The influence of Ralf Hart`s character toward Maria`s character development as seen in Paulo Coelho`s Eleven Minutes - USD Repository

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THE INFLUENCE OF RALF HART’S CHARACTER TOWARD MARIA’S CHARACTER DEVELOPMENT AS SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’S

  ELEVEN MINUTES AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS

  Presented as Partial Fulfilment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters

  By

ANASTASIA TRIYUNI ANGGRAINI

  Student Number: 044214128

ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS FACULTY OF LETTERS SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011

  

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  Our Father in heaven, thy name be hallowed; thy kingdom come, thy will be done, on earth as in heaven, Give us today our daily bread,

  Forgive us the wrong we have done, as we have forgiven those who have wronged us. And do not bring us to the rest, but save us from the evil one.

  Matthew 6:9-13

  

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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI This undergraduate thesis is dedicated to

  My beloved parents, brother, and sisters.

  ~ ~ ♥

  

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ACKNOWLEGEMENTS

  Praise the Lord! My deepest gratitude goes to God for giving me grace, blessings, guidance, and courage during the process to finish this thesis so that I finally could accomplish this thesis.

  I would like to express my gratitude for my great advisor Adventina Putranti, S.S., M.Hum in giving me advice and suggestions. I thank her for her patience in facing my laziness and understanding me. I thank her for her smile and laugh during her guidance so that I could face my problem easily. I am very proud of being student. I would like to express my gratitude for Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka, M.Hum. as my co-advisor. I really appreciate his suggestion because it has improved my thesis. Furthermore, I thank him for reading my thesis quickly.

  I also would like to express my gratitude to all of my lecturers in English Letters Department who have taught me during my study in Sanata Dharma University. Thank to Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum who gave me advice and support. Thanks to Pak Sarwoto and Pak Fajar as my advisor in doing BRS and for all staff of Sanata Dharma University especially staff of English Letters Department.

  I would like to express my gratitude to my beloved mom and dad who always give me support and advice. Meme Ho Ho, Opung Hewy Ho Ho, Inang Goestin Ho Ho, Tulang Wawan Ho Ho thanks for supporting, helping, discussing and disturbing me during my life. My special love goes to MiMi-YeYe (†) thank for it faithfulness until God sent it an angel to bring it back to heaven. I will never forget our sweet memories. I love you so much honey. My “daughters” MiMi Ho PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  Ho and MoMo Ho Ho you are my best “daughters” in the world, thanks for your good behavior honey. Keep on fooling guys! My gratitude also goes to my best friends: Kharisma Dhita Retnosari,

  Martina Rosetti, Sumehong, Maulia Dwiyani (Mak Pirrip Pip), Bertha, Ibu Yustina Siti Arini, Maria Simanjuntak, Anggia Natalia, Mas Iudie, Mbak Ivonne, Anag Sulunk Wur, Mbak Poppy, Lina, Bety, Ayiech, Nora, Mbak Ratna, Mbak Yiyin, Scholastica Ardy, Tuti, Pak Pri, Pak Parkir Perpus, Mas Bayu and so on.

  Thanks for supporting me. Thanks for the discussion during studying in English Letters Department. Thanks for the craziness and happiness.

  My endless gratitude goes to Mas Mbong, Mbak Prima, Mbak Liia, Mbak Citra, Budi and Cantus Firmus. Thanks for the sweet memories we have made.

  Thanks for great experiences in my life.

  May God grant His endless blessings, grace, and peace to us.

