Quality Costs mencakup seluruh fasa
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
PERKEMBANGAN MANAJEMEN/PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS
KETERANGAN KETERANGAN KARAKTERISTIK KARAKTERISTIK PERIODE PERIODE
Metode/konsep2 yang berkembang:
1 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TOPIK 2
PENDAHULUAN: PENDAHULUAN:
Manajemen Kualitas & Perkembangannya
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
1920s
Pengendalian Kualitas (PK oleh pekerja (merangkap pemilik & inspektur) ~ Akhir
- Consumer’s/producer’s risks
- Probability of acceptance
- Operating charateristics (OC)
curve
- LTPD (Lot Tolerance Percent
Defect)
1930s PK oleh supervisor PK oleh petugas khusus (QC inspector)
- Metode sampling: double, multi- level, sequential, continuous
- Sampling by attribute • Cusum chart,etc.
Pengembangan standar PK 1950s Statistical Quality Control 1940s Penerapan Acceptance Sampling Techniques
2 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB
1920s Fokus pada aktivitas PK.
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
KETERANGAN KETERANGAN KARAKTERISTIK KARAKTERISTIK PERIODE PERIODE
- Total Quality Control (PK tidak hanya di lantai produksi)
- Zero Defect (ZD)
- Quality Circle (QC) 1960s
- Product planning
- Product design
- Production process design
- On-line productioon process control
- Market development
- Packaging • Maintenance • Product service
3 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB Quality Costs mencakup seluruh fasa
dalam daur hidup produk:
Slogan-slogan 1980s
Ide: untuk dapat menghasilkan kualitas
produk yang baik secara ekonomis tidak dapat hanya dilakukan pengecekan defects.
Organization-wide QC Quality System Quality Costs Taguchi Method
1970s
Konsep ZD & QC:
Employee motivation & involvement program
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
KETERANGAN KETERANGAN KARAKTERISTIK KARAKTERISTIK PERIODE PERIODE
Procurement Quality Assurance:
PK pada supplau bahan baku
Production Quality Control:
Mencakup seluruh aktivitas produksi yang mendukung kualitas produk
Product Quality Audit:
Evaluasi program PK organisasi (dari sisi konsumen) Bertujuan memberi manajemen pandangan konsumen mengenai produk yang dipasarkan
Pengembangan Standar Internasional
New Trend
Product Design Assurance:
- Merancang kualitas sistem yang tinggi
- Secara ekonomis, kualitas perlku dirancang ke dalam proses produksi
4 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB Ide:
PK pada desain produk (& pengaruhnya pada kualiyas produk)
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
PARADIGMA KUALITAS
counterpart to custom-craft paradigm
E. TECHNO - - CRAFT QUALITY PARADIGM CRAFT QUALITY PARADIGM FOCUS: FOCUS:
E: Socio-technical
customers & suppliers;
D: Involvement of
production processes;
C: More attention on
B: Production rate;
performance relative ti customer demands;
A: Product & product
D. TQM PARADIGM
E. TECHNO
D. TQM PARADIGM
C. STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL PRADIGM
C. STATISTICAL QUALITY CONTROL PRADIGM
B. MASS PRODUCTION & SORTING QUALITY PARADIGM
B. MASS PRODUCTION & SORTING QUALITY PARADIGM
A. CUSTOM - - CRAFT QUALITY PARADIGM CRAFT QUALITY PARADIGM
A. CUSTOM
