Demographic and Health Survey
Indonesia Demographic and 2012 Health Survey
Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey 2012 Statistics Indonesia National Population and Family Planning Board Ministry of Health MEASURE DHS
ICF International August 2013
The 2012 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey (IDHS) was carried out by Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat
Statistik—BPS) in collaboration with the National Population and Family Planning Board (BKKBN) and the
Ministry of Health (MOH). Funding for the local costs of the survey was provided by the Government of Indonesia.
ICF International provided technical assistance under the auspices of the Demographic and Health Surveys
(MEASURE DHS) program, which is funded by the U.S. Agency for International Development (USAID).Additional information about the survey may be obtained from the Directorate for Population and Labor Force
Statistics, BPS, Jalan Dr. Sutomo No. 6-8, Jakarta 10710, Indonesia (Telephone/fax 345-6285, e-mail:
demografi@bps.go.id), or BKKBN, Jalan Permata 1, Halim Perdanakusumah, Jakarta 13650, Indonesia
(Telephone/fax 800-8557, email: pusdu@bkkbn.go.id), or the Institute for Research and Development, Ministry of
Health, Jalan Percetakan Negara 29, Jakarta 10560, Indonesia (Telephone 426-1088, fax 424-3935, email:
sesban@litbang.depkes.go.id).Additional information about the DHS program may be obtained by contacting: MEASURE DHS, ICF
International, 11785 Beltsville Drive, Suite 300, Calverton, MD 20705, USA (Telephone 301-572-0200; Fax 301-
572-0999; E-mail: reports@measuredhs.com; Internet: www.measuredhs.com). Recommended citation:Statistics Indonesia (Badan Pusat Statistik—BPS), National Population and Family Planning Board (BKKBN), and
Kementerian Kesehatan (Kemenkes—MOH), and ICF International. 2013. Indonesia Demographic and Health
Survey 2012 . Jakarta, Indonesia: BPS, BKKBN, Kemenkes, and ICF International.CONTENTS TABLES AND FIGURES ........................................................................................................................................ vii PREFACE (BPS) ....................................................................................................................................................... xv PREFACE (BKKBN) ............................................................................................................................................. xvii PREFACE (MOH) .................................................................................................................................................... xix MILLENNIUM DEVELOPMENT GOAL INDICATORS .................................................................................. xxi MAP OF INDONESIA ........................................................................................................................................... xxii
1 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1
1.1 Geography, History, and Economy ................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Population ......................................................................................................................................... 2
1.3 Population and Family Planning Policies and Programs ................................................................... 3
1.4 Health Priorities and Programs ......................................................................................................... 3
1.5 Objectives of the Survey ................................................................................................................... 4
1.6 Organization of the Survey ............................................................................................................... 5
1.7 Questionnaires ................................................................................................................................... 5
1.8 Pretest, Training, and Fieldwork ....................................................................................................... 6
1.8.1 Pretest ................................................................................................................................. 6
1.8.2 Training .............................................................................................................................. 7
1.8.3 Fieldwork ............................................................................................................................ 7
1.9 Data Processing ................................................................................................................................. 7
1.10 Response rates ................................................................................................................................... 7
2 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ............................................... 9
2.1 Housing Characteristics .................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.1 Drinking Water ................................................................................................................... 9
2.1.2 Household Sanitation Facilities ........................................................................................ 11
2.1.3 Housing Characteristics .................................................................................................... 12
2.2. Household Possessions ................................................................................................................... 14
2.3 Wealth Index ................................................................................................................................... 15
2.4 Hand Washing ................................................................................................................................. 16
2.5 Household Population by Age and Sex ........................................................................................... 17
2.6 Household Composition .................................................................................................................. 19
2.7 Birth Registration ............................................................................................................................ 19
2.8 Education of Household Population ................................................................................................ 20
3 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ........................................................................................... 23
3.1 Characteristic of Survey Respondents ............................................................................................. 23
3.2 Educational Attainment ................................................................................................................... 24
3.3 Literacy ........................................................................................................................................... 26
3.4 Exposure to Mass Media ................................................................................................................. 28
3.5 Employment .................................................................................................................................... 29
3.5.1 Employment status ............................................................................................................ 29