  Anastasia T A

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................i

APPROVAL PAGE ..........................................................................................ii

ACCEPTION PAGE .........................................................................................iii

MOTTO PAGE ................................................................................................iv

DEDICATIONAL PAGE ................................................................................v

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA

  

ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ........................................vi

PERNYATAAN KEASLIAN KARYA ...........................................................vii

ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ................................................................................viii

TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................x

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................xi

ABSTRAK .........................................................................................................xii

  

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION ......................................................................1

A. Background of the Study .........................................................................1 B. Problem Formulation ..............................................................................4 C. Objective of the Study .............................................................................4 D. Definition of Terms .................................................................................4

CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW .....................................................6

A. Review of Related Studies ......................................................................6 B. Review of Related Theories ....................................................................12

  1. Theory on Character and Characterization .........................................12

  2. Theory on Character Development.....................................................18

  C. Theoretical Framework ...........................................................................18

  

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY .................................................................20

A. Object of the Study..................................................................................20 B. Approach of the Study ............................................................................21 C. Method of the Study ................................................................................22

CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS ..............................................................................24

A. The character of Maria ............................................................................24 B. The character of Ralf Hart.......................................................................34 C. The influence of Ralf Hart’s character toward Maria’s

  character development ..........................................................................38

  

CHAPTER V CONCLUSION .........................................................................50

BIBLIOGRAPHY .............................................................................................52

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ABSTRACT

  Anastasia Triyuni Anggraini (2011). The Influence of Ralf Hart’s character

toward Maria’s Character Development as in Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes.

Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, Yogyakarta.

  This thesis disscusses Maria’s character development influenced by Ralf Hart’s character in Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes. There are three questions formulated in the problem formulations. First, it is about the description of Maria’s characater. Second, it is about the description of Ralf Hart’s character. Finally, how Ralf Hart’s character influences Maria’s character development.

  This study used the library research method to gain the data. The primary reference was taken from Paulo Coelho’s novel Eleven Minutes. The secondary references were some criticisms from other writers about Coelho’s work, Eleven

  

Minutes . Other references were the theories of character and characterization from

  some writers and theories on character development. The other books containing the definition of terms were also used in this study. In this thesis, the formalistic approach was used to analyze the character of Maria and Ralf. It was also used to analyze the change of Maria’s character influenced by Ralf Hart’s character.

  The study found that: firstly, we can find out Maria’s characterization, that is, in the beginning Maria is an innocent and dreamer girl so she is easy to be influenced. She is also an idealistic girl. Because of bad experiences, she decides not to fall in love again. Secondly, we can find out Ralf Hart character, that is, as a famous young artist. He also is rich. He is a young man who had a sexuality problem in his life. Thirdly, we can find out the influence of Ralf Hart’s character toward Maria’s character development. Indirectly Maria’s character is developed by the influence of an external factor, which is her meeting with Ralf Hart, one of her clients in Copacabana café. Indirectly, Ralf Hart gives Maria inspirations so that she finds out points of view of her life. Firtsly, after all, life is a reality that must be faced, that life in this case can not be simply regarded a dream. Second, she needs true love in her life. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

  Anastasia Triyuni Anggraini (2011). The Influence of Ralf Hart’s Character

toward Maria’s Character Development as in Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes.

Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma, Yogyakarta.

  Skripsi ini membahas tentang perkembangan penokohan Maria yang dipengaruhi oleh karakter Ralf Hart pada novel Eleven Minutes karya Paulo Coelho. Pada skripsi ini terdapat tiga permasalahan pokok yang tercantum pada pokok permasalahan. Permaslahan tersebut adalah pertama, bagaimanakah penokohan Maria. Kedua, bagaimanakah penokohan Ralf Hart. Terakhir apa saja penokohan Ralf Hart yang mempengaruhi perkembangan penokohan Maria.

  Studi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka untuk mendapatkan data- data yang diperlukan. Referensi utama berasal dari novel Eleven Minutes karya Paulo Coelho. Referensi-referensi kedua adalah beberapa kritik dari pengarang- pengarang lain tentang novel Eleven Minutes karya Paulo Coelho. Referensi- referensi lainnya adalah teori-teori tentang tokoh dan penokohan dari beberapa pengarang dan teori-teori perkembangan karakter. Buku-buku lain mengenai definisi istilah-istilah juga digunakan dalam studi ini. Skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan formalistik untuk menganalisa penokohan Maria dan Ralf Hart dan menganalisa perubahan penokohan Maria yang dipengaruhi oleh penokohan Ralf Hart pada novel Eleven Minutes karya Paulo Coelho.

