DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CONTEXT OF SITUATION USED IN COUPLEHOOD’S PAUL REISER A GRADUATING PAPER Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I.) In the English and Educationa

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CONTEXT OF SITUATION USED

IN COUPLEHOOD’S PAUL REISER

A GRADUATING PAPER

Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of

the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I.)

In the English and Educational Department

AMALULUMAM

NIM. 113 06 045

ENGLISH DEPARTMENT AND EDUCATION FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE (STAIN)

SALATIGA

MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIR STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE ( STAIN) SALATIGA JL Tentara Pelajar 02 Phone (0298) 323706 Salatiga 50721

Website:

Dra. Woro Retnaningsih, M.Pd. Salatiga, August 2010 The Lecturer of Educational Faculty

State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga ATT ENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES Case : Amalul Umam’s Graduating Paper

Dear: The Head of State Islamic Studies

Institute (STAIN) Salatiga Assalamu’alaikum Wr. Wb. After reading and correcting Amalul Umam’s graduating paper entitled

“DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CONTEXT OF SITUATION USED IN

COUPLEHOOD’S PAUL REISER”, I have decided and would like to propose

that if it could be accepted by educational faculty. I hope it would be examined as soon as possible.

Wassalamu’ulaikum Wr. Wb.

Dra. Woro Retnaningsih, M.Pd. N IP .19681017199303 2 002

MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIR*? STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE ( STAIN) SALATIGA .11. Tentara Pelajar 02 Phone (0298) 323706 Salatiga 50721

Website:

STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION

Amalul Umam’s graduating paper, the student number is 11306045, entitled “ Descriptive Study of Context of Situation Used in Couplehood’s Paul

Reiser” has been brought to the board of examiners on August, 31st 2010 and hereby considered to completely fulfill the requirements of the degree of Sarjana

Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.l) in English and Education Department.

Salatiga: Ramadhan. 21s11431 August, 31st 2010

Board Examiners

Dr. H. Sa’adi, M.Ag NorwantoJSJAE-MrHUm

NIP. 19630420 199203 1 003 NIP. 19751015 200212 1 006

MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIR STATE ISLAMIC STUDIES INSTITUTE ( STAIN) SALATIGA Jl. Tentara Pelajar 02 Phone (0298) 323706 Salatiga 50721

Website:

DECLARATION

In the name o f Allah, the Lord o f Mercy, the Giver o f Mercy

Hereby the writer fully declares that the graduating paper is made by the writer himself and it is not containing materials written or has been published by other people and other people’s ideas, except the information from the references.

The writer is capable to account for the graduating paper if in the future the graduating paper can be proved of containing other’s ideas or in fact the writer imitates the other’s graduating paper.

Likewise, the declaration is made by the writer and the writer hopes that the declaration can be understood.

Salatiga, September 25th 2010 The Writer,

AMALUL UMAM NIM: 11306045 MOTTO

'i He s u m ot youR a c t io n s d c t c r mu n c s w h a t you a r c '

DEDICATION

This graduating paper is dedicated to my 6eCovedfamiCy, especiaCCyfor

the most great, 6eauttfuC an d wonderfuC women aCCover the world;

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

In the name o f Allah, the Lord o f Mercy, the Giver o f Mercy.

Praise belongs to Allah, Lord o f the World. Thanks to Allah, because of His blessing this graduating paper could be completed. However, this success would not be achieved without the support, guidance, advice, help, and encouragement from individuals and institutions.

Therefore, in this very glad occasion, he is very thankful to:

1. Dr. Imam Sutomo, M.Ag, the Rector of State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga

2. Dra. Woro Retnaningsih, M-Pd, the consultant of the graduating paper who makes him enjoy in finishing this graduating paper.

