PENGARUH BERBAGAI JENIS BAHAN ORGANIK TERHADAP PERTUMBUHAN DAN HASIL TANAMAN CABAI.
Abstract
This research describes about an International Institution response. There is a
process of an institution that faces collective problems. Through the G20 forum,
the countries that involved in the global economic crisis of the United State of
America in 2008, handling to negotiate and commit to solve it. Through the
system processing which is showed by neoliberal institutional, when the problems
are occurred with a forum, a place or an institution will be needed to complete it.
Yet, in the cooperation process, the commit achievement gets a different response
that is the implementation of fiscal stimulus policy. The difference is being a
development process of a forum to be an institution because it is caused by teh
intitutional arrangement process. Through the document review method, that
differences can be viewed and looked for throught out the meeting report and
statistic progress report data and unit the sequence or the response process also
proves the differences. So, the compliance of G20 countries into the
implementation policy of the global crisist redemption will be seen.
Key word: G20, response, stimulus, implementation, compliance
Abstrak
Penelitian ini menggambarkan tentang respon dalam sebuah institusi
internasional. Melalui sebuah forum yakni G20, negara-negara yang terlibat
dalam krisis ekonomi Amerika Serikat tahun 2008, bernegosiasi dan berkomitmen
untuk mengatasinya. Melalui pola proses yang digambarkan oleh neoliberal
institusional, ketika terjadi masalah bersama maka dibutuhkan suatu forum,
wadah atau institusi untuk menyelesaikannya. Namun dalam proses kerjasama,
komitmen yang telah dicapai mendapat respon yang berbeda yakni implementasi
dari kebijakan stimulus fiskal. Perbedaan itulah yang menjadi proses
perkembangan sebuah forum menjadi sebuah institusi karena disebabkan oleh
proses institutional arrangement. Melalui metode document review dilihat dan
dicari perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut melalui data-data hasil pertemuan dan data
statistik progress report. dan menyatukan urutan kejadian atau proses respon serta
membuktikan perbedaan-perbedaannya. Sehingga akan terlihat kepatuhan
(compliance) negara-negara G20 terhadap implementasi kebijakan penyelamatan
krisis ekonomi global.
Kata kunci: G20, respon, stimulus, implementasi, kepatuhan
iii
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN STIMULUS FISKAL NEGARA G20
DALAM MENANGANI KRISIS EKONOMI GLOBAL 2008
SKRIPSI
Diajukan guna memenuhi salah satu syarat
Untuk memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik pada
Fakultas Ilmu sosial Ilmu Politik
Universitas Andalas
Oleh
MUHAMMAD AZAN ADHA ELWAN
No. BP 07195035
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS
PADANG
2012
Daftar Isi
Kata Pengantar ......................................................................................................... i
Abstract .................................................................................................................. iii
Daftar Isi................................................................................................................ iv
Daftar Gambar........................................................................................................ vi
Daftar Tabel .......................................................................................................... vii
Daftar Grafik ........................................................................................................ viii
Daftar Singkatan.................................................................................................... ix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1
1.1
Latar Belakang ......................................................................................... 1
1.2
Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 8
1.3
Pertanyaan Penelitian ............................................................................... 8
1.4
Tujuan....................................................................................................... 8
1.5
Manfaat..................................................................................................... 9
1.6
Studi Pustaka ............................................................................................ 9
1.7
Kerangka Konseptual ............................................................................. 14
1.7.1
Neoliberalisme Institusional........................................................... 14
1.7.2
Implementasi dan Compliance (Kepatuhan) Dalam Rezim
Internasional.................................................................................................. 23
1.8
Metodologi ............................................................................................. 28
1.8.1
Pendekatan dan Jenis Penelitian..................................................... 28
1.8.2
Batasan Penelitian ........................................................................... 28
1.8.3
Teknik Pengumpulan Data .............................................................. 28
1.8.4
Tingkat Analisa ............................................................................... 29
1.8.5
Teknik Pengolahan Data ................................................................. 30
iv
1.8.6
Sistematika Penulisan ..................................................................... 30
BAB II KRISIS EKONOMI GLOBAL DAN DAMPAKNYA ........................... 33
2.1
