THE INFLUENCE OF LASERPUNCTURE SEMI CONDUCTOR SHOOTING TO BROILER CHICKEN’S BIOMETRY

  

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SKRIPSI

  

THE INFLUENCE OF LASERPUNCTURE SEMI

CONDUCTOR SHOOTING TO BROILER CHICKEN’S

  

BIOMETRY

BY :

LILIAN SOEKWANTO

  

061111123

  

VETERINARY FACULTY

AIRLANGGA UNIVERSITY

SURABAYA

2016

  

SKRIPSI THE INFLUENCE OF... LILIAN SOEKWANTO ii ENDORSEMENT FORM THE INFLUENCE OF LASERPUNCTURE SEMI CONDUCTOR SHOOTING TO BROILER CHICKEN’S BIOMETRY

  Research Proposal Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of Bachelor of

  Veterinary Medicine at Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Airlangga University, Surabaya

  By : LILIAN SOEKWANTO

  061111123 Approval of

  Supervising Comittee Chairul Anwar, M.S.,drh Dr.Rimayanti, M.Kes.,drh

  Supervisor Co-Supervisor

  

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DECLARATION

  Hereby I declare this thesis with title:

  The Influence of Laserpuncture Semi Conductor Shooting to Broiler Chicken’s Biometry

  there is no other work that had been submitted before to get the bachelor’s degree in any University and as far as I know there is no other work or opinion that had been written or submitted by other people, except the works that were quoted in this work and mentioned in the references.

  Surabaya, 9 August 2016

  Lilian Soekwanto NIM. 061111123 iii

  

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  Had been graded in Research Result Seminar Date : 26 July 2016

RESEARCH RESULT GRADER COMMITTEE

  Leader : Prof. Dr. R.T.S. Adikara, drh., M.S., M.Stot.AKP Secretary : Dr. Benjamin Chr. Tehupuring, drh., M.Si Member : Dr. Kadek Rachmawati, drh., M.Kes Supervisor : Chairul Anwar, drh., M.S Co-Supervisor : Dr. Rimayanti, drh., M.Kes

  iv

  

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  Had been examined in Date : 8 August 2016

THESIS COMMITTEE EXAMINER

  Leader : Prof. Dr. R.T.S. Adikara, drh., M.S., M.Stot.AKP Secretary : Dr. Benjamin Chr. Tehupuring, drh., M.Si Member : Dr. Kadek Rachmawati, drh., M.Kes Supervisor : Chairul Anwar, drh., M.S Co-Supervisor : Dr. Rimayanti, drh., M.Kes

  Surabaya, 10 August 2016 Veterinary Medicine Faculty

  Airlangga University Dean,

  Prof. Dr. Pudji Srianto, drh., M.Kes NIP. 195601051986011001

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The Influence of Laserpuncture Semi Conductor Shooting to Broiler Chicken’s

Biometry

  

In Animal Enclosure of Veterinary Medicine Faculty

Airlangga University

  Lilian Soekwanto

  

ABSTRACT

  This study aim was to observe the influence of laserpuncture semi conductor shooting to broiler chicken’s biometry that was conducted in Airlangga University Veterinary Medicine Faculty Animal Enclosure from March to April 2015. This research used 40 broiler chickens using body weight, breast, belly, thigh circumference, and length of back as the variable. The data were calculated with Randomized Group Analyze and Duncan Range Test. The result showed laserpuncture with 0.2 Joule dose had the highest result in body weight, breast circumference, and length of back. Laserpuncutre with 0.4 Joule dose had the highest result in belly circumference. Laserpuncture with 0.5 Joule dose had the highest result in thigh circumference.

  Key words : broiler chicken, laserpuncture, biometry, body weight, breast circumference,

  belly circumference, thigh circumference, length of back

  

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FOREWORD

  The utmost gratitude is for God Almighty for His abundance blessing and guidance for the author to finish the research and write this thesis with title The

  Influence of Laserpuncture Semi Conductor Shooting to Broiler Chicken’s Biometry .

