THE REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIA IN AN AUSTRALIAN NEWSPAPER SYDNEY MORNING HERALD ONLINE 2015 COVERING THE CASE OF ANDREW CHAN AND MYURAN SUKUMARAN‟S DEATH PENALTY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
THE REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIA IN AN AUSTRALIAN NEWSPAPER SYDNEY MORNING HERALD ONLINE 2015 COVERING THE CASE OF ANDREW CHAN AND MYURAN SUKUMARAN‟S DEATH PENALTY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS By MILAWATY St.N 121211232101 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA SURABAYA 2016
THE REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIA IN AN AUSTRALIAN NEWSPAPER SYDNEY MORNING HERALD ONLINE 2015 COVERING THE CASE OF ANDREW CHAN AND MYURAN SUKUMARAN ‟S DEATH PENALTY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS By MILAWATY St.N 121211232101 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA SURABAYA 2016
THE REPRESENTATION OF INDONESIA IN AN AUSTRALIAN NEWSPAPER SYDNEY MORNING HERALD ONLINE 2015 COVERING THE CASE OF ANDREW CHAN AND MYURAN SUKUMARAN‟S DEATH PENALTY: A CRITICAL DISCOURSE ANALYSIS AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Submitted as partial fulfillment of the requirements for the Sarjana degree of English Department Faculty of Humanity Universitas Airlangga By Milawaty St.N 121211232101 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA SURABAYA 2016
DECLARATION
This thesis is submitted as a partial fulfillment of the degree Sarjana Humaniora (S.Hum) of the English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Airlangga.
Hereby, I confirm the following points: 1. This thesis is entirely my own work.
2. It is not copied from any other person‟s work (published or unpublished).
3. I do not use the services of any professional agencies to produce this thesis.
4. It has not previously submitted for assessment either at Universitas Airlangga or elsewhere.
5. Any text, tables, figure, data or other material copied from other sources (including, but not limited to, books, papers, and the internet) have been clearly acknowledged and referenced in the text. These details are also confirmed by a fuller reference in the references at the end of the text. I understand that breaching any or all the above points will result in the withdrawal of the awarded degree and disciplinary action in accordance with the regulations at Universitas Airlangga.
Surabaya, 12 January 2016 Milawaty
For my parents, friends, and everyone who hopes for a better life Approved to be examined Surabaya, 12 January 2016
Thesis Advisor, Nurul Fitri Hapsari, M.A.
NIP 198307142012122002 Head of English Department,
Deny Arnos Kwary, Ph.D NIP 197501011999031001 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF HUMANITIES UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA SURABAYA
2016 This thesis has been approved and accepted by the Board of Examiners, English Department, Faculty of Humanities, Universitas Airlangga
The Examiners are: 1.
Dhiah Ariani Arimbi, Ph.D NIP 197004051994032003 2.
Dadung Ibnu Muktiono, M.C.S NIK 139090992 3.
Nurul Fitri Hapsari, M.A NIP 198307142012122002
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Having an experience of making a thesis is one of the tremendous things in my life. This is the first time since I put all of my mind into a paper. As a step to reach a greater achievement in the future, I had tried to do my best for this thesis. I believe that someday, all of knowledge and feeling I had in the process of making this thesis will be very useful to make up my dreams. Thus, I am very thankful to everyone who has helped me in creating this writing, my first memorable academic paper.
First of all, certainly most of my thankfulness is for the biggest source of assistance, Allah SWT, who is always there and gives me the way to solve every problem in my life. There may be no word as the replacement of what He has given to me until this time.
Secondly, my big gratitude goes to my beloved thesis advisor, Nurul Fitri Hapsari, M.A. Honestly mam, without your smile, I did not know how to continue my work. In my view, you always open the chance for me to manage my thesis well. It is fortunate for me to have a kind of patient and joyful advisor like you. I would like to thank you for all your precious advice and kindness. I also want to bestow my gratitude to all English Department lecturers of Universitas Airlangga for the valuable lessons given during my study in the university.
The most important is my thankfulness to the amazing parents, my mother and my father. I thank you for the „out of ordinary‟ support in making this thesis.
Maybe, you have your own way in helping me facing the time, and that makes me more understand how important and irreplaceable parents are in the heart of their children. I am sorry for all the difficulties and grief I made during the time of my life with you. However, as your only child and hope, I promise this will turn to be happy in the right time.
Many names, of which I want to extend my gratitude through, also come up in my mind. I thank you for the younger sister of my mom, my aunt Siti Aisyiah, for the guidance, the help, and the gentleness during my time in the university. Without her, maybe I could not make it, to become a student of an outstanding university such Universitas Airlangga. I will not forget to express my thankfulness to may beloved friends in „we are groot‟, my special thesis companion, Putri Karyani, and the other members of EDSA 12. May Allah always bless us and our dreams come true. See you in a better place.
