day

For t hose who have color ed my lif e .

(par ent s, f amily, and f r iends)

I dedicat e t his t hesis f or t hem

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The meaning of three kinds of the life journeys as experienced by Firdaus, the major character of Nawal El Saadawi`s Woman at Point Zero.

The influence of child abuse towards Firdaus` personality development as seen in Nawal El Saadawi`s Woman At Point Zero.

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Motivation of the main character in becoming a prostitute : a comparative study of Paulo Coelho`s eleven minutes and nawal el saadawi`s woman at point zero.

Today I s The Day

For t hose who have color ed my lif e .

(par ent s, f amily, and f r iends)

I dedicat e t his t hesis f or t hem

MAY GOD BLESS THEM ALL THE BEST

Parts

Dokumen yang terkait

A Comparative Analysis Of Woman Physical Abuse In The Novels The Color Purple By Alice Walker And Women At Point Zero By Nawal El-Saadawi

The meaning of love experienced by Firdaus the main character of Nawal El - Saadawi`s Woman at Point Zero.

The meaning of three kinds of the life journeys as experienced by Firdaus, the major character of Nawal El Saadawi`s Woman at Point Zero.

The influence of child abuse towards Firdaus` personality development as seen in Nawal El Saadawi`s Woman At Point Zero.

Firdaus` searching for freedom as portrayed in Nawal El-Saadawi`s Woman At Point Zero.

Feminism as reflected in Nawal El Saadawi`s novel woman at point zero.

The meaning of love experienced by Firdaus the main character of Nawal El Saadawi`s Woman at Point Zero

The meaning of three kinds of the life journeys as experienced by Firdaus, the major character of Nawal El Saadawi`s Woman at Point Zero

GRAMMATICAL COHESION USED IN NAWAL EL SAADAWI'S WOMAN AT POINT ZERO.

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