3. All lecturers of English Department who had given the knowledge patiently.

4. My beloved family.

5. All o f CEC lovers.

6. All 2006 generation of English Department.

7. All of the big family of State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga.

8. All of "you” who know me.

ABSTRACT

This study is aimed to describe the context o f situation containing in the Couplehood’s Paul Reiser. The research problems of the study were the contexts o f situation features; field, tenor and mode. It was a descriptive study, where the data was taken from Couplehood book. Kind of data that would be presented in the study were data that shown the condition of context of situation of the book, such as data that shown: what was happening, the nature of the social action that was taking place (field), who was taking part, the nature o f the participants, their statuses and roles (tenor), and the data that shown kind o f the part language was playing (mode). The result o f the study shown that field o f the book was about ups and downs of being in a committed relationship, while the tenor of the book was in written form, which had equal power, infrequent contact and high affective involvement. The mode of the book was written through modem channel; commercial book, which used language as reflection.

Keywords: context o f situation, field, tenor and mode.

TABLE OF CONTENT

CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER III. BIOGRAPHY AND SHORT STORY

REFERENCES CURRICULUM VITAE LIST O FSK K

C H A PT E R I

IN TR O D U C TIO N

A. B ackground of the Study Human beings are apparently born with a need for affiliation, the motivation to interact with other people in cooperative way, often relying on shared laughter to smooth the way (Baron, et al, 2006:267). It is important for everyone, because human beings are innately born as social creature that cannot life alone. As a consequence, human beings need interpersonal relation process to make them exist in this world.

The way human beings fulfill their need for affiliation can be done through a relationship, such as engage in a long-term relationship or marrying. By marrying human beings will have new family and new life, because marrying is a life transition. It involves taking on a new role (as husband or wife) and adjusting to life as couple. People rejoice at weddings and view newlyweds as supremely as happy beings. Yet individual who have just been struggling to achieve autonomy now find that they must compromise with their partners and adapt to each other’s personalities and preferences (Sigelman and Shaffer, 1995:402). As a result, many problems can arise overtime that lead to unexpected things.

Actually, married couple in Indonesia just like in all over the world

2 Some o f them did something that we usually called as “divorce”. It can be

caused by so many factors, such as hurt in love, financial or economic problem, incompatibility, and so on.

In Indonesia, divorced couples are usually viewed as failed couple, because they cannot stand for their relationship. In addition, they usually are being the topic of discussion between household in their environment As a result, every Indonesian couple will try to keep their relationship to be happily ever after as long as they can. They don’t want that they are viewed as a failed couple or worst.

In contrast single parents or divorce couple in Western countries is viewed as normal condition. The greatest increase has been in the number of households consisting of a single mother in 1990 and 2000 in America, for example (Baron, etal, 2006:326). It proves that divorce is not peculiar or worst thing that is doing in US. It is just viewed as common thing, because it is needed. In addition, western is famous with their selfishness, so they just think about their self, not others people. In contrast, there are also some couples that happily ever after in Western countries, like Paul Reiser and his wife in United State of America. In this case, Paul wrote a psychological book entitle Couplehood to tell about their daily life as a couple.

Couplehood is a psychological book that tells us about the ups and downs of being in a committed relationship. This book is very interesting. It is framed using humored languages that make it unique and more communicative. As a result, the reader will not feel bore when read the book.

3 Moreover, it is started in page 145 and contains so many spoken languages

that make it more colorful and sometime contains different meaning, based on the context and situation that is discussed in the book.

There are three aspects in any situation that have linguistic consequences: field, mode, and tenor (Eggins, 1994:52). According to him, field refers to what is happening, to the nature o f the social action that is taking place, mode concerns what it is that the participants (of a transaction) are expecting language to do for them in that situation, and tenor has to do with who are taking part in the transaction as well as the nature of the participants, their status and roles (Hasan and Halliday, 1985:12). These three register variables delineate the relationships between language function and language form. In other words, a register is constituted by the linguistic features which are typically associated with a configuration o f situational features—with particular values o f the field, mode and tenor. For example, the tenor of a text, which concerns the relationship between the speaker and the hearer, can be analyzed in terms o f basic distinctions such as polite-colloquial- intimate, on a scale o f categories which range from formal to informal. In the same vein, the mode of an interaction which manifests the nature o f the language code being used can be distinguished in terms of, among other things, spoken and written.

