AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES IN THE NOVEL “DIARY OF A WIMPY KID”
AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES IN THE NOVEL “DIARY OF A WIMPY KID” A THESIS
Submitted as a Partial Fulfillment of Requirement For S1 – Degree in English Department
By: DINAR RUSYDIANA C1308503 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT FACULTY OF LETTERS AND FINE ARTS SEBELAS MARET UNIVERSITY
AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES IN THE NOVEL “DIARY OF A WIMPY KID”
By: DINAR RUSYDIANA C1308503
Has been approved by the thesis consultant:
Thesis Consultant:
Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S.,M.Hum NIP. 19820927 200812 2 001
The Head of English Department of Non Regular Program
Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M.Pd. NIP. 19581108 198303 1 001
AN ANALYSIS OF THE TRANSLATION OF PROPER NAMES IN THE NOVEL “DIARY OF A WIMPY KID”
By: DINAR RUSYDIANA C1308503
Accepted and Approved by the Board of Examiners Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University June 2012
The Board of Examiners
: Drs. S. Budi Waskito, M. Pd
NIP. 19581108 198303 1 001
Secretary : Ida Kusuma Dewi, S.S, M.A ……………………
NIP. 19710525 199802 2 001
First Examiner
: Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S.,M.Hum
NIP. 19820927 200812 2 001
Second Examiner
: Dr. Tri Wiratno, M.A.
NIP. 19670726 199302 1 001
The Dean of Faculty of Letters and Fine Arts Sebelas Maret University
PRONOUNCEMENT
NAME : DINAR RUSYDIANA NIM : C1308503
I stated whole-heartedly that the thesis entitled An Analysis of the
Translation of Proper Names in the Novel “Diary of Wimpy Kid” is originally made by the researcher. It is neither a plagiarism nor made by others. The
belongings related to other people‟s work are written in quotations and included within the bibliography.
If it is subsequently proved that the researcher cheats, the researcher is ready to take the responsibility, including the withdrawal of the academic degree.
Surakarta, 11 June 2012 The researcher,
Dinar Rusydiana
MOTTO
Bismillahirrahmanirrohim All roads lead to Rhome…
Choose the best one wisely
A smile is going to let our sadness away
So, smile today ^_^
Bersyukur dan Bersabar
DEDICATION
whole-heartedly dedicate this thesis to:
My beloved Yangti, Ibu, Bapak,
My inspiring Brothers and my lovely Bee,
and all People whom I love
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
Alhamdulillahirobbil ’alamin. All praises are just for the Almighty God,
Allah SWT for the blessing and the guidance and for the prophet Muhammad SAW for his great inspiration to my ordinary life. Finally, I can finish this thesis. It was a challenging task for me to complete this thesis because it took a lot of time, energy, and patience. I realize that without supports from the people surrounding me, I am sure that I am not able to accomplish this thesis successfully.
Therefore, I would like to give my special thank to all of them who have given me valuable contributions. My gratitude goes to:
1. The dean of faculty of Letters and Fine Arts of Sebelas Maret University, Drs. Riyadi santosa, M.Ed, Ph.D, for approving this thesis.
2. Drs. Budi Waskito, M. Pd, the Head of Non Regular English Program, for giving me admission to this thesis to be examined.
3. My thesis consultant, Ms. Ardianna Nuraeni, S.S.,M.Hum., for her concern, guidance, support, and critical advice to me in this thesis.
4. My academic consultant, Mr. Agus Dwi Priyanto, S.S., M.CALL for the advice and guidance during my study in Sebelas Maret University.
5. All the lecturers of English Department who have taught me well and shared their knowledge and experiences.
6. My raters; Ms. Vian, Nia, and Ms. Yuni, for the comments, inputs, and suggestions.
7. All the respondents involved in the research that I can not mention down here. Thanks a million for you all.
8. Yangti, Bapak, and Ibu, for every single prayer for me. I guess I will never
be what I have become now without the light that you bring to me.
9. My brothers (Udin and Yayak), I know sometimes I seem just as strict
10. My lovely Bee (BTW): thanks for your love, supports and inspiration given to me, much love for you.
11. Ibu Puji Hastuti and her great fams, thank you for prayer, advices, love, and inspiration for me „the stranger‟.
12. My wonderful friends; Yuni (Sri Wahyuni) and Yuni (Hariyanti), now I know why the fate decides to give me many friends name Yuni , coz you‟re kind-hearted girls; Mb Nana Hardant, En2, Findut and her lil ‟ fams, Ran2tut2, Ka‟ Liska (Arizka Diah P), Ridho Wicaksono, Uci “Suci”, Ms.Ucup, De‟ Mayong, De‟ Dephy, De‟ Rara and Wisma Rizki Family as my sharing partner,
13. My all friends in RRI Surakarta, especially my all friends in Pro 2 fm Solo who always inspire & support me to be better woman, I lovingly dedicate this thesis to you.