  Studi ini menghasilkan: pertama, kita dapat mengetahui karakter Maria yaitu pada awal mulanya maria adalah seorang yang lugu, pemimpi sehingga mudah dipengaruhi oleh orang lain karena mimpi-mimpinya. Dia juga seorang yang idealis akan pandangan hidup yaitu hanya karena pengalaman buruk di masa lalu dia memutuskan untuk tidak jatuh cinta lagi. Kedua kita dapat mengetahui karakter Ralf Hart yaitu sebagai seniman muda yang terkenal dan kaya raya. Dia adalah laki-laki yang memiliki masalah dalam kehidupan seksualitasnya. Ketiga, kita dapat mempelajari pengaruh karakter Ralf terhadap perubahan karakter Maria. Maria mengalamai perubahan karakter dalam dirinya secara tidak langsung yang dipengaruhi oleh faktor yang berasal dari luar dirinya, yakni pertemuannya dengan Ralf Hart yang merupakan salah satu dari kliennya di Copacabana Cafe. Ralf Hart secara tidak langsung memberikan inspirasi-inspirasi kepada Maria sehingga dia menemukan beberapa pandangan hidup baru. Pertama, Maria menyadari bahwa hidup adalah realita yang harus dijalani bukanlah mimpi-mimpi semata. Kedua Maria menyadari bahwa dalam hidupnya dia membutuhkan cinta sejati dalam hidupnya. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of three sub chapters. First is background of the

  study, which covers the reasons for choosing novel and topic. Second is problem formulation, which gives the problem on what discussed in this thesis. Third is the objective of the study, which attained in this study. And the last is definition of terms, which explains the meaning of the special terms that are used in the discussion in this thesis.

A. Background of the Study

  Reading a novel will bring the readers to a thought about what the story is. Not only telling inside the story, a good novel also serves beyond the story. A good novel also gives the readers knowledge or new ideas, and even sometimes, the result of a novel reading may provoke readers to be more aware of the situations around them. We may see most novel story as a representation of reality, in which the writer tries to reveal the conflict that happens in the real life.

  Each person was born with some heredity. It means that some characters of people come from parent’s inheritance. Those characters include physical (including the body structure, the colour of the skin, and hair style) and psychological aspect (including emotion, intelligent, and talent).

  Character can develop directly or indirectly. Directly a person’s character can developed through personal experiences. Someone can also develop from someone’s advice. It just happens when someone who gives advices to another

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  person, that advice can encourage the other person in deciding a change. Another way is from the critics from someone. People will change their idealism if this given critics is inspiring and indirectly able to reassure a person to change. Someone can indirectly change his or her character by an inspiration. Inspiration usually comes accidentally to someone. It happens when someone watches, listens or experiences something. However, usually this process will take a long time, meaning cannot happen instantly.

  Eleven Minutes is a novel written by Paulo Coelho. It is a novel about the

  personal experience of the main character, Maria, who has a hard struggle to survive from her difficulties. Her life is too hard to be faced but she has some ways to face her difficulties by herself. With many problems in her life, she tries to be herself to endure her life in a foreign country that she does not know before, Switzerland.

  Through the novel, Coelho tries to show the readers about the struggle of Maria to survive her life since she decides to get additional income to leave that country and go back to her own country, Brazil, and pay her life. In the novel, indirectly, the readers can see the development of Maria’s characters before and after she endures her new life in Switzerland. It can be seen how desperate she is when she lives by herself without her family or friends beside her. Being a sex worker, she can get more money. Her decision to become a sex worker seems that a person can change her life to survive herself, without thinking the result of her act.

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  By reading the novel, the readers will get another perspective and new understanding about the situation that Maria has to face as a sex worker. The readers can understand one of the reasons why a woman decides to be a sex worker by understanding Maria’s inner problems.

