T BING 1101647 Table of content
TABLE OF CONTENTS
Page of Approval .......................................................................................................
Statement ...................................................................................................................
Preface .......................................................................................................................
Acknowledgement .....................................................................................................
Abstract .....................................................................................................................
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................
List of Tables .............................................................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background .........................................................................................
1.2 Formulation of the Problems ..............................................................................
1.3 Purpose of the Study ..........................................................................................
1.4 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................
1.5 Scope of the Study ..............................................................................................
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ....................................................................................
1.7 Outline of the Thesis ..........................................................................................
1
5
5
5
6
6
7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Communication Strategies .................................................................................
2.1.1 Definition of Communication Strategies ................................................
2.1.2 Factors Defining Communication Strategies .........................................
2.1.3 Communication Strategies Approaches .................................................
2.1.4 Classification of Oral Communication Strategies by Nakatani (2005)
.................................................................................................................
2.1.5 Teaching and Teachability of Oral Communication Strategies .............
2.1.6 Techniques to Teach Oral Communication Strategies in the EFL
Classroom ...............................................................................................
2.2 Speaking Skills ...................................................................................................
2.2.1 Elements of Speaking .............................................................................
2.2.2 What Speakers Know .............................................................................
2.2.3 Principles for Designing Speaking Techniques .....................................
2.2.4 Materials for Treatment and Tests .........................................................
2.2.5 The Roles of Teacher in Speaking Class ................................................
2.2.6 Assessing Speaking ................................................................................
2.2.7 Criteria for Assessing Speaking .............................................................
2.2.8 What Makes Speaking Difficult .............................................................
2.2.9 Students’ Difficulties in Speaking English ............................................
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TEACHING ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN EFL SPEAKING CLASSES
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vi
8
8
9
11
14
19
20
23
24
26
27
29
31
32
33
36
37
2.3 Students’ Attitude and Motivation in Language Learning ................................. 39
2.4 Previous Studies on Oral Communication Strategies ........................................ 43
2.5 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................... 47
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design .................................................................................................
3.1.1 Variable and Hypothesis ........................................................................
3.2 Research Site ......................................................................................................
3.3 Population and Sample .......................................................................................
3.4 Research Instruments .........................................................................................
3.4.1 Speaking Tests .......................................................................................
3.4.2 Learners’ Strategy Diary ........................................................................
3.4.3 Questionnaires ........................................................................................
3.5 Research Procedures ..........................................................................................
3.6 Data Analysis .....................................................................................................
3.6.1 Recording ...............................................................................................
3.6.2 Score Data Analysis of the Test .............................................................
3.6.3 Questionnaire and Strategy Diary ..........................................................
3.7 Concluding Remarks ..........................................................................................
48
48
49
49
50
50
51
51
53
54
54
55
57
57
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Findings .............................................................................................................. 58
4.1.1 Oral Communication Strategies Used by the Students in the Speaking
Class ....................................................................................................... 59
4.1.2 The Effect of Teaching Oral Communication Strategies on the
Students’ Speaking Skill ........................................................................ 82
4.1.2.1 The Computation of the Pre-test Scores ................................... 83
4.1.2.2 The Computation of the Posttest Scores .................................. 90
4.1.2.3 The Computation of Pre-test and Posttest of the Experimental
and Control Group .................................................................... 96
4.1.3 Students’ Attitudes Toward the Teaching of Oral Communication
Strategies in the EFL Speaking Class .................................................... 99
4.2 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 102
4.3 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................... 107
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 108
5.2 Suggestions ......................................................................................................... 110
Bibliographies ........................................................................................................... 113
Yuniarti, 2015
TEACHING ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN EFL SPEAKING CLASSES
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vii
Appendices
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Appendix G
Appendix H
Appendix I
Appendix J
Pre-test Questionnaire ..................................................................... 122
Pre-test and Posttest Materials ........................................................ 125
Lesson Plans .................................................................................... 128
Strategy Diary ................................................................................. 149
Strategy Questionnaire .................................................................... 159
Students’ Perspective Questionnaire ............................................... 163
Students’ Pre-test Transcription ...................................................... 165
Students’ Posttest Transcription ...................................................... 174
Pre-test and Posttest Scores ............................................................. 185
Statistical Computation of Pre-test and Posttest Scores .................. 187
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TEACHING ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN EFL SPEAKING CLASSES
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viii
LIST OF TABLES AND CHART
TABLES
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table
Table
Table
Table
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
OCSs adapting the conceptualizations by Nakatani (2005) ................. 15
The weighting table to calculate speaking score by Adams and Frith
(1979, as cited in Hughes 2003) .......................................................... 36
The converting table of speaking score by Adams and Frith (1979, as
cited in Hughes 2003) .......................................................................... 36
The
The
The
The
characteristics of the study ............................................................