14. All my friends of S1 Swadana Transfer 2008, finally we can pass this examination of life guys, I love you all.
15. All my friends of English Department 2006, thanks for keeping our compact friendship for the years.
16. All people who have given me supports and helped me in completing this thesis (Anita, Mb Niken, Rasyida, Mb Kharisma, Michan, Cathy, Hani, Intan, Arfin Muhammad).
At last, I do realize that this thesis is far from being perfect. Therefore, suggestion and criticism will be kindly accepted. Hopefully, this thesis will be beneficial for English Department students and for those who are interested in Translation.
Surakarta, June 2012
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE …………………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL BY THE THESIS SUPERVISOR
…………………. ii APPROVAL BY THE BOARD OF EXAMINERS
…………………. iii PRONOUNCEMENT …………………………………………………...
iv MOTTO
…………………………………………………………… v DEDICATION ……………………………………………………………
vi ACKNOWLEDGMENT
…………………………………………... vii TABLE OF CONTENTS
…………………………………………... ix LIST OF TABLES
…………………………………………………... xi ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………
xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
………………………………….. 1 B. Problem Statement …………………………………………...
6 C. Problem Limitation …………………………………………...
D. Research Objectives
………………………………….. 7 E. Research Benefits …………………………………………...
F. Research Organization
CHAPTER II: LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Translation …………………………………..
B. Names and Proper Names …………………………………..
C. Translating Proper Names …………………………………..
D. Techniques of Translating Proper Names ………………….
E. The Quality of Translation …………………………………..
F. The Novel in Cartoons “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” ………….
CHAPTER III: RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
A. Research Type and Design ………………………………......
B. Data and Source of Data
C. Sampling Technique
F. Research Procedure
………………………………….. 47
CHAPTER IV: DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION
A. Kinds of Proper Names
…………………………………... 49 1. Personal Names …………………………………………...
50
2. Names For Things
4. Title Used Without Names
…………………………... 77
5. Relationship Noun
…………………………………... 78
6. Other Proper Nouns
…………………………………... 81 B. Translation Quality ……………………………………………
120
a. Analysis of accuracy
…………………………………... 120 b. Analysis of acceptability …………………………………...
142 c. Analysis of readability …………………………………...
180 C. Discussion ……………………………………………………
207
CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION
A. Conclusion ………………………………………………….... 224 B. Recommendation ……………………………………………
225
BIBLIOGRAPHY
…………………………………………………….
APPENDICES
…………………………………………………….
LIST OF TABLES
Table 3.1
The scales of translation accuracy
Table 3.2
The scales of translation acceptability
Table 3.2
The scales of translation readability
Table 4.1 Ways of gender specific names translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.2
Ways of nicknames translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.3
Ways of brand names translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.4 Ways of names for rock group translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.5
Ways of street names translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.6
Ways of pet names translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.7
Ways of title translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.8 Ways of title used without names translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.9
Ways of relationship noun translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.10
Ways of names of dates translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.11
Ways of names of event translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.12
Ways of names of art works translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.13
Ways of names of other unique things translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.14 Ways of names of subject translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.15
Ways of names of places translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.16
Ways of names of group translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.17
Ways of names of children‟s plaything translated into Bahasa Indonesia
Table 4.18 Ways of names of food translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.19
Ways of names of animal translated into Bahasa Indonesia Table 4.20
Translation Quality of Each Kind of Proper Names
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
A. Research Background
Literature uses language as media. A literature work cannot be enjoyed until it is conveyed or stated through language. Meanwhile, the literature is the standard expression of what people look, feel and contemplate at their life dealing with the most interesting aspects of their life (Hudson in Tarigan, 1961: 10).
Novel is a kind of literature works which is familiar and interesting to read. Not only does because of the sequence of story (plot), but also the worth of message or value of the story make this kind of fiction literatures attract to read. As a fiction, novel creates something which may happen (which had/has happened or is happening, or something in the wind). It has a reality as its character, which may happen or may not happen. (Pelatihan Kepenulisan dan Cerpen, 2006). It represents the condition where the story takes place including the cultural, economic, social, political situations. It becomes the reason why we sometimes find strange or uncommon names of personal, places, or names of things, especially when we read translated novel, such as the interesting novel entitled “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” written by Jeff Kinney.