  This thesis discusses Maria’s new character after her meeting with a painter, Ralf Hart, a rich, single, young artist who gives her big influence in her life unintentionally in a luxirious bar. At that first meeting, he asks Maria to be his model. Slowly, that moment marks the begining process of Ralf Hart’s contribution on the changing of Maria’s view about life.

  By paying attention to Maria, Ralf changes Maria’s point of view of her life. He also shares his experience in reaching his succees, for sometimes Ralf makes some discussions with Maria about Plato’s point of view. From their meetings and their discussions, Maria changes her point of view indirectly.

  Coming from this point, the writer feels those issues are worth studying. The struggle that is revealed by the main character in the novel and the influence of Ralf Hart encourages the writer to raise the issues and to discus them deeper in this undergraduate thesis.

  Directly, the writer hopes that this thesis can contribute new point of view on the way of a woman’s survival from a hard life, still, the writer also hopes that this thesis will give the readers an understanding about a fact that someone can change a person’s view due to a better life. Indirectly, the writer also hopes that this thesis will give a new understanding about the other side of a sex worker’s life.

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   Problem Formulation

  Based on the background of the study, the writer presents the problem formulations as follows:

  1. How is Maria’s character in Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes described?

  2. How is Ralf Hart’s character described?

  3. How does Ralf Hart’s character influence Maria’s character development?

  C. Objective of the Study Based on the problem formulation above, this thesis has three objectives.

  First, the writer wants to find out the characters of Maria as the main character. In this objective, the writer also wants to analyze her deeper. Second, the writer wants to know Ralf Hart’s characters. Third, the writer wants to analyze how Ralf Hart’s character influenced Maria’s character development.

  D. Definition of Terms

  There are some terms in this study which are used by the writer:

  1. Character According to A Glossary of Literary Terms, “characters are the person described in a literary work that have the moral and natural qualities, which can be identified by seeing what they say as in the dialogue and what they do as in the action”. Characters may remain essentially “stable”, or unchanged in outlook and

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  disposition, from beginning to end of a work, or may undergo a radical change, either through a gradual process of motivation and development, or as the result of the crisis (Abrams, 1993: 23).

  2. Development According to Lemme in Development in Adulthood, development is defined as a systematic changes in behaviour over time that result from interaction between the individual and the internal and external environment (1995: 8).

  From the meaning of the two terms above, the writer concludes

  

Character Development as a result of a changing behaviour by a person presented

in a literary work.

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter contains three sub-chapters. First is review of related

  studies. This sub-chapter tells the readers about other studies of Eleven Minutes written by other people. Second is review of related theories. This sub-chapter tell the readers about theories which are used to analyze the problem formulation. And the last is theoretical frmework. It tells the readers about the uses of the theories.

A. Review of Related Studies

  In analyzing the topic, the writer looked for some theories which affect and help the writer in developing the idea. The criticism would be very important to get more information about the topic of the analysis. John Louie Ramos in his article in Helium:

  

International Writers and Literature Book Review said that Eleven Minutes is an

  emotion-filled story of self-discovery, personal enlightenment and awakening, written by no other than the masterful storyteller himself, Paulo Coelho. In this book, Coelho delicately depicts the sensitive issues of sexuality, prostitution and morality. It's about Maria, a Brazilian woman who, all her life ironically seeks for something unknown to her. Because of an unfortunate experience with a boy whom she fell in love whit when she was still a child, Maria developed a man- hater sort of attitude (in http://www.helium.com/items/1836134-book-review- eleven-minutes)

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  At an early age, Maria already inflicted the idea that there is not such a thing as true love. Maria left Brazil in order to pursue her dreams of vast riches and abysmal fame. However, success seems to evade Maria, she ends up working at a cabaret on Rue De Berne in Switzerland. There, Maria learns life's hardships.

  Coelho introduces a character which succumbs to reality's cruel nature, a perfect representation of each one of us. Clearly, Coelho is a master of touching and connecting with his readers.