3.5.2 Occupation ........................................................................................................................ 32
3.5.3 Type of employment ......................................................................................................... 34
3.6 Health Insurance Coverage ............................................................................................................. 35
3.7 Lifestyle Measures .......................................................................................................................... 37 Contents
Contents
7.2.4 Timing of Sterilization ...................................................................................................... 85
7.1 Knowledge of Family Planning ...................................................................................................... 73
7.1.1 Knowledge of Contraceptive Methods ............................................................................. 73
7.1.2 Knowledge of Fertile Period ............................................................................................. 75
7.1.3 Exposure to Family Planning IEC .................................................................................... 76
7.1.4 Contact of Nonusers with Fieldworkers/Health Providers about Family Planning .......... 79
7.2 Current Use of Family Planning ..................................................................................................... 80
7.2.1 Current Use of Contraception by Age .............................................................................. 80
7.2.2 Current Use of Contraception by Background Characteristics ......................................... 81
7.2.3 Trends in Contraception by Background Characteristics .................................................. 83
7.2.5 Source of Methods ............................................................................................................ 85
6.4 Wanted Fertility Rates .................................................................................................................... 71
7.2.6 Informed Choice ............................................................................................................... 86
7.2.7 Pill Use Compliance ......................................................................................................... 88
7.2.8 Quality of Use of Injectables ............................................................................................ 89
7.2.9 Problems with Current Method ......................................................................................... 90
7.2.10 Cost of Contraceptive Use ................................................................................................ 91
7.3 Nonuse and Intention to Use Family Planning ................................................................................ 92
7.3.1 Discontinuation Rates ....................................................................................................... 92
7.3.2 Reason for Discontinuation of Contraceptive Use ............................................................ 93
7.3.3 Need for Family Planning Services .................................................................................. 94
7.3.4 Intention to Use in the Future ........................................................................................... 97
7 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................................ 73
6.3 Planned Fertility .............................................................................................................................. 69
4 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY ................................................................................................. 41
5.2.2 Differentials in Current and Completed Fertility .............................................................. 51
4.1 Current Marital Status ..................................................................................................................... 41
4.2 Polygyny ......................................................................................................................................... 42
4.3 Median Age at First Marriage ......................................................................................................... 43
4.4 Age at First Sexual Intercourse ....................................................................................................... 45
4.5 Median Age at First Sexual Intercourse .......................................................................................... 46
4.6 Recent Sexual Activity .................................................................................................................... 47
5 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................................. 49
5.1 Assessment of the 2012 IDHS Fertility Data .................................................................................. 49
5.2 Fertility Levels and Differentials .................................................................................................... 50
5.2.1 Fertility Levels .................................................................................................................. 50
5.3 Fertility Trends ................................................................................................................................ 53
6.2 Ideal Family Size ............................................................................................................................ 67
5.3.1 Evidence from Retrospective Data ................................................................................... 53
5.3.2 Evidence from Comparisons with Previous IDHS Surveys .............................................. 53
5.4 Children Ever Born and Living ....................................................................................................... 54
5.5 Birth Intervals ................................................................................................................................. 55
5.6 Postpartum Amenorrhea, Abstinence, and Insusceptibility ............................................................ 57
5.7 Menopause ...................................................................................................................................... 59
5.8 Age at First Birth ............................................................................................................................ 59
5.9 Teenage Pregnancy and Motherhood .............................................................................................. 60
6 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 63
6.1 Desire for Additional Children ........................................................................................................ 64
7.3.5 Reason for Nonuse ............................................................................................................ 98
Contents
11.1 Initial Breastfeeding ...................................................................................................................... 151
10.1 Child’s Size at Birth ...................................................................................................................... 131
10.2 Immunization of Children ............................................................................................................. 133
