Hubungan Kebiasaan Merokok dengan Timbulnya Radikal Bebas
DAFTAR PUSTAKA
Ambrose, J.A., Barua, R.S., 2004. The Patophysiology of Cigarette Smoking and
Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of the American College of
Cardiology 43 (10): 1731-1737.
Aini, N., 2013. Faktor-faktor psikologis yang menentukan perilaku merokok pada
mahasiswi kedokteran di Universitas Hasanuddin tahun 2013.
Aoshiba, K., Nagai, A., 2003. Oxidative Stress, Cell Death, and Other Damage to
Alveolar Epithelial Cells Induced by Cigarette Smoke. Tobacco
Induced Diseases 1 (3): 219-226.
Asami, S., Manabe, H., Miyake, J., Tsurudone, Y., Hirano, T., 1997. Cigarette
smoking induces an increase in oxidative DNA damage, 8hydroxydeoxyguanosine,
in
a
central
site
of
human
lung.
Carcinogenesis 1997 (18):1763–1766.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 2010. Riset Kesehatan Dasar.
Kementerian
Kesehatan
RI.
Available
from:
htt://www.riskesdas.litbang.depkes.go.id. [Accessed 15 April 2013].
Bagchi, K., Puri, S., 1998. Free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease.
East Mediterranean Health Jr. 98 (4): 350–60.
Bustan, M.N., 2007. Epidemiologi Penyakit Tidak Menular. Cetakan kedua (Edisi
Revisi). Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Carmona, R., 2004. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the
Surgeon General. Washington D.C.: National Library of Medicine
Cataloging.
Dalle-Donne, I., Rossi, R., Colombo, R., Giustarini, D., Milzani, A., 2006.
Biomarkers
of
Oxidative
Damage
in
Human
Disease.
Dalam:Arkhaesi, N., 2008. Kadar Malondialdehyde Serum sebagai
Indikator Prognosis Keluaran pada Sepsis Neonatorum. Tesis Program
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Pascasarjana Magister Ilmu Biomedik dan Program Pendidikan
Dokter Spesialis-Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. Universitas Diponegoro.
Devasagayam, T.P.A., Boloor, K.K., Ramasarma, T., 2006. Methods for
estimating lipid peroxidation: An analysis of merits and demerits.
Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics 40: 300–308.
Gunari, A., 2010. Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan bahaya rokok dengan sikap dan
perilaku pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran Universitas Islam
Indonesia angkatan 2006.
Halliwell, B 2012. Free radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal view.
Nutrition Reviews 70(5): 257-265.
Hecht, S., 1999, Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. Journal Of The
National Cancer Institute 91 (14): 1194-1210.
Hoffmann, D., Djordjevic, M., & Hoffmann, I., 1997. The changing cigarette,
Preventive Medicine 26 (4): 427-434.
Huang, M.F., Lin, W.L., Ma, Y.C., 2005. A study of reactive oxygen species in
mainstream of cigarette. Indoor Air 2005 (15): 135–140.
Husain, N., Anil, K., 2012. Reactive Oxygen Species and Natural Antioxidants :
A Review. Advances in Bioresearch 3 (4).
Jaiswal, A.S., Connors, S.K., Armas, M.L., Panda, H., Narayan, S., Gairola, C.G.,
2011. Cigarette Smoke, DNA Damage Repair, and Human Health.
Encyclopedia of Environmental Health : 669–679.
Konig, D., Berg, A., 2002. Exercise and Oxidative Stress: Is There A need for
Additional antioxidant Osterreichisches. Dalam:Arkhaesi, N., 2008.
Kadar Malondialdehyde Serum sebagai Indikator Prognosis Keluaran
pada Sepsis Neonatorum. Tesis Program Pascasarjana Magister Ilmu
Biomedik dan Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis-Ilmu Kesehatan
Anak. Universitas Diponegoro.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kumar, S., 2011. Free Radicals and Antioxidants: Human and Food System.
Advances in Applied Science Research 2 (1): 129-135.
Leaderson, P., Tagesson, C., 1990. Cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage in
cultured human cells: role of hydroquinone and catechol in the
formation of oxidative DNA-adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine.
Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1990(75): 71–81.
Liu, T., Stern, A., Roberts, L., & Morrow, J., 1999. The isoprostanes: novel
prostaglandin-like products of the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation
of arachidonic acid. Journal Of Biomedical Science 6 (4): 226-235.
Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., & Chandra, N., 2010. Free radicals, antioxidants
and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy
Reviews 4 (8): 118-126.