The novel can be described as a combination of novel and cartoons as the illustration of the story in this novel. As we know, novel is a kind of fiction book. It is The novel can be described as a combination of novel and cartoons as the illustration of the story in this novel. As we know, novel is a kind of fiction book. It is
This novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” is one of the international bestselling series among people around the world. It is currently topping the New York Times’ bestseller list for children’s chapter books so that the writer, Jeff Kinney just agreed to a movie deal for the “Wimpy Kid,” and his series was recently nominated for a Nickelodeon Kids Choice Award — along with the Harry Potter books. The first
book has been sold more than a million copies, and it is reprinted in more than 20 foreign languages — including Bahasa Indonesia, where the title is translated into:
“Diary si Bocah Tengil – Sebuah Novel Kartun”. People can also check out the Wimpy Kid freely on one of the writer’s company Web sites, Funbrain.com, where it
receives an average of 70,000 visitors each day. This novel has a character that everyone can relate to Greg Heffley, a pre-teen with an older brother, Rodrick, and a younger brother, Manny, and a best friend named Rowley. There are lots of drawings
to attract and keep the kids’ attention. Like other translated novels, there are many strange names in this novel, such as personal, places, and other names of work of art
(including book, song, games or movie titles), and the cultural terms. There are several techniques of translation used in this novel in translating names. The examples are below:
Example I: ST
: And plus, we were going to be on Snake Road, which is way too dangerous for a little kid like Manny.
TT
: Tambahan lagi, kami akan pergi ke Snake Road, yang terlalu berbahaya untuk anak kecil seperti Manny. The translator of “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” applied borrowing technique for both Snake Road and Manny. Snake Road as the name of particular road in the setting of the story is simply borrowed, even though in Bahasa Indonesia it is found the word ular for the translation of snake, meanwhile road can be changed into jalan. But, we found the translator remains using Snake Road. Meanwhile, the personal names Manny is not changed at all. He also uses borrowing technique.
Actually, translating names is not as easy as what we imagine. When the translator only applies borrowing technique, it becomes a barrier for the readers, especially if the target readers are kids or children. As Puurtinen states, the presence of many foreign names and an abundance of unusual phonological sequences or even rare spellings in a translation brings with it the risk of creating linguistic barriers for young readers (1995 in Fernandez, 2006: 48) To make the explanation clearer, the researcher will give other examples from the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” t ranslated into “Diary si Bocah Tengil” as follows:
Example 2:
ST : I came up with this character called Creighton the Cretin, and I got on a roll.
TT : Aku menemukan seorang karakter bernama Creighton the Cretin, Creighton
Si Tolol, dan aku bekerja dengan lancar. There is a proper name in the example above. The words in bold are kinds of
personal names. The problem stands in the translation of the name of Creighton the Cretin . Not all of kids or preteens as the target readers of this novel know what the meaning of the Cretin before they open the dictionary. It becomes the reason why the translator gives additional information by applying the form of literal translation for those words Creighton the Cretin in order to make the meaning clear and understandable. Firstly, he keeps the source text unchanged when he translates it into target text. He uses copy technique for the word Creighton the Cretin. Then, he gives
a variation in applying the technique of translation for the additional information Creighton Si Tolol . He not only uses copy technique, but also applies rendition techniques. In this technique, those words are literally translated. These techniques
are applied to emphasize the role of names in creating and portraying the character’s personality traits, which will guide the readers throughout the plot. Those techniques
can obviously affect the acceptability and readability levels of the target text.
The other parameter of translation quality is by checking the readability of the translation result. Readability is to find out the understanding of the readers in comprehend the translation result in TT. It shows in the example below.
The Example 3:
ST
: His band is called “Loaded Diaper,” only it’s spelled “Löded Diper” on R odrick’s van
TT
: Band-nya diberi nama “Loaded Diaper” atau “Popok Berisi,” hanya saja mereka salah mengejanya menjadi “Löded Diper” di mobil van Rodrick. In the example above, we can find the word Loaded Diaper which is borrowed by the translator from ST with the explanation in TT by adding the meaning Popok Berisi. Even though, it is indeed added the meaning of Loaded Diaper in Bahasa Indonesia, but we know that not of all kids or preteens know what exactly it means. Loaded Diaper or Popok Berisi is referred to the diaper which is full of muck, such as pee or feces.
The other variation of techniques in translating the novel in cartoons “Diary of Wimpy Kid” can be shown in the example below.
The example 4:
ST
: All that you have to do to beat Rowley is name your car something
ridiculous at the beginning of the game.
TT
: Untuk mengalahkannya, kita hanya perlu menamai mobil dengan julukan konyol di awal permainan. In the example above, we find proper name in ST that is translated into the non-proper name in TT (e.g. example 3). In the example 3, we can find a personal : Untuk mengalahkannya, kita hanya perlu menamai mobil dengan julukan konyol di awal permainan. In the example above, we find proper name in ST that is translated into the non-proper name in TT (e.g. example 3). In the example 3, we can find a personal
Based on the phenomenon above, the researcher is interested in analyzing the translation of proper names found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid” written by Jeff Kinney translated into “Diary si Bocah Tengil” dealing with the ways the
translator translates the proper names and translation quality in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
B. Problem Statements
Based on the research background, the problem statements are formulated as follows:
1. What kinds of proper names are found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid ” and the way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia?