  In this opportunity, the author wanted to say thank you for The Veterinary Faculty Dean, Prof. Dr. Pudji Srianto, drh., M.Kes for the opportunity to study in Veterinary Faculty Airlangga University Surabaya.

  Chairul Anwar, drh., M.S

  as the author’s supervisor and Dr. Rimayanti,

  drh., M.Kes as the co-supervisor, for the advice, guidance, and knowledge during the writing process of this thesis.

  as the mentor of the

  Prof. Dr. R.T.S. Adikara, drh., M.S., M.Stot.AKP

  research and the leader of the grading committee for the advice, guidance, also support and knowledge especially during the research. Dr. Benjamin Chr.

  Tehupuring, drh., M.Si and Dr. Kadek Rachmawati, drh., M.Kes as the grader of the thesis and giving helpful advice during the seminars.

  as

  Emy Koestanti Sabdoningrum, drh., M.Kes

  the author’s lecturer guardian for the support and advice during the author’s time studying in Veterinary Medicine Faculty Airlangga University.

  T he author’s family, sir Boentaran Soekwanto, ma’am Welastri Asan, S.E for the financial support, prayers, attention, advice and energy, especially for Luke Soekwanto, S.E as the author’s big brother for the support, advice, even wisdom for the author to finish the study in Veterinary Faculty. vii

  

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  viii T he author’s cousin, Calvin A.P and Gracia H.W also friends, Monica

  Sally A, Clarissa I, Astrid W, Boginskaya L, Mikhail R.R, and Thoyib for the support and encouragement when in need for the author to finish the research along with the writing of this thesis. Anyone that their names couldn’t be written in here one by one but had been helping the author during her journey to finish the study in Veterinary Faculty and the thesis. Words are never enough to convey the gratitude for everything that had been done for supporting the author.

  Finally, the author has realized this thesis is still far from perfect, therefore the author appreciate any kind of critique and advice from the reader to refine this thesis for the better. Last but not least, the author hope for the result in this thesis can be helpful for anyone who read this. Thank you for reading and all the best.

  Surabaya, 31 July 2016 Author

  

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CONTENTS Page

  COVER ........................................................................................................ i ENDORSEMET ........................................................................................... ii iii DECLARATION…………………………………………………………. iv IDENTITY FORM………………………………………………………... ABSTRACT………………………………………………………………. vi F vii

  OREWORD……………………………………………………………… CONTENTS ................................................................................................. ix xi TABLES…………………………………………………………………... FIGURES ..................................................................................................... xii ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLIC MEANING .................................. xiii

  CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION .............................................................. 1

  1.1 Background ..................................................................................... 1

  1.2 Problem Statement .......................................................................... 3

  1.3 Theoritical Base ............................................................................... 3

  1.4 Aims of The Study .......................................................................... 5

  1.5 Outcomes of The Research ............................................................. 5

  1.6 Hipothesis of Research .................................................................... 5

  CHAPTER 2. LITERATURE REVIEW ................................................... 6

  2.1 Broiler Chicken .............................................................................. 6

  2.2 Broiler Chicken’s Growth .............................................................. 8 2,3 Biometry

  …………………………………………………………. 9

  2.4 Acupuncture ................................................................................... 9

  2.4.1 Veterinary Acupuncture Development ............................... 15

  2.4.2 Laserpuncture...................................................................... 17

  2.4.3 Acupoints for Broiler Chicken’s Growth............................ 19

  CHAPTER 3. MATERIALS AND METHODS ....................................... 21

  3.1 Research Time and Location .......................................................... 21

  3.2 Research Materials ......................................................................... 21

  3.3 Research Equipments ..................................................................... 21

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  3.4 Research Methods .......................................................................... 21

