The contribution of Maria’s characterization and past sexual experiences to her female orgasmic disorder as seen in Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes - USD Repository
THE CONTRIBUTION OF MARIA’S CHARACTERIZATION
AND PAST SEXUAL EXPERIENCES TO HER FEMALE
ORGASMIC DISORDER AS SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’S
ELEVEN MINUTES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESISPresented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
NI KETUT SRI BUDHI DWI MARLENI
Student Number: 064214045
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2010
THE CONTRIBUTION OF MARIA’S CHARACTERIZATION
AND PAST SEXUAL EXPERIENCES TO HER FEMALE
ORGASMIC DISORDER AS SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’S
ELEVEN MINUTES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
NI KETUT SRI BUDHI DWI MARLENI
Student Number: 064214045
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2010
ā
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to thank my father, I Wayan Satra and my mother, Wayan
Retimin for their never ending love and support. I also thank my two sisters, Ni
Luh Sri Heliyanthi and Ni Nyoman Sri Vita Veni Fera for being sisters and
best friends. Many thanks also go to my big family in Bali.
I dedicate my much appreciation to my advisor Ni Luh Putu Rosiandani,
S.S., M.Hum., for her guidance in helping me to finish my thesis. I am also
indebted to my co-advisor Dewi Widyastuti, S.Pd., M.Hum., who has spent her time to read and revise my thesis. I would also say many thanks to lecturers and staff of English Letters Department for the best education and services during my study.
I would like to thank my loyal best companions: Panda “Blueboo” for always listening and never complaining, Elly “Big” Ecest and Happy “Little”
Ecest for their much help. I am thankful to my Beo 20 friends: Mbak Oyo for the
Eleven Minutes novel, Mbak Susan, Devi, Elis, Titin, Febby, Intan, Fanny and
Cik San. I would also thank my classmates: Yosua for the journals, Sukma,
Tere, Gabe, Wulan, Gentur, Achied, and Mbak Meta.I am grateful to Ida Sang Hyang Widhi Wasa for the life I rent. Words are too atomic to describe His magnificence. Last, I thank everyone whose name cannot be mentioned one by one down here.
Ni Ketut Sri Budhi Dwi Marleni
TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ............................................................................................. ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ........................................................................................ iii
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAHUNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ............................................................. iv
MOTTO PAGE .................................................................................................... v
DEDICATION PAGE.......................................................................................... vi
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ................................................................................. vii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ..................................................................................... viii
ABSTRACT ......................................................................................................... x
ABSTRAK ............................................................................................................ xi
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ........................................................................ 1
A. Background of the Study ..................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation ........................................................................... 3 C. Objectives of the Study ........................................................................ 4 D. Definition of Terms ............................................................................. 4CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ........................................................ 8
A. Review of Related Studies ................................................................... 8 B. Review of Related Theories ................................................................. 101. Theory of Character and Characterization ...................................... 10
2. The Concept of Sexuality ............................................................... 12
3. Theory of Girls’ Puberty ................................................................ 15
4. Theory of Sexual Activities ............................................................ 15
5. Theory of Sexual Dysfunction ........................................................ 18
C. Theoretical Framework ........................................................................ 22
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................... 24
A. Object of the Study .............................................................................. 24 B. Approach of the Study ......................................................................... 25 C. Method of the Study ............................................................................ 26CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ................................................................................ 28
A. The Characterization of Maria ............................................................. 28 B. Maria’s Past Sexual Experiences ......................................................... 37 C. The Contribution of Maria’s Characterization and Past Sexual Experiences to Her Female Orgasmic Disorder .................................... 55CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ........................................................................... 72
APPENDICES Appendix 1 ................................................................................................ 77 Appendix 2 ................................................................................................ 79
ABSTRACT
NI KETUT SRI BUDHI DWI MARLENI. The Contribution of Maria’s
Characterization and Past Sexual Experiences to Her Female Orgasmic
Disorder as Seen in Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes. Yogyakarta: Department
of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2010.
