THE SUFFIXATION OF ENGLISH SUFFIX –ITY IN A COMPUTER PROGRAM
THE SUFFIXATION OF ENGLISH SUFFIX –ITY
IN A COMPUTER PROGRAM
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS Presented as Partial fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
Valentinus Prima Dhani Adrianto
St. Number : 004214020
(anonymous) ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for his blessing. The blessing has given me spirit to finish my thesis.
I am very thankful to my major sponsor, Dr. B.B. Dwijatmoko, M.A for his professional guidance on my thesis writing by giving me a lot of suggestions, corrections, and explanations. His tolerances and flexibility have given me many chances to improve this thesis. I am also thankful my co-sponsor, J. Harris Hermansyah, S.S, M.Hum. for his willingness to read and correct my thesis before exam. May God always bless the m in their work well as their family.
My deep gratitude goes to people who love me. My parents and brother, they have given me a lot of prayers and financial supports. My lovely wife, Theresia Dewi Wahyuningsih, my son, Fransiscus Xaverius Raka Putra Adrianto always support and give me beautiful guidance when I wrote this thesis. Congregation of Frater CMM Provensialat Indonesia, they make the thesis finished.
My thankfulness goes to Ir. Pandu Djajanto, MSc, deputy of BUMN ministry who gave me a lot of experienc es about “a real life” and how to survive. Mr.
Sudarmaji, SH, Head Officer of Human Research Development of Pertamina Indonesia, who ha s permitted me to join and feel the biggest company in Indonesia.
All of friends in English Letters 00 community, thanks for the friendship and solidarity. v
TABLE OF CONTENTS PAGE OF TITLE.................................................................................................... i PAGE OF APPROVAL.......................................................................................... ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE.......................................................................................... iii MOTTO PAGE……….......................................................................................... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………... v TABLE OF CONTENTS ……………………………………………………….. vi ABSTRACK ……………………………………………………………………. vii ABSTRAK ………………………………………………………………………. viii
Chapter I INTRODUCTION …………………………………………………… 1 A. Background of the Study …………………………………………
1 B. Problem Formulation……………………………………………... 3 C. Research of the Study …………………………………………….
3 D. Definition of Terms……………………………………………….. 4
Chapter II THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………………………... 5 A. Related Theories …………………………………………………. . 5
1. Suffix –ity ……………………………………..……............ 5
2. Suffixation …………………………………………………. 11
3. Theory Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 ………………………… 17
B. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………... 24
Chapter III METHODOLOGY ………………………………………………….. 25 A. Method of Study ………………………………………………….. 25 B. Research Data ……………………………………………………. 26 C. Research Procedure ……………………………………………… 26 Chapter IV ANALYSIS …………………………………………………………. 28 A. The Suffixation of -ity and the Graphological Changes …………. 28 B. The Suffixation Process in A Computer Program………………… 33
1. The suffix –ity in Computational Linguistic………………… 36
Chapter V CONCLUSION ……………………………………………………… 51 BIBLIOGRAPHY………………………………………………………………... 54 APPENDICES……………………………………………………………………. 55
ABSTRACT
VALENTINUS PRIMA DHANI ADRIANTO. The Suffixation of English Suffix –
ity In A Computer Program. Yogyakarta : Department of English Letters, Faculty of
Letters, Sanata Dharma University. 2007.The research has been conducted to provide an aid material in determining process English suffix –ity take in suffixation process and in applying the suffixation process to the computer language program. There were two problems discussed in this research. The Problems were: 1) what are the graphological changes which occur in the stem as result of the suffixation and 2) How can the graphological changes be displayed in a computer program.
There are three theories are used to answer the problem formulation. First is theory of English suffix –ity. Second is the theory of suffixation, and the last theory is theory of Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.
In the method of analysis, the writer made two steps. The first step was collecting data that were taken from Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of
nd
the English Language Unabridged 2 edition and Oxford Advanced Learner’s
Dictionary of Current English . The dictionaries contain 118 adjectives. The second
step was divided into two parts. They were 1) analyzing the suffixation process and the graphological changes that occurred in the suffixation process, and 2) applying the suffixation process to computer language program.
In the first analysis, it was found that the final, penultimate, and third letters determined the form of the suffix and graphological changes occur in the process. The second part of the analysis used the feature decision making process and repetition that Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 should apply the suffixation process to the computer language program.