  3.4.1 Laserpuncture Procedure Treatment ................................... 22

  3.4.2 Biometry Data ..................................................................... 23

  3.4.3 Treatment ............................................................................ 25

  3.5 Research Variable .......................................................................... 25

  3.5.1 Independent Variables ........................................................ 25

  3.5.2 Dependent Variables ........................................................... 25

  3.5.3 Control Variables ................................................................ 26

  3.6 Operational Definition of Variables ............................................... 26

  3.7 Data Analysis ................................................................................. 26

  3.8 Research Scheme ............................................................................ 27

  CHAPTER 4. RESEARCH RESULT ....................................................... 28 CHAPTER 5. DISCUSSION ..................................................................... 38 CHAPTER 6. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION ............................... 45 SUM

  46 MARY………………………………………………………………. REFERENCES ............................................................................................ 48 ATTACHMENT .......................................................................................... 52

  xi TABLES Table

   Page

  4.1 Table for Broiler Chicken’s Body Weight……………………….

  28

  4.2 Table for Broiler Chick en’s Breast Circumference……………...

  30

  4.3 Table for Broiler Chicke n’s Belly Circumference………………

  32

  4.4 Table for Broiler Chick en’s Thigh Circumference…………........

  34

  4.5 Table for Broiler C hicken’s Length of Back…………………….

  36 ADLN - PERPUSTAKAAN UNIVERSITAS AIRLANGGA xii FIGURES Figure

   Page

  3.1 Illustrative view of Body Segments and Planes of Segmentatio n…

  4.5 Graphic for Broiler C hicken’s Length of Back…………………….

  35

  4.4 Graphic for Broiler Chick en’s Thigh Circumference…………........

  33

  4.3 Graphic for Broiler Chicke n’s Belly Circumference………………

  31

  4.2 Graphic for Broiler Chick en’s Breast Circumference……………...

  29

  4.1 Graphic for Broiler Chicken’s Body Weight……………………….

  27

  3.2 Research Operational Scheme………………………………………

  23

  20

  2.1 Broiler Chicken…………………………………………………….

  2.7 Acupoints on Chicken………………………………………………

  19

  2.6 Laser Semi Conductor………………………………………………

  19

  2.5 Power Supply……………………………………………………….

  16

  2.4 Laserpuncture Stimulation Mechanism……………………………

  12

  2.3 Five Elements………………………………………………………

  11

  2.2 Yin Yang Symbol…………………………………………………...

  7

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  ≥ : greater than or equal to cm : centimeter

  DOC : Day Old Chick E : energy et al. : et alii Hz :

  HERTZ

  (frequency) Laser : light amplification stimulation emission by radiation mW : mili Watt mJoule : mili Joule nm : nano meter n : number of repetition GRA : Group Randomized Analyze t : number of treatment

  IGF : Insulinlike Growth Hormone

  

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ABBREVIATIONS AND SYMBOLIC MEANING

  

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background

  Most of culinary food in Indonesia consists of chicken meat, for example: opor ayam, soto ayam Lamongan, ayam betutu Bali and many others. High nutrient in affordable price is the main reason why chicken meat often used in many dish. Chicken broiler was introduced in Indonesia in 1953 by a community called GAPUSI (Gabungan Penggemar Unggas Indonesia). The imported chicken species were White Leghorn, Island Red, New Hampshire and Australop. The community crossbred the imported chickens with the local chickens only as a hobby and entertainment, not for commercial purpose.

  In 1980 chicken broiler became popular since it was difficult to get ruminants meat for consumption. Despite the struggles of getting ruminants meat, a lot of farmers were interested in breeding chicken broiler for its rapid growth that only took 6-8 weeks to harvest. Indonesian poultry market was valued at Euro 4.76 billion (US$6.46 billion), with broilers representing 73% and layers 27% of the market in 2012. It is not surprising that Indonesian broiler market is the second largest Asian market, but the current consumption of poultry meat (7.36 kg/ each person in a year) and eggs (74 pieces/ each person in a year) are relatively low compared to other countries in South East Asia (Thailand: 20kg/160 pieces; Malaysia: 32kg/240 pieces) (WATT, 2014).