  Beyond doubt, the character of Maria lies within the readers all. The readers are all just like her, the readers dream of fame and fortune yet the readers do not really know how hard it is to achieve it. The readers know what the readers want but then again we rarely know how to get it. During her stay in the cabaret, Maria learns the trade of prostitution. In some way, she develops a fascination for sex. Maria longs not for love but for the gratification brought by her various sexual experiences. However, all of Maria's ideals are put into halt when she meets a man whom she falls in love with, Ralf Hart, was a 29-year old painter.

  Maria becomes confused she begins to question her self.

  It is a downright decision that Maria has to make; taking the risk of loving and probably being hurt or staying safe within the limits of sexual pleasures.

  Much like, Coelho's other books, The Alchemist, and The Pilgrimage as well, is a journey through one's self. It scrutinizes our inner selves and directly challenges our understanding of things. Coelho is a wise old philosopher. In this book, Coelho relates the difference between sacred sex in the context of love and casual

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  sex. He creates a story which all of us can relate. The "Coelho touch" once again weave its prowess in this classic work, a genuine love story of two lonely hunters who happened to change each others views just in the nick of time.

  Another review is from John Sutherland in New York Times Book Review (in http://www.comlete-review.com/reviews/abek/elevenminutes.htm.#summaries). He said that Eleven Minutes departed somewhat from the Coelho formula. He apologized to his devoted readers in a chatty foreword. This was a novel, the readers were warned, and that will deal with "a subject that is harsh, difficult, shocking": the international crime of "people trafficking". The heroine, Maria, was a surpassingly beautiful virgin from the Brazilian back-country. She run off to Rio where she was tricked into going as a "dancer" to Geneva. There she descended into prostitution.

  Thus outlined, Eleven Minutes might seem to promise an expose of white slavery. It did not. Maria's experience with the dour punters of Switzerland was as much a voyage of wonderful discovery as Santiago's treasure hunt in The Alchemist. Through the sex industry, Maria uncovered the core truths of the human condition. In the process, she saved her "soul"; she also saved a useful bank balance. Her rate for 11 minutes (life was not the only thing that moves very fast) was 1,000 Swiss francs. After a year she was able to retire, healthy, wealthy and wise.

  Maria started on the road to enlightenment by reading a truly amazing book by an un-named Brazilian sage - something to do with an Andalusian

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  shepherd boy's treasure hunt. Her research crystallized in a dilemma, embodied in two of her customers. Ralf, a brilliant artist, worshiped from a distance the sanctified "light" she exuded. Terence, by contrast, was a rich sadist with an "icy glint" in his eye. He pleasured Maria to the point of ecstatic orgasm with the whip.

  Another review comes from Ashmita Saha. In her review in Circle Book Review (in http://www.book-review-circle.com/Eleven-Minutes-Paulo- Coelho.html), she divided her review into four parts. The first is summary, in her summary she said that Eleven Minutes was the story of a prostitute- Maria, a Brazilian small towner who setted out on the path of prostitution in search of adventure and money. Coelho used Maria to write a saga of sex and love-making, explored the difference between the two and in the process questions various precincts of societal codes of morality and righteous living. Maria setted out as a cabaret dancer in Switzerland and gradually turned to prostitution by choice, rather than by compulsion. At one point she analysed her situation thus, she was doing this because she wanted to experience something new and she was doing it because she had nothing to lose. She decided that none of the above was true and that it was best to forget all about it and simply deal with whatever lay on her particular path.

  Maria learned about men and sexuality through her various clients. She deliberated at various points in the book: “I have discovered why a man pays for a woman: he wanted to be happy” or that “sex has come to be used as some kind of a drug: in order to escape reality, to forget about problems, to relax”. She explored sado-masochism with one of her clients and writes “when I experienced

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  humiliation and total submission, I was free”. Her disillusionment with sexuality grows. She wrote “I need to write about love- otherwise my soul won’t survive”.

  Finally, she found her love in an equally disillusioned painter. Maria was left to choose between her existing life of mindless lust, the life of mundane ordinariness that awaits her back home or an odyssey of sacred sex along with her lover.