2. How is the translation quality of proper names in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid ” in terms of accuracy, acceptability, and readability?
C. Problem Limitation
The researcher makes limitation concerning the data and analysis. Since there are several series of Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney, the researcher concerns on analyzing in the first series. The reasons are not only because of the popularity of the first novel which has been sold more than a million copies, and reprinted in more The researcher makes limitation concerning the data and analysis. Since there are several series of Diary of a Wimpy Kid by Jeff Kinney, the researcher concerns on analyzing in the first series. The reasons are not only because of the popularity of the first novel which has been sold more than a million copies, and reprinted in more
Meanwhile, in order to achieve the objectives of the research problem, the researcher only analyzes proper names found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”. The researcher did not analyze the proper names in the text of illustration cartoons in this book. The focus of analysis includes the techniques applied by the translator in translating the proper names and the quality of translation in terms of the accuracy, acceptability, and readability.
D. Research Objectives
Based on the problem statements, the research objectives are:
1. To find out the kinds of proper names found in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid ” and they way they are translated into Bahasa Indonesia
2. To find out the translation quality in term of accuracy, acceptability, and readability in the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid”
E. Research Benefits
This research is expected to give some benefits for:
1. Students of English Department This research can be useful as a supplementary reference for the students of English Department in studying translation subject, particularly in terms of proper names.
2. Translators The result of this translation will bring some contributions for the translator. The translator will get additional knowledge about overcoming some problems in translating proper names in order to produce a qualified translation product.
3. Other researchers The result of this research will be beneficial for other researchers as an additional reference especially for dealing with translation of the proper names.
F. Research Organization
In order to make this research easy to follow, the writer organizes this thesis as follow: Chapter I is INTRODUCTION. This chapter consists of Research Background, Problem Statements, Problem Limitation, Research Objectives, Research Benefits and Research Organization
Chapter II is LITERATURE REVIEW. This chapter involves translation definition, names and proper names, translating names, problems in translating names, translation techniques, equivalence in translation, the quality of translation, and the novel “Diary of a Wimpy Kid.”
Chapter III is RESEARCH METHODOLOGY. This chapter presents research design, data and source of data, sample and sampling technique, method of collecting data, technique of analyzing data, and research procedures.
Chapter IV is DATA ANALYSIS AND DISCUSSION. It consists of analysis and discussion.
Chapter V is CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATION.
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
A. Definition of Translation
There are many theoretical concepts developed by the experts related to translation. They propose various definitions of translation. Some of them are weak, some of them are strong, and the others are completing each other.
According to Catford (1965: 20) ―translation is the replacement of textual material in one language (source language) by equivalent textual material in another language (target language) ‖ This theory emphasizes on the material that should be changed, but ignore the message of the SL. In fact, the message is the one of important part which should be defensible in translation. Besides, a translator should not change the material of SL and TL because the structures are different. Adding the theory of Catford, Brislin (1976: 1) says that the transferring message in translation is not only in written form but also in oral form.
Translation is a general term referring to the transfer of thoughts and ideas from one language (source) to another (target) whether the language are in written or oral form, whether the language have established orthograpies or do not have standardization, or whether one or both is based on sign, as with sign language of the deaf.
The theory above gives pressure only in transferring the message without considering the form of target language. In fact, the transfer of message is through the target language.
The other idea is stated by Nida (1975: 33) that ―translating consists in reproducing in the receptor language the closest natural equivalent to the message of the source language, first in terms of meaning and secondly in style ‖. This definition is similar to the idea of Kridalaksana (1985 in Nababan, 2003:19-20) who says that translation as the transferring message of the source language into target language should reveal the message and the style of the language. A concept which is stated into two different form of languages (SL and TL) which refers to one/ the same object should be translated in a good form of language, either oral or written by considering the style of language.
To complete the definition of translation, Larson (1984: 2) explains that: Translation consists of transferring the meaning of the source language into
the receptor language. This is done by going from the form of the first language to the form of a second language by way of semantic structure. Thus it is the meaning which is being transferred and must be held constant. It is only the form which changes.
In other words, it can be said that what is being transferred in translation process is the content of the source language. To express or rewrite the content in the target language, changes in language structure are needed due to the language system difference of both languages.
B. Names and Proper Names
Names are kind of nouns. A noun is a word or phrase that is a name of something. A noun is used to identify a person or thing (Sinclair, 1990: 5). Sinclair
states that nouns are classified into six types: count nouns, uncount nouns, singular nouns, plural nouns, collective nouns and proper nouns. He states that most nouns do not begin with a capital letter, unless they are used to start a sentence. However, proper nouns or names are one of them which are spelled with a capital letter. From that statement, we can find that the term of proper nouns or names referred to the similar meaning. He defines proper nouns as the reference to people or things by name. Särkkä (2007) states that nouns are classified as common or proper. Common nouns refer to a class of entities (e.g. squirrel), while proper nouns have a unique referent (John, London ). This idea is similar to Fernandez‘s (2006: 45) who distinguishes a noun based on the special nature of humans in terms of common and proper nouns.