Krisis Ekonomi Global ........................................................................... 33
2.2
Krisis Ekonomi Global 2008 .................................................................. 39
2.2.1
Dampak Krisis Ekonomi 2008 ........................................................ 42
BAB III G20 DAN KEBIJAKAN MENGATASI KRISIS GLOBAL 2008 ....... 48
3.1
Group of Twenty Countries (G20) ......................................................... 48
3.2
Kebijakan G20 Mengatasi Krisis Ekonomi Global 2008 ....................... 53
3.2.1
Washington Summit........................................................................ 55
3.2.2
London Summit.............................................................................. 58
3.2.3
Pittsburgh Summit.......................................................................... 60
3.2.4
Toronto Summit .............................................................................. 64
3.2.5
Seoul Summit .................................................................................. 66
BAB IV PERBEDAAN RESPON NEGARA ANGGOTA G20.......................... 69
4.1
Respon Negara Anggota G20 ................................................................. 69
4.1.1
4.2
Implementasi Kebijakan Stimulus Fiskal....................................... 75
Perbedaan Respon Negara G20 .............................................................. 86
BAB V KESIMPULAN ...................................................................................... 109
4.3
Kesimpulan........................................................................................... 109
4.4
Saran ..................................................................................................... 112
Daftar Pustaka ..................................................................................................... 114
v
Daftar Gambar
Bagan 1 Relevansi Neoliberal Institusional Dengan Mutual Interest dan
Institutional Variation........................................................................................... 18
Bagan 2 Proses dan Posisi G20 Atas Krisis Ekonomi Global ............................ 100
Bagan 3 Krisis Ekonomi, G20 dan Komitmen Kebijakan Stimulus Fiskal ........ 102
Bagan 4 Kondisi G20 dan Kebijakan Mengatasi Krisis Ekonomi Dalam Kerangka
Neoliberal Institusional ....................................................................................... 105
vi
Daftar Tabel
Tabel 1 Kategori Compliance ............................................................................... 26
Tabel 2 Pertumbuhan GDP Beberapa Negara-Negara Dunia ............................... 47
Tabel 3 Besaran Kebijakan Dana Stimulus Beberapa Negara G20 ...................... 76
Tabel 4 Komposisi Stimulus Fiskal Negara-Negara G20 ..................................... 84
Tabel 5 Stimulus Negara-Negara Anggota G20 ................................................... 91
Tabel 6 Berbagai Langkah dan Respon Penanganan Krisis Ekonomi Global ...... 92
Tabel 7 Kategoriasasi Compliance Negara G20 ................................................... 98
vii
Daftar Grafik
Grafik 1 Komposisi GDP Global G20 .................................
.................................
49
Grafik 2 Pertumbuhan GDP Global 20062011....................................................
73
This research describes about an International Institution response. There is a
process of an institution that faces collective problems. Through the G20 forum,
the countries that involved in the global economic crisis of the United State of
America in 2008, handling to negotiate and commit to solve it. Through the
system processing which is showed by neoliberal institutional, when the problems
are occurred with a forum, a place or an institution will be needed to complete it.
Yet, in the cooperation process, the commit achievement gets a different response
that is the implementation of fiscal stimulus policy. The difference is being a
development process of a forum to be an institution because it is caused by teh
intitutional arrangement process. Through the document review method, that
differences can be viewed and looked for throught out the meeting report and
statistic progress report data and unit the sequence or the response process also
proves the differences. So, the compliance of G20 countries into the
implementation policy of the global crisist redemption will be seen.
Key word: G20, response, stimulus, implementation, compliance
Abstrak
Penelitian ini menggambarkan tentang respon dalam sebuah institusi
internasional. Melalui sebuah forum yakni G20, negara-negara yang terlibat
dalam krisis ekonomi Amerika Serikat tahun 2008, bernegosiasi dan berkomitmen
untuk mengatasinya. Melalui pola proses yang digambarkan oleh neoliberal
institusional, ketika terjadi masalah bersama maka dibutuhkan suatu forum,
wadah atau institusi untuk menyelesaikannya. Namun dalam proses kerjasama,
komitmen yang telah dicapai mendapat respon yang berbeda yakni implementasi
dari kebijakan stimulus fiskal. Perbedaan itulah yang menjadi proses
perkembangan sebuah forum menjadi sebuah institusi karena disebabkan oleh
proses institutional arrangement. Melalui metode document review dilihat dan
dicari perbedaan-perbedaan tersebut melalui data-data hasil pertemuan dan data
statistik progress report. dan menyatukan urutan kejadian atau proses respon serta
membuktikan perbedaan-perbedaannya. Sehingga akan terlihat kepatuhan
(compliance) negara-negara G20 terhadap implementasi kebijakan penyelamatan
krisis ekonomi global.