ABSTRAK
VALENTINUS PRIMA DHANI ADRIANTO. The Suffixation of English Suffix –
ity In A Computer Program.Yogyakarta : Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra,
Universitas Sanata Dharma. 2007.Riset ini dibuat untuk membantu memahami di dalam penentuan suffix –ity terhadap adjective bahasa Inggris dan didalam pengaplikasian proses sufiksasi ke dalam bahasa komputer. Ada dua permasalahan yang dibahas dalam riset ini. Permasalahan-permasalahan itu adalah: 1) Perubahan kata apa yang terjadi sebagai proses dari suffikasi dan 2) Bagaimana perubahan tersebut dikerjakan dengan komputer.
Ada tiga teori yang digunakan untuk menjawab permasalahan-permasalahan di atas. Teori yang pertama adalah suffik –ity. Teori yang kedua adalah teori sufiksasi dan teori terakhir adalah teori Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.
Di dalam metode penulisan, penulis menggunakan dua langkah. Langkah pertana adalah mengumpulkan data yang diambil dari buku Webster’s New Twentieth
nd
dan Oxford
Century Dictionary of the English Language Unabridged 2 edition
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English . Penulis mendapatkan lebih dari
118 kata sifat. Langkah kedua adalah analisa data. Langkah ini dibagi menjadi dua bagian. Bagian-bagian itu adalah: 1) menganalisa perubahan kata yang terjadi dalam proses sufiksasi 2) mengaplikasikan proses suffiksasi ke dalam bahasa computer.
Pada bagian pertama ditemukan bahwa huruf final, penultimate, dan huruf akhir ketiga menentukan bentuk dari sufiks dan perubahan-perubahan ortografi yang muncul dalam proses. Bagian kedua dari analisa menggunakan fitur proses pengambilan keputusan dan pengulangan yang dipnyai oleh Visual Basic untuk mengaplikasikan proses sufiksasi kedalam bahasa komputer. need to communicate with others to share values in their lives. it can be said that language is one of many aspects in human life, for this, G.H Lewes Stated; Just a bird have wings, man has language. These wings give the birds its peculiar attitude for aerial lomotion. Language enables man’s intelligence and passions to acquire their peculiar character of intellects and sentiment. (Fromkin and Rodman 1988; 2)
Based on this statement, language has an important role in people’s life. Everyday, they use it to express their ideas, feeling or attitudes towards something. It does not mean that it is enough for people to learn their own language or their mother tongue only. On the contrary, people must learn other languages to speak to others from different countries.
Regarding that matter, people have studied and developed language. In studying language, grammar is very important. People ability to understand conversation and text is affected by their quality in grammar. According to Cobbett, grammar provides rules and principles to make the use of words (1983: 33). He adds that is better for people to choose the appropriate words and to place them in the proper place to deliver his/her idea to others than put the messes of words in producing sentences. Language therefore, is included into the branch of science. The science is known as linguistics.
Linguistics has been developed continually. The experts have developed linguistics using technology. Computers linguistics is one of applying technology in linguistics. At the beginning they only made the machine translation, and later on computer linguistics has been developed and built to the others applications of linguistics through computer.
A lot of softwares have been made and used to support computational linguistics. One of them is Microsoft Visual basic 6. Microsoft Visual basic 6 enables us to design the programs for computational linguistics such as dictionary programme, language analysis software, and language learning software. Those programmes can help people to learn language easily and effectively.
This research will discuss the application of computational linguistic with the affixation of English suffix –ity in a computer program. Suffix –ity is chosen because we can find the suffix and function in daily life easily. The examples are the words activity, creativity, ability simplicity, and others.
To combine suffix –ity with the adjective, there are some rules that must be followed. The rules are related to the type of final sound of the stem, type of the penultimate sound of stem, etc. to be more specific, the rules of suffixation will be discussed in the theoretical review.
2
B. Problem Formulation
In order to understand about the topic, the problems of this study can be formulated as follows:
1. What are the graphological changes which occur in the stem as result of the suffixation?
2. How can the graphological changes be displayed in a computer program?
C. Research of the Study
Based on the problem formulation above, there are two aims of the study. First, to find the way suffix –ity is attached to the stem. Second, to explore the way of suffixation of suffix –ity in a computer program
D. Definition of Terms
The terms are affix, affixation, suffix, suffixation, stem, and Microsoft Visual basic 6.