5 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
- Kebijakan Kebijakan kualitas kualitas
Keterlibatan
- Keterlibatan Keterlibatan semua semua operasi operasi
- Pengukuran Pengukuran performansi performansi
- Teamwork Teamwork •
- Keterlibatan
- Pengembangan Pengembangan sistem sistem kualitas kualitas
- Perencanaan Perencanaan kualitas kualitas lanjut lanjut
- Ongkos Ongkos kualitas kualitas
- Keterlibatan Keterlibatan operasi operasi non non produksi produksi
- Pengendalian Pengendalian proses proses statistik statistik
- Pengembangan Pengembangan manual manual kualitas kualitas
- Data Data performansi performansi proses proses
- Inspeksi Inspeksi mandiri mandiri
- Pengujian Pengujian produk produk
- Penerapan Penerapan statistika statistika dasar dasar
- Sorting, Sorting, klasifikasi klasifikasi
- Tindakan Tindakan koreksi koreksi
- Identifikasi Identifikasi sumber sumber ketidaksesuaian ketidaksesuaian
dasar
sebab
akibat
akibat
Perencanaan
Perencanaan
kualitas
kualitas
Tindakan
dasar
Analisis
Tindakan
penyelamatan
penyelamatan
INSPEKSI
INSPEKSI (1920 (1920 ~ ) ~ ) PENGENDALIAN PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS KUALITAS (1940 (1940 ~ ) ~ ) SISTEM SISTEM PENJAMIN PENJAMIN KUALITAS KUALITAS (1970 ~ ) (1970 ~ ) MANAJEMEN MANAJEMEN KUALITAS KUALITAS TERPADU/ TERPADU/ TOTAL TOTAL (1970 ~ ) (1970 ~ ) Catatan: A = Inspeksi B = Pengendalian Kualitas C = Sistem Penjamin Kualitas D = Manajemen Kualitas Terpadu EVOLUSI SISTEM MANAJEMEN KUALITAS
6 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB A B C D
sebab
Analisis
Keterlibatan
operasi
pemasok
pemasok
&
&
konsumen
konsumen
Manajemen
operasi
terpadu
Keterlibatan
pekerja
pekerja
Manual
Manual
kualitas
kualitas
terpadu
Manajemen
Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
TOKOH KUALITAS (1)
Kualitas Obyektif: kualitas produk merupakan realitas obyektif tentang produk, • independen dari keberadaan manusia. Kualitas Subyektif: kualitas produk relatif berdasarkan persepsi , perasaan dan sense • konsumen
Pioner and visionary of modern quality control (peta-peta kendali)
Variasi tak-alamiah, disebabkan oleh sebab-sebab
Batas Kendali Atas
khusus di luar proses, seperti material, pekerja, peralatan, dll.
Garis Tengah
Variasi alamiah, terkandung dalam proses &
disebabkan oleh sebab-sebab umum (ada selama proses tidak diubah; tanggung jawab: manajemen).
Batas Kendali Bawah
7 LD/SEM II-04/05 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
TOKOH KUALITAS (2)
KAORU ISHIKAWA: PENGENDALIAN & PERBAIKAN KUALITAS KUALITAS:
“True”: pandangan konsumen tentang performansi produk • “Substitute”: pandangan produsen tentang performansi produk dalam bahasa teknis • produsen
KEPUASAN KONSUMEN:
Kesesuaian antara “true and substitute quality”
LANGKAH-LANGKAH:
1. Memahami karakteristik “true quality”;
2. Menentukan metoda untuk mengukur & menguji karaktertistik “true quality”;
3. Menemukan karakteristik pengganti & mempunyai pemahaman yang benar tentang hubungan antara “True Q” and “Substitute Q”
7 QC Tools:
Cause & effect diagram, Stratifikasi, Check Sheet, Histogram, Scatter Diagram, Pareto, Peta-2 Kendali
LD/SEM II-04/05
8
- Penentuan segmen pasar;
- Pemenuhan kebutuhan konsumen;
- Pengembangan karakterisrtik
- Transfer rencana Æ operating forces.
