TRANSLATION AND VALIDATION OF THE FOOD NEOPHOBIA SCALE TO THE INDONESIAN VERSION AND ITS APPLICATION ON ETHNIC FOOD STUDY TRANSLASI DAN VALIDASI SKALA NEOPHOBIA MAKANAN KE DALAM VERSI BAHASA INDONESIA DAN PENERAPANNYA PADA STUDI MAKANAN KHAS DAERAH
TRANSLATION AND VALIDATION OF THE FOOD NEOPHOBIA
SCALE TO THE INDONESIAN VERSION AND ITS APPLICATION
ON ETHNIC FOOD STUDY
TRANSLASI DAN VALIDASI SKALA NEOPHOBIA MAKANAN KE
DALAM VERSI BAHASA INDONESIA DAN PENERAPANNYA PADA
STUDI MAKANAN KHAS DAERAH
BACHELOR THESIS
Submitted to the Faculty of Agricultural Technology in partial fulfillment of requirements for obtaining the bachelor degree
By :
Yohanes Kristo Sugiarto Utomo
13.70.0076
DEPARTMENT OF FOOD TECHNOLOGY
FACULTY OF AGRICULTURAL TECHNOLOGY
SOEGIJAPRANATA CATHOLIC UNIVERSITY
SEMARANG
2017
TRANSLATION AND VALIDATION OF THE FOOD NEOPHOBIA
SCALE TO THE INDONESIAN VERSION AND ITS APPLICATION
ON ETHNIC FOOD STUDY
TRANSLASI DAN VALIDASI SKALA NEOPHOBIA MAKANAN KE
DALAM VERSI BAHASA INDONESIA DAN PENERAPANNYA PADA
STUDI MAKANAN KHAS DAERAH
By :
YOHANES KRISTO SUGIARTO UTOMO
NIM : 11.70.0070
Department : Food Technology
This bachelor thesis has been approved and defended
In front of examiners in 31 st January 2017Semarang, 27
th
February 2017 Agricultural Technology Faculty
Soegijapranata Catholic University
Supervisor Dean Dr. Probo Y. Nugrahedi, ST., MSc. Dr. V. Kristina Ananingsih, ST., MSc. Co-supervisor Inneke Hantoro STP., MSc.
With this I state that Thesis with title
“TRANSLATION AND VALIDATION OF FOOD NEOPHOBIA SCALE TO THE INDONESIAN VERSION ” have no other
work that has been proposed to get academic title on University, and as long as I know there is none work or opinion that had been wrote or published by another people, except that has been writing is referred in this manuscript and mentioned in references. If someday part or whole of this Thesis is proved and founded as plagiarism, then I deserved to be canceled with any risk of its punishment as the regulation that applicable in Soegijapranata Catholic University and/or the applicable of legislation.
th
Semarang, 27 February 2017 Yohanes Kristo Sugiarto Utomo
NIM : 13.70.0076 iii
SUMMARY
Food neophobia is defined as the reluctance to eat and/or to avoid unfamiliar food due to the characterization of human to be neophobic with respect of food. Pliner & Hobden in 1992 had been successfully established an approach on the measurement of the trait of food neophobia called the Food Neophobia Scale (FNS). However, the application of food neophobia scale across countries cannot be optimally performed if there are no adaptation of language. In order to develop the suitable Indonesian version of FNS, the translation and validation processes are needed. The objectives of this research are to determine the suitable and reliable FNS developed by Pliner and Hobden in 1992 into Indonesian version and also to explore the food neophobia traits categorization in both general and focused ethnic food among students in Soegijapranata Catholic University Semarang. There were 381 respondents from undergraduate students involved in this study. This research was initially performed with a translation process by 3 English experts as a material used in focus group discussion in order to obtain the translated version. Then, a back-translation process was done by the same steps as the translation method. The adjusted and edited translated version was distributed and answered by 381 respondents to measure the reliability and validity of the questionnaires. The result was analyzed by measuring the statistical coefficient, namely
Intraclass Correlation Coefficient (ICC) and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient. Implementation of the translation to 100 food technology students in Soegijapranata Catholic University was made for 4 ethnic foods screened by 50 respondents. The results of this study showed that the translated version of FNS had a reliability and validity to be utilized in Indonesian i ndividual since its ICC and Cronbach’s alpha coefficient respectively were 0.846 and 0.783. There are 67.45% respondents that are classified as neutral, 30.45% neophobia, and 2.10% neophilic. The result of focused FNS in ethnic food showed that respondents tend to have unwillingness to try as the unfamiliarity of foods were increased. iv
RINGKASAN
Food Neophobia didefinisikan sebagai keengganan untuk makan dan / atau
menghindari makanan asing karena karakter manusia yang neofobik pada makanan
baru. Pliner & Hobden pada tahun 1992 telah berhasil membuat pendekatan
Food Neophobia Scale (FNS). pengukuran sifat neofobik makanan yang disebutNamun, penerapan skala neofobia makanan pada studi antar negara atau di negara
lain tidak dapat optimal dilakukan jika tidak ada adaptasi bahasa. Dalam rangka
menciptakan versi bahasa Indonesia dari FNS, proses terjemahan dan validasi yang
diperlukan. Tujuan dari penelitian ini adalah untuk membuat FNS yang dikembangkan
oleh Pliner dan Hobden pada tahun 1992 menjadi versi bahasa Indonesia secara sahih
dan memiliki keterandalan baik serta untuk mengeksplorasi hasil dari food neophobia
scale baik secara umum dan terfokus pada makanan khas daerah di kalangan
mahasiswa Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata Semarang. Terdapat 381 responden
mahasiswa yang terlibat dalam penelitian ini. Penelitian diawali dengan proses
penerjemahan yang dilakukan oleh 3 ahli bahasa Inggris yang ditujukan untuk
mempersiapkan materi yang digunakan dalam focus group discussion (FGD) untuk
mendapatkan versi terjemahan. Kemudian, proses penerjemahan balik ( back-