This thesis analyzes Paulo Coelho’s novel entitled Eleven Minutes. The writer discusses Maria, the main character in the novel, who suffers from female orgasmic dysfunction. Maria’s sexual experiences and behavior take the major part on her illness since they are related to her inability in reaching orgasm through sexual intercourse.
This study is aimed to solve three problems. The first problem is the characterization of Maria as the main character in the novel. The second problem is how Maria’s past sexual experiences are described and the last one is how Maria’s characterization and past sexual experiences contribute to her sexuality disorder.
The data of this research are Paulo Coelho’s novel entitled Eleven Minutes and other sources which are closely related to the study. Psychoanalytic approach is used in analyzing this study. The main character, Maria is examined by using psychoanalysis method to know how her mind, behavior and sexual instinct work.
This study finds that Maria is young woman who is beautiful. She is also a high motivated young woman. She has high curiosity on sexuality since she is unable to have orgasm through sexual intercourse. In her childhood and adolescence years, she has experienced a lot of sexual experiences such as falling in love, kissing, masturbating and love making. She is obsessed to the pleasure of masturbating. She works as a prostitute to have orgasm through sexual intercourse. However, she only has orgasm twice. The first orgasm she gets from her client, Terence who only rubs her clitoris and does not penetrate her. The second one also she gets from her client, Ralf Hart who penetrates her and rubs her clitoris as well. Both orgasms she gets are clitoral orgasms. She cannot achieve vaginal orgasm. Maria has a sexual disorder called Female Orgasmic
Disorder (FOD), when a woman cannot reach orgasm through sexual intercourse.
Maria is unable to have orgasm because she uses to masturbate since she is at very young age.
ABSTRAK
NI KETUT SRI BUDHI DWI MARLENI. The Influence of Maria’s Childhood
and Adolescence Sexual Experiences on Her Female Orgasmic Disorder as
Seen in Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes. Yogyakarta: Department of English
Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma University, 2010.
Skripsi ini menganalisis novel Paulo Coelho yang berjudul Eleven
Minutes. Penulis mendiskusikan Maria, tokoh utama dalam novel ini, yang
mengalami disfungsi orgasme wanita. Pengalaman dan perilaku seksual Maria menjadi penyebab utama dalam ketidakmampuannya mencapai orgasme melalui hubungan seksual.
Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk memecahkan tiga permasalahan. Permasalahan pertama berkaitan dengan perwatakan Maria sebagai tokoh utama dalam novel. Permasalahan kedua berkaitan dengan penggambaran pengalaman seksual Maria di masa lalu dan permasalahan yang terakhir berkaitan dengan pengaruh perwatakan Maria dan pengalaman-pengalaman seksual tersebut terhadap kelainan seksualitasnya.
Data-data penelitian ini antara lain novel Eleven Minutes karya Paulo Coelho dan sumber-sumber lain yang erat kaitannya dengan penelitian ini. Pendekatan psikoanalisis diterapkan dalam analisis. Tokoh utama dalam novel yaitu Maria diteliti dengan metode psikoanalisis untuk mengetahui cara kerja pikiran, perilaku, dan insting seksualnya.
Penelitian ini menemukan bahwa Maria adalah seorang wanita muda yang cantik. Dia juga merupakan seorang wanita muda yang memiliki motivasi tinggi. Dia memiliki rasa penasaran yang tinggi dalam hal seksualitas karena dia tidak bisa orgasme melalui hubungan seksual. Di masa kanak-kanak dan remajanya, dia telah mengalami banyak pengalaman seksual seperti jatuh cinta, berciuman, bermasturbasi, dan bercinta. Dia terobsesi pada kenikmatan yang ia peroleh dari bermasturbasi. Dia bekerja sebagai seorang pekerja seksual untuk mendapat orgasme melalui hubungan seksual. Namun, dia hanya orgasme dua kali. Orgasme pertama didapatnya dari seorang klien, Terence yang hanya menggosok klitorisnya tanpa melakukan penetrasi. Orgasme kedua juga dia dapat dari kliennya, Ralf Hart yang melakukan penetrasi sekaligus menggosok klitorisnya. Kedua orgasme yang ia alami merupakan orgasme klitoral. Dia tidak bisa mendapatkan orgasme vaginal. Maria mengalami kelainan seksual yang disebut
Female Orgasmic Disorder (FOD), yaitu keadaan seorang wanita yang tidak
mampu mencapai orgasme melalui hubungan seksual. Maria tidak bisa mencapai orgasme karena dia telah terbiasa bermasturbasi semenjak usia dini.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Literary works are the presentations of human life. The literary works may
reflect the readers’ personal life. They may reflect the readers’ psychological, historical, and moral aspects of life. These reflections can be seen through the characters in the story since the author mostly describes the characters like the real human beings in the real life.