Based on the review above, the writer want to take up a graduating paper entitled “Descriptive Study o f Context o f Situation Used in

4 B. Statem ent o f the Problem

In this graduating paper, the writer will focus on the following problems:

1. What is the field of the book entitled Couplehood?

2. How is the tenor of the book entitled Couplehood?

3. How is the mode of the book entitled Couplehood?

4. How is the relevance of the book with Islamic teaching?

C. Objectives of the Study

The objectives of the study are as following: 1. To find out the field of the book.

2. To find out the tenor o f the book.

3. To find out the mode of the book.

4. To find out the relevance of the book with Islamic teaching.

D. The Benefit of the Study 1. Theoretical Benefit.

The benefit o f the study is expected to be beneficial to the world of literature and complement to the study Paul Reiser’s book entitled

Couplehood.

2. Practical Benefit.

The writer hopes the result of the study will give additional

to the development o f literary study particularly among students who are interested in the literary study. Moreover, the reader can concerned with the variables of field, tenor, and mode, and is a useful abstraction which relates variations of language use to variations o f social context. Therefore, this study of linguistic texts, which enables us to uncover how language is maneuvered to make meaning, has received popular application in (critical) discourse analysis and (foreign) language teaching pedagogy.

E. Clarification of Key Term

To avoid mistakes o f the little consideration, the writer clarifies the term as the following:

1. Descriptive Study.

Descriptive study is a study to collect or gather data in the form of words, pictures, without calculation and numerating (Maleong, 2002:6). In other words, Descriptive study is study by which the primaiy goal is to assess a sample at one specific point in time without trying to make inferences or causal statements ().

2. Context of Situation.

Halliday and Hasan (1989:55) refers context o f situation to certain aspects o f our social situations that always act upon the language as it is being used. So that it is the set of meanings, the configurations of semantic patterns, which are typically drawn upon under the specific conditions,

along with the words and structures that are used in the realization o f these meanings. It is concerned with the variables o f field, tenor, and mode, and is a useful abstraction which relates variations of language use to variations o f social context.

3. Couplehood.

Couplehood is one of the books that have been written by Paul Reiser. It is categorized as psychological book which tell about the ups and downs of being in a committed relationship. It was published in 1995.

5. Paul Reiser.

Paul Reiser is an American stand-up comedian, actor, author and screenwriter. Paul Reiser was bom in New York City on March 30, 1957. He is the son of Helen, a homemaker, and Sam Reiser, a wholesale health food distributor. Paul Reiser attended the East Side Hebrew Institute on the Lower East Side of Manhattan and graduated from Stuyvesant High

School in New York City. He earned his bachelor's degree at Binghamton University, where he majored in music (piano, composition).

Paul Reiser starred for two years on television as one of two possible fathers o f a teenage girl in the sitcom My Two Dads, and later rose to fame in North America as Paul Buchman on M ad About You, a long-running comedy series he helped create in which Helen Hunt co- starred as his wife. Reiser has also written two books: Couplehood, about the ups and downs o f being in a committed relationship, and Babyhood, about his experiences as a first-time father. Couplehood was unique in the

fact it started on page 145. Paul Reiser explained this as his way o f giving the reader a false sense of accomplishment. Both books appeared on The New York Times bestseller list .

F. The Previous Literature Review

This is descriptive qualitative research, so the writer will focus to concern in analyzing the Couplehood book through library analysis. There are some literary works that conduct almost the same topic that will be researched by the writer. One of them is A Study o f Registers used in the English Job

It is researched Vacancy Advertisement in Kompas, Issued in October 2004. by Eva Kusumawardani. In this researched, she found that there are two types of analysis of register data, they are lexical and textual meaning (Kusumawardani, 2004:25). In addition, a research paper that is conducted by Latifah Suryani entitled A Descriptive Study o f Register used in Commercial

Banking. In this research, she explains that there are three major classification

of register term. They are technical, banking and general term (Suiyani, 2003:40).