10.2.1 Immunization Coverage for Children age 12-23 Months ............................................... 134
10.3 Childhood Illness and Treatment .................................................................................................. 139
10.3.1 Acute Respiratory Infection (ARI) ................................................................................. 140
10.3.2 Fever ............................................................................................................................... 141
10.3.3 Diarrhea .......................................................................................................................... 142
10.4 Disposal of Stools ......................................................................................................................... 148
11 INFANT FEEDING .................................................................................................................................. 151
11.2 Age Patterns of Breastfeeding ....................................................................................................... 153
9.4 Problems in Accessing Health Care .............................................................................................. 128
11.3 Duration and Frequency of Breastfeeding .................................................................................... 155
11.4 Types of Complementary Foods ................................................................................................... 156
11.5 Infant and Young Child Feeding Practices ................................................................................... 158
11.6 Micronutrient Intake Among Children .......................................................................................... 160
11.7 Micronutrient Intake Among Mothers .......................................................................................... 162
12 HIV- AND AIDS-RELATED KNOWLEDGE, ATTITUDES, AND BEHAVIOR ............................. 165
12.1 Knowledge of HIV-AIDS and Transmission and Prevention Methods ........................................ 166
12.1.1 Knowledge of HIV-AIDS ............................................................................................... 166
12.1.2 Knowledge of HIV Prevention Methods ........................................................................ 168
12.1.3 Comprehensive Knowledge about AIDS ........................................................................ 169
10 CHILD HEALTH ...................................................................................................................................... 131
9.3.4 Provider of First Postnatal Checkup for the Newborn .................................................... 127
8 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................................... 99
9.1.2 Number of Antenatal Care Visits and Timing of First Visit ........................................... 113
8.1 Assessment of Data Quality .......................................................................................................... 100
8.2 Levels and Trends in Infant and Child Mortality .......................................................................... 101
8.3 Socioeconomic Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality .......................................................... 104
8.4 Demographic Differentials in Infant and Child Mortality ............................................................. 105
8.5 Perinatal Mortality ........................................................................................................................ 106
8.6 High-risk Fertility Behavior .......................................................................................................... 108
9 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH .................................................................................................................. 111
9.1 Antenatal Care .............................................................................................................................. 112
9.1.1 Antenatal Care ................................................................................................................ 112
9.1.3 Components of Antenatal Care ....................................................................................... 114
9.3.3 Timing of First Postnatal Checkup for the Newborn ...................................................... 126
9.1.4 Tetanus Toxoid Injections .............................................................................................. 115
9.1.5 Complications of Pregnancy ........................................................................................... 117
9.2 Delivery Care ................................................................................................................................ 118
9.2.1 Place of Delivery ............................................................................................................ 118
9.2.2 Assistance during Delivery ............................................................................................. 120
9.2.3 Preparation for Delivery ................................................................................................. 122
9.2.4 Complications during Delivery ....................................................................................... 123
9.3 Postnatal Care ............................................................................................................................... 124
9.3.1 Timing of First Postnatal Checkup for the Mother ......................................................... 124
9.3.2 Provider of First Postnatal Checkup for the Mother ....................................................... 125
12.1.4 Knowledge of Prevention of Mother-to-Child Transmission of HIV ............................. 171
12.2 Accepting Attitudes toward those Living with HIV and AIDS and Attitudes toward
Negotiating Safer Sexual Relations with Husband ....................................................................... 17212.2.1 Accepting Attitudes toward Those Living with HIV and AIDS ..................................... 172
12.2.2 Attitudes toward Negotiating Safer Sexual Relations with Husband.............................. 174
12.3 Payment for Sexual Intercourse and Condom Use at Last Paid Sexual Intercourse ..................... 175
12.4 Self-Reporting of Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs) and STI Symptoms ............................ 176
12.5 Prevalence of Medical Injections .................................................................................................. 177
12.6 Comprehensive Knowledge about AIDS and Source of Condoms among Youth ........................ 179
12.7 Age at First Sexual Intercourse among Young People .................................................................. 180
12.8 Source of Information on HIV-AIDS ............................................................................................ 181
13 WOMEN’S EMPOWERMENT AND DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH OUTCOMES ................. 185
13.1 Employment and Cash Earnings of Currently Married Women And Men ................................... 185
13.2 Control over Earnings ................................................................................................................... 186