The characters that are made by the author should be able to convey the author’s message to the readers. According to Perrine, the readers can see the inner life of the characters because the author can tell the characters’ mind and feelings to the readers (1974: 68). The readers learn more about human nature in real life by reading literary works. The readers can also get much knowledge about life such as how to solve problems, how to face life, and how to deal with other people by reading literary works.
The character that is created by the author may have various problems and difficulties in the story. Sometimes the character deals with the abnormal behavior. The character’s behavior is considered abnormal if it causes great suffering in him or her. Sometimes the character experience psychological disorder such as sexual disorders or sexual dysfunctions. Many people do not realize that childhood and adolescence sexual experiences have a significant influence toward adult sexual behavior. The influence can be both good and bad depend on what sexual activity and experience people had when they were very young. Those experiences will be carried on people’s entire life.
Before the baby has become oriented toward his world, his interests are largely bounded by his physical organism. The most important activity in his life is sucking. As the child grows older, if he does not drop his infantile sucking habit, it may become a masked form of masturbation with genuine erotic quality (Seward, 1954: 128).
Seward states that simple activities like finger-sucking which most people did when they were a baby are the same as masturbation. The masturbation activity is often practiced by people in order to get satisfaction without sex partner. Masturbation is also done to relieve the unsatisfied feeling. The idea is just the same as finger-sucking. When a baby is crying, he suckles to calm himself.
Paulo Coelho in his novel Eleven Minutes shows that childhood sexual experiences can influence adult sexual behavior. He reveals it in the life journey of Maria. Thus, this study focuses on the process of Maria’s having sexual dysfunction. Though the novel also talks about love, as stated in Ingrid Calderon’s article “A Novel Battling Sex and Love”, Eleven Minutes is a story about a taboo subject and the mingling of love (http://latin-american literature.suite101.com/article.cfm/paulo_coelhos_eleven_minutes_a_review), this study will not analyze the role of love in Maria’s sexual problem.
Maria, the main character of this novel is a Brazilian young woman. She experienced sexual activity since she was very young. She fell in love when she was eleven, she had some dates when she was a teenage girl and she got her first However, she never finds out the pleasure of love making activity. She just feels hurt. She thinks it is really different when she commits masturbation. She knew about masturbation when she was fifteen. She touches her genitals and feels the pleasure when she does it. She continues having masturbation weekly. Then she decides to be a prostitute in Geneva. Though as a prostitute she still cannot find out the pleasure of sexual intercourse. She keeps thinking that masturbation is more enjoyable than love making because through masturbation she can reach the pleasure she never has from love making.
The fact that past sexual experiences, in Maria’s case are her childhood and adolescence sexual experiences have a great impact toward adult sexual behavior interests the researcher to gain deeper on the sexuality issues in Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes especially on the main character, Maria. Her habit of having weekly masturbation when she was a child and her sexual intercourse when she was a teenage girl lead her adult sexual behavior into a sexual disorder.
B. Problem Formulation
1. How is the characterization of Maria presented in Paulo Coelho’s Eleven
Minutes?