Another one is a research that is conducted by Endriana Sri Wahyuni entitled A Descriptive Study on the use o f Colloquial Style in English Songs. According to her, language style which is used in English songs is colloquial style, which discusses about non-standard English that is recognized as normal and interesting variety of English (Wahyuni, 2002:36).

G. Research Method

Research method is a way or strategy to collect and analyze the data to answer the problem, or strategy to solve the problem that is researched. In analyzing the book entitled Couplehood, the writer will use qualitative research as following:

1. Research Object.

The research object in this study is three register variables of Halliday or context of situation analysis on Paul Reiser’s book entitled Couplehood. It covers field, tenor and mode of the book.

2. Data Sources.

It is a source of data related to the object of the research. This data source is very important, which is taken from Couplehood’s book written by Paul Reiser. Kind of data that will be presented in this graduating paper are data that show the condition of context of situation of the book, such as data that show: what is happening, the nature of the social action that is taking place (field), who is taking part, the nature of the participants, their statuses and roles (tenor) and the data that show kind of the part language is playing (mode).

3. Technique of Data Collection.

In this research, the technique of data collection is documentation. Documentation is a process consisting of several activities (Guzman,

2003:7), namely:

9 a. Determining what information is needed and establishing means for acquiring it.

b. Recording the discovered information and storing such in appropriate containers (called documents) or collecting already-existing documents containing the needed information.

c. Organizing the documents to make them accessible.

d. (Actually) providing the documents to users who need the information. In addition, documentation may refer to the process of providing evidence or to document something or to the communicable material used to provide such documentation (en.wikipedia.org/wiki/documentation). Data that will be presented are the data of the book entitled Couplehood in which contains or represent field, tenor and mode.

4. Method of Data Analysis. Method of data analysis in this study is descriptive qualitative analysis. Descriptive qualitative analysis is an analysis that intends to make description of situations or events (Suryabrata, 2009:76). It means that the analysis only try to accumulate the basic data descriptively, without assess and make prediction of the data. The steps of this technique are: a. Selecting the book entitled “Couplehood”.

b. Reading and understanding the book.

10 c. Analyzing context of situation and language use in the book.

d. Finding context of situation and parts of it, then classified it

based on their categories (field, tenor and mode).

e. Conclusion about the descriptive study of context of situation used in Couplehood’s Paul Reiser.

H. The Outline of Graduating Paper To make this study systematic, the writer divides this study into five chapters:

Chapter I is introduction which consists of background of the study, the statement of the problem, the objective of the study, the benefit of the ’

study, clarification of key term, the previous literature review, the research

method, and the outline of graduating paper.

Chapter II is data presentation; present the theoretical review context of situation and part of it (field, tenor and mode). Chapter III is the biography of Paul Reiser and short story of the book. Chapter IV is present the data and data analysis, which consist of

context of situation in Couplehood book and language use of Couplehood

book.

Chapter V is closure, which contains conclusion and suggestion. The last part is Bibliography and Appendix.

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW OF CONTEXT OF SITUATION A. Description of Context Context is understood as the surroundings in the widest sense, which

enable the participants in the communication process to interact and that make the linguistic expressions of their interaction intelligible (Mey, 1994:38). Besides, Schiffrin (1994:367) define context as a set of social circumstances in which unterances can be produced and interpreted as realizations o f their underlying constitutive rules.

B. Description of Situation

Situation is position or location in respect to physical surroundings (Pei, 1974:904). Moreover, situation can be defined as the environment in which the text comes to life (Halliday, 1978:109) In other words, situation in this term can be defined as environment where the texts are operated.

C. Description of Context of Situation

The basic concept o f context o f situation originally suggested by Malinowski and subsequently elaborated by Firth in his 1950 paper

“Personality and Language in Society ”. Essentially what this implies is that

language comes to life only when functioning in some environment (Halliday,

’s dictionary (1994:211) context of

1978:28). Then, according to W ebster

situation is linguistic term in Firthian grammar for the non-linguistic environment o f utterances, for example number of listeners and the position of speaker. Moreover, there are other definitions of context of situations from linguists, such as Halliday and Dinneen. Halliday (Hasan and Halliday, 1985:55) refers context of situation to certain aspects of our social situations that always act upon the language as it is being used; while Dinneen (1967:305) define it as a schematic construct that is applied especially to repetitive events in the social process, consisting of various levels o f analysis or how the meanings of language should be stated. In other words, context of situation is the set of meanings, the configuration of semantic patterns, which are typically drawn upon under the specific conditions, along with the words and structures that are used in the realization o f these meanings.