13.2.1 Control over and Relative Magnitude of Women’s Earnings ......................................... 186
13.2.2 Control over Men’s Earnings .......................................................................................... 187
13.2.3 Women’s Control over Their Own Earnings and over Those of Their Husbands .......... 188
13.3 Women’s and Men’s Ownership of Assets ................................................................................... 189
13.4 Participation in Decision Making .................................................................................................. 191
13.5 Attitude Toward Wife Beating ...................................................................................................... 195
13.6 Indicators of Women’s Empowerment ......................................................................................... 197
13.7 Women’s Empowerment and Health Indicators ........................................................................... 198
14 FATHER’S PARTICIPATION IN FAMILY HEALTH CARE ........................................................... 201
14.1 Antenatal Care .............................................................................................................................. 201
14.2 Preparation for Delivery ................................................................................................................ 203
14.3 Contact with Health Provider ........................................................................................................ 204
14.4 Diarrhea Treatment ....................................................................................................................... 205
14.5 Knowledge about Children’s Immunization ................................................................................. 206
15 ADULT AND MATERNAL MORTALITY ........................................................................................... 209
15.1 Data ............................................................................................................................................... 209
15.2 Direct Estimates of Adult Mortality .............................................................................................. 211
15.3 Estimates of Maternal Mortality ................................................................................................... 212
15.4 Trends in Maternal Mortality ........................................................................................................ 213 REFERENCES ........................................................................................................................................................ 217 APPENDIX A PROVINCIAL TABLES ............................................................................................................ 221 APPENDIX B SURVEY DESIGN ...................................................................................................................... 315 APPENDIX C SAMPLING ERRORS ............................................................................................................... 325 APPENDIX D DATA QUALITY TABLES ....................................................................................................... 365 APPENDIX E PERSONS INVOLVED IN THE 2012 INDONESIA DEMOGRAPHIC AND HEALTH SURVEY .................................................................................................................... 371 APPENDIX F QUESTIONNAIRES .................................................................................................................. 387
Contents
Tables and Figures TABLES AND FIGURES
Use of tobacco: Women .................................................................................................... 38
Table 3.4.2 Exposure to mass media: Men .......................................................................................... 29Table 3.5.1 Employment status: Women ............................................................................................. 30Table 3.5.2 Employment status: Men .................................................................................................. 32Table 3.6.1 Occupation: Women ......................................................................................................... 33Table 3.6.2 Occupation: Men .............................................................................................................. 34Table 3.7 Type of employment: Women .......................................................................................... 35Table 3.8.1 Health insurance coverage: Women ................................................................................. 36Table 3.8.2 Health insurance coverage: Men ....................................................................................... 37 Table 3.9.1Table 3.9.2 Use of tobacco: Men ......................................................................................................... 39Table 3.3.2 Literacy: Men ................................................................................................................... 27Figure 3.1 Women’s employment status in the past 12 months ......................................................... 314 MARRIAGE AND SEXUAL ACTIVITY ................................................................................................. 41
Table 4.1 Current marital status ........................................................................................................ 42Table 4.2 Number of men's wives .................................................................................................... 42Table 4.3 Median age at first marriage by background characteristics ............................................. 43Table 4.4 Age at first sexual intercourse .......................................................................................... 45Table 4.5 Median age at first sexual intercourse by background characteristics .............................. 46Table 4.6 Recent sexual activity: Women ........................................................................................ 48Table 3.4.1 Exposure to mass media: Women ..................................................................................... 28Table 3.3.1 Literacy: Women .............................................................................................................. 271 INTRODUCTION ......................................................................................................................................... 1
Table 2.6 Hand washing ................................................................................................................... 17Table 1.1 Basic demographic indicators ............................................................................................. 2Table 1.2 Results of the household and individual interviews ............................................................ 82 HOUSING CHARACTERISTICS AND HOUSEHOLD POPULATION ............................................... 9