2. How are Maria’s past sexual experiences described?
3. How do Maria’s characterization and past sexual experiences contribute to her female orgasmic disorder?
C. Objectives of the Study
This study is discussing one of female sexual dysfunction caused by childhood and adolescence sexual experiences. This study also shows how previous sexual experiences can shape later sexual behavior as reflected by Maria, the main character of Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes. Therefore, there are three following primary objectives of this study.
The first objective is to identify Maria, the main character of the story. This discussion points up Maria’s characterization in the novel in order to recognize her qualities and personality. The second objective is to depict Maria’s pas sexual experiences or childhood and adolescence sexual experiences. This discussion illustrates the process of Maria having a sexual disorder. The third objective is to understand the contribution of Maria’s characterization and past sexual experiences to sexual disorder. This discussion illustrates how characteristics of Maria and her past sexual experiences influence her to have a sexual disorder.
D. Definition of Terms
1. Childhood
Childhood is a period of child by the time he or she reaches the age of eighteen to twenty-four months and this period extends from infancy until puberty (Braun and Linder, 1979: 228). In the book Human Sexuality in a World of
Diversity by Spencer A. Rathus, Jeffrey S. Nevid and Lois Fichner-Rathus,
childhood is a stage of life extends from the age of three to thirteen and stopped when the children experience puberty (2008: 411). These two definitions clearly show us that childhood is the period of life extends from the age of three until thirteen and this period stops when the children have their puberty.
2. Adolescence
Adolescence is a stage of life marked by the onset of puberty or the period of sexual maturation (Braun and Linder, 1979: 236). Another definition of adolescence comes from Fleming, in which he states that adolescence is a period of life extends from the age of fifteen to the time of marriage at about 25, marked by the awakening of the sex functions and the beginning of true social life (1955: 34). From these two definitions the writer concludes that the adolescence period is a period which extends from age fifteen to age of 25 when someone grows into maturity and experiences puberty or sexual maturation.
3. Adulthood
Braun and Linder in Psychology Today: an Introduction Fourth Edition, states that: Adulthood is the period of life that begins when we stop growing up and start growing old. It has also been characterized as a time during which the stable personality developed in childhood and adolescence continues to function without very much change (1979: 237).
This quotation means that adulthood is a period of life which happens after someone experiencing adolescence period or puberty period. Someone is considered as an adult and mature in this period.
4. Sexual Behavior
According to Spencer A. Rathus, Jeffrey S. Nevid and Lois Fichner- Rathus in the book Human Sexuality in a World of Diversity, sexual behavior is all actions in heterosexual or homosexual engagements that cause sexual responses of the body including solitary sexual behavior like masturbation; sexual behavior with others such as foreplay, kissing, touching, stimulation of the breast and oral- genital stimulation; and sexual fantasies (2008: 257-278). Meanwhile, Braun and Linder state that sexual behavior is any sexual activities or practices vary with people’s cultural and personal characteristics such as celibacy or complete abstinence from sexual activity, masturbation or “playing with oneself activity”, heterosexuality or a man and a woman stimulating each other sexually, and homosexuality or sexual activity done by people with the same sex (1975: 393- 395). These two definitions clearly show us that sexual behavior is all sexual activities or practices done by people both in heterosexual and homosexual relationship such as masturbation, kissing, and love-making.
5. Female Orgasmic Disorder
Braun and Linder in Psychology Today: an Introduction Fourth Edition say this female orgasmic dysfunction as the situation of women who experience orgasms sometimes through certain kinds of stimulation (such as masturbation) but not in other circumstances in which they would like to (typically during sexual intercourse) (1979: 392). Jim Smith in his book Abnormal Behaviors: Outlined
Reference states that female orgasmic dysfunction is the problem in which women are unable to experience orgasms under any circumstances (1975: 137). These quotations say that female orgasmic dysfunction is the inability of women to have orgasms in sexual intercourse, but they can have orgasms when they are masturbating.