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  As a growing agriculture country, despite the fact of the low rate of consumption, it also shows that Indonesia has lots of good potential for poultry industry to grow. Not forget to mention as the number of the citizens keep on growing, the demand on fulfilling good nutrients will also increase along with it, therefore in order to keep on maintaining the good quality supply of chicken meat and satisfy the custo mers’ demand, farmers have to increase their productivity as well. There are many ways to increase the productivity in poultry farm, feeding the chicken by using a certain ratio of ingredients for its feed, adding additional nutrition in the drink, and even doing special treatments on the chicken. One of the special treatments is including laser puncture

  Laserpuncture in livestock is a technique that use laser (Light Amplification by Stimulated Emission of Radiation) on acupoint as the biology receptor that is connected to visceral organ, allowing the increase in organ’s efficiency and capacity in form of the improvement of livestock biology (Adikara 2014). Laserpuncture had been tested in farming especially for boosting cattle’s growth, enhancing goat’s reproductive ability, increasing the productivity of chicken and duck also for controlling diseases. (Syahrir and Syahriani, 2004).

  Many researches had been done before to proof laserpuncture’s effectiveness in fowl for example “Pengaruh Laserpunktur Terhadap Kualitas Telur Ayam Arab” that was done by Diah Karunia Binawati in 2004, “Potensi Teknologi Laserpunktur

  

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  Helium Neon Terhadap Berat Badan dan Pertambahan Berat Badan Per Minggu Itik Pejantan Madura ” by Tutik Rosita Idayatih in 2015 and many more.

  Based on this background, therefore a research about the influence of laserpuncture semi conductor to broiler chicken’s biometry need to be conducted.

  1.2 Problems Statement

  Will the laserpuncture stimulation increase the chicken’s biometry?

  1.3 Theoretical Base

  Broiler chicken farms in Indonesia have been growing along with the advancement of science. The people’s consciousness of the importance of eating animal protein is the main reason why the business of broiler chicken keeps on expanding. Usually broiler chicken is harvested when it reach 5-6 weeks or 35-42 days old.

  Biometry’s role hold important part in here since the chicken that will be sell on market have to meet certain fixed criteria. Fulfilling the market demand is a great task, thus some sort of technique or technology that capable to increase the capacity and the biology efficiency on livestock is needed.

  An acupoint is specifically designated location on the body surface. According to Chinese medical concepts, the points are not isolated sites on the surface of the body of humans and animals, but are linked with visceral organs. The theory of acupuncture in the current era of science and technology is start to harmonize each other by the result of researches of acupuncture treatment in

  

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  biocellular, biomolecular, biophysics, manipulation of biology process and nuclear theories. Stimulation on acupoint by using needle or other thing is proven to have the effect of micro circulate regeneration, like vascular vasodilatation that affect on lowering the blood pressure, controlling fat levels in blood, lipolisis stimulation, reduce depression, lessening tension, lowering hyperactive state and skeletal muscle relaxation (Adikara, 1998).

  Biophysics research is the precise way to proof the existence of acupoint and acupuncture meridian. Acupunctometer and pointer can tract the acupoint location and the acupuncture meridian. It brings a hypothesis that the energy flow that through the acupoint and the acupuncture meridian is an electromagnetic flow through body liquid. The body cells that has the positive ion and the negative ion has the electric trait that can transfer information between cells, if there is the frequency and the resonance are the same, the communication between cell will occur and the flow of the energy will continue until it reach an organ as the final target. The energy flow or

  Qi-

  energy is the main ingredient for cell’s biology activity, therefore the metabolism activity increase, resulting the optimal efficiency process, capacity, and productivity.

  (Adikara, 2014) One of the technologies that are currently under development in veterinary world is laser technology. According to (Adikara, 2014) laserpuncture can be used for manipulating biology process of livestock such as increasing the weight and the reproductive ability by shooting the laser to acupoint (acupoint) or receptor on the

  

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  chicken. The receptor is proven to have a connection with internal organs in livestock. If the receptor is stimulated, the effect of the stimulation will be delivered inside the body until it reach the target organ.