Matthews (1997: 61 in Fernandez. 2006: 45) states that a common noun is a name whose ―application is not restricted to arbitrarily distinguished members of a
class‖ (e.g. day, horse, goblin). It can be said that the reference of the individual is not specific. It will be different from proper nouns or names which are referred to a particular individual. According to Matthews, proper noun is defined as ―the name of
a specific individual or of a set of individuals distinguished only by their having that name‖ (ibid). In short, the proper nouns or names represent the individuals who have their own characteristics distinguished only by having that name. For example, in ―Diary of a Wimpy Kid‖, there are names of day, such as Tuesday, Wednesday, or Saturday included into proper nouns or proper names.
To complete the definitions above, Asher (1994: 3372) asserts that ―proper names are terms for denoting specific individuals or individual groups, with personal
names being the most typical. In every society each person has at least one personal names, and in large technological societies, a family name as well‖. It means, when we refer to a particular person, we can use their name. People‘s names are spelled
with a capital letter, and do not have a determiner in front of them (Sinclair, 1990: 37).
Basically, the science that studies names is known as onomastics (Greek onomastikos from onoma ‗name‘), usually divided into the study of personal names (anthroponomastics from Greek anthropos ‗human being‘) and places names (toponomastics from Greek topos ‗place‘) (Crystal, 1997: 112 in Fernandez 2006: 45). As he stated, the term onomastics is used to refer to personal names and toponomastics to place names. He considered this division as an arbitrary one, as places can be named after people (e.g. Alberta in Canada is named after the fourth daughter of Queen Victoria, Princess Louise Caroline Alberta) and vice versa (e.g. Israel is also used as a first name).
From the example above, we know that different places or areas have their own characteristic of names, either personal names or place names or others depending on their beliefs or culture. Proper names sometimes become the reflection of the character‘s personality traits brought by the users. By the names (proper names), for e xample, an author or writer can create and portray the character‘s traits From the example above, we know that different places or areas have their own characteristic of names, either personal names or place names or others depending on their beliefs or culture. Proper names sometimes become the reflection of the character‘s personality traits brought by the users. By the names (proper names), for e xample, an author or writer can create and portray the character‘s traits
Discussing about proper names, we cannot ignore the categorization of proper names. Asher (1994:3373-3374) divides proper names based on two classes; they are personal names and names of things. He classifies personal names into several subclasses:
1. Gender Specific Names
Most names are gender specific. Tanz (in Asher (1994:3373-3374) has identified three common patterns:
a. Names may be gender specific and phonologically unrelated to a
corresponding name of the other gender, such as Thomas and Susan.
b. A masculine name can serve as a stem to which feminine suffixes are added: from Paul can be formed Paula, Paulette, and Pauline.
c. A name can be formed from a neutral stem to which both masculine and feminine suffixes are added, as in Latin, where feminine –a and masculine –us could be added to most name stems, for example, Claudia, Claudius, and Julia, Julius.
2. Nicknames
Asher states that in English there are three primary principles of nicknaming.
a. A nickname can be constructed from the common vocabulary where an item is selected that is appropriate for the specific individual. For example, a short person might be called Shorty.
b. A conventional relationship between names and nicknames, though this relationship is many-many rather than one-one. Conventional nicknames for Elizabeth are Betty, Bess, and Liz, etc; for Robert are Bob, Rob, Bobby, and even Bert. However, Bobby is also a nickname for Roberta and Barbara.
c. The third principle overlaps with the second, and consist of adding the diminutive suffix –y to the name or part of the name: Anny, Maddy, Keithy are nicknames for Ann, Madeleine, and Keith respectively.
3. Personal Names for Roles
Although names generally denote specific individuals, there is a small class of names that function as role generics in informal (and not very polite) speech, particularly as vocatives. For examples: George for railway porter in a sleeping car in American English, or Maria for a female street peddler in Mexico, or Mack as an address for a stranger.
4. Proper Names that Shift to Common Nouns
The shift from proper nouns to common nouns is not unusual, where the common noun denotes something associated with the name, something invented by that person: (shrapnel, sandwich) or names in honor of someone, for example the bakery product bismarck and napoleon.
Asher (1994:3373) states that the most salient things that receive proper names are individual people and places. But, actually, there are other things receive names as well, including individual creatures and objects that are identifiable and important. Included in this category are domestic animals, especially pets; important architectural objects such as large buildings, bridges, and highways, and in a few places, houses; swords (in heroic epics), important events, such as wars, and important weather phenomena, such as hurricanes and earthquakes. Many of these things are named by words and phrases taken from the common vocabulary, but they are proper name.