- Evaluasi performansi produk;
- Komparasi performansi aktual
- Pembangunan infrastruktur;
- Identifikasi proyek perbaikan;
- Pembentukan tim proyek;
- Menyediakan pelatihan SDM &
- Pengembangan proses yang dapat
9 Penetapan kendali untuk
9 Stimulasi penanganan
9 Diagnosis sebab
motivasi untuk:
& sasaran; • Tindakan terhadap perbedaan.
menghasilkan karakteristik produk;
produk sesuai dengan keinginan konsumen;
IMPROVE
IMPROVE - - MENT MENT QUALITY QUALITY CONTROL CONTROL
TRILOGI MANAJEMEN KUALITAS: QUALITY QUALITY PLANNING PLANNING QUALITY QUALITY
10 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TOKOH KUALITAS (4)
PENINGKATAN PENINGKATAN KUALITAS KUALITAS REDUKSI BIAYA REDUKSI BIAYA PENINGKATAN PENINGKATAN PRODUKTIVITAS PRODUKTIVITAS PENINGKATAN PENINGKATAN DAYA SAING DAYA SAING PERTUMBUHAN PERTUMBUHAN USAHA USAHA PERLUASAN LAPANGAN PERLUASAN LAPANGAN KERJA KERJA TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK LD/SEM II-04/05
DELAY È UTILISASI Ç
RANTAI REAKSI: W. EDWARD DEMING: MANAJEMEN KUALITAS REWORK È
9 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TOKOH KUALITAS (3)
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK LD/SEM II-04/05
mencapai goal JOSEPH M. JURAN: TRILOGI KUALITAS
Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK Penjamin kualitas & pengendalian kualitas. PENJAMIN KUALITAS (Quality Assurance) Cara untuk menjamin kualitas dalam produk sehingga konsumen dapat • membelinya dengan keyakinan dan menggunakannya dalam kurun waktu tertentu dengan keyakinan & kepuasan (Ishikawa); Semua tindakan terencana & sistematik yang diperlukan untuk memberikan • keyakinan cukup bahwa suatu produk atau jasa akan memenuhi tingkat kualitas tertentu (JIS Z 8101).
PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS (Quality Control) Teknik operasional & aktivitas untuk menjaga kualitas produk atau jasa • yang akan memuaskan kebutuhan tertentu (ANSI ZI.7 1971); TQC: sistem efektif untuk mengintegrasikan upaya pengembangan kualitas, • penjaminan kualitas, dan perbaikan kualitas dari berbagai kelompok dalam organisasi sehingga memungkinkan pemasaran, rekayasa, produksi, dan layanan pada tingkat minimum untuk memuaskan kebutuhan konsumen (customer satisfaction) secara penuh.
11 LD/SEM II-04/05 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
TOKOH KUALITAS (4) TRILOGI MANAJEMEN KUALITAS
- Semua tindakan sistematis untuk memberikan
kepercayaan bahwa suatu entiti memenuhi persyaratan kualitas.
- Dicapai melalui:
QUALITY QUALITY
9 Pengujian produk/jasa berdasarkan standar untuk
ASSURANCE ASSURANCE
membangun kapabilitas untuk memenuhinya;
9 Mengevaluasi organisasi pemasok produk/jasa berdasarkan standar untuk mengembangkan kapabilitas untuk memproduksi produk dengan standar tertentu.
QUALITY QUALITY Tindakan yang diambil dalam QUALITY QUALITY -
IMPROVE -
IMPROVE organisasi untuk meningkatkan CONTROL CONTROL MENT MENT efektivitas & proses untuk memberikan nilai tambah pada organisasi & konsumen
- Teknik & aktivitas operasional yang
digunakan untuk memenuhi persyaratan kualitas;
- Proses untuk menjaga standar melalui
proses seleks, pengukuran & koreksi kerja LD/SEM II-04/05
12
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK LD/SEM II-04/05
13 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TOKOH KUALITAS (5)
FILOSOFI CROSBY: Kualitas didefinisikan sebagai konformasi terhadap; Sistem untuk menjaga kualitas: prevention (Off-line Quality
Control); Standar perfomansi: bebas cacat (zero defect); Pengukuran kualitas: harga dari ketidaksesuaian.