  Increasing the growth of a chicken can be done by stimulating 3 acupoints. The first acupoint is lung point, to increase the oxygen capacity of the body and optimize the metabolism and the cellular respiration. The second acupoint is cardiac point which is connected to the improvement of the capacity of the blood and food circulation. The third acupoint is digestive point, for increasing gastric performance in digesting and absorbing food. Addition stimulation will be given to immune point to reinforce the immune system of the chicken (Adikara, 2014).

  1.4 Aim of The Study

  The aim of the research is to find out the effectiveness of giving laserpuncture semiconductor treatment to broiler ch icken’s biometry.

  1.5 Outcome of The Study

  The result of this research will contribute scientific information about the benefit of using laserpuncture in farming especially for poultry.

  1.6 Hypothesis

  Hypothesis of this research is laserpuncture will increase bro iler chicken’s biometry

  

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CHAPTER 2 LITERATURE REVIEW

2.1 Broiler chicken

  Broiler chickens (Gallus gallus domesticus) are a gallinaceous domesticated fowl, bred and raised specifically for meat production (Figures 2.1).

  Due to artificial selection for rapid early growth and the husbandry used to sustain this, broilers are susceptible to several welfare concerns, particularly skeletal malformation and dysfunction, skin and eye lesions, and congestive heart conditions. They are a hybrid of the egg-laying chicken, both being a subspecies of the red junglefowl (Gallus gallus). Typical broilers have white feathers and yellowish skin (Kruchten, 2002).

  The taxonomy of broiler chicken (Hanifah, 2010): Kingdom : Animalia Filum : Chordata Kelas : Aves Subkelas : Neornithes Ordo : Galliformis Genus : Gallus Spesies : Gallus domesticus

  6

  

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  Broiler Chicken. Source: Private Documentation (2015)

  Figures 2.1

  Based on (Kurniawan etc, 2012) recent genetic analysis has revealed that at least the gene for yellow skin was incorporated into domestic birds through hybridization with the grey junglefowl (G. sonneratii) while the broiler chicken

  ’s flexibility and adaptability are speculated to be inherited from the chicken's red junglefowl ancestor that allows them to cope with the "unnatural and intense conditions" of modern production. A flock of broiler chicken rooster and hen intensively raised until 6-8 weeks old for the optimum meat production. The early stage of broiler chicken’s life is when the most rapid growth occurs and eventually stops at the development of body tissue.

  Artificial selection has led to a great increase in the speed with which broilers develop and reach slaughter-weight. The time required to reach 1.5 kg live-weight decreased from 120 days to 30 days between 1925 and 2005. Selection for fast early growth-rate, and feeding and management procedures to

  

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  support such growth, have led to various welfare problems in modern broiler strains (Bessei, W. 2006).

2.2 Broiler chicken growth

  Growing is a biology process as a trademark of living things and not limited only to morphogenesis and differentiation but also the increased size of the organism. Mostly growth occur in animal when the morphogenesis and the differentiation is finished (John, 1992).

  Livestock growth can be seen based on the body weight, body size, composition of the body changes including the body components like muscles, bones, visceral organs and chemistry components. Fowl growth commonly is not different from other livestock. The body component of the fowl that has the economic value is carcass, especially its meat (Adiwinarto, 2005).

  Measuring growth usually based on the increment of body weight periodically, stated as the average of the increment each day. The fast growing livestock is more profitable for the farmers, in order to improve the growth many strategies and treatments will be done to the livestock. The factors that need to be concerned that will affect the growth increment are genetic, feed, sex, hormones, environment, and management (Priyono, 2009)

  One of the reasons behind broiler chicken s’ rapid growth is because the fast piling fat along with the increment of the body weight. The fast piling fat in broiler chicken caused by the high appetite and the restrained movement thus the consumed energy from the feed is transformed into fat inside the tissue, which is

  

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  not surprising why broiler chickens have a large body size in short of time (Praktikno, 2010).