D. Parts of Context of Situation

Halliday argue that there are three aspects in any situation that have linguistic consequences: field, tenor and mode. These three aspects are called the register variables, and a description o f the values for each of these aspects at a given time of language use is a register description of a text.

1. Field.

Field refers to what is happening, to the nature of the social action that is taking place (Hasan and Halliday, 1985:12). Because the kind of

doing. In differing contexts, we fends to select different words and

different grammatical pattems-simply because we are expressing different kinds of meaning. All we need add to this, in order to clarify the notion of register, is that the ‘meanings’ that are involved are a part of what we are doing; or rather they are part of the expression of what we are doing. In other words, one aspect of the field o f discourse is simply the subject matter; we talk about different things, and therefore use different words for doing so (Halliday, 1978:221).

In addition, the field o f discourse: that which is ‘going on’, and has recognizable meaning in the social system; typically a complex of acts in some ordered configuration, and in which the text is playing some part, and including ‘subject matter’ as one special aspect-a field of significant social action. If a text is self-sufficient rather than an accomplishment that runs alongside some other social activity, the field o f discourse is the subject matter of the text but it also includes the activities that make the subject matter relevant-activities such as exploration, learning and imagining; if a text is ‘embedded’ in some other social activity, this activity is also included in the field. The notion o f field is related to, but no restricted to, the common notion of domain in computational linguistics

(Matthiessen, 1990:33). In other words, field is concerned with the subject matter of the text that covers specification both of the general topic area and the detailed content o f what is going on and thus being spoken or

14 In accordance with Eggins (1994:67), field is defined as the

situational variable that has to do with the focus o f the activity in which we are engaged. Sometimes field can be glossed as the ‘topic’ of the situation. Moreover, Eggins also recognize that situations may be either

technical or everyday in their construction of an activity focus. In other

words, field varies along a dimension of technicality, as is schematized below; technical __ FIELD commonsense specialized * * (everyday)

A situation that would be described as technical could be characterized by a significant degree of assumed knowledge among the participants about the activity focus. On the other hand, an eveiyday or commonsense situation could be known by field the using o f ‘common knowledge’ between the participants. Language that is used in an everyday situation is more familiar, whereas in technical situation field is more specific. To make it easier to understand, the writer would like to summarize the technical and everyday situation and language in the following:

15 TECHNICAL VS. EVE RYD A Y

LANGUAGE

Technical and everyday language (the linguistic implication of Field)

Technical Language Everyday Language

Technical terms Everyday terms

Words only “insiders” understand Words interactants all understand

Acronyms Full names Abbreviated syntax Standard syntax

Technical action processes Identifying processes

Attributive descriptive process Defining terms TECHNICAL VS. EVERYDAY SITUATIONS

Technical Situation Everyday Situation

Assumed knowledge “Common knowledge” An activity/institution/area No (or little) assumed knowledge

Deep taxonomies Shallow taxonomies

Detailed sub-classification Limited sub-classification 2. Tenor.

Tenor refers to who is taking part, to the nature of the participants, their statuses and roles (Hasan and Halliday, 1985:12). The language we use varies according to the level of formality, of technicality, and so on. Essentially, it is the role relationship in the situation in question: who the

16 Stand to each other. According to Spencer and Gregory the examples of

role relationship that would be reflected in the language used are teacher- pupil, parent-child, child-child in peer group, doctor-patient, customer- salesman, etc. It is the role relationships, including the indirect relationships between a writer and his audience that determine such things as the level of technicality and degree of formality (Halliday, 1978:222).