trasnlation) dilakukan dengan langkah yang sama seperti metode terjemahan oleh 3 ahli
bahasa Inggris lainnya. Versi terjemahan yang sudah diedit kemudian didistribusikan
dan dijawab oleh 381 responden untuk mengukur keterandalan dan kesahihan
kuesioner. Hasilnya dianalisis dengan cara mengukur koefisien statistik yaitu koefisien
intrakelas korelasi (ICC) dan koefisien Cronbach alpha. Selain itu, dilakukan
pengukuran FNS untuk 4 makanan khass kepada 100 responden dari mahasiswa
Fakultas Teknologi Pertanian Universitas Katolik Soegijapranata. Hasil penelitian ini
menunjukkan bahwa versi terjemahan bahsa Indonesia dari FNS memiliki keterandalan
dan kesahihan yang baik untuk digunakan kepada setiap individu di Indonesia oleh
karena nilai ICC dan koefisien alpha Cronbach masing-masing adalah 0,846 dan
0,783. Terdapat 67,45% responden memiliki sifat netral terhadap makanan, 30,45%
neofobia makanan, dan 2,10% neofilik. Hasil FNS yang terfokus pada makanan etnis
menunjukkan bahwa responden cenderung memilik ketidakmauan untuk mencoba
seiring dengan nilai familiaritas yang menurun.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENT
Praise and thanks to God because of His blessing, the author has finished the bachelor tesis entitled Translation and Validation of the Food Neophobia Scale to the
Indonesian Version and Its Application on Ethnic Food Study. There are so many
new knowledges during finishing this thesis at Soegijapranata Catholic University. The author hopes this thesis can be useful for the others.
The author would like to express the sincerest gratitude to everyone who has helped in finishing this thesis :
1. Dr. V. Kristina Ananingsih, ST., MSc. as the dean of Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Department of Food Technology Soegijapranata Catholic University.
2. Dr. Probo Y. Nugrahedi ST, M.Sc., as the supervisor who has always supported and gives advices during finishing this thesis. Thank you for the guidance and patience during completing this thesis.
3. Inneke Hantoro STP, M.Sc., as co-supervisor who has guided the author during finishing this thesis. Thank you so much for the time, patience, motivation and advices.
4. Six English experts from Faculty of Language and Arts, Dr. Angelika Riyandari, Ph.D; Dr. Cecilia Titiek Murniati, Ph.D; Dr. Antonius Suratno, Ph.D; B. Retang Wohangara, SS. M.Hum; Dr. Ekawati Marhaenny Dukut M.Hum; and Emilia Ninik Aydawati M.Hum for the big contributions in translating and discussing the questionnaire.
5. Dr. Aussama Soontrunnarudrungsri as the lecturer whom the author had his internship program also for the introduction of food neophobia as research theme.
6. All students who participated in this study from Faculty of Bussiness and Management, Faculty of Agricultural Technology, Faculty of Psychology, and
Faculty of Language and Arts Soegijapranata Catholic University for the contributions of being a respondent in the author’s survey
7. Administration staffs (Pak Joko, Pak Ahmad, Bu Tutik, Bu Susi, and Pak Andre) who always help in completing the administration archives, and also all the employees for providing endless help for the author. vii
8. Elizabeth Ivone Fernandes S.Si, M.Sc for the support, laugh, consultation, and accompanion in the process of this thesis.
9. Author ’s parents (Ong Lianawati and FX. Sugiarto Utomo), Brothers (Ko Danny and Ko Dimas), and Sister (Cici Kristin) for all the support that are given.
10. Raymundus Pito W STP and Novani Sutikno for the laughter, love, unforgettable moments, and undeniably amazing supports that has been given to the author that will never be forgotten.
11. Fiorency Santoso, Rosita Kusumaningastuti, Yusefta Clarencia, Agatha Putri Algustie, Angela Lauvina, Cindut, Geng Tikus (Raphael Argasae, ko Danny, Ko Daniel, kak Bolli, ko Theo) for the laughter and accompanion for the author.
12. All related parties who helped the author in finishing this thesis which cannot be possibly mentioned one by one.
Semarang, January 2017 The Author,
Yohanes Kristo Sugiarto Utomo
CONTENTS
ix
LIST OF TABLES
Table 1. Food Neophobia Scale .................................................................................... 3 Table 2. Translation to Indonesian Language .............................................................. 11 Table 3. Back-translation to English (source) Language ............................................. 13 Table 4. Final Conclusion of the Translation Method .................................................. 14 Table 5. Demographic Data of Respondents ................................................................ 15 Table 6. Original Food Neophobia Scale (FNS) and the Indonesian FNS ................... 18 Table 7. Food Neophobia Classification ..................................................................... 19 Table 8.
English’s Grade Based Comparison ............................................................... 19
Table 9. Screening of 10 ethnic foods .......................................................................... 20 Table 10. Reliability of 4 Chosen FNS Questionnaires................................................ 21 Table 11 Food Neophobia Classification of 4 Focused Ethnic Foods. ........................ 21
LIST OF FIGURES
Figure 1. Diagram of Translation and Validation Method .............................................. 9 Figure 2. Ethnic Food Poster of Screening Method ....................................................... 40 Figure 3. Ethnic Food poster of 4 Screened Ethnic Food ............................................... 40