January / 12 / 2016 Milawaty
“Penyakit bangsa kita yang paling parah adalah mentalitas kalau bisa dipersulit, kenapa dipermudah.”
- - Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Inside Cover Page ................................................................................. i Inside Title Page ................................................................................... ii Declaration Page ................................................................................... iii Dedication Page .................................................................................... iv Advisor‟s Approval Page ...................................................................... v Board of Examiners‟ Approval ............................................................. vi Acknowledgement ................................................................................ vii Epigraph ................................................................................................ ix Table of Contents .................................................................................. x Abstract .................................................................................................
1 Chapter 1: Introduction ......................................................................
2 1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................
2 1.2 Statement of the Problem ................................................................
6 1.3 Objective of the Study .....................................................................
6 1.4 Significance of the Study .................................................................
6 1.5 Definition of Key Terms ..................................................................
8 Chapter 2: Literature Review .............................................................
9 2.1 Theoretical Framework ....................................................................
9 2.1.1 The Relation Between Indonesia and Australia .....................
9 2.1.1.1 Before the Independence of Indonesia ..........................
9
2.1.1.2 The Conflict of West Irian (Papua) ................................ 11
2.1.1.3 The Confrontation with Malaysia and Beginning of the New Order .........................................................................
14 2.1.1.4 The Case of East Timor (Timor Leste) ...........................
15 2.1.1.5 Australian Intervention and the White Man‟s Burden ....
17
2.1.2 Orientalism ................................................................................. 20
2.1.3 Language, Power, and Ideology ................................................. 24
2.2 Review of Related Studies ........................................................ 27
Chapter 3: Methods of the Study .......................................................... 31
3.1 Research Approach ............................................................................. 31
3.2 Data Sources ....................................................................................... 32
3.3 Population and Sample ....................................................................... 33
3.4 Scope and Limitation .......................................................................... 34
3.5 Technique of Data Collection ............................................................. 36
3.6 Technique of Data Analysis ................................................................ 39
Chapter 4: Analysis ................................................................................. 42
4.1 Finding ................................................................................................ 42
4.1.1 Indonesia Seen as Merciless ........................................................ 42
4.1.2 Indonesia Seen as Thoughtless .................................................... 52
4.1.3 Indonesian Seen as Immoral ........................................................ 58
4.1.4 Indonesia Seen as the „Silent Barbarian‟ ..................................... 68
4.2 Interpretation ....................................................................................... 71
4.2.1 Discursive Practice ...................................................................... 71
4.2.1.1 Labelling Indonesia as “the Other” ................................... 72
4.2.1.2 Legitimizing Australia as the Powerful One ..................... 82
4.2.2 Sociocultural Practice .................................................................. 89
4.2.2.1 Ambivalent Attitude of Australia ...................................... 90
4.2.2.2 The Influence of Political Campaign ................................. 95
4.2.2.3 Rationalization on the Intervention ................................... 98
Chapter 5: Conclusion ............................................................................ 103
5.1 Conclusion ........................................................................................... 103
5.2 Suggestions for Further Research ........................................................ 105 Works Cited ............................................................................................... 107 Appendix .................................................................................................... 111
ABSTRACT
The death penalty issue of Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, two out of nine drug dealers caught in Bali in 2005 of which well known as the „duo Bali nine‟, had increased tension in the diplomatic relation between Indonesia and Australia several months ago. At that time, the issue caught the attention of media all over the world, including one of the most popular daily newspapers in Australia, Sydney Morning Herald (SMH), especially its online version. As an Australian media, SMH‟s representation of Indonesia in its news articles during the tension indicated the presence of a certain ideology construction, particularly
Orientalism. Thus, this study intends to examine SMH online‟s news articles
during the case of the death penalty of duo Bali Nine to look for the representation of Indonesia as well as the assumed ideology constructed inside. This study uses Critical Discourse Analysis (CDA) proposed by Norman Fairclough as the method, making this a qualitative type of study. Meanwhile, the main theory used is Orientalism by Edward Said. The result of the study is that SMH online‟s news articles about the death penalty of duo Bali Nine show Indonesia as merciless, thoughtless, immoral, and paint them as silent barbarian. Moreover, Indonesia is assumed as powerless and having poor economy and law system. On the contrary, Australia is pictured as the opposite; the powerful one. Thus, Indonesia is depicted to be inferior to Australia. In conclusion, SMH online‟s portrayal of Indonesia in its news during the death penalty issue of duo Bali Nine, Andrew Chan and Myuran Sukumaran, contains the ideology of Orientalism which positions Indonesia, an Eastern country, under Australia, a Western country.
Keywords: critical discourse analysis, duo bali nine, representation, sydney morning herald, orientalism