Moreover, the tenor of the relationship between speaker and listener and their potential for interacting: “the cluster of socially meaningful participant relationships, both permanent attributes of the participants and role participants that are specific to the situation, including the speech roles, those that come into being through the exchange of verbal meanings” is a tenor of role relationships. Tenor thus includes role that are brought into existence because of language -speech roles- as well as other social role relations (Matthiessen, 1990:34). So, it can be said that tenor focuses on the role and social status of the participants taking part in the speech event and more particularly, on the relationship between their roles (tenor deals with the interpersonal relationship and the way in which these are reflected in the language).

In line with the statement above, Eggins (1994:63-64) refers tenor as the social role relationships played by interactants, such as student/lecturer, customer/salesperson, and ffiend/friend. In addition, Cate Poynton has suggested that tenor can be broken down into three different continua: power, affective involvement and contact. What this means is

17 that the general notion o f “role

relationships” can be seen as a complex of these three simultaneous dimensions: a. Power.

It can be divided into two types; equal and unequal. The equal power is role relationships between friend and friend; in contrast, the unequal power is relationship between a boss and an employee.

POWER Equal < ................................... ► Unequal

The power continuum b. Affective involvement.

It conveys the situation of the affective involvement between the participants; high or low. This dimension refers to the extent to which participants are emotionally involved or committed in a situation. For example, friends or lovers are obviously affectively involved, whereas work associates are typically not

AFFECTIVE INVOLVEMENT High « .........i ...............................................» Low

The affective involvement continuum c. Contact. It refers to the positions situations in terms of whether the roles interactans are playing are those bring into frequent or in frequent

with occasional contact with distant acquaintances. It can be presented as the following: CONTACT

Frequent < > Infrequent The contact continuum

Eggins (1994:64) claims that aspects o f our role occupation in a given situation according to tenor dimensions will have an impact on how we use language; those are formal and informal. Informal situation would typically involve interactants who are o f equal power, who see each other frequently, and who are affectively involved (e.g. close friends). In contrast, a formal situation would be one where the power between the interactants is not equal, the contact is infrequent, and the affective involvement is low (for example, a first-year student meeting the Vice-

Chancellor).

Informal Formal

Equal power Unequal, hierarchic power Frequent contact Infrequent, or one-off, contact High affective involvement Low affective involvement 3. Mode.

Mode refers to what part the language is playing, what it is that the

symbolic organisation o f the text, iha status that it has, and its function in

the context, including the channel (is it spoken or written or some combination of the two) and also the retorical mode, what is being achieved by the text in terms o f such categories as persuassive, expocitory, didactic, and the like (Hasan and Halliday, 1985:12). That is, mode handles the medium through which the text is expressed.

Furthermore, Eggins (1994:53) defines mode as “the role language is playing in an interaction”. It is also supported by Martin’s explanation that the role of language can be seen as involving two simultaneous continua which describe two different types o f distance in the relation between language and situation. These are called spatial/interpersonal distance and experiential distance, a. Spatial/interpersonal distance.

This continuum ranges situations according to the possibilities of immediate feedback between the interactants. At one pole o f the continuum, then, is the situation sitting down to a casual chat with friends, where there is both visual and aural contact, and thus feedback is immediate. At the other end of the continuum would be the situation of writig a book, where there is no visual or aural contact between writer and reader(s), and thus no possibility of immediate feedback. In order to make it easier to understand, Eggins figures it as the following:

20 Spatial or interpersonal distance continuum c c _VC T elep ho ne E -m ail Fax Radio N ovel ⁺

- Visual - Visual - Visual

- Visual - Visual - Aural - Aural O n e-W ay + Aural + Aural -Aural + IF + IF + RF + RF DF -F

Abbreviation Note: CC= Casual Conversation F= Feedback

VC= Visual Contact

IF= Immediate Feedback RF= Rapid Feedback DF= Delayyed Feedback b. Experiental distance.

