02 Komatsu SatoumiS13 2version7
Satoumi Approach for
Realizing Sustainable Coastal Use in a Rias-type
Bay: a Case of Shizugawa Bay in Sanriku Coast after
the Huge Tsunami on 11 March 2011
(Theme 2: Sanriku Coast)
Teruhisa Komatsu, Shuji Sasa
(Yokohama College of Commerce)
Shigeru Montani
(Hokkaido University)
Osamu Nishimura, Takashi Sakamaki
(Tohoku University)
Chihiro Yoshimura, Manabu Fujii
(Tokyo Institute of Technology)
and
Tetsuo Yanagi
(EMECS Center)
Huge tsunami on 11 March 2011
Huge tsunami hit
mainly Sanriku Coast
Shizugawa Bay
14.4m
5 km
Studies on Shizugawa Bay
• Monitoring the succession of coastal habitats
and aquaculture facilities
• Clarifying material flows of nutrients, Fe and
organic carbon from land to the sea
• Proposing Satoumi management methods
that enable productive aquacultures and
healthy marine environments
Reduction of oyster aqaculture rafts
after the tsunami in 2011 by fishermen
Shizugawa Branch area
Tokura Branch area
3 February 2009
Shizugawa Branch area
Tokura Branch area
15 January 2014
Red and blue polygons indicate aquaculture areas permitted to Tokura Branch and
Shizugawa ranch of Shizugawa istrict Fishermen’s ooperative
Green, red and yellow are seaweed, oyster and salmon aquaculture, respectively
Rafts (num)
Rafts (num)
Temporal changes in aquaculture facilities of oyster and
seaweed in Tokura (red) and Shizugawa (blue) areas
Oyster
Seaweed
Decreases of rafts to
Decrease of rafts to
30% in Tokura and 50%
30% in Tokura
in Shizugawa
Sustainable production and environment
Growth of oysters
Wet weight of flesh (g/ind)
C-0m
D-0m
Shizugawa Branch area
Decrease in rafts to 50%
B
D
B-0m
A-0m
A
C
Decrease in rafts to 30%
Tokura Branch area
A-0m
B-0m
C-0m
C-8m
D
Oysters in Tokura grow better than in Shizugawa
Organic carbon content in feces and pseudofeces of oyster
depending on age
Oxygen consumption rate of
feces and pseudofeces
(mg-O2/g-dw/hr)
0.6
Increase in growth of oyster due to
diminution of rafts shortens culture
duration from more than 18 months
to more than 10 months
Increase in flesh of oyster >20g/ind
27 mon
0.5
0.4
15 mon
0.3
0.2
3 mon
0.1
0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Organic carbon content in feces and pseudofeces (%)
Increase in oxygen consumption rate due to
increase in organic carbon content in feces
and pseudofeces through decrease in
assimilation rate by aging
Decrease of rafts
increases productivity
of oyster with
decrease in
environmental load
8
Monitoring a recovery process of seagrass and seaweed
beds with satellite remote sensing
Nov. 2009
Seagrass beds
Feb. 2012
Jan. 2014
(ha)
Seaweed beds
Recovered seagrass beds
Growing on
hard debris
Removal of
hard debris
Seagrass beds not recovered yet
Nov. 2009 Feb. 2012
Jan. 2014
Visualization of devastated seaweed beds with
satellite remote
sensing
2014年か 各所でウニに
る磯焼けの発生
Importance of
monitoring of a
transitional
coastal ecosystem
Seaweed bed:
Sargassum horneri
Shizugawa
Port
Seaweed bed:
Saccharina japonica
Devastated seaweed
beds by sea urchins
Seagrass bed
Muddy bottom
1 km
GeoEye-1 shot on 12 Feb. 2015
Sea urchin fisheries to support biodiversity in
coastal waters: Satoumi activity
(t)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2000
Prefecture
Iwate
岩手
Miyagi
宮城
2005
2010
Landing of sea urchins (t)
2015
Statistics of agriculture,
forestry and fisheries
Explosive increase in sea
urchins due to stop of
fisheries
Trophic cascade
West of Tsubaki Island in January 2015
Preliminary overview on standing stocks and flux of nutrients S13-2-(2)
in inner area of Shizugawa Bay in October 2015
Landing
DIN controls primary production
Transfer rate of C: 2%
Standing
stock
(mg/m2)
Flux
(mg/m2/d)
+: into the system
-: out from the system
Inflow from rivers
DIN: +8.1
DIP: +0.2
DSi: +55.1
Microalgae
POC: 1055
PON: 182
PP:
25
Primary
productivity
C: +1058
N: + 168
P: + 26
Suspended
particles
Sedimentation
C: -1245
N: -167
P: -29
Macroalgae etc.
Oyster
C: 2109
N: 491
P:
?