1. An affix is a bound morpheme that is attached before, after, or within a root or stem. An affix is attached by derivation or inflection (O’Grady, et al. 1988:138- 139)
2. Affixation is the morphological process whereby an affix is attached to a root or stem (O’Grady, et al. 1988:138-145)
3. A suffix is an affix that is attached to the end of root or stem (O’Grady, et al.
1988:138)
3
4. Suffixation is a morphological process whereby a bound morpheme is attached to the end of a stem. The kind of affix involved in this process is called a suffix (O’Grady, et al. 1988:138)
5. Stem is the form to which an affix added. A stem consists minimally of a root, but may be analyzable into a root plus derivational morphemes (O’Grady, et al.
1988:137)
6. Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0 is a visual programming environment to develop GUI (Graphical User Interface) based windows application. Visual refers to the method to create the GUI, this means that a programmer only adds objects into place on screen rather than writer codes to describe the location and appearance of interface elements. formulation. There are the theory of suffix –ity , suffixation, and theory of Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0.
The suffix –ity is the principal Latinate element which is used in English to derive NE. As a nominative formative, –ity is a found to combine exclusively with Latinate adjectives (except oddity) (Szymanek, 1989:158).
The several major structural classes of adjectives within the base of –ity affixation, they are the adjectives with the variant –ty. Adjectives with –al, adjectives with –nal, adjectives with –ar or –or, adjectives with –ic, adjectives with able/-ible, adjectives with–ous, adjectives with, adjectives with–ile /-ive, and adjectives with
alveolar , velar, and labio dental
The first type of adjective is an adjective with end in variant –ty. They are divided into two. The first is the adjectives, with end in n, l, or e, can be nominalized with –ity directly by adding –ty in the process of affixation, like in the following words: cruel cruelty
5 safe safety sovereign sovereignty The second is the adjective which end with t , can be normalized with –ity directly only by adding y in process of the suffixation, like the following words: difficult difficulty modest modesty honest honesty
The second type of adjective is an adjective which end with –al. The adjective which end with -al can be nominalized with –ity. They become –ality after the process of suffixation, like in the following words:
X - al X - ality/ty actual actuality general generality legal legality jovial joviality partial partiality normal normality individual individuality fatal fatality mortal mortality
6 personal personality real reality The third type of adjective is an adjective which end with –nal. The adjective which end with -nal can be nominalized with –ity by dropping –al in the stem and changing into –ity, like in the following words:
X - nal X - nity
eternal eternity maternal maternity paternal paternity fraternal fraternity
The fourth type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ar/-or. The adjective which end with –ar/-or can be nominalized with –ity by directly in the process of suffixation, like in the following words:
X - ar/ X or X - arity/X ority
familiar familiarity interior interiority jocular jocularity major majority similar similarity
7 prior priority popular popularity superior superiority
The fifth type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ic. The adjective which end with –ic can be nominalized with –ity by directly. Furthermore, before the suffixation, the consonant /k/ is pronounced, but after the suffixation it is not pronounced and changed into /s/, like in the following words:
X - ic X - ity atomic atomicity authentic authenticity domestic domesticity electric electricity public publicity elastic elasticity
The sixth type of adjective is an adjective which end with –able/-ible. The adjective which end with –able/-ible can be nominalized with –ity by cha nging –
able/-ible into –ability/ -ibility in the process of suffixation,, like in the following
words: X - able/X- ible X - ability/X - ibility acceptable acceptability
8 preventable preventability resistible resistibility possible possibility visible visibility compatible compatibility
The seventh type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ous. The adjective which end with –ous can be nominalized with –ity by two type. The first type is replacing –ous that belongs to the main words into –ity, like in the following words:
X - ous X –ity ambiguous ambiguity curious curiosity generous generosity simultaneous simultaneity
The second type, the adjectives which end with –ous , can be nominalized with –ity by omitting u of –ous in the main words and adding –ity in the end of the stems, like the following words:
X - ous X - osity curious curiosity generous generosity
9 impetuous impetuosity monstrous monstrosity The eight type of adjective is an adjective which end with –ile/-ive. The adjective which end with –ile/-ive can be nominalized with –ity by omitting the letter
e that belongs to the main words in the process of suffixation and adding with –ity,,
like in the following words: X - ile X - ility agile agility docile docility gentile gentility hostile hostility imbecile imbecility ductile ductility futile futility X - ive X - ivity active activity captive captivity festive festivity inductive inductivity
10 The last type of adjective is an adjective which end with alveolar, dental, and
labio dental . The adjective which end with t, d, n, s, and r, the velar k and the labio
dental v can be nominalized with –ity directly,as the following words actual actuality jocular jocularity interior interiority elastic elasticity certain certainty difficult difficulty chaste chastity absurd absurdity
The affixation of suffix –ity can be simple affixation, simple affixation, or replacement (Dewi Yuliani, 2005:40).