PHILIP B. CROSBY: ZERO DEFECT TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK LD/SEM II-04/05
14 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB MARKET
ING MARKET
ING ENGINEERING ENGINEERING PURCHASING PURCHASING MANUFA CTUR
ING MANUFA CTURING
ENGINEERING ENGINEERING
MANUFA CTURING SUPERVISI O N MANUFA CTURING SUPERVISI O N& S H OP OPER ATION & S H OP OPER ATION MECH ANICAL I N SPECTION & MECH ANICAL I N SPECTION & FUNCTIONAL TEST FUNCTIONAL TEST SHIPPING SHIPPING
INTALLATION &
INTALLATION & SERVICE SERVICE
TOTAL QUALITY CONTROL
TOKOH KUALITAS (6) ARMAND V. FEIGENBAUM: TQC TQC (Total Quality
Control) = Konsep horisontal lintas divisi fungsional organisasi
Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
TOKOH KUALITAS (7)
Engineering approach: mencapai nilai target dengan variasi (noise) performasi produk yang minimum dalam lingkungan konsumen. Tools: teori & teknik optimasi, experimentasi design. Tiga jenis ‘noise’:
1. External Noise : variabel dalam lingkungan atau kondisi penggunaan yang
mengganggu fungsi produk (contoh: temperatur, kelembaban, dan debu);
2. Deterioration Noise atau Internal Noise : perubahan yang terjadi akibat
dari penggunaan atau penyimpanan;
3. Unit-to-unit Noise : perbedaan antar produk yang dibuat dengan spesifikasi tertentu.
Tujuan: minimasi noise melalui on-line QC (selama produksi) & off-line QC (sebelum & setelah produksi) untuk meminimumkan kerugian masyarakat. Tiga level desain:
1. Desain sistem (primer): desain fungsional dengan fokus pada teknologi
dan arsitektur produk yang relevan;
2. Desain parameter (sekunder): cara untuk mereduksi biaya dan sekaligus meningkatkan performansi tanpa menghilangkan penyebab variasi.
3. Desain toleransi (tersier): cara untuk mereduksi variasi dengan mengendalikan penyebab variasi tetapi tanpa meningkatkan biaya.
15 LD/SEM II-04/05 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
TOKOH KUALITAS (7)
SHIGEO SHINGO: PRODUCTIVITY IMPROVEMENT – SMED Pendekatan untuk mencapai Zero Defect: poka-yoke (mistake proofing) system untuk mengeliminasi defect. Mistake-proofing system concept: human- or machine-sensor based series of 100% source inspection, self-check, or successive checks to detect abnormalities when or as they occur and to correct them on the current unit of production as well as systemwide. Prinsip dasar Shingo Zero QC System: Gunakan inspeksi sumber Selalu melakukan inspeksi 100% Minimasi waktu untuk melakukan tindakan koreksi pada saat abnormalitas muncul;
LD/SEM II-04/05
16
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
ISO 9000:1994: STANDARD FOR QUALITY ASSURANCE SYSTEM Model untuk rancangan/ pengembangan produk, instalasi & pelayanan Model untuk produksi & instalasi Model untuk
inspeksi akhir &
testISO 9000
ISO 9000:
- Kumpulan standar internasional untuk sistem kualitas;
- Memspesifikasikan kebutuhan dan rekomendasi untuk perancangan dan evaluasi sistem manajemen;
- Tujuan: untuk mencapai, menjaga dan memperbaiki kualitas secara ekonomis:
- Struktur:
Standar Pelayanan
ISO 9000
ISO 9000
ISO 9002
17 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB
ISO 9001
ISO 9001
ISO 9003 TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
ISO 9004
ISO 9004
ISO 9003
ISO 9000:1994
ISO 9000:1994
ISO 9002
KOMPONEN: KOMPONEN:
4. Design Control
18. Training
10. Inspection & Testing
10. Inspection & Testing
19. Servicing
19. Servicing
9. Process Control
9. Process Control
18. Training
8. Product Identification &
20. Statistical Techniques
8. Product Identification & Traceability Traceability
11. Inspection, Measuring & Test
11. Inspection, Measuring & Test Equipment
Equipment
1. Management Responsibility
1. Management Responsibility
14. Corrective & Prevention
18 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB
20. Statistical Techniques
5. Document & Data Control
4. Design Control