Regeneration
rate of urine
DIN: +1.6
DIP: +0.2
Nutrients
DIN: 184
DIP:
73
DSi: 9792
Water
exchange
DIN: +54.5
DIP: +0.4
DSi: +1599
Feces and
pseudofeces
Regeneration rate
DIN: +0.08
DIP: +0.002
DIN from the rivers is a quarter of that from the open sea
DIN from oyster is 7% of its standing stock in the bay head
Preliminary overview of standing stock and flux of Fe in inner area of
Shizugawa Bay in July2014
With freshwater from land
3.4 kg/d
To the bay
Sedimentation 0.31 kg/d
in estuaries
3.1 kg/d
Phytoplankton
5.0 kg*
Feeding
0.03 kg/d
Intake of Fe
1.4 kg/day
River discharge supplies
22% of Fe for Fe required
by phytoplanktons
Dissolved Fe
130 kg
?
？？
Oyster and
other bivalves
0.5 kg
Open
sea
Preliminary overview of particulate organic matter (Carbon t/d) in July 2014
Exchange with atmosphere
Land
Rivers
River
discharge
0.26
Open ocean
Dissolved
inorganic
carbon
POM, DOM,
Zooplankton and
phytoplankton
42.80
inflow
outflow
Feeding 0.70 Oysters and
others
12.83
Feces and pseudofeces
0.14
sedimentation
0.51
Net
1.91
outflow
10.32
inflow
8.41
Resuspension
海底泥
Supply of POM from the rivers is little due to small
quantity of water discharge
Primary production is the most important for POM
Standing stock：t
flux：t/d
Reproduction and prediction of marine environments
in Shizugawa Bay by using ecological simulation
Co-design with Fishermen, administrators of MinamiSanriku Town and Miyagi Prefecture and us
Reproduction：
Marine environments before and after the tsunami
for tuning the model
Prediction：
Number of rafts and their deployment, and land use
including forests for examining sustainable fisheries to
harmonizing healthy marine environments
Co-design: discussion for developing an ecological
model of Shizugawa Bay on 14 July 2013
Discussion among Minamisanriku Town, Shizugawa Bay
Management Committee of Miyagi Fisheries Cooperative to explore
the number of rafts and deployment for sustainable aquaculture and
healthy marine environments
A simulation result of oyster flesh weight
One year old oyster
on 1 October 2009
LEVEL=1
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
One year old oyster
on 1 October 2014
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
LEVEL=1
Good growth along the channel
“÷
g
d—Ê
[g]
0
2km
0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
“÷
g
d—Ê
[g]
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
2km
Flesh weight per
oyster
Bad growth in the bay head area
Good growth in all areas
in 2009 before the reduction
of oyster aquaculture
in 2014 after the reduction
of oyster aquaculture
6
Catches and amounts before and after the
reduction of rafts
トン/台
0.5
0.4
0.43
0.31
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
震災前(2009)
現況(2014)
Catch (ton/raft)
千円/台
500
369.0
400
300
242.6
200
100
0
震災前(2009)
現況(2014)
Amount of landing (thousand yen/raft: million rupia/raft)
5
The first council for examination of future Shizugawa Bay
．Date 30 April 2015
．Place Public hall of Shizugawa Town
．Organizer Committee for examination of future Shizugawa Bay
．Participants： 16 fishermen, 3 cooperative officers, 3 Miyagi Prefecture
officers, 2 Minami Sanriku Town officers, 1 journalist, 1 WWF officer and
10 researchers
．Objective Introduction of project of Shizugawa Bay Research and
discussion on the research results and environments of Shizugawa Bay in
the future.
The second council for examination of future Shizugawa Bay
．Date 19 May 2016
．Place Conference room of Shizugawa Branch, Miyagi Prefectural
Fisheries Cooperative
．Organizer Council for examination of future Shizugawa Bay
．Participants： 6 fishermen, 3 cooperative officers, 2 Miyagi Prefecture
officers, 1 Ministry of Environment officer, 1 Ishinomaki City officer, 1
WWF officer and 11 researchers
．Objective Introduction of project of Shizugawa Bay Research and
discussion on the research results, environments of Shizugawa Bay in the
future and ASC certificate with marine environments.
Co-design, co-production, co-delivery
Co-productio
S13-2
ith Fisher e ’s Cooperati e a d ＷＷＦ
Providing rafts data for acquisition of ASC certificate that proves
sustainable aquaculture and respect for healthy environments
Teri makasih
Thank you very much!