Table 2.1 Household drinking water ................................................................................................. 10Table 2.2 Household sanitation facilities .......................................................................................... 12Table 2.3 Household characteristics ................................................................................................. 13Table 2.4 Household possessions ..................................................................................................... 14Table 2.5 Wealth quintiles ................................................................................................................ 16Table 2.7 Household population by age, sex, and residence............................................................. 18Table 3.2.2 Educational attainment: Men ............................................................................................ 26Table 2.8 Household composition .................................................................................................... 19Table 2.9 Birth registration of children under age 5 ......................................................................... 20Table 2.10.1 Educational attainment of the female household population ............................................ 21Table 2.10.2 Educational attainment of the male household population ............................................... 21Figure 2.1 Population pyramid of Indonesia ...................................................................................... 18Figure 2.2 Age-specific attendance rates of the de facto population age 5-24 ................................... 223 CHARACTERISTICS OF RESPONDENTS ........................................................................................... 23
Table 3.1 Background characteristics of respondents ....................................................................... 24Table 3.2.1 Educational attainment: Women ....................................................................................... 25Figure 4.1 Trends in median age at first marriage of ever-married women age 25-49 ...................... 44Tables and Figures
Table 7.6 Contact of nonusers with fieldworkers/health providers about family planning .............. 79Figure 6.1 Desire for another child .................................................................................................... 657 FAMILY PLANNING ................................................................................................................................ 73
Table 7.1 Knowledge of contraceptive methods ............................................................................... 74Table 7.2 Knowledge of contraceptive methods by background characteristics .............................. 75Table 7.3 Knowledge of fertile period .............................................................................................. 75Table 7.4.1 Exposure to family planning messages through mass media: currently married women .............................................................................................................................. 77Table 7.4.2 Exposure to family planning messages through mass media: men ................................... 77Table 7.5 Exposure to family planning messages through personal contact ..................................... 78Table 7.7.1 Current use of contraception by age: Women ................................................................... 80Table 6.5 Fertility planning status .................................................................................................... 70Table 7.7.2 Current use of contraception by age: Men ........................................................................ 81Table 7.8.1 Current use of contraception by background characteristics: All women ......................... 82Table 7.8.2 Current use of contraception by background characteristics: Currently married women .............................................................................................................................. 82Table 7.9 Trends in use of specific contraceptive methods, Indonesia 1991-2012 ........................... 84Table 7.10 Timing of sterilization ...................................................................................................... 85Table 7.11 Source of modern contraception methods ......................................................................... 86Table 7.12 Informed choice ................................................................................................................ 87Table 7.13 Pill use compliance ........................................................................................................... 89Table 7.14 Use of injectables .............................................................................................................. 90Table 6.6 Wanted fertility rates ........................................................................................................ 71Table 6.4 Mean ideal number of children ......................................................................................... 695 FERTILITY ................................................................................................................................................. 49
Table 5.9 Menopause ........................................................................................................................ 59Table 5.1 Current fertility ................................................................................................................. 50Table 5.2 Fertility by background characteristics ............................................................................. 52Table 5.3 Trends in age-specific fertility rates ................................................................................. 53Table 5.4 Trends in current fertility rates ......................................................................................... 54Table 5.5 Children ever born and living ........................................................................................... 55Table 5.6 Birth intervals ................................................................................................................... 56Table 5.7 Postpartum amenorrhea, abstinence and insusceptibility .................................................. 57Table 5.8 Median duration of amenorrhea, postpartum abstinence, and postpartum insusceptibility .................................................................................................................. 59Table 5.10 Age at first birth ................................................................................................................ 60Table 6.3 Ideal number of children by number of living children .................................................... 68Table 5.11 Median age at first birth .................................................................................................... 60Table 5.12 Teenage pregnancy and motherhood ................................................................................ 61Figure 5.1 Age-specific fertility rates by residence ........................................................................... 51Figure 5.2 Trend in total fertility rate, 1991-2012 ............................................................................. 54Figure 5.3 Percentage amenorrheic and abstaining by months since birth ......................................... 586 FERTILITY PREFERENCES ................................................................................................................... 63