  The second was social/historical context. In this part she said that wwritten towards the later half of the 20th century, Coelho focused on the various prejudices associated with love making in both the genders. He traced a brief history of such prejudices in the book but elaborates more on present day illusions about the nature of sex and love-making.

  The third part was writing style. In this part, she said that Coelho wrote a language of evocative imagery- vividly describing the soul of a prostitute, her sexual encounters and her professional and personal frustrations. Coelho used simple and direct prose to wield a very sensitive subject, converting it into a gripping drama on the quest for true love.

  And the last part was her opinion. In her opinion, she tried to compare a Hindi Movie with Coelho’s Eleven Minutes. She said that in Devdas by Sanjay Leela Bansali, Chandramukhi, the prostitute, exclaims at one point in the movie: ‘Kya ek tawaef ko pyar karne ka haq nehin hai?”(Does a prostitute not have the right to love?) This book by Caelho, elaborates on just that. The right was to love of a prostitute and her quest for it. And such was the genius of Coelho, that he was able to trace the deepest cravings of a woman’s mind in the process.

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  Another review comes from Andrew Steward (Anu), a journalist who made reviews of many books. In his article Scribbles of Soul (in http://www.scribblesofsoul.com/eleven-minutes-by-paulo-coelho/-), he said that

Eleven Minutes struck the readers as a title and the excitement increased manifold.

  The author’s preface made it clear that this book was slightly different from his previous works and was going to change his reputation among his cult admirers of

  The Alchemist .

  The story was a gripping tale of a young girl, who got involved in the flesh trade, voluntarily to make quick money and to fulfil her own and her family’s long-cherished dreams. However, as the story progressed, the purity of the girl’s nature came as a pleasant surprise. Despite being a part of one of the most ancient and yet the dirtiest job, she possessed a unique virginity, with a holier than thou heart, the impurity of her body never affecting her mind, her soul.

  The solidity of her character rubs onto the readers, the readers’ empathise with her, wish her luck in her sojourns and genuinely want her to be united with her true love. She gathered your sympathy, surprised the readers with her die-hard optimism, and amazed the readers with her ability to make things work despite all odds. The sincerity and professionalism with which she handled her trade, never even once made prostitution look degrading or humiliating. The story reinforced the belief that no job was small or dirty, its the readers own consciousness that made it look so.

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  Paulo totally impressed her with his unbiased characterization of one of the most complex characters- highlighting the womanly qualities of a prostitute who was more often than not treated as a mere body, a tool to satiate carnal desires, without any regard for her existence as a girl. Her feminine side which cherishes thoughts of having a life partner, craving for someone special with whom she was able to share her moments of joy and grief, her dreams and fantasies and been free in her thoughts and action is often neglected.

  Paulo Coelho had definitely treated the character of his novel in a most wonderful manner. Without any bias, he had tried to create a real woman. And, she had to say, he had succeeded in his mission. The Eleven Minutes of her trade related activity nowhere blemishes her character and she came across as a strong independent woman, craving for love inside and putting up a brave face to the world. She might be called Westernized version of Umrao Jaan, without excessive melodrama about her victimization.

B. Review of Related Theories

   There are some theories which are useful to answer the problem

  formulation. Those theories are Theory on Character and Characterization and Theory on Character Development.

1. Theory on Character and Characterization

  In their book An Introduction to Fiction, Poetry and Drama, X.J. Kennedy and Dana Giola stated that a character is presumably an imagined person who inhabits a story although that simple definition may admit to a few exceptions.