Maharani, T. D., 2011. Perilaku merokok pada dosen pria fakultas kedokteran
Undip.
Miller, E, Appel, L, Jiang, L, & Risby, T, 1997, Association between cigarette
smoking and lipid peroxidation in a controlled feeding study,
Circulation, 96(4): 1097-1101.
Montano, M., Cisneros, J., Ramirez-Venegas, A., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., Mercado,
D., Ramos, C., Sansores, R.H., 2010. Malondialdehyde and
superoxide dismutase correlate with FEV(1) in patients with COPD
associated with wood smoke exposure and tobacco smoking.
Inhalation Toxicology [Inhal Toxico] 22 (10): 868-74
McCord, J., 2000. The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress. The
American Journal Of Medicine 108 (8): 652-659.
Nagamma, T., Anjaneyulu, K., Baxi, J., Dayaram, P., Singh, P., 2011. Effects of
cigarette smoking on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in
Universitas Sumatera Utara
cancer patients from Western Nepal. Asian Pacific Journal Of Cancer
Prevention: APJCP 12(1): 313-316.
Peterson, L.A., Urban, A.M., Hecht, S.S., 2010. Carcinogenic Effects of Cigarette
Smoke on the Respiratory Tract. Comprehensive Toxicology 8: 351–
377.
Pryor, W.A., 1997. Cigarette Smoke Radicals and the Role of Free Radicals in
Chemical Carcinogenicity. Environmental Health Perspectives 105
(4): 351–377.
Rao, A.L., Bharani, M., Pallavi, V., 2006. Role of antioxidants and free radicals in
health and disease. Adv Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006 (7): 29-38
Rock, C.L., Jacob, R.A., Bowen, P.E., 1996. Update to biological characteristics
of the antioxidant micronutrients-Vitamin C,Vitamin E and the
carotenoids. J Am Diet Assoc 1996 (96): 693-702.
Reilly, P.M., Schiller, H.J., Bulkley, G.B., 1991. Pharmacologic approach to
tissue injury mediated by free radical and other reactive oxygen
metabolites. Dalam:Arkhaesi, N., 2008. Kadar Malondialdehyde
Serum sebagai Indikator Prognosis Keluaran pada Sepsis Neonatorum.
Tesis Program Pascasarjana Magister Ilmu Biomedik dan Program
Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis-Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. Universitas
Diponegoro.
Sitepoe, M., 1997. Usaha Mencegah Bahaya Merokok. Jakarta: Penerbit PT
Grasindo.
Sitepoe, M., 2000. Kekhususan Rokok Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Grasindo.
Suradi, 2007. Pengaruh Rokok pada Penyakit Paru Obstruksi Kronik (PPOK)
Tinjauan Patogenesis, Klinis dan Sosial. Pidato Pengukuhan Guru
Besar Pulmonologi dan Ilmu Kedokteran Respirasi Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret. 10 Maret 2007.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Trihono, 2010. Fakta Tembakau Permasalahannya di Indonesia. Jakarta: Tobacco
Control Support Center (TCSC) - Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat
Indonesia (IAKMI).
Valavanidis, A., Vlachogianni, T., Fiotakis, K., 2009. Tobacco Smoke:
Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species and Stable Free Radicals in
Mechanisms of Oxidative Damage, Carciogenesis and Synergistic
Effects with Other Respirable Particles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public
Health (6): 445–462.
World Health Organisation (WHO), 2002. Tobacco Atlas 2002.
World Health Organisation (WHO), 2009. Tobacco Atlas 2009.
World Health Organisation, 2013. Tobbaco Fact Sheet. Whorld Health
Organisation.
Available
from:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/index.html.
[Accessed 15 May 2013].
World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for South-East Asia, 2006.
Global Health Professional Survey (GHPS) Indonesia 2006.
Departemen Pulmonologi dan Respiratori Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Indonesia / Rumah Sakit Persahabatan.
Young, I., & Woodside, J., 2001. Antioxidants in health and disease. Journal Of
Clinical Pathology 54 (3): 176-186.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Ambrose, J.A., Barua, R.S., 2004. The Patophysiology of Cigarette Smoking and
Cardiovascular Disease. Journal of the American College of
Cardiology 43 (10): 1731-1737.
Aini, N., 2013. Faktor-faktor psikologis yang menentukan perilaku merokok pada
mahasiswi kedokteran di Universitas Hasanuddin tahun 2013.