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies Paulo Coelho is one of the most famous authors in the world. He writes a
lot of novels which have been translated into many languages. He writes The
Alchemist, Veronica Decides to Die, Brida, etc. A lot of his books have been
translated into more than 61 languages and have been read in more than 150 countries. Most of his books have become the subject of social and culture debate because his ideas about philosophy and subject matter in his book touch the aspirations of millions people who want to find their identities (Martin and Ballesteros, http://www.santjordi.asociados.com/news03.htm; 12 October 2009).
Eleven Minutes is his novel published in 2003 and it became a global best
seller in 2005 in many countries except United States. The reason why Coelho has not a big hit in America on Eleven Minutes is that the American Publishing Market is too broad and too shallow, meanwhile American people do not read much and they are satisfied with what they get at home (http://www.npr.org/templates/story/story.php?storyId=1843950,
12 October 2009).
However, many people love reading Eleven Minutes because it inspires a lot of people to love and be loved, and also have dreams. Eleven Minutes is also highly recommended to be read. Eli Bendersky, in an article titled “A Book Review: Eleven Minutes by Paulo Coelho” says that “The book is written very well, it’s readable and flows quickly. It talks about certain life philosophies, with the main theme being the search of the main character for the meaning of life. Not surprising that Coelho’s books are such bestsellers. They read and tie you down like a soap-opera, and leave you with a certain imprint of profoundness (http://eli.thegreenplace.net/2003/12/26/book-review-eleven-minutes-by-paulo- coelho/).” Eleven Minutes is one of his best novels which tells about Maria, a young Brazilian girl who works as a prostitute. This novel is based on true story of a Brazilian prostitute, her marriages, her problems with the law, and her various adventures.
Antono in his thesis “Love and Sexual Dysfunction: A Psychological Study of Maria in Paulo Coelho Eleven Minutes” emphasizes that the absence of love is the cause of Maria’s sexual dysfunction. “Maria gets the multiple pleasures; pleasure from the economically, sexually, and love. Her dream comes true and her desire is satisfied. Therefore, the absence of love in her life causes her sexual dysfunction” (2006: 54).
Ingrid Calderon in her article titled “Paulo Coelho’s Eleven Minutes: A novel Battling Love and Sex” states that Love never asks for permission, nor does it appear when we feel we most need it. Love is a universal entity that holds no shape and strikes down and stays clenched to the heart. In this novel Eleven Minutes, the reader is immediately transported into Maria’s soul; boarding the carousel of her life and the incidents that lead up to the opening of her long lost soul. The inner light spoken about in the story indicates the light that emerges from the soul. It has no physical body and is only apparent to others whom extract the same light. Love has no meaning, Love just is… (http://latin- americanliterature.suite101.com./article.cfm/paulo_coelhos_eleven_minut es_a_review).
Calderon has almost the same opinion as Antono that love is the important thing in Maria’s life. Love plays important role in Maria’s life since love leads her up to happy life. Love helps Maria in finding her soul mate who shares the same light of love with her. By having love in her heart, Maria can reach what she wants and she can find her long lost soul.
The writer tries to analyze Eleven Minutes from the psychological point of view. The discussion focuses on the intrinsic elements of the novel. The intrinsic elements of the novel which are discussed are the character and characterization of Maria. This research will be different from Calderon’s discussion which focuses on the role of love in Maria’s life. This research will also be different from Antono’s discussion because he states that the cause of Maria’s sexual dysfunction is the absence of love. However, the writer would like to analyze the contribution of Maria’s characterization and past sexual experiences in shaping Maria’s adult sexual behavior. The writer would like to gain deeper on the process of Maria having sexual dysfunction. Therefore, this research will be different from others.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Character in the story holds a significant role in a novel. How the story flows and what it tells about can be viewed from the character. The readers can understand easily the story because it has some characters who lead the plot of the story. However, the readers should also have a good understanding on what a character is.