  2.3 Biometry

  Biometry is from Greek bios that means life and metron that means measure so in general biometry is a study about biology characteristic that can be measured. Physiologic characteristic is connected with body weight, body size and body shape. The application of mathematical and statistical methods to the collection, analysis, and interpretation of biological data also called as biometrics (Mien.A.Rifa'i, 2004).

  Quantitative trait is important in farming sector. The appearances of quantitative traits are affected by genetic and environment also the interaction between genetic and environment (Warwick et al. 1983). The increment of body size determined by the size of body organs, muscles and the growth of bone (Hutt, 2003)

  2.4 Acupuncture

  Literally acupuncture comes from Acus that means needle and puncture, by those words acupuncture means a treatment by puncturing with a needle (Filshie, 1998). Acupuncture is a form of holistic medicine and a key component of Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM). Holistic medicine sees body as a complex system, in body there are power, spirit and dynamic. Holistic medicine looks for the root of the problem and aims to reach the optimum health (Adikara, 2014)

  

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  Holistic medicine is the treatment of disease with the understanding of yin and yang. Put another way, it is the treatment of disease with the understanding that everything in the body is in relationship to everything else in and around the body. Holistic medicine understands that one cannot treat the head, for example, without it affecting the rest of the body (Mike, 2009)

  The theory of yin and yang is the most fundamental concept of Traditional Chinese medicine. Yin and Yang are the two interrelated forces which together with the concept of Qi form the foundation of eastern medicine. Yin and Yang are mutually exclusive and together form a whole which in balance constitutes a state of harmony and health and when out of balance indicates illness. These forces are opposite and yet complementary, and share an interdependent relationship - without yin, there would be no yang, and without yang, there would be no yin.

  (Leon, 2012)

  Yang is generally associated with items or concepts that are bright, warm,

  and in motion. Yin is generally associated with objects or ideas that are dark, still and cold. Any given frame of reference can be divided into opposite factors, a yin side and a yang side. A body can be divided into exterior and interior sections, the temperature can be divided into hot or cold, time can be divided into day or night, living beings can be divided into hot-blooded or cold-blooded, and many others. (Leon, 2012)

  

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  Yang Symbol. Source: Wikipedia (2013)

  Figures 2.2 Yin

  The yin-yang symbol is a representation of the philosophy of traditional Chinese medicine. The symbol consists of a circle, divided by a curved line into a black (yin) and white (yang) side (Figures 2.2). The curve symbolizes the constant change of balance between yin and yang. Each side contains a small circle of the opposite color. This demonstrates the belief that nothing is never really all yin or all yang; there is some of yang in yin, and vice-versa (Mike, 2009).

  Five elements theory is one of the major systems of thought within Chinese medicine. From a historical perspective it is an important underpinning of medical theory and serves as one of the major diagnostic and treatment protocols.

  The Five Element theory is based on the observation of the natural cycles and interrelationships in both our environment and within ourselves. The foundation of the theory rests in the correspondences of each element to a variety of phenomena (Yin Yang House, 2010).

  

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Figures 2.3 Five Elements. Source: Healingwaysresearch.blogspot.com (2010)

  There are four main relationships or ways in which the elements interact (Figures 2.3). The first of these is the generating (sheng, mother-child) cycle. This cycle describes the ways in which each element, serving as a mother, promotes the growth and development of the following child element. Examples of this

  

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  cycle are the Wood element providing the generative force for Fire, Fire providing the generative force for Earth, etc. This relationship provides the foundation for understanding five elements theory and consequently where imbalances may arise within the cycle. If Earth is weakened from a poor diet and overwork, more nourishment is requested from the Fire element to nourish Earth. Additionally, if Earth is weakened the Metal element may also be affected. Looking from the clinical perspective, people develop digestive issues from irregular eating, excessive worry and overwork which leads to a proliferation of dampness which then affects the Metal element, in this case a combination of bloating, gas and poor energy with the development of Metal (Lung) symptoms such as sinusitis or phlegm-type asthma can be seen (Yin Yang House, 2010).