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  But usually in the main characters of a story, human personalities become familiar to us. If the story seems “true of life,” we generally find that its character acts in a reasonably consistent manner, and that the author has provided them with motivation (1998: 60)

  Character may seem flat or round, depending on whether a writer sketch or sculpture them. A flat character has only one outstanding trait of feature or at most a few distinguishing marks. Round characters present us with more facets; their authors portray them in greater depth and in more generous detail. A round character may appear ton us only as he appears to the other characters in the story. In short, flat characters tend to stay the same throughout a story, but round character often change-learn or become enlightened, grow or deteriorate (1998: 61)

  Abrams says that: Characters are the persons presented in the dramatic or narrative work who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral disposition qualities express in what way they say (the dialogue) and what they do (the action) (1981: 20)

  Based on Abram’s definition, it is obvious that what the character say and do are very important in analyzing the character. By the character’s action and speech, the readers can see the interaction of the character to other character in a literary work that determines what kind of person he or she is.

  Hugh Holman in his book A Handbook to Literature says character is a brief draft that describes a personage who has definite quality. This quality relates to the idea of moral construction of human personality. Each character has his or her own value, thus represent a sort of human being (Holman, 1986: 81).

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  From all those definitions above, it can be said that the moral principle is represented by the character. Moral quality emphasizes the value about “good or bad characteristic” of which presented by the character and the consequences of the character’s action.

  The quality of the moral construction can be identified by observing how the character interacts with other characters and his/her problems. It is difficult to determine the characteristic of a character, because the character may change his or her behaviour. The readers can identify the character by interpreting the character’s behaviour, way of thinking, and way of solving problems.

  The characters in the literary work are divided into two parts. The first is the major characters or the main characters. The second is the minor characters or the secondary characters. Roger B. Henkle in his book Reading the Novel (1977: 97) explains that the major characters are the most important and the complex character in the novel. They can be identified from their characterization, the attention of the author and the readers, the attitudes of the other characters to them and the transmitting process of their characters intensity. The major characters also build opinion that can establish the readers’ virtue. While the secondary characters are the characters in which their performance are limited. Therefore, their responses to the experiences in the story are also less complex.

  According to M.J. Murphy (1972: 161-173) in Understanding unseen: an

  

Introduction to English Poetry and the English Novel for Overseas Students, there

  are some ways through which an author may reveal the character’ personalities and traits to the readers.

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  a. Personal description The author describes a person’s appearance and clothes. From the descriptions, the readers are given the image how the character looks like: her build, her skin colour, her hair, her outer coat, her hands, and so on.

  b. Character as seen by another The author describes her through the eyes and opinions of another, instead of describing a character directly. The readers can get, as it were, a reflected image.

  c. Speech The author gives the readers an insight into the character of one of the persons in the book through what that person says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in a conversation with another, whenever she puts forward an opinion, she is giving us clues to her character.

  d. Past life By letting the readers learn something about a person’s past life, the author gives the readers a clue to events that have helped to shape a person’s character. This can be done by direct comment by the author, though the person’s thoughts, through her conversation or through the medium of another person.

  e. Conversation of others The author also gives the readers clues to a person’s character through the conversation of other people and the things they say about her. People talk about other people and the things they say often give the readers a clue to the character of the person spoken about.

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  f. Reactions The author also gives the readers a clue to a person’s character by letting them know how that person reacts to various situations and events. Like when she reacts to someone’s words, someone’s touch, or to people or things around her, and so on. From her reaction, the readers can know her characteristics further, whether he is angry, jealous, happy, etc.

  g. Direct comment The author describes or comments on a person’s character directly, such as: she is a nice person or she is a very lazy woman so that, the readers can know her characteristics directly.

  h. Thought The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. In this respect, she is able to do what we cannot do in real life. She can tell the readers what different people are thinking. The readers are in privileged position; she has, as it were, a secret listening device plugged in to the inmost thoughts of a person in a novel. i. Mannerism

  The author describes a person’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may also tell the readers something about her character. Such as: she likes hitting her child brutally. From that sentence, the readers can know that she is not a lovely person.

  In his book An Introduction to Fiction, Robert Stanton said that character is commonly used in two ways: it designates the individuals who appear in the

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  story and it refers to the mixture of interest, desire, emotions, and moral principles that makes up each of these individuals. Most stories contain a central character, who is relevant to every event in the story; usually the events cause some change either in him or in our attitude toward him (1965: 17).