M.H. Abrams in A Glossary of Literary Terms states that a character is a distinctive type of person presented in literary works with witty short name whose dialogue and action are their expressions of moral, dispositional, and emotional qualities (1985: 23). A character has his or her action and dialogue to show the characteristics and to express their mind and feeling so that the readers can capture the essence of the story. A character should have the ability to represent the content of the story. The character is the reflection of the story. It means the story can be easily seen from how the characters express their mind and feeling through the dialogue.
According to Barnet and Berman in Literature for Composition, we have to focus on personality, traits, and characteristics in writing about character (1988: 77). We can easily conclude the author’s description of the character’s physical appearance and personality. We have to know several things to get the character personality i.e. what the character says and does, and what the other characters say about the character.
Abrams also states that there is character called a round character: A round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is represented with subtle particularly; such a character therefore is as difficult to describe with any adequacy as a person in real life, and like real person, is capable of surprising us (1985: 24).
Abrams says that a character can change because he or she has motivation to change his or her qualities. The characters are placed in human situation so that they behave like human being. They are like the people in the real life. The authors may take some ordinary real people behavior into the characteristics of their characters. Therefore, we may often find the characters in the story that resemble the people around us.
According to Mary Rohrberger and Samuel H. Woods Jr., in Reading and
Writing about Literature, characterization is the process by which the author
creates a character (1971: 20). It means characterization is a process when the author gives the explanation about the character by describing his or her physical appearance, they way he or she behaves, and the way he or she speaks.
Holman and Harmon in A Handbook of Literature (1986: 81) state that there are three basic techniques of characterization. First, the author’s explicit explanation of the character through direct exposition, second the character presentation in action with little or no explicit comment by the author, and third the presentation within the character without the author’s comment on the character. The presentation or the explanation on the character can be found in the introductory block or more often gradually throughout the work illustrated by action.
2. The Concept of Sexuality
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory has been used worldwide to predict neurosis suffered by people, especially sexuality neurosis or sexual dysfunctions.
Freud’s psychoanalytic theory, as quoted by Hershel D. Thornburg in
Development in Adolescence, argued that the roots of the individual’s development through adolescence to adulthood are in the successful and unsuccessful resolution of childhood developmental stages (1982: 33). It means that childhood developmental stages can give impact to adolescence and adulthood development.
Thornburg states that Freud constructed five stages of development ranging from birth to late adolescence (1982: 33-35). They are first, oral stage which ranges from birth to 1 year, is the primary erogenous zone where children generally experience pleasure by sucking response or stimulating the lips and tongue during feeding periods and especially by coming into physical contact with mother. Second, anal stage or pregenital stage which ranges from 2 years to 3 years, is the zone where children mature physiologically enough to be able to control the anal sphincter, thus withholding the feces at will, and toilet training will encourage children to learn how to regulate their reflexive impulses. Third, phallic stage which begins between 3 and 4, is characterized by erotic stimulation of the penis or the clitoris and this behavior is basically curiosity. Fourth, latency stage which begins around 6 years to 7 years of age, is the periods when children begin to learn the prohibitions against oral, anal, and genital stimulation. Last, genital stage which ranges from 13 years to 18 and beyond, is the reawakening period of libidinal interests in the individual, and the sexual exploration of one’s own genitals (masturbation) or the genitals of a member of the same sex or opposite sex arouses much stronger sexual feelings than in any stage before puberty. These explanations mean that human sexual behavior actually starts at early childhood and it will affect the adolescence and adulthood behavior.
Hershel D. Thornburg in Development in Adolescence also quotes Freud’s theory on id, ego, and superego which play important role in human sexuality.
Freud believed that these stages originate in sexual instinct, which he called the id. (Freud’s concept of the id is a striking parallel to Plato’s idea of desires and appetites as the instinctual part of human nature). Further, he believed that this sexual instinct is the primary factor in determining whether the individual’s personality development will be normal. In the addition to the id, Freud postulated the ego and superego. The ego is the rational, civilized, reality oriented part of man. Because it has executive function, it can control or modify the instinctual urges. The ego also has coping the mechanisms for dealing with the environment. The superego, commonly referred to as the conscience, may assist the ego by defining socially acceptable attitudes and behaviors (1982: 33).