  The controlling (grandparent-grandchild) cycle provides for a check and balance system among all of the elements. This cycle Earth, for example, provides a control for Water and is controlled by Wood. An example of this relationship within the body is in cases of anxiety (Fire) which are related to LV Qi Stagnation (Wood) where, over time, more Kidney (Water) related signs as the Water element attempts to control the overactive Fire (Yin Yang House, 2010).

  The overacting cycle (cheng) is an imbalance within the controlling cycle where the grandmother element provides too much control over the grandchild and weakens the element. In nature, Water putting out Fire, Earth soaking up Water. A clinical example of this relationship would be Liver (Wood) overacting on the Spleen (Earth). In this case an overactive Wood element over controlling Earth leading to disruptions in the digestive system (Yin Yang House, 2010).

  

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  The insulting cycle is also an imbalance within the controlling cycle where the grandchild insults or returns the controlling force generated by the grandmother. Using examples from nature Fire burning up Water and Water washing away Earth. Clinically in this cases where people have long-term psychological problems (Fire) which eventually effect the Kidneys (Water) as seen in the development of more Yin (Water) deficiency signs (Yin Yang House, 2010).

  The flow of bioenergy inside body is called Qi, in acupuncture the treatment by puncturing the acupuncture needle on certain spot in body to affect or to correct the flow of the Qi. The Qi movement connecting the internal organ to body surface and will react to a stimulation from outside or inside the body also transmitting Qixue, controlling the Yin Yang harmony to reach the dynamic balance. This matter causing acupuncture treatment has to be right on the acupoint for the effect to appear (Adikara, 2014). is the Qi pathway inside body. Similar to blood that has veins for

  Meridian

  its path and nerve that has its own nerves system, Qi also has its own pathway that is called meridian. The difference between meridian and any other pathways inside body is meridian could not be seen like veins and nerve system but

  meridian is real and exist (Isa, 2006)

  The main premise of the Traditional Chinese Medicine was that a harmonious and uninterrupted distribution of energy throughout to maintain health. Disease, pain, or dysfunction were considered to result when energy was out of balance by either being blocked, stagnated, deficient, or excessive. The

  

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  main external pathogenic factors that could disrupt energy distribution were mostly related to environmental conditions while internal factors were mostly related to emotions. Lifestyle and diet were also important considerations (Kendall, 1989)

2.4.1 Veterinary Acupuncture Development

  Acupuncture can be used to reduce pain or treating diseases. Acupuncture in animals usually called veterinary acupuncture, it is not different than in humans, the basic concepts are the same like Yin

• – Yang, the balance philosophy

  and the importance of the treatment. These days, a breakthrough to use the acupuncture technique as a production alternative to boost growth, increasing productivity of meat, egg, milk and also improving the reproductive ability, therefore proofing the result is needed (Adikara, 1991). Veterinary acupuncture is a way for humans to keep their livestock (Aris, 1996). Acupoint is different from non acupoint. Acupoint has lower resistance and higher potential of electricity and it has a connection with autonomic nerve (Hendromartono and Saputra, 1993).

  According to (Adikara, 2001) laserpuncture is an under development acupuncture method in the medicine world. Laserpuncture utilizes exactly the same principles and laws as traditional acupuncture, but has some positive advantages over the use of conventional needles being (Figures 2.4).

• Increase of appetite
• Increase of feed diges>Increase of cardiac output
• Increase of oxygen in
• Increase of feed absorption
• Increase of hormones and enzyme
• Increase of cell respiration in ribosom (mitochondria)

  Figure 2.4

  Laserpuncture Stimulation Mechanism. Source : Adikara (2015) Laser Semi Conductor

  Light Emission

  Radiation Stimulation

  Amplificated Acupoint

  Growth Acupoint Hu Men : ST-4

  Bei Ji : HT-1, BL-13, BL-15 Gou Hou : BL-64

  Energy/Qi Meridian

  Energi/Qi Transfering Energy/Qi

  Target Organ Digestive Respiration Cardiovascular Gonad

  Biochemistry Changing :

  Physiological Changing :

  

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  Laserpuncture treatment for livestock is meant for creating a balance biological condition to optimize the organs capacity, resulting better production and improving reproductive ability in livestock (Adikara, 2014).