The subclasses of names for things are as the following:
1. Pet Names
Carroll (1985 in Asher 1994: 3373-3374) states that in each of these domains there are conventions, or patterns, of naming which vary across cultures, For example, names for cats and dogs tend to be single words (commonly drawn fro the stock of human first names), compared to names for racehorses, which tend to have two or three names (commonly have names that connote speed and winning). The examples are Boris for dog or Garfield for cat, and Lucky Lucky Lucky or Winning Streak for horse.
2. Names for Rock Groups
Names of rock groups, especially heavy metal bands, are often unconventional, even outrageous and offensive. A large class of names deals with death. Other Names of rock groups, especially heavy metal bands, are often unconventional, even outrageous and offensive. A large class of names deals with death. Other
3. Street Names
Street names also follow patterns. In the USA, streets are typically named after famous people, geographical features, trees, presidents, places (cities, states, and islands), numbers, and letters. They are not named after dates for important events, however a practice which is common in Mexico. In societies where streets may be named after numbers and/or letters, then the streets conform to numerical order (of positive whose integers) and the alphabet. For example: Whirley Street (Whirley is name of people)
4. Brand Names
Brand names are often considered to be a subclass of proper names, since they are written with capital letters, but syntactically they act like common nouns; semantically, they do not refer to unique individuals but to classes of objects or to mass substances. However, brand names are like proper names in that they are consciously and carefully applied, and moreover, unlike personal names, they can
be copyrighted so that no one else can use them. Bolinger states that (1980 in Asher 1994: 3374) brand names are one of the few areas of the vocabulary where words are coined from scratch, and names like Xerox and Kodak with eye-catching spelling appear. Firms are also careful to select appropriate sounding names, drawing on principles of sound symbolism.
Different with Asher, Sinclair (1990: 17-19) has his own categorization of proper names. They are:
1. People‟s names
People names refer to a particular person, such as Michael Hall, Jenny, or Smith. They are spelled with capital letter. Discussing about personal names, Sinclair (1990:18) adds that sometimes a
person‘s name can be used to refer to something they create, such as a painting, sculpture, or book by a particular person by using the person‘s name like a count
noun or music composed or performed by a particular person by using the pe rson‘s name like an uncounted noun. They are spelled with a capital letter. Examples:
I’m reading an Agatha Christie at the moment.
I was looking at their Picassos and Matisses. … instead of playing Chopin and Stravinsky all the time.
2. Relationship nouns
Sometimes in family level we found the use of nouns which refer to relationship between the people in a family, such as mother, dad, aunt, grandpa, and son. Sinclair states that they can also be used like names to address people or refer to them. As the other proper names, they are spelled with a capital letter.
Example: I’m sure Mum will be pleased.
3. Titles
Titles are words which show someone‘s social status or job. They are spelled with capital letter. Title is placed in front of a person‘s name, usually their surname or
their full name. It commonly used in formal way for showing the respect to them. The examples of common title are Doctor, Lord, Captain, Mrs., Miss, Cardinal, President, Sister, etc.
A few titles, such as King, Queen, Prince, Princess, Sir, Lady can be followed just by the person‘s first name.
4. Titles used without names
Determiners, other modifiers, and qualifiers are sometimes used with titles, and the person‘s name is omitted. Example: … Her Majesty the Queen and the Duke of Edinburgh.
… the President of the United States.
5. Titles used as count nouns
Most words which are titles can also be count nouns, usually without a capital letter. Examples:
… lawyers, scholars, poets, presidents, and so on. … a foreign prince.
6. Other proper nouns
The names of organizations, institutions, ships, magazines, books, plays, paintings, and other unique things are also proper nouns and are spelled with capital letter. They are sometimes used with ‗the‘ or another determiner. The
determiner is not spelled with a capital letter, except in the names of books, plays, and paintings. For example:
… Birmingham University They are sometimes used with ‗the‘ or another determiner: …the Queen Mary … the University of Birmingham … The Encyclopedia of Language and Linguis tics … A Midsummer Night’s Dream
C. Translating Proper Names
Many translators consider that names have no semantic meaning in language. In other words, they usually only transfer the original form of names instead of translated it. Translator will borrow the original word of source language into target language. Some experts state that proper names are sometimes translated as it is for maintaining the message of the original author or keeping the uniqueness of objects dealing with the referential function of names in presupposing the memorability. As
Tymoczko (1999: 225 in Fernandez 2006: 48) states, ―the referential function of names presupposes a certain ―recognizability‖ and ―memorability‖, that is to say, Tymoczko (1999: 225 in Fernandez 2006: 48) states, ―the referential function of names presupposes a certain ―recognizability‖ and ―memorability‖, that is to say,
Proper name brings the cultural value on which the setting is set. However, Puurtinen (in Fernandez 2006: 44-48) argues that names have to be transferred in equivalence word in target language, because some of names represent the description of the characters in the story, especially in fiction story. If there are many strange names in the story, it can be barriers for the young readers. In fictional story, proper names often do not represent the factual characters in a real world. For example in the children story book, various names are created from the imagination of the writer that cannot be found in the reality.