To sum up, the id is the uncoordinated or the unconscious mind that contains the basic drives such as sex. The id searches for the satisfaction of instinctual needs. The ego is the reality-oriented part of mind. The ego seeks to please the id’s drives in realistic ways. The superego plays the critical and moralizing role. The superego works in contradiction to the id. The super-ego strives to act in a socially appropriate manner, whereas the id just wants instant self-gratification. The superego controls our sense of right and wrong and guilt. Human sexual behavior is the under control of the individual’s sexual instinct or id, rational part or ego, and conscience or superego. These three things occur right from the early childhood and continue to adulthood. Therefore, the individual’s sexual development through adolescence to adulthood has its roots in the successful and unsuccessful resolution of childhood development stages.
3. Theory of Girls’ Puberty
According to John Janeway Conger in the book Adolescence and Youth:
Psychological Development in a Changing World, females puberty begins with
the gradual enlargement ovaries and such related organs as the uterus (1977: 103).The onset of sexual maturation is accompanied by growth spurt in height and weight. In puberty, females’ sex hormones such as estrogens and progestins are activated. Besides, girls also experienced changes in body proportion. The parts of the body that achieve adult size and form earliest are head, hands, and feet. In turn, increases in arm and leg length and the last is trunk length. By the age of 17 the average girl’s bones should be mature not only in size but also in ossification.
Another symbol of sexual maturation in females is the menstruation. The cyclical bleeding that stems from the shedding of the uterine lining or endometrium is called as menstruation (Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus, 2008: 82). Menstruation is commonly experienced by girls as the sign of puberty.
Usually the girls experience the first menstruation between the age of thirteen and fifteen. The average of girls’ monthly menstruation is 28 days. Girls’ cycles are often irregular for a few years, but later assume regular patterns.
4. Theory of Sexual Activities
Sexual activities are all actions that cause sexual responses of the body such as masturbating, kissing and touching (Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus, 2008: 257-278). The sexual activities are widely done by people in various culture and personal characteristics. Sexuality cannot be separated from Paulo Coelho’s
Eleven Minutes because it is the main topic in the story. The idea of sexuality is
talked much in the novel. He represents the issue of sexuality vulgarly, however the story flows well yet it is a beautiful story. The novel shows us the significance of previous sexual experiences for the later sexual behavior. People, in the early age of childhood, have already concerned about their sexuality, especially on their genitals. “Genitals are functioned as reproduction organs which can become a focus of interest of a child (Seward, 1954: 128)”. This statement implies that children usually have high curiosity on their body. Genitals are organs that are interesting to them and can be their concentration of interest.
The novel talks a lot about masturbation activity. Paulo Coelho openly discusses how the main character of his novel commits masturbation. According to Georgene H. Seward in the book Sex and the Social Order masturbation is a form of “auto-eroticism” which is widely practiced (1954: 151). This quotation means that masturbation is one of sexual activities that can be done or practiced easily. Male and female can masturbate without any meaningful obstacles. No matter who they are or how old they are, people can masturbate anywhere anytime.
There are various techniques in doing masturbation. Female masturbation vary widely, most women masturbate by massaging the mons, labia minora, and clitoral region with circular or back and forth with their fingers, stroking the shaft rather than the glans (Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus, 2008: 262-263).
Sometimes, many women insert things or objects into their vagina when they are masturbating and they also fantasize during masturbation.
The other sexual activities talked in Eleven Minutes are falling in love, kissing, and love making. The experience of falling in love or romantic love is one kind of sexual activities because when people fall in love there is such a strong sexual arousal along with a romanticized image of the object of their desires (Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus, 2008: 211). The concept of romantic love may begin with hearing some fairy tales in which there are always prince charming and beautiful princess.
Kissing is almost universal in western culture. Couples may kiss for their own pleasure or as a part of foreplay (Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus, 2008: 266). In simple kissing, couples may only touch their lips and keep them closed. This simple kiss may develop into caresses of the lips with the tongues.