This continuum ranges situations accoding to the distance between languge and the social process occuring. At one pole of this continuum, we can put situations such as playing a game (of cards, monopoly, etc), where language language is being used to accompany the activity interactants are involved in. In these situations, the role of language is as action or is just one of the means being used to achieve on-going action. In the other hand, writing of a piecce of fiction, where language is all that there is. There is no other social process going on: language is in fact creating, and therefore constituting, the social process. In these situations, language is being used to reflect on

21 reflection. To make it easier to understand, Eggins (1994:54) presented

the experiential distance below:

The experiential distance continuum Language accompanying social process, language as ACTION Language constituting social process, language as REFLECTION Playing a game Commentating Recounting experience Constructing experience e.g bridge e.g. calling a match e.g. report in the newspaper e.g. (non-)fiction

Another aspect that needs to be considered in the study o f mode is spoken and written language situation. The situation in spoken language is typically interactive situations, whereas a written language situation is not. Eggins (1994:55) summarized the differences between spoken and written situation as the following:

Mode: Characteristics of spoken/written language situations

Mode: typical situations of language use SPOKEN WRITTEN

Interactive Non-interactive Two or more participants

One participant

Face-to-face Not face-to-face In the same plate as. tine same time On his/her own
Language as action Not language as action Using language to accomplish some task Using language to ref
spontaneous Not spontaneous Without rehearsing what is going to be said Planning, drafting and rewriting
Casual Not casual

Informal and everyday Formal and special occasions

CHAPTER III BIOGRAPHY AND SHORT STORY A. Biography of Paul Reiser Paul Reiser is an American stand-up comedian, actor, author and

screenwriter. Paul Reiser was bom in New York City on March 30, 1957. He is the son of Helen, a homemaker, and Sam Reiser, a wholesale health food distributor. Paul Reiser attended the East Side Hebrew Institute on the Lower

East Side of Manhattan and graduated from Stuyvesant High School in New York City. He earned his bachelor's degree at Binghamton University, where he majored in music (piano, composition). He was active in campus theater productions and founded "The Little Theater That Could", an on-campus community theater organization located in Hinman College, Paul Reiser's dorm community. It was later renamed Hinman Production Company. Paul Reiser eventually found his calling when he performed in New York City comedy clubs during university summer breaks.

After honing his skills as a stand-up comic in New York City, Paul Reiser's break-out film role came in 1982 when he appeared in Diner, a coming-of-age film by Barry Levinson. Reiser's character, Modell, a closet stand-up comedian, effectively brought Paul Reiser's comic abilities to the attention of Hollywood. The film also helped boost the careers o f his co-stars Kevin Bacon, Steve Guttenberg, and Mickey Rourke. He followed this

success playing a detective in 1984's Beverly Hills Cop, a role he reprised in

the 1987 sequel, Beverly Hills Cop 11. Reiser also had roles in James Cameron's 1986 movie Aliens, in The Marrying Man (1991), and in the comedy Bye Bye , Love (1995).

Paul Reiser married with Paula Ravets on August 28, 1988. They have two sons, Ezra Samuel Reiser and Leon. Their first son, Ezra was bom in 1995 while Leon was born on 2000.

Paul Reiser starred for two years on television as one of two possible fathers of a teenage girl in the sitcom M y Two Dads, and later rose to fame in North America as Paul Buchman on M ad About You, a long-running comedy series he helped create in which Helen Hunt co-starred as his wife. For his work in Mad About You, Reiser received nominations for an Emmy, a Golden

Globe, an American Comedy Award, and a Screen Actors Guild award. In the successful show's final 1999 season, he and Hunt were paid US $1 million ($1.3 million in current dollar terms) per episode. In 2001, Paul Reiser took on a dramatic role as a man desperate to find his birth mother after learning he has a serious illness in the British television movie M y Beautiful Son.

Paul Reiser has also written two books: Couplehood, about the ups and downs of being in a committed relationship, and Babyhood, about his experiences as a first-time father. Couplehood was unique in the fact it started on page 145. Paul Reiser explained this as his way of giving the reader a false sense of accomplishment. Both books appeared on The New York Times

24 D avid Letterman in the middie o f writing his second book. Since he didn't

have a title yet (it would later be called Babyhood), he showed a prop book with the same cover as his first book Couplehood. The title was simply called

Book. In 2002, Paul Reiser made a guest appearance as himself on Larry

David's critically-acclaimed HBO sitcom, Curb Your Enthusiasm. Reiser placed number 77 on Comedy Central’s list o f the 100 Greatest Stand-ups of All Time ).