In translating proper names, the translator is demanded to make the translated text natural for the readers. The reason is that proper names have singular references.
They refer to particular person, place, or thing. They can serve as ―culture marker‖ (www.erudit.org/revue/meta/2003/v48/n1-2/006966ar. html accessed in May 2011) indicating from which culture the names come. If the translator just leave the names
as they are without any necessary adjustment of the TL culture, it is possible that the translation will sound strange and unacceptable. On the other hand, when the translator changes the names, he/ she does not transfer the message of SL because of omitting the culture brought by the writer.
Actually, it will be a challenge for the translator in translating proper names, especially in finding the target language translation equivalents. The translator should Actually, it will be a challenge for the translator in translating proper names, especially in finding the target language translation equivalents. The translator should
Those concepts are also happens in translating literary work; in semantic terms, names have a prominent role in children‘s literature to describe a certain
quality of a particular narrative element and/or create some comic effects. In other words, the readers can see the character of the story or comic by emphasizing the attention to the names representing the vices or virtues. Besides, the translator does not only convey the message but also in effects of humor when they translated such names in comic or humor book. When the translator cannot hold the sense of humor of the story, it means the translation is failed. Meanwhile, in semiotic discussion, proper names can indicate gender, class, religious identity, nationality, and etc related with signs. The translator may translate proper names as it is for holding the meaning (Fernandes, 2006). On the other hand, Puurtinen (1998) states that, children's literature was perhaps expected to be very simple linguistically in order for young readers to fully comprehend the books' content and moral. It means that when the children is faced to the complexity of sentences or words including new and strange terms their reading activity will be annoyed because they will miss the message in the story. It becomes the reason for the translator to change the setting and names
depending on the TT‘s culture in order to help the young readers identify the message.
From the pronunciation‘s view, Fernandes states there will be sound symbolic meanings which can be a barrier for the translator for translating names. There are
two kinds of sound symbolic meanings: imitative sound symbolic meaning and phonesthetic meaning (Fernandes, 2006).
Shisler (1997) explains that imitative sound symbolic meanings are related to the use of onomatopoeia. An imitative sound symbol represents a sound actually heard, but its actual component speech sounds may only vaguely resemble the imitated sound. For example: Zzzzz for the sound symbol of the sleeping activity. Meanwhile, phonesthetic meaning has to do with the use sound symbolic elements called phonesthemes. A phonestheme is a sound, sound cluster, or sound type that is directly associated with a meaning. For example: the initial cluster /sl/ which is connected with ―unpleasantness‖, such as slime, slug, slithery, slobbery, and slog.
This phonesthetic pattern is used in Harry Potter as the name of the founder of the ill- reputed Slytherin house ―Salazar Slytherin‖. This phonestheme concept will help the translator in determining the equivalence words in TT when they consider they
should change the setting and names depending on TT‘s culture. Basically, the semantic, semiotic and sound symbolic meaning(s) will be the problems of the translat or in translating names of children‘s literature. It is dealing
with the terms of readability. The main point is the translator should not alienate children from reading by the existing or retaining of foreign names.
D. Techniques of Translating Proper Name
According to Särkkä (2007), translating proper names deals with a number of ways in translation. He states that a proper name: first, can be transported wholesale from the target text (allowance being made for possible transliteration or transcription depending on the languages concerned); second, can be partly transported from the source language (SL) and partly translated; thirdly, it can be replaced with more or less different names in the target language (TL) (ibid). Finally, it can be dispensed with altogether. It seems very simple ways for the translator in translating proper name, in fact, in practice it will be many difficulties found.
Almost similar to that concept, Hervey, et al (1995b:21-24) give several alternatives in translating names that can be used by the translator, they are:
1. Exoticism
The names can be taken over without making some changes from the ST to the TT. They are still in their original form without any changes to the TL culture. The weakness of this technique is the condition when the translator used explanation by adding footnotes, glosses or academic explanation which can reduce the text attractiveness.
ST: I had to explain that you need a game system and a TV to play Twisted
Wizard, ... TT: Aku terpaksa menjelaskan bahwa seseorang membutuhkan perangkat alat
permainan dan sebuah pesawat televise untuk bias memainkan Twisted
Wizard, … The example above is the example of exoticism. The word in bold is a proper name which refers to the names of video games (name of things). It is simply transferred and still in original form.