  The percentage of the achievement depends on the human resources, management, and many other technical matters. Laser technology is the most suitable technique for stimulating livestock biologically to improve the egg, milk, and meat productivity by using laserpuncture (Adikara, 2000)

2.4.2 Laserpuncture

  Laserpuncture is a technique that use laser (Light Amplification Stimulation Emission by Radiation). The laser that was used for biology field for stimulation was used in low intensity between 600-1300 nm. The patient will no longer feel any pain caused by needle with this technology. Laserpuncture treatment needed shorter time to stimulate or sedating the acupoint with accurate dose, unlike traditional acupuncture that needed longer time to bring the effect and the dose cannot be measured accurately. (Saputra, 2000)

  The laser stimulation on tissue is the first cell that hit the membrane cell area and absorb the energy, changing the energy level with ion levels especially intra cation and extra cellular through chemical messenger to open the ion gate (patch clamp technique). The change in intra cation level and extra cellular also affecting the cellular tension also energy process inside cell, causing the stimulated cell to have a higher tension than its surrounding. The acupoint and the non acupoint could be detected by using special software that measured the difference of the electric tension in acupuncture meter (Saputra, 2000).

  

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  There are 3 types of lasers soft, medium and hard. Soft laser was used for stimulating tissue or biostimulation while medium laser for cutting tissue in surgery and destroying abnormal tissue, while hard laser was used for cutting steel. The laser that will be used for this research is a soft laser semiconductor.

  Semiconductor laser diode is the most common type of laser produced with a wide range of uses that include fiber optic communications, barcode readers, laser pointers, CD/DVD/Blu-ray Disc reading and recording, laser printing, laser scanning and increasingly directional lighting sources (Larry Coldren et al., 2012). Unlike the HeNe laser that needs fuel and it is expensive to refill when the fuel is depleted, semiconductor laser does not need special fuel and much safer to use than HeNe laser that needs higher voltage for activation. (A. D. White, 2011).

  Laserpuncture semi conductor is also much safer compared to HeNe laser or any other laser that use gas as its fuel. The gas from the laser system like bromine, fluorine, hydrogen cyanide that was produced from the laser system itself or from side effect of the laser reaction could harm the user. (Saputra, 2000).

  The laserpuncture semi conductor had the capacity of 50 Hz with electric power 220 volt, 50 watt and the power supply is 20 mW (Figures 2.4). The laser semiconductor wavelength is 830 nm. Transmission cable that was used, was a specific cable coated with high voltage resistant material 1.5 to 2 meters long (Figures 2.5)

  

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Figures 2.5 Power Supply. Source: Private Documentation (2015)

  Figures 2.6 Laser Semi Conductor. Source : Private Documentation (2015)

2.4.3 Acupoints for Broiler Chicken’s Growth

  The laser treatment will be done on several acupoints on chicken (Figures 2.6). The dexter and siniter side for Hu Men, Bei Ji, and Gou Hu point, unlike the

  Wei Gen point that only exists in one place. The location for Hu Men point in ST-

  4 is on the corner caudo - ventral lateral part of the chicken’s beak. Stimulating on this acupoint will increase the appetite and the digestive system activity. Bei Ji points in HT-1, BL-13, and BL-15 located on the base of the axilla. Stimulating on this acupoint will improve cor and lungs capacity, increasing oxygen

  

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  consumption along with better blood circulation. Gou Hou point in BL-64, located on the posterior side of the leg, around volar from the tarsi and metatarsi joints.

  Stimulating on this acupoint will increase growth in general through hormonal system. Wei Gen point in GV-2, located near cloaca. Stimulating on this acupoint will improve the chicken’s immune system (Adikara, 2001).

  Acupoints on Chicken. Source: Akupunktur Veteriner (Adikara,

  Figures 2.7

  2014)