B. Paul Reiser’s Works As a stand-up comedian, actor, author and screen-writer, Paul Reiser has created so many works that deal with the entertainment. They are listed below

(1663/bio): 1. A sa comedian and actor Paul Reiser has played in the following lists.

a. The Thing About My Folks (2005) as Ben Kleinman.

b. Women vs. Men (2002) (TV) as Bruce.

c. Purpose (2002) as Ben Fisher.

d. My Beautiful Son (2001) as Dr. Jerry Lipman.

e. One Night at M cCool’s (2001) as Carl Harding.

f. The Story o f Us (1999) as Dave, B en's Literary Agent.

g. M ad About You {161 episodes, 1992-1999) as Paul Buchman.

h. Pros & Cons (1999) as Prison man. i. Bye Bye Love (1995) as Donny. j. Mr. Write (1994) as Charlie Fischer.

k. The Tower (1993) (TV) as Tony Mino. l . Family Prayers (1993) as Dan Linder. m. The Marrying Man (1991) as Phil Golden. n.

My Two Dads (60 episodes, 1987-1990) as Michael Taylor. o.

Crazy People

(1990) as Stephen Bachman.

p. Cross My Heart (1987) as Bruce Gaynor.

q. Beverly Hills Cop II (1987) as Det. Jeffrey Friedman.

You Ruined My Life (1987) as Dexter Bunche. s.

Aliens (1986) as Carter Burke. t. Odd Jobs ( 1986) as Max. u. From Here to Maternity (1985) as Marco. v. Beverly Hills Cop (1984) as Jeffrey. w. Sunset Limousine (1983) as Jay Neilson. x. Diner (1983) as Modell. y. Remington Steele (1 episode, 1983) as Ivan Turbell.

2. A s an author Paul Reiser has created.

a. Couplehood.

b. Babyhood.

3. A s a screen-writer Paul Reiser has written the following scripts, a. Atlanta (2007).

Lovebites (2006).

26 c. U ntitled Paul R eiser Project (2006).

d. The Thing About My Folks (2005).

e. Popeye 's Voyage: The Quest fo r Pappy (2004).

f. Loco por ti (2004).

g. Untitled New York Pilot (2003).

M ad About You (161 episodes, 1992-1999).

i. 3 1/2 Blocks from Home (1992). j . Paul Reiser Out on a Whim (1987).

C. Short Story Couplehood is started with the author warnings to warn the reader that the book is started on page 145. It is not a mistake, but it was intentional. By this way, a reader can read the book for two minutes, and if anybody asks him how far along, he can said that he was on page 152. As a result, the reader will feel like he is accomplishing something, and the writer get credit for writing a bigger book.

In general, Couplehood is a book about couples, their lives, the nuances of living under the same roof and accommodating one another, and interacts with the outside world. Even though it is not in the mushy romance way, it is a great reading, especially for couples. It is divided into some parts that tell about different story or situation. They are The Final Frontier;

Waking Up Is Hard to Do; Let ’s Do Something; I Just Need Two Minutes; The Selfish Monster; Negotiating in Good Faith; Alone Together; Don ’t Look at

27 Me, 1 Just Live Here; Chicken or Fish; How Are You?; Tonight We ’ll See a

Movie, Tomorrow W e’ll Kiss; The “Turn Around and Look"; Bing-Bang-

Boom; Pain, Humiliation and the Great Outdoors; Wish You Were Here;

Dear Japan, Stop!!!; Is This K id Beautiful, or What?; I ’ll See You in My

Dreams.

DESCRIPTIVE STUDY OF CONTEXT OF SITUATION USED IN COUPLEHOOD’S PAUL REISER A GRADUATING PAPER Submitted to the Board of Examiners in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements For the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I.) In the English and Educationa