distribution of pilot questionnaire .................................................
distribution of the OCSs use questionnaire ..................................
description of research procedure .................................................
49
51
51
54
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
The recapitulation of OCSs used by the students in the pre-test ......... 60
The recapitulation of OCSs used by the students in the posttest ......... 61
Table
Table
Table
Table
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
The recapitulation of pre-test questionnaire
The recapitulation of pre-test questionnaire
The recapitulation of pre-test questionnaire
The recapitulation of pre-test questionnaire
item 1 – 6 ......................
item 7 – 23 ....................
item 24 – 32 ..................
item 33 – 37 ...................
67
68
72
73
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
The
The
The
The
The
The
item
item
item
item
item
item
1 – 4 .......................
5 – 13 .....................
14 – 18 ...................
19 – 25 ...................
26 – 40 ...................
41 – 44 ...................
75
76
77
78
79
81
The pre-test scores of the experimental and control group ..................
The normality of pre-test scores in the experimental and control
group ....................................................................................................
The descriptive statistics of pre-test scores in the experimental and
control group ........................................................................................
The homogeneity of variance of pre-test scores ..................................
The mean of pre-test scores in the experimental and control group
...............................................................................................................
84
Table 4.13
Table 4.14
Table 4.15
Table 4.16
Table 4.17
recapitulation
recapitulation
recapitulation
recapitulation
recapitulation
recapitulation
of strategy
of strategy
of strategy
of strategy
of strategy
of strategy
questionnaire
questionnaire
questionnaire
questionnaire
questionnaire
questionnaire
Yuniarti, 2015
TEACHING ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN EFL SPEAKING CLASSES
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ix
86
87
87
88
Table 4.18
The independent t-test of pre-test scores in the experimental and
control group ........................................................................................ 88
Table 4.19
Table 4.20
The posttest scores of the experimental and control group ..................
The normality of posttest scores in the experimental and control
group ....................................................................................................
The descriptive statistics of posttest scores in the experimental and
control group ........................................................................................
The homogeneity of variance of posttest scores ..................................
The mean of posttest scores in the experimental and control group
...............................................................................................................
The independent t-test of posttest scores in the experimental and
control group ........................................................................................
90
The
The
The
The
The
The
97
97
97
98
98
98
Table 4.21
Table 4.22
Table 4.23
Table 4.24
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
paired
paired
paired
paired
paired
paired
samples
samples
samples
samples
samples
samples
statistics of the experimental group .....................
correlations of the experimental group ................
t-test of the experimental group ...........................
statistics of the control group ...............................
correlations of the control group ..........................
t-test of the control group .....................................
92
93
93
94
95
Table 4.31
The recapitulation of student’s perceptions questionnaire ................... 100
CHART
Chart 4.1
The recapitulation of OCSs used by the students in the tests .............. 62
Yuniarti, 2015
TEACHING ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN EFL SPEAKING CLASSES
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x
Page of Approval .......................................................................................................
Statement ...................................................................................................................
Preface .......................................................................................................................
Acknowledgement .....................................................................................................
Abstract .....................................................................................................................
Table of Contents ......................................................................................................
List of Tables .............................................................................................................
i
ii
iii
iv
v
vi
ix
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Research Background .........................................................................................