a. Simple Affixation Simple affixation is the attachment of the suffix –ity to the stem directly without changing the form of the stem significantly. The Process of the affixation can be formulated as follows:
Stem + –ity
11 dental k, like in the following examples: actual + –ity actuality jocular + –ity jocularity interior + –ity interiority elastic + –ity elasticity certain + –ity certainty difficult + –ity difficulty chaste + –ity chastity absurd + –ity absurdity benign + –ity benignity adverse + –ity adversity mature + –ity maturity antique + –ity antiquity grave + –ity gravity liberal + –ity liberality
The process of affixation of the suffix –ity above can also be explained by using three diagrams.
The simple affixation of the suffix –ity can be found in adjectives which end in
- –al, ar/or, -ic, the variant –ty, and the alveolar t, d, n, s, r, the velar k, and the labio
12 N N ADJ suffix ADJ suffix actual –ity jocular –ity
N N ADJ suffix ADJ suffix interior –ity elastic –ity
N N ADJ suffix ADJ suffix certain –ity difficult –ity
N N ADJ suffix ADJ suffix chaste –ity absurd –ity
N N ADJ suffix ADJ suffix benign –ity adverse –ity
N N ADJ suffix ADJ suffix mature –ity antique –ity
N N ADJ suffix ADJ suffix grave –ity liberal –ity b. Insertion
In this process, a letter is inserted before –ity. The process affixation can be formulated as follows: Stem + –ity Stem –x- The insertion type of suffix –ity occurs in adjectives, which end in –able/-ible.
Vowel /
∂
/ in the syllable /b
∂
l/ of the stem are omitted then inserted the letter i before the letter l and adding by –ity at the end of the stem. –able/-ible of the stems becomes
- ability / -ibility in the process of suffixation, like in the following examples; absorbable + –ity absorbability affable + –ity affability amiable + –ity amiability possible + –ity possibility
c. Replacement In this process of affixation, the suffix –ity can be attached in to the stems that end in certain endings, in which the process of suffixation is conducted by replacing the end ing of the stem with the suffix –ity. The process of affixation can be formulated as follows:
Stem –x + –ity Stem –ity The replacement type of affixation occurs in the adjectives, which end in –nal and -ous.
First, in the adjectives which end in –nal, -al in the stem is omitted in the process of suffixation and replaced by suffix –ity, like in the following examples: fraternal + –ity fraternity paternal + –ity paternity
15 Second, in the adjectives which end in –ous, the process can be differentiated into two. In the first type of the process, -ous is dropped and replaced by –ity, like in the following examples: continuous + –ity continuity felicitous + –ity felicity
The vowel a or o preceding ci usually becomes X ity after the suffixation, like the following examples: mendacious + –ity mendacity mordacious + –ity mordacity
In the second type of process, the letter u is dropped and then the suffix –ity is added, like in the following examples: curious + –ity curiosity generous + –ity generosity monstrous + –ity monstrosity
In the word curious, generous, and monstrous, -ous is changed into –osity after suffixation process. The suffixation process of suffix –ity can be drawn in the table.
16 Table I: Type Process Example
Simple actuality
X X –ity Insertion possibility
Stem + -ity Stem –x- Replacement fraternity
Stem –x + -ity stem -ity
This section discusses Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0. Microsoft Visual Basic was launched 1998 by Microsoft Corporation. There are three editions for Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0: Learning Edition, Professional Edition, and Enterprise Edition (Hawhee, 199:66). Among all editions, the Professional Edition has a complete feature. In this thesis the writer uses the Professional Edition.
Among the programming language, Microsoft Visual Basic (VB) is considered as easiest programming language and compatible to other Microsoft applications. VB offers a wide range of opportunity in using this program for deve loping computer application because of the features provided by this program.
VB can be used to present pictures, word, sentence, or even text, and sound. Therefore, with this advantages, VB is an appropriate program to develop an application for learning language, either for language components or language skills.