Aoshiba, K., Nagai, A., 2003. Oxidative Stress, Cell Death, and Other Damage to
Alveolar Epithelial Cells Induced by Cigarette Smoke. Tobacco
Induced Diseases 1 (3): 219-226.
Asami, S., Manabe, H., Miyake, J., Tsurudone, Y., Hirano, T., 1997. Cigarette
smoking induces an increase in oxidative DNA damage, 8hydroxydeoxyguanosine,
in
a
central
site
of
human
lung.
Carcinogenesis 1997 (18):1763–1766.
Badan Penelitian dan Pengembangan Kesehatan, 2010. Riset Kesehatan Dasar.
Kementerian
Kesehatan
RI.
Available
from:
htt://www.riskesdas.litbang.depkes.go.id. [Accessed 15 April 2013].
Bagchi, K., Puri, S., 1998. Free radicals and antioxidants in health and disease.
East Mediterranean Health Jr. 98 (4): 350–60.
Bustan, M.N., 2007. Epidemiologi Penyakit Tidak Menular. Cetakan kedua (Edisi
Revisi). Jakarta: PT Rineka Cipta.
Carmona, R., 2004. The Health Consequences of Smoking: A Report of the
Surgeon General. Washington D.C.: National Library of Medicine
Cataloging.
Dalle-Donne, I., Rossi, R., Colombo, R., Giustarini, D., Milzani, A., 2006.
Biomarkers
of
Oxidative
Damage
in
Human
Disease.
Dalam:Arkhaesi, N., 2008. Kadar Malondialdehyde Serum sebagai
Indikator Prognosis Keluaran pada Sepsis Neonatorum. Tesis Program
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Pascasarjana Magister Ilmu Biomedik dan Program Pendidikan
Dokter Spesialis-Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. Universitas Diponegoro.
Devasagayam, T.P.A., Boloor, K.K., Ramasarma, T., 2006. Methods for
estimating lipid peroxidation: An analysis of merits and demerits.
Indian Journal of Biochemistry & Biophysics 40: 300–308.
Gunari, A., 2010. Hubungan tingkat pengetahuan bahaya rokok dengan sikap dan
perilaku pada mahasiswa fakultas kedokteran Universitas Islam
Indonesia angkatan 2006.
Halliwell, B 2012. Free radicals and antioxidants: updating a personal view.
Nutrition Reviews 70(5): 257-265.
Hecht, S., 1999, Tobacco smoke carcinogens and lung cancer. Journal Of The
National Cancer Institute 91 (14): 1194-1210.
Hoffmann, D., Djordjevic, M., & Hoffmann, I., 1997. The changing cigarette,
Preventive Medicine 26 (4): 427-434.
Huang, M.F., Lin, W.L., Ma, Y.C., 2005. A study of reactive oxygen species in
mainstream of cigarette. Indoor Air 2005 (15): 135–140.
Husain, N., Anil, K., 2012. Reactive Oxygen Species and Natural Antioxidants :
A Review. Advances in Bioresearch 3 (4).
Jaiswal, A.S., Connors, S.K., Armas, M.L., Panda, H., Narayan, S., Gairola, C.G.,
2011. Cigarette Smoke, DNA Damage Repair, and Human Health.
Encyclopedia of Environmental Health : 669–679.
Konig, D., Berg, A., 2002. Exercise and Oxidative Stress: Is There A need for
Additional antioxidant Osterreichisches. Dalam:Arkhaesi, N., 2008.
Kadar Malondialdehyde Serum sebagai Indikator Prognosis Keluaran
pada Sepsis Neonatorum. Tesis Program Pascasarjana Magister Ilmu
Biomedik dan Program Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis-Ilmu Kesehatan
Anak. Universitas Diponegoro.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Kumar, S., 2011. Free Radicals and Antioxidants: Human and Food System.
Advances in Applied Science Research 2 (1): 129-135.
Leaderson, P., Tagesson, C., 1990. Cigarette smoke-induced DNA damage in
cultured human cells: role of hydroquinone and catechol in the
formation of oxidative DNA-adduct, 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine.
Chem.-Biol. Interact. 1990(75): 71–81.
Liu, T., Stern, A., Roberts, L., & Morrow, J., 1999. The isoprostanes: novel
prostaglandin-like products of the free radical-catalyzed peroxidation
of arachidonic acid. Journal Of Biomedical Science 6 (4): 226-235.
Lobo, V., Patil, A., Phatak, A., & Chandra, N., 2010. Free radicals, antioxidants
and functional foods: Impact on human health. Pharmacognosy
Reviews 4 (8): 118-126.