1.2 Formulation of the Problems ..............................................................................
1.3 Purpose of the Study ..........................................................................................
1.4 Significance of the Study ...................................................................................
1.5 Scope of the Study ..............................................................................................
1.6 Definition of Key Terms ....................................................................................
1.7 Outline of the Thesis ..........................................................................................
1
5
5
5
6
6
7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
2.1 Communication Strategies .................................................................................
2.1.1 Definition of Communication Strategies ................................................
2.1.2 Factors Defining Communication Strategies .........................................
2.1.3 Communication Strategies Approaches .................................................
2.1.4 Classification of Oral Communication Strategies by Nakatani (2005)
.................................................................................................................
2.1.5 Teaching and Teachability of Oral Communication Strategies .............
2.1.6 Techniques to Teach Oral Communication Strategies in the EFL
Classroom ...............................................................................................
2.2 Speaking Skills ...................................................................................................
2.2.1 Elements of Speaking .............................................................................
2.2.2 What Speakers Know .............................................................................
2.2.3 Principles for Designing Speaking Techniques .....................................
2.2.4 Materials for Treatment and Tests .........................................................
2.2.5 The Roles of Teacher in Speaking Class ................................................
2.2.6 Assessing Speaking ................................................................................
2.2.7 Criteria for Assessing Speaking .............................................................
2.2.8 What Makes Speaking Difficult .............................................................
2.2.9 Students’ Difficulties in Speaking English ............................................
Yuniarti, 2015
TEACHING ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN EFL SPEAKING CLASSES
Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
vi
8
8
9
11
14
19
20
23
24
26
27
29
31
32
33
36
37
2.3 Students’ Attitude and Motivation in Language Learning ................................. 39
2.4 Previous Studies on Oral Communication Strategies ........................................ 43
2.5 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................... 47
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1 Research Design .................................................................................................
3.1.1 Variable and Hypothesis ........................................................................
3.2 Research Site ......................................................................................................
3.3 Population and Sample .......................................................................................
3.4 Research Instruments .........................................................................................
3.4.1 Speaking Tests .......................................................................................
3.4.2 Learners’ Strategy Diary ........................................................................
3.4.3 Questionnaires ........................................................................................
3.5 Research Procedures ..........................................................................................
3.6 Data Analysis .....................................................................................................
3.6.1 Recording ...............................................................................................
3.6.2 Score Data Analysis of the Test .............................................................
3.6.3 Questionnaire and Strategy Diary ..........................................................
3.7 Concluding Remarks ..........................................................................................
48
48
49
49
50
50
51
51
53
54
54
55
57
57
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSION
4.1 Findings .............................................................................................................. 58
4.1.1 Oral Communication Strategies Used by the Students in the Speaking
Class ....................................................................................................... 59
4.1.2 The Effect of Teaching Oral Communication Strategies on the
Students’ Speaking Skill ........................................................................ 82
4.1.2.1 The Computation of the Pre-test Scores ................................... 83
4.1.2.2 The Computation of the Posttest Scores .................................. 90
4.1.2.3 The Computation of Pre-test and Posttest of the Experimental
and Control Group .................................................................... 96
4.1.3 Students’ Attitudes Toward the Teaching of Oral Communication
Strategies in the EFL Speaking Class .................................................... 99
4.2 Discussion .......................................................................................................... 102
4.3 Concluding Remarks .......................................................................................... 107
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ........................................................................................................ 108
5.2 Suggestions ......................................................................................................... 110
Bibliographies ........................................................................................................... 113
Yuniarti, 2015
TEACHING ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN EFL SPEAKING CLASSES
Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
vii
Appendices
Appendix A
Appendix B
Appendix C
Appendix D
Appendix E
Appendix F
Appendix G
Appendix H
Appendix I
Appendix J
Pre-test Questionnaire ..................................................................... 122
Pre-test and Posttest Materials ........................................................ 125
Lesson Plans .................................................................................... 128
Strategy Diary ................................................................................. 149
Strategy Questionnaire .................................................................... 159
Students’ Perspective Questionnaire ............................................... 163
Students’ Pre-test Transcription ...................................................... 165
Students’ Posttest Transcription ...................................................... 174
Pre-test and Posttest Scores ............................................................. 185
Statistical Computation of Pre-test and Posttest Scores .................. 187
Yuniarti, 2015
TEACHING ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN EFL SPEAKING CLASSES
Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
viii
LIST OF TABLES AND CHART
TABLES
Table 2.1
Table 2.2
Table 2.3
Table
Table
Table
Table
3.1
3.2
3.3
3.4
OCSs adapting the conceptualizations by Nakatani (2005) ................. 15
The weighting table to calculate speaking score by Adams and Frith
(1979, as cited in Hughes 2003) .......................................................... 36
The converting table of speaking score by Adams and Frith (1979, as
cited in Hughes 2003) .......................................................................... 36
The
The
The
The
characteristics of the study ............................................................