In regard to studying vocabulary, a courseware programmer can include pictures of vocabularies’ relia. Therefore, whenever the language learner chooses a
17 particular picture, the name of the picture is displayed, or the other way around. This could help the word and the thing in real life. It will be helpful when the programming gives the pronunciation by providing the sound. Therefore, besides learning the meaning and forms of words, the language learner is able to learn how to produce the word correctly. This courseware, completed with pictures and sounds, is interesting for young language learners who easily learn new idea with model. In regard to this study, the following is the discussion of several commands and functions that are employed for processing string data.
a. Variables A Programming language is supposed to be able to store information temporarily as it is necessary for the program to remember the information while it is running. Variables in VB are the place in which the information is stored(Dwijatmoko, 2002:76)..
Each variable should have a name that might be simple or a description or the information in the variable. However, there are some restrictions in naming the variable. The first restriction is variable’s name must be started with a letter, and can be followed by letters, numbers, and/or underscore. Spaces, periods and other punctuation characters are not allowed. The second restriction is that the name must be unique and describing the containing information. The last restriction is variable’s name should not be longer than 255 characters and one of VB reserved words.
As stated in definition of terms in chapter I, variables could be declared at the beginning of each procedure or at the beginning of program code. Explicit declaration
18 for variable uses statements to define the names of the program’s variables. The statements are merely for telling the program what the variables should be called and what type of data can contain. In declaring variables, the word dim is followed by the name of variables which is separated by comma, for example, the name of the variables are strsentence, strphrase, and strword. So, the explicit declaration will be: Dim strsentence, strphrase, strword.
b. Working with Strings There are several functions that VB provides to be used for processing string data. They are Left, Right, Mid, InStr, Len, Ucase, Lcase, and &.
The Left function is used to take character(s) from the left end of the string. The general command is strVariable – Left(strText, X) (Dwijatmoko, 2002:77). The string strVariable is taken from the string strText as much as X from the left end of strText. If strText = “They promise to come” and X = 4; strVariable = left(They promise to come’,4) str Variable = “They”
The general command for the Right function is more or less the same as the
Left command. The difference is that the characters taken are from the right end. The
value of strText and X are from the example of the Left function. So that the result will be; strVariable = Right(“they promise to come”,4)
19 strVariable =”ome” The letter “c” is excluded since the characters taken are 4 instead of 5. the period at the end of strText is identified as the first character from the right end.
The Mid function is used to retrieve a character from a string. This function has two required arguments and one optional argument. The general command for
Mid function is strVariable = Mid(strText, X,Y) (Dwijatmoko, 2002:79). The source
for strVariable is strtext, and X represents the starting point at which the retrivied string begins. Both strText and X are the required arguments for this function. Y, as the optional argument, is the number of characters starting from the starting point. The following examples show the difference because of the application of an optional argument 1) strVariable = Mid(“Robert Allen”,8) strVariable = “Allen” 2) strVariable = Mid(“Robert Allen”,8,2) strVariable = “Al”
Example 1) gives only the source text and value for X, therefore the result is “Allen”, which are the remaining characters starting from the eighth character which is A. While example 2) provides the number of characters to be retrieved. The result is only “Al”.
20 The InStr function is sed to determine the existence of a character, a word or a group of characters in a string. It needs two require parameters that are the source string and the text to search for. If the search text appears, the result is the position where the search text starts. For example, the source string is “I’ll see you next Tuesday.” And the search text is “you”. Strword = InStr 9”I’ll see you next Tuesday.”,”you”) The result will be 10 that is the position of the first character of “you” within the source string.
VB provides the Len function to determine the length of a string. Strword = “basic” Len(strword) = 5
All characters within a string data would be counted including a space between two words, in case the string is asentence or phrase.
Strphrase = “visual basic” Len(strphrase) = 12
The data input in VB program might be typed in capital letters or in lowercase letters. There is also possibility that the capital letter is for the initial letter only. This programming language provides two functions that modify the case in the string. To
21 convert all letters into capital letters, the UCase function is put in front of the string. On the other hand, the LCase function converts all letters into lowercase.