Kata kunci: G20, respon, stimulus, implementasi, kepatuhan
iii
IMPLEMENTASI KEBIJAKAN STIMULUS FISKAL NEGARA G20
DALAM MENANGANI KRISIS EKONOMI GLOBAL 2008
SKRIPSI
Diajukan guna memenuhi salah satu syarat
Untuk memperoleh Gelar Sarjana Ilmu Politik pada
Fakultas Ilmu sosial Ilmu Politik
Universitas Andalas
Oleh
MUHAMMAD AZAN ADHA ELWAN
No. BP 07195035
PROGRAM STUDI ILMU HUBUNGAN INTERNASIONAL
FAKULTAS ILMU SOSIAL DAN ILMU POLITIK
UNIVERSITAS ANDALAS
PADANG
2012
Daftar Isi
Kata Pengantar ......................................................................................................... i
Abstract .................................................................................................................. iii
Daftar Isi................................................................................................................ iv
Daftar Gambar........................................................................................................ vi
Daftar Tabel .......................................................................................................... vii
Daftar Grafik ........................................................................................................ viii
Daftar Singkatan.................................................................................................... ix
BAB I PENDAHULUAN ...................................................................................... 1
1.1
Latar Belakang ......................................................................................... 1
1.2
Rumusan Masalah .................................................................................... 8
1.3
Pertanyaan Penelitian ............................................................................... 8
1.4
Tujuan....................................................................................................... 8
1.5
Manfaat..................................................................................................... 9
1.6
Studi Pustaka ............................................................................................ 9
1.7
Kerangka Konseptual ............................................................................. 14
1.7.1
Neoliberalisme Institusional........................................................... 14
1.7.2
Implementasi dan Compliance (Kepatuhan) Dalam Rezim
Internasional.................................................................................................. 23
1.8
Metodologi ............................................................................................. 28
1.8.1
Pendekatan dan Jenis Penelitian..................................................... 28
1.8.2
Batasan Penelitian ........................................................................... 28
1.8.3
Teknik Pengumpulan Data .............................................................. 28
1.8.4
Tingkat Analisa ............................................................................... 29
1.8.5
Teknik Pengolahan Data ................................................................. 30
iv
1.8.6
Sistematika Penulisan ..................................................................... 30
BAB II KRISIS EKONOMI GLOBAL DAN DAMPAKNYA ........................... 33
2.1
Krisis Ekonomi Global ........................................................................... 33
2.2
Krisis Ekonomi Global 2008 .................................................................. 39
2.2.1
Dampak Krisis Ekonomi 2008 ........................................................ 42
BAB III G20 DAN KEBIJAKAN MENGATASI KRISIS GLOBAL 2008 ....... 48
3.1
Group of Twenty Countries (G20) ......................................................... 48
3.2
Kebijakan G20 Mengatasi Krisis Ekonomi Global 2008 ....................... 53
3.2.1
Washington Summit........................................................................ 55
3.2.2
London Summit.............................................................................. 58
3.2.3
Pittsburgh Summit.......................................................................... 60
3.2.4
Toronto Summit .............................................................................. 64
3.2.5
Seoul Summit .................................................................................. 66
BAB IV PERBEDAAN RESPON NEGARA ANGGOTA G20.......................... 69
4.1
Respon Negara Anggota G20 ................................................................. 69
4.1.1
4.2
Implementasi Kebijakan Stimulus Fiskal....................................... 75
Perbedaan Respon Negara G20 .............................................................. 86
BAB V KESIMPULAN ...................................................................................... 109
4.3
Kesimpulan........................................................................................... 109
4.4
Saran ..................................................................................................... 112
Daftar Pustaka ..................................................................................................... 114
v
Daftar Gambar
Bagan 1 Relevansi Neoliberal Institusional Dengan Mutual Interest dan
Institutional Variation........................................................................................... 18
Bagan 2 Proses dan Posisi G20 Atas Krisis Ekonomi Global ............................ 100
Bagan 3 Krisis Ekonomi, G20 dan Komitmen Kebijakan Stimulus Fiskal ........ 102
Bagan 4 Kondisi G20 dan Kebijakan Mengatasi Krisis Ekonomi Dalam Kerangka
Neoliberal Institusional ....................................................................................... 105
vi
Daftar Tabel
Tabel 1 Kategori Compliance ............................................................................... 26
Tabel 2 Pertumbuhan GDP Beberapa Negara-Negara Dunia ............................... 47
Tabel 3 Besaran Kebijakan Dana Stimulus Beberapa Negara G20 ...................... 76
Tabel 4 Komposisi Stimulus Fiskal Negara-Negara G20 ..................................... 84
Tabel 5 Stimulus Negara-Negara Anggota G20 ................................................... 91
Tabel 6 Berbagai Langkah dan Respon Penanganan Krisis Ekonomi Global ...... 92
Tabel 7 Kategoriasasi Compliance Negara G20 ................................................... 98
vii
Daftar Grafik
Grafik 1 Komposisi GDP Global G20 .................................
.................................
49
Grafik 2 Pertumbuhan GDP Global 20062011....................................................
73