distribution of pilot questionnaire .................................................
distribution of the OCSs use questionnaire ..................................
description of research procedure .................................................
49
51
51
54
Table 4.1
Table 4.2
The recapitulation of OCSs used by the students in the pre-test ......... 60
The recapitulation of OCSs used by the students in the posttest ......... 61
Table
Table
Table
Table
4.3
4.4
4.5
4.6
The recapitulation of pre-test questionnaire
The recapitulation of pre-test questionnaire
The recapitulation of pre-test questionnaire
The recapitulation of pre-test questionnaire
item 1 – 6 ......................
item 7 – 23 ....................
item 24 – 32 ..................
item 33 – 37 ...................
67
68
72
73
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
4.7
4.8
4.9
4.10
4.11
4.12
The
The
The
The
The
The
item
item
item
item
item
item
1 – 4 .......................
5 – 13 .....................
14 – 18 ...................
19 – 25 ...................
26 – 40 ...................
41 – 44 ...................
75
76
77
78
79
81
The pre-test scores of the experimental and control group ..................
The normality of pre-test scores in the experimental and control
group ....................................................................................................
The descriptive statistics of pre-test scores in the experimental and
control group ........................................................................................
The homogeneity of variance of pre-test scores ..................................
The mean of pre-test scores in the experimental and control group
...............................................................................................................
84
Table 4.13
Table 4.14
Table 4.15
Table 4.16
Table 4.17
recapitulation
recapitulation
recapitulation
recapitulation
recapitulation
recapitulation
of strategy
of strategy
of strategy
of strategy
of strategy
of strategy
questionnaire
questionnaire
questionnaire
questionnaire
questionnaire
questionnaire
Yuniarti, 2015
TEACHING ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN EFL SPEAKING CLASSES
Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
ix
86
87
87
88
Table 4.18
The independent t-test of pre-test scores in the experimental and
control group ........................................................................................ 88
Table 4.19
Table 4.20
The posttest scores of the experimental and control group ..................
The normality of posttest scores in the experimental and control
group ....................................................................................................
The descriptive statistics of posttest scores in the experimental and
control group ........................................................................................
The homogeneity of variance of posttest scores ..................................
The mean of posttest scores in the experimental and control group
...............................................................................................................
The independent t-test of posttest scores in the experimental and
control group ........................................................................................
90
The
The
The
The
The
The
97
97
97
98
98
98
Table 4.21
Table 4.22
Table 4.23
Table 4.24
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
Table
4.25
4.26
4.27
4.28
4.29
4.30
paired
paired
paired
paired
paired
paired
samples
samples
samples
samples
samples
samples
statistics of the experimental group .....................
correlations of the experimental group ................
t-test of the experimental group ...........................
statistics of the control group ...............................
correlations of the control group ..........................
t-test of the control group .....................................
92
93
93
94
95
Table 4.31
The recapitulation of student’s perceptions questionnaire ................... 100
CHART
Chart 4.1
The recapitulation of OCSs used by the students in the tests .............. 62
Yuniarti, 2015
TEACHING ORAL COMMUNICATION STRATEGIES IN EFL SPEAKING CLASSES
Indonesia | repository.upi.edu| perpustakaan.upi.edu
x