Maharani, T. D., 2011. Perilaku merokok pada dosen pria fakultas kedokteran
Undip.
Miller, E, Appel, L, Jiang, L, & Risby, T, 1997, Association between cigarette
smoking and lipid peroxidation in a controlled feeding study,
Circulation, 96(4): 1097-1101.
Montano, M., Cisneros, J., Ramirez-Venegas, A., Pedraza-Chaverri, J., Mercado,
D., Ramos, C., Sansores, R.H., 2010. Malondialdehyde and
superoxide dismutase correlate with FEV(1) in patients with COPD
associated with wood smoke exposure and tobacco smoking.
Inhalation Toxicology [Inhal Toxico] 22 (10): 868-74
McCord, J., 2000. The evolution of free radicals and oxidative stress. The
American Journal Of Medicine 108 (8): 652-659.
Nagamma, T., Anjaneyulu, K., Baxi, J., Dayaram, P., Singh, P., 2011. Effects of
cigarette smoking on lipid peroxidation and antioxidant status in
Universitas Sumatera Utara
cancer patients from Western Nepal. Asian Pacific Journal Of Cancer
Prevention: APJCP 12(1): 313-316.
Peterson, L.A., Urban, A.M., Hecht, S.S., 2010. Carcinogenic Effects of Cigarette
Smoke on the Respiratory Tract. Comprehensive Toxicology 8: 351–
377.
Pryor, W.A., 1997. Cigarette Smoke Radicals and the Role of Free Radicals in
Chemical Carcinogenicity. Environmental Health Perspectives 105
(4): 351–377.
Rao, A.L., Bharani, M., Pallavi, V., 2006. Role of antioxidants and free radicals in
health and disease. Adv Pharmacol Toxicol. 2006 (7): 29-38
Rock, C.L., Jacob, R.A., Bowen, P.E., 1996. Update to biological characteristics
of the antioxidant micronutrients-Vitamin C,Vitamin E and the
carotenoids. J Am Diet Assoc 1996 (96): 693-702.
Reilly, P.M., Schiller, H.J., Bulkley, G.B., 1991. Pharmacologic approach to
tissue injury mediated by free radical and other reactive oxygen
metabolites. Dalam:Arkhaesi, N., 2008. Kadar Malondialdehyde
Serum sebagai Indikator Prognosis Keluaran pada Sepsis Neonatorum.
Tesis Program Pascasarjana Magister Ilmu Biomedik dan Program
Pendidikan Dokter Spesialis-Ilmu Kesehatan Anak. Universitas
Diponegoro.
Sitepoe, M., 1997. Usaha Mencegah Bahaya Merokok. Jakarta: Penerbit PT
Grasindo.
Sitepoe, M., 2000. Kekhususan Rokok Indonesia. Jakarta: Penerbit PT Grasindo.
Suradi, 2007. Pengaruh Rokok pada Penyakit Paru Obstruksi Kronik (PPOK)
Tinjauan Patogenesis, Klinis dan Sosial. Pidato Pengukuhan Guru
Besar Pulmonologi dan Ilmu Kedokteran Respirasi Fakultas
Kedokteran Universitas Sebelas Maret. 10 Maret 2007.
Universitas Sumatera Utara
Trihono, 2010. Fakta Tembakau Permasalahannya di Indonesia. Jakarta: Tobacco
Control Support Center (TCSC) - Ikatan Ahli Kesehatan Masyarakat
Indonesia (IAKMI).
Valavanidis, A., Vlachogianni, T., Fiotakis, K., 2009. Tobacco Smoke:
Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species and Stable Free Radicals in
Mechanisms of Oxidative Damage, Carciogenesis and Synergistic
Effects with Other Respirable Particles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public
Health (6): 445–462.
World Health Organisation (WHO), 2002. Tobacco Atlas 2002.
World Health Organisation (WHO), 2009. Tobacco Atlas 2009.
World Health Organisation, 2013. Tobbaco Fact Sheet. Whorld Health
Organisation.
Available
from:
http://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs339/en/index.html.
[Accessed 15 May 2013].
World Health Organisation (WHO) Regional Office for South-East Asia, 2006.
Global Health Professional Survey (GHPS) Indonesia 2006.
Departemen Pulmonologi dan Respiratori Fakultas Kedokteran
Universitas Indonesia / Rumah Sakit Persahabatan.
Young, I., & Woodside, J., 2001. Antioxidants in health and disease. Journal Of
Clinical Pathology 54 (3): 176-186.
Universitas Sumatera Utara