Strphrase = “Visual Basic” UCase (strPhrase) = “VISUAL BASIC” LCase (strphrase) = “visual basic”
VB programming language enables the user to combine two or more strings using the character &. For example, strword1 = “good”; strword2 =”morning, “;strword3 = “sir” newstring = strword1 & strword2 & strword3 newstring = “goodmorning, sir.”
c. Other functions in Processing String Variables
VB also provides functions that relate to a statement execution. These functions are more complicated then the previous functions, as they need more thatn one statement in coding. Two of them that are employed in this study are If…Then statement and For-next.
By using If … Then statement, there are a particular condition or several conditions that have to be fulfilled by a statement. The statement is executed only if the condition is true. Generally, the statement will be: If condition then command
22 To perform more than one condition, ElseIf statement ca be used to specify other conditions to evaluate when the first conditions to evaluate when the first condition is false. If Test < 0 Then lblResult.Caption = “ne gative”
ElseIf fTest = 0 lblResult.Caption = “Zero” Else lblResult.Caption = “positive”
End if The code works by first evaluating the condition in the If statement. If the condition is true, the command(s) directly following the If statement is executed; then the program goes to the first statement after the End If statement.
If the first condition is false, the program skips to the ElseIf statements and evaluates the condition. Everytime the condition is true, the command directly following the statement is executed and skips to the statement after End If statement. When the condition of the last elseIf is false, the program skips to the Else statement and processes the command directly following the statement.
The other statement is For-Next Loop. This statement is used to perform repetitive tasks in which the number of repetitions has been decided (Sjartuni,
23
200;174). At the beginning of the statement, a counter variable, the beginning and the end points of the variable’s value must be defined.
The first time the loop is run the counter variable is set to the value of the beginning point. The program would check the next value after it runs through the loop. When the counter is bigger thatn the end point, the program passes to the first statement comes after the Next statement.
This research aims to answer the problems stated previously. Answering the first problem, the writer gathers and analyzes all information of the stem, and what the changes occur during the process. This theory is significant to analyse the way to attach the suffix to the stem
The second problem is solved by using the theory of Visual Basic Programming, This theory is significant to analyze how to develop English suffix –ity programs, and the way to apply the Suffixation of suffix –ity process to computer
24 be empirical and exact, and therefore objective. “Requiring an observer to see the conformity between object is another way of saying that the scientific method is empirical” (Dineen, 1967:4). An objective study is contrasted with a subjective study. For example, the scientist would measure the degree of heat by means of standard thermometer instead of just saying that something is hot. The objective approach of science requires people to see the conformity of the subject in question to some sort of standard measure. Requiring someone to see the conformity between objects is called empirical method. The empirical method restricts evidence to what can be seen or felt or heard. Therefore, it needs an objective communication about the subject under study. Then, the evidence offered must be public. Because of the empirical method, the scientific method is exact. Scientific method is called as being exact and objective when it employs empirical approach. In another way, the scientific investigation must be empirical in order to be exact.
The addition of suffix to a word can be commonly found in daily language. Therefore, it will be interesting to analyze the suffix –ity when it is attached to the stems and its morphophonemic processes. Considering that this is a scientific study, the analysis will conducted by collecting data and analyzing them.
25
B. Research Data
The object of study is the attachment of the suffix –ity to words. Since this study is done by analyzing words, the primary data are words that are formed by suffix –ity. There are more than 118 words that are used in this analysis. The corpus for the primary data are taken from Webster’s New Twentieth Century Dictionary of
nd
the English Language Unabridged 2 edition that was published in New York in
1983 by Prentice Hall Press, Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current
English by AS Hornby that was published in Oxford in 1987 by Oxford University
Press.The corpus for the secondary data is some books that discuss the suffix –ity and anything that relates to this topic. The books are important because they help me to understand to forming of new words by adding a suffix and give information about the variants and the morphophonemic process that occurs after the suffixation.
C. Research Procedure
There were several steps in analyzing data in this thesis. The first step was collecting data of words. The second step was analyzing the attachment of the suffix
–ity to the words by categorizing them in certain groups. Next, an analysis was done
in order to find out the process of the affixation of suffix –ity, the final step of the data analyse was applying the suffixation process. This step was analyzing have to apply the inflection process to command, code and procedure in Microsoft Visual
26 Basic 6.0. Finally, a conclusion will be drawn based on the answer of the two problems above.
CHAPTER IV
ANALYSIS Chapter IV contains the findings and analysis that are related to the study inorder to answer the two problem formulations in chapter I. The first part discusses the suffixation of suffix –ity. The second part discusses suffixation of suffix –ity in a computer program
If theory of suffixation determines the form of suffix based on the final sound, the analysis of the research uses three final letters that the stem has. It means that the last three letters of its stem determine suffixation process of the stem. The last letter of the stem is often called final letter, the second letter from the last letter is often called penultimate letter, the third letter from the last is often called the third, while the fourth letter from the last is often called fourth.