  A character’s reason for behaving as he does is his motivation. His specific motivation is his immediate reason, perhaps unconscious, for any particular speech or act. His basic motivation is an aspect of his general character. It is continuing desire or attention that governs him throughout the story, the direction toward which almost all that his specific motivations tend (165: 17)

  Hugh Holman explains characterization in three ways. The first is the explicit presentation, which means that the author gives direct exposition of the characters so that the readers can grasp directly the characteristics of the character that are already certain. The second is the presentation of character in action, which means there is no explicit comment by the author, and the readers examine the character’s characteristic by seeing the action of the character. The last is the representation from within a character, “without comment on the character by the author, the impact of actions and emotions on the character inner self” (Holman, 1986: 83). It has a purpose that the readers can understand the attitude of each character clearly.

  Holman also explained that character can be either static or dynamic. A static character is someone who does not experience a conversation in himself.

  Something that happens to him does not influence this character. The action describes his character. While a dynamic character is someone who is influenced

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  by the actions and experiences. He experiences a conversation in himself as the result of the actions and experiences (Holman, 1986:83) While according to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Wood (1971: 20) in

  

Reading and Writing about Literature , characters have particular personalities and

  physical attributes that distinguish them from other character, and the process which an author creates a character is called characterizations.

2. Theory on Character Development

  Forster in Aspect of the Novel said that character development is the changing of a character from the beginning until the end of the story. A character is developed if she or he experiences a change in some aspects of disposition, personality, or outlook. He is not the same person as he was at the beginning of the story. He changes into a new character. The changing depends on the condition and experiences as it is in the story (1974: 54)

  Laurence Perrine in her Literature: Structure, Sound, and Sense states that all of fictional characters can be classified as static or developing or dynamic.

  The developing or dynamic character undergoes a permanent change in some aspects of his or her character personality or outlook. It can be a small change or a big change; and it can be better or worse (1972: 71). Moreover, Perrine stated that the character in the story does not change in a sudden way, but changes step by step. The character must begin the change with smaller change that is carefully prepared for. The changes of the character should be sufficiently motivated by circumstances. One cannot change his or her characteristics so suddenly without

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  any reasons, but it must follow sufficiently time and reason of the changes (1972: 71).

C. Theoretical Framework

  In this part, the writer tries to see the contribution of the theories explained above in solving problems in this research. The reviews which explain about Maria’s experience in Switzerland, which is about her proffession as a sex worker, most frequently applied by Paulo Coelho give the writer knowledge and information which are considered important in helping to percieve his work.

  The theory on character and characterization is considered suitable as the means to answer the first and the second questions. By applying the theory, the writer is able to describe the characterization of the main character, Maria, and the minor character, Ralf Hart. The answer later used as vital information to find out the development. The theory on character development is considered suitable as the means to answer the third question. By applying the theory, the writer is able to find out the development of Maria’s character. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study The object of the study is one of Paulo Coelho novels entitled Eleven Minutes . This novel was published in 2003 by Editora Rocco in Brazil. Eleven Minutes was originally written in Portuguese and published as Onze Minutos. It

  has been translated to 40 foreign languages and two of them are English and Indonesian. In 2004 Margaret Jull Costa translated it into English. Then its copyright was published in April 2004 by HarperCollins (hardcover printing) and in June 2004 by HarperTorch (international printing).

  Eleven Minutes was the third best seller by Coelho after The Alchemist

and The Pilgrimage. In Powell’s Book, Coelho said that Eleven Minutes did not

  set out to be a manual or a treatise about a man and a woman confronted by the unknown world of sexual relationships. It was an analysis of his trajectory. It took him a long time to learn that the coming together of two bodies is more than a response to certain physical stimuli or to the survival instinct. Sex was a manifestation of a spiritual energy called love.

  Generally, the novel tells about Maria, from the interior ofy to find that reality is harder than she expected and she ends up working in a brothelhe heart of nd sacred sex in the context of love. Because of

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