17. Internal Quality Audits
13. Control of non conforming
13. Control of non conforming
product product
3. Contract Review
3. Contract Review
12. Inspection & Test Status
12. Inspection & Test Status
2. Quality System
2. Quality System
14. Corrective & Prevention
Actions Actions
5. Document & Data Control
7. Customer Supplied Product
7. Customer Supplied Product
16. Control of Quality Records
16. Control of Quality Records
6. Purchasing
6. Purchasing
15. Handling, Storage, Packaging,
15. Handling, Storage, Packaging, Preservation & Delivery Preservation & Delivery
17. Internal Quality Audits
Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
ISO 9000:2000: PROMOTING CONTINUOUS IMPROVEMENT
ISO 9000: • ISO 9000: a set of quality management standards.
- Tujuan: to facilitate international trade by providing a single set of standards that people everywhere would recognize and respect.
- Struktur: 9001:2000
9 Has 5 sections
9 More compatible to ISO 14000
- Dasar: 8 prinsip manajemen kualitas
1. Focus on your customers your customers
1. Focus on
2. Provide leadership
2. Provide leadership
3. Involve your people
3. Involve your people
4. Use a process approach
4. Use a process approach
5. Take a systems approach
5. Take a systems approach
6. Encourage continual improvement
6. Encourage continual improvement
7. Get the facts before you decide
7. Get the facts before you decide
8. Work with your suppliers
8. Work with your suppliers
19 LD/SEM II-04/05 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
ISO 9000:2000: A PROCESS BASED APPROACH
ISO 9000:2000: A PROCESS BASED APPROACH C D A P
Quality Management (System) Structure MANAGEMENT RESPONSIBILITY RESOURCE MANAGEMENT PROCESS MANAGEMENT Suppliers Inputs PROCESSES Outputs Customers
Actions of measurement, evaluation, and improvement
A
P D CLD/SEM II-04/05
20
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
21 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB Organizations are more efficient and when they use a process Organizations are more efficient and when they use a process approach. approach.
8. Organizations perform better when their decisions are based Organizations perform better when their decisions are based on facts. on facts. Therefore: Therefore:
and
information
information
9 Organizations must base decisions on the analysis of factual Organizations must base decisions on the analysis of factual
9
with their suppliers. their suppliers.
Work Work with with your your suppliers suppliers 8.
Get the facts Get the facts before you before you decide decide 7.
with
9 Organiz1ations must maintain a mutually beneficial relationship Organiz1ations must maintain a mutually beneficial relationship
9
22 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB Organizations depend on their suppliers Organizations depend on their suppliers to help them create to help them create value. value. Therefore: Therefore:
8 PRINSIP MANAJEMEN KUALITAS (1) (1)
and data. data.
7. Organizations are more efficient and effective when they Organizations are more efficient and effective when they continually continually try try to to improve. improve. Therefore: Therefore:
1. EXPLAINATION EXPLAINATION PRINCIPLE PRINCIPLE NO NO
9
9 Organizations must make a permanent commitment to Organizations must make a permanent commitment to continually continually improve their improve their overall overall performance. performance.
Encourage Encourage continual continual improvement improvement 6.
6. Organizations are more efficient and effective when they use a Organizations are more efficient and effective when they use a systems systems approach. approach. Therefore: Therefore:
9
9 Organizations must identify interrelated processes and treat Organizations must identify interrelated processes and treat
them them as as a a system. system.