The suffix –ity has two variants, {-ty} and {-y}. They are the adjectives with the variant {-ty} and {-y} admiral admiralty casual casualty certain certainty cruel cruelty frail frailty
28 loyal loyalty naïve naivety nice nicety safe safety sovereign sovereignty sure surety unite unity difficult difficulty honest honesty modest modesty
While the stem that end in –al, ar/or, -ic, and the alveolar t, d, n, s, r, the velar k, and the labio dental v take –ity as its suffix, like in the following examples: liberal liberality popular popularity superior superiority authentic authenticity
The suffixation process of –ity has some graphological changes. The first graphological change is insertion. The insertion type of suffix –ity occurs in the adjectives, which end in VCCV constructions like in the following examples;
29 possible possibility preventable preventability visible visibility compatible compatibility capable capability
The word possible, preventable, visible, compatible, can be transformed into nouns with the suffix –ity by omitting the vowel /
∂
/ in the syllable /b
∂ ll / of the stems
than inserting the letter i before the letter l and adding by –ity at the end of the stem the result of this process are possibility, preventability, compatibility, and capability.
The second graphological change is replacement. In this type of affixation, the suffix –ity can be attached to the stems that end in certain endings, in which the process of suffixation is conducted by replacing ending of the stem with the suffix –ity.
The first replacement type of affixation occurs in the adjectives, which end with -nal in the letters and has CCVC construction. -al in the stems is omitted in the process of the suffixation and replaced by suffix –ity Like in the following examples: eternal eternity fraternal fraternity mortal mortal
30 In the words eternal, fraternal, -al in the stems is omitted in the process of the suffixation and replaced by suffix –ity. On contrary, in the word mortal has different treatment. Although the stem has CCVC construction in the end of letters, the end of stem is not –nal. Therefore, -al in the stem is not omitted in the process of the suffixation. Suffix –ity are directly added into the stem.
The second replacement occurs in the adjectives which end with –ous. There are three types. In the first type of process -ous, which belongs to the stems, is omitted and replaced by –ity. For examples: ambiguous ambiguity continuous continuity felicitous felicity magnanimous magnanimity
In the words ambiguous, continuous, felicitous, and magnanimous, -ous is replaced by –ity.
The second type of process, a stem which has the vowel i before third letters, the letters i and –ous are replaced by –ity, like in the following examples: capacious capacity mendacious mendacity
31 Words capacious and mendacious, have letter i before –ous. Then letters i and -ous are replaced by –ity.
The third type of process, a stem which have vowel i and consonant t before third letters, the letter i, t, and -ous are replaced by –ity. for examples calamitous calamity declivitous declivity felicitous felicity fortuitous fortuity iniquitous iniquity
In the words calamitous, declivitous, felicitous, fortuitous, and iniquitous, we can find letters i and t before –ous, then letters i, t, and –ous are replaced by –ity.
The fourth type of the process, the letter u is dropped and then the suffix –ity is added, like in the following examples: curious curiosity generous generosity precious preciosity
In the words curious, generous, and monstrous, -ous is changed into –osity after the suffixation process.
32 The third graphological change is the deletion of –e in the stem’s final letter. If the stem has an –e as its final letter, the final letter will be deleted in the suffixation process. For examples: agile agility docile docility fertile fertility active activity inductive inductivity festive festivity
The word agile, docile, fertile, active and festive can be formed with –ity by deleting –e on the final letter and adding by –ity at the end of the stem.
In the previous section of the analysis, it is already known that in the suffixation process, the final letters of the stem is very important. The final letters of the stem determine the form of the suffix and the graphological change that the stem has. Based on the analysis on that section, this section will analyze how the suffixation process is applied to computer programming.
33 In Microsoft Visual Basic 6.0, there are some functions that can be used to apply the suffixation process. There are several functions that VB provides to be used for processing string data. They are Left, Right, Mid, InStr, and Len.
Left function is used to take character(s) from the left end of the string. The general command is strWord.
strWord = (strStem, X) The string strWord is taken from the string strStem as much as X from the left end of strStem .