Table 6.1 Fertility preferences by number of living children ........................................................... 64Table 6.2.1 Desire to limit childbearing: Women ................................................................................ 66Table 6.2.2 Desire to limit childbearing: Men ..................................................................................... 66Table 7.15 Problems with current method of contraception ............................................................... 90Tables and Figures
Table 9.13 Timing of first postnatal checkup for the newborn ......................................................... 127Table 9.5 Complications during pregnancy .................................................................................... 117Table 9.6 Place of delivery ............................................................................................................. 119Table 9.7 Assistance during delivery: the most qualified person ................................................... 121Table 9.8 Assistance during delivery: the least qualified person .................................................... 122Table 9.9 Preparation for delivery .................................................................................................. 123Table 9.10 Complications during delivery ........................................................................................ 124Table 9.11 Timing of first postnatal checkup ................................................................................... 125Table 9.12 Type of provider of first postnatal checkup for the mother ............................................ 126Table 9.14 Type of provider of first postnatal checkup for the newborn .......................................... 128Table 9.3 Components of antenatal care ......................................................................................... 115Table 9.15 Problems in accessing health care ................................................................................... 129Figure 9.1 Trend in timing of first ANC visit .................................................................................. 114Figure 9.2 Actions taken in response to pregnancy complications .................................................. 118Figure 9.3 Trend in percentage of births delivered in a health facility and at home ........................ 12010 CHILD HEALTH ...................................................................................................................................... 131
Table 10.1 Child’s weight and size at birth ...................................................................................... 132Table 10.2 Vaccinations by source of information ........................................................................... 135Table 10.3 Vaccinations by background characteristics ................................................................... 137Table 10.4 Prevalence and treatment of symptoms of ARI .............................................................. 140Table 9.4 Tetanus toxoid injections ................................................................................................ 116Table 9.2 Number of antenatal care visits and timing of first visit ................................................. 113Table 7.16 Payment for contraceptive methods and services ............................................................. 918 INFANT AND CHILD MORTALITY ...................................................................................................... 99
Table 7.17 Mean cost of contraceptive methods and services ............................................................ 92Table 7.18 Twelve-month contraceptive discontinuation rates .......................................................... 93Table 7.19 Reasons for discontinuation .............................................................................................. 93Table 7.20 Need and demand for family planning among currently married women ........................ 95Table 7.21 Unmet need, current use, and demand for family planning, Indonesia 1991-2012 ........... 96Table 7.22 Future use of contraception ............................................................................................... 97Table 7.23 Reason for not intending to use contraception in the future ............................................. 98Figure 7.1 Trends in contraceptive use among currently married women, 1991-2012 ...................... 84Figure 7.2 Trends in unmet need, 1991-2012 .................................................................................... 97Table 8.1 Early childhood mortality rates ....................................................................................... 102Table 9.1 Antenatal care ................................................................................................................. 112Table 8.2 Trends in early childhood mortality ................................................................................ 102Table 8.3 Early childhood mortality rates by socioeconomic characteristics ................................. 105Table 8.4 Early childhood mortality rates by demographic characteristics .................................... 106Table 8.5 Perinatal mortality .......................................................................................................... 107Table 8.6 High-risk fertility behavior ............................................................................................. 108Figure 8.1 Reported age at death in months ..................................................................................... 101Figure 8.2 Trend in neonatal, infant, and under-5 mortality, IDHS 1991-2012 ............................... 103Figure 8.3 Trend in infant mortality rate, selected sources, Indonesia 1971-2012 ........................... 1049 REPRODUCTIVE HEALTH .................................................................................................................. 111
Table 10.5 Prevalence and treatment of fever ................................................................................... 142Tables and Figures
Table 12.6 Attitudes toward negotiating safer sexual relations with husband .................................. 175Table 12.1 Knowledge of AIDS ....................................................................................................... 167Table 12.2 Knowledge of HIV prevention methods ......................................................................... 168Table 12.3.1 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS: Women .......................................................... 170Table 12.3.2 Comprehensive knowledge about AIDS: Currently married men age 15-54.................. 171Table 12.4 Knowledge of prevention of mother to child transmission of HIV ................................. 172Table 12.5.1 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV-AIDS: Women age 15-49 ................ 173Table 12.5.2 Accepting attitudes toward those living with HIV-AIDS: Currently married men age 15-54................................................................................................................. 174Table 12.7 Payment for sexual intercourse and condom use at last paid sexual intercourse ............ 176IYCF indicators on minimum acceptable diet ................................................................ 160