9
9 Organizations must use a systems approach to manage their
Organizations must use a systems approach to manage their
their their interrelated interrelated processes. processes.
Take a Take a systems systems approach approach 5.
5. EXPLAINATION EXPLAINATION PRINCIPLE PRINCIPLE NO NO
8 PRINSIP MANAJEMEN KUALITAS
8 PRINSIP MANAJEMEN KUALITAS (2) (2)
8 PRINSIP MANAJEMEN KUALITAS
Focus on Focus on your your customers customers 1.
Therefore:
9
and
develop
develop
9 Organizations must help people to Organizations must help people to
9
9 Organizations must encourage the involvement Organizations must encourage the involvement of of people people at at all all levels. levels.
4. Organizations rely on people. Organizations rely on people. Therefore: Therefore:
use
Use a process Use a process approach approach 4.
activities and related resources. related resources.
activities and
9 Organizations must use a process approach to manage Organizations must use a process approach to manage
9
Therefore:
and
use
Organizations must exceed customer expectations.
people people to to achieve the organization's objectives. achieve the organization's objectives.
9 9 Organizations must exceed customer expectations.
9 9 Organizations must meet customer requirements. Organizations must meet customer requirements.
Organizations must understand customer needs.
9 9 Organizations must understand customer needs.
2. Organizations rely on customers. Organizations rely on customers. Therefore: Therefore:
Provide Provide leadership leadership 2.
9 Leaders must create an environment that encourages Leaders must create an environment that encourages
their
9
9 Leaders must establish a unity of purpose and set the Leaders must establish a unity of purpose and set the direction direction the the organization should take. organization should take.
9
3. Organizations rely on leaders. Organizations rely on leaders. Therefore: Therefore:
Involve Involve your your people people 3.
their abilities. abilities.
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
12. Internal Communications Process
8. Service Provision Process
10. Customer Needs Assessment Process
20. Nonconformance Management Process
2. Resource Management Process
1. Quality Management Process
9. Product Protection Process
19. Monitoring and Measuring Process
6. Purchasing Process
16. Training Process
7. Production Process
17. Internal Audit Process
3. Regulatory Research Process
18. Management Review Process
11. Customer Communications Process
13. Document Control Process
4. Market Research Process
14. Record Keeping Process
5. Product Design Process
15. Planning Process
ISO 9000:2000
ISO 9000:2000
9 It is made up of at least 21 processes (22 if you recognize that the Quality Management System as a whole is also a process). 9 21 processes:
9 A quality management system can be thought of as a single large process that uses many inputs to generate many outputs.
23 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB Pendekatan: a process approach to quality management.
21. Continual Improvement Process
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK
9 Kumpulan standar yang menyajikan model uniform untuk sistem manajemen lingkungan;
ISO 14000
- ISO 9000:
9 Model “continuous improvement”
ISO 14000
- Famili ISO 14000:
9 ISO 14020 – 14024 : Environmental Labelity
9 ISO Guide 64 : Spesifikasi produk
24 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB
9 Perencanaan
9 Implementasi & operasi
9 Pengukuran & evaluasi
9 Review & perbaikan
9 ISO 14010 – 14015 : Audit lingkungan dan aktivitas terkait
9 ISO 14001 : Spesifikasi untuk sistem manajemen lingkungan
- Cakupan:
9 Komitmen dan kebijakan
TI-3221 PENGENDALIAN KUALITAS STATISTIK LD/SEM II-04/05
25 Departemen Teknik Industri - ITB PRESIDENT
VP MANUFACTURING
VP ENGINEERING
VP FINANCE
VP MARKETING Contoh Contoh Sistem Sistem Manufakturing Manufakturing : :
Taiyo Electronics Ltd., Japan Taiyo Electronics Ltd., Japan SISTEM PERAKITAN I ( SISTEM PERAKITAN I (
Insertion Insertion
) ) ASESMEN TEKNOLOGI