2. Cultural Borrowing
Cultural borrowing is ―the first alternative to transfer a ST verbatim into the TT‖ (Hervey, 1995b). The translator may choose this strategy when it is impossible to
find a suitable expression in the TL for translating the ST expression. The names are borrowed then it can be modified to fit the phonological/ graphological system of the TL. For example:
ST: January TT: Januari
January is the name of month in Christian calendar that have been used all over the world, including Indonesia. Januari is the Indonesian standard version of January. This transliteration is used to adjust the pronunciation sounds of January which is spelled.
3. Calque
Calque is ―an expression that consists of TL words and respects TL syntax, but is unidiomatic in the TL because it is modeled on the structure of a SL expression. In essence, calque is a form of literal transliteration‖ (ibid).
ST: This kid named Preston Mudd got named Athlete of the Month for being
the best player in the basketball unit.
TT: Ada seorang anak bernama Preston Mud yang mendapatkan gelar Atlet
Bulan Ini karena dia merupakan pemain terbaik dalam tim bola basket. The example above shows that the underlined words are translated literally by their most common meaning in Indonesia.
4. Communicative Translation
―In contrast with cultural borrowing, the translator may opt for communicative translation. For example, many proverbs, idioms, and clichés have already identifiable communicative equiva lents in such cases‖ (Hervey, 1995b).
The example:
ST: „Police News of the Past‟ TT: „Kumpulan Kasus Seru‟
The example above is the title of article. The ST is translated using communicative translation since it is more brief and clear. It slightly different with the original but its meaning can be understood by the readers. The ST is translated literally, limited by the SL grammatical construction. Then, the ST s paraphrased into ‘Kumpulan Kasus Seru’ which is simpler and to the point.
5. Cultural Transplantation
Cultural transplantation is the opposite of exoticism (ibid). It is hardly called as translation and is more like adaptation. This technique adapts the entire setting of Cultural transplantation is the opposite of exoticism (ibid). It is hardly called as translation and is more like adaptation. This technique adapts the entire setting of
Shakespeare‘s Romeo and Juliet which adapted into the Hollywood musical film West Side Story, or Shaw’s Pygmalion into My Fair Lady.
Like Harvey, Fernandez (2006: 50) has the concepts in translating names
d epending on the Hermans‘s concept. He proposes a set of ten produces in the translation of names based on information extracted from PEPCOCFL – The Portuguese- English Parallel Corpus of Children‘s Fantasy Literature. The techniques are:
1. Rendition
This is a ―coincidental‖ procedure and is used when the name is transparent or semantically motivated and is in standardized language, that is, when the name in
a source text is enmeshed in the lexicon of that language, thus acquiring ―meaning‖ to be rendered in the target language.
The example: ST: A real Sea Dragon is fifty times as big as that little creature. TT: Seekor Naga Laut sungguhan berukuran lima puluh kali lebih besar
daripada makhluk kecil itu. The example shows that when the proper names in the ST are enmeshed in the TL, then the meaning is rendered in the TL. Creature names Sea Dragon is directly translated into Indonesian Naga Laut.
2. Copy
This procedure bears resemblance to Vinay and Darbelnet‘s concept of ―borrowing‖ as the simplest type of translation. In this procedure, the names are
reproduced in the translated text exactly as they appear in the source text without suffering any sort of orthographic adjustment. From a phonological perspective, however, Nord (2003: 187) points out that these names often acquire a different pronunciation in the TL. For example, the personal name Daniel in SL is translated into Daniel in Bahasa
Indonesia as TL. In novel ―Diary of a Wimpy Kid‖ we found Mr. Ira in SL which was translated into Mr. Ira in TL, even though the translator has
possibility to change the word Mr. (Mister) with the equivalence word in TL ―Tuan‖.
3. Transcription
This is a procedure in which an attempt is made to transcribe a name in the closest corresponding letters of a different target alphabet or language. In other words, this procedure occurs when a name is transliterated or adapted at the level of morphology, phonology, grammar, etc., usually to conform to the target language system. In this procedure the translator may suppress, add, and changed the position of letters, probably as a way to preserve the readability of the text in the TL context.
For example, the personal name Andy in English is translated into Andi in Bahasa Indonesia, and the name of month December is translated into Desember.
4. Substitution
In this type procedure, a formally and/ or semantically unrelated name is a substitute in the target text for any existent name in the source text. In other words, the TL name and the SL name exist in their respective referential worlds, but are not related to each other in terms of form and/ or semantic significance. For example: in Harry Potter there is personal names „Harvey‟ and ‘Harold’ (ST) which is translated into language as TT. The translator of Harry Potter series is not only replaced the two SL names, but also took into consideration the alliteration (i.e. the use of the same letter or sound at the beginning of words that are close together) present in the original.
5. Recreation