Love making or sexual intercourse is another form of sexual activities done by a man and a woman, in which the penis is inserted into the vagina (Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus, 2008: 272). Sexual intercourse is now widely done by people at any ages, both young and old people. There are many reasons for intercourse. According to Browning as quoted by Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner- Rathus, motives for intercourse including love, desire for pleasure, conformity to peer norms, peer recognition, and even the desire to dominate someone are involved in sexual activity (2008: 426). Young people or teens who decide to have sexual intercourse earlier are less likely to use contraception. They are also more likely to do petting or oral sex to avoid unwanted pregnancy.
5. Theory of Sexual Dysfunction
The sexual experiences which are experienced by people in their childhood or adolescence influence their adult sexual behavior. The sexual experience such as the experience in masturbating will have effects on their sexual behavior. The effects will be stronger if the sexual activity is done in a good frequency. Someone’s sexual behavior when he or she was a child or teenager which is done in a good frequency can influence his or her later sexual behavior.
There are a lot of past sexual habit effects; one of them is sexual dysfunctions or sexual disorders. Female orgasmic dysfunction (FOD) is one of those sexual dysfunctions. Jim Smith in his book Abnormal Behaviors: Outlined
Reference states that female orgasmic dysfunction is the problem in which women
are unable to experience orgasms under any circumstances (1975: 137). This statement says that female orgasmic dysfunction is the inability of women to have orgasms in any situations.
Braun and Linder in Psychology Today: an Introduction Fourth Edition say this female orgasmic dysfunction as: The expression secondary or situational orgasmic dysfunction refers to the situation of women who experience orgasms sometimes through certain kinds of stimulation (such as masturbation) but not in other circumstances in which they would like to (typically during sexual intercourse) (1979: 392). This quotation says that masturbation is always being the easiest way to have orgasms and actually women really would like to experience orgasms in a sexual intercourse. Besides, this quotation convinces us that female orgasmic dysfunction happened when women cannot have orgasms in sexual intercourse, but they can when they are masturbating.
According to Davison and Neale, there are four categories of sexual dysfunction, they are: sexual desire disorders, sexual arousal disorders, orgasm disorders, and sexual pain disorders. This research focuses on the orgasm disorders. According to the book Abnormal Psychology by Davison and Neale (1996: 364-372) there are three categories of orgasm disorders. First, Male Orgasm Disorder is problems of ejaculating during intercourse, anal intercourse, masturbation, and manual or manipulation by partner. Second, Premature Ejaculation is when a man was unable to inhibit his orgasm long enough for his partner to climax in 50% of their sexual encounter. Third, Female Orgasm Disorder refers to female dysfunction or inability to reach orgasm after a period of normal excitement.
Research done by Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus finds out that orgasmic disorders are more common experienced by women than men (2008: 478). Women are steadily delayed in reaching orgasm or they do not reach orgasm at all. They also may not reach orgasm through any means such as masturbation, sexual intercourse, and other genital stimulations.
There are some symptoms of female orgasmic disorder. After a normal phase of sexual excitement, the woman's orgasm is persistently or repeatedly delayed or absent. Women who experience the disorder may become very highly sexually aroused during masturbation or intercourse. However, despite this arousal they are unable to have transition into orgasm. The clinician's judgment of this is based on her sexual experience, adequacy of foreplay and norms for her age. The other symptoms are painful sexual intercourse, lack of vaginal lubrication, and lack of sexual interest (Lewis, 2004: 38-39).
There are at least three main causes of orgasmic disorders; they are biological causes, psychosocial causes, and past sexual habits. Biological causes are causes related to the physical conditions such as reduction of testosterone level, surgically removal of adrenal glands, erectile difficulties, fatigue, and diabetes mellitus (Rathus, Nevid, and Fichner-Rathus, 2008: 482). It means that healthy physical condition is very important to prevent orgasmic disorders.