Prosperous Satoumi villages with healthy coastal sea with
high biodiversity and productivity, and sound marine
environments
http://www.jarlchiba.com/2009/%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E5%B1%80%E9%95%B7/%E8%8A%B120.htm
Realizing Sustainable Coastal Use in a Rias-type
Bay: a Case of Shizugawa Bay in Sanriku Coast after
the Huge Tsunami on 11 March 2011
(Theme 2: Sanriku Coast)
Teruhisa Komatsu, Shuji Sasa
(Yokohama College of Commerce)
Shigeru Montani
(Hokkaido University)
Osamu Nishimura, Takashi Sakamaki
(Tohoku University)
Chihiro Yoshimura, Manabu Fujii
(Tokyo Institute of Technology)
and
Tetsuo Yanagi
(EMECS Center)
Huge tsunami on 11 March 2011
Huge tsunami hit
mainly Sanriku Coast
Shizugawa Bay
14.4m
5 km
Studies on Shizugawa Bay
• Monitoring the succession of coastal habitats
and aquaculture facilities
• Clarifying material flows of nutrients, Fe and
organic carbon from land to the sea
• Proposing Satoumi management methods
that enable productive aquacultures and
healthy marine environments
Reduction of oyster aqaculture rafts
after the tsunami in 2011 by fishermen
Shizugawa Branch area
Tokura Branch area
3 February 2009
Shizugawa Branch area
Tokura Branch area
15 January 2014
Red and blue polygons indicate aquaculture areas permitted to Tokura Branch and
Shizugawa ranch of Shizugawa istrict Fishermen’s ooperative
Green, red and yellow are seaweed, oyster and salmon aquaculture, respectively
Rafts (num)
Rafts (num)
Temporal changes in aquaculture facilities of oyster and
seaweed in Tokura (red) and Shizugawa (blue) areas
Oyster
Seaweed
Decreases of rafts to
Decrease of rafts to
30% in Tokura and 50%
30% in Tokura
in Shizugawa
Sustainable production and environment
Growth of oysters
Wet weight of flesh (g/ind)
C-0m
D-0m
Shizugawa Branch area
Decrease in rafts to 50%
B
D
B-0m
A-0m
A
C
Decrease in rafts to 30%
Tokura Branch area
A-0m
B-0m
C-0m
C-8m
D
Oysters in Tokura grow better than in Shizugawa
Organic carbon content in feces and pseudofeces of oyster
depending on age
Oxygen consumption rate of
feces and pseudofeces
(mg-O2/g-dw/hr)
0.6
Increase in growth of oyster due to
diminution of rafts shortens culture
duration from more than 18 months
to more than 10 months
Increase in flesh of oyster >20g/ind
27 mon
0.5
0.4
15 mon
0.3
0.2
3 mon
0.1
0
5.0
6.0
7.0
Organic carbon content in feces and pseudofeces (%)
Increase in oxygen consumption rate due to
increase in organic carbon content in feces
and pseudofeces through decrease in
assimilation rate by aging
Decrease of rafts
increases productivity
of oyster with
decrease in
environmental load
8
Monitoring a recovery process of seagrass and seaweed
beds with satellite remote sensing
Nov. 2009
Seagrass beds
Feb. 2012
Jan. 2014
(ha)
Seaweed beds
Recovered seagrass beds
Growing on
hard debris
Removal of
hard debris
Seagrass beds not recovered yet
Nov. 2009 Feb. 2012
Jan. 2014
Visualization of devastated seaweed beds with
satellite remote
sensing
2014年か 各所でウニに
る磯焼けの発生
Importance of
monitoring of a
transitional
coastal ecosystem
Seaweed bed:
Sargassum horneri
Shizugawa
Port
Seaweed bed:
Saccharina japonica
Devastated seaweed
beds by sea urchins
Seagrass bed
Muddy bottom
1 km
GeoEye-1 shot on 12 Feb. 2015
Sea urchin fisheries to support biodiversity in
coastal waters: Satoumi activity
(t)
2500
2000
1500
1000
500
0
2000
Prefecture
Iwate
岩手
Miyagi
宮城
2005
2010
Landing of sea urchins (t)
2015
Statistics of agriculture,
forestry and fisheries
Explosive increase in sea
urchins due to stop of
fisheries
Trophic cascade
West of Tsubaki Island in January 2015
Preliminary overview on standing stocks and flux of nutrients S13-2-(2)
in inner area of Shizugawa Bay in October 2015
Landing
DIN controls primary production
Transfer rate of C: 2%
Standing
stock
(mg/m2)
Flux
(mg/m2/d)
+: into the system
-: out from the system
Inflow from rivers
DIN: +8.1
DIP: +0.2
DSi: +55.1
Microalgae
POC: 1055
PON: 182
PP:
25
Primary
productivity
C: +1058
N: + 168
P: + 26
Suspended
particles
Sedimentation
C: -1245
N: -167
P: -29
Macroalgae etc.
Oyster
C: 2109
N: 491
P:
?
Regeneration
rate of urine
DIN: +1.6
DIP: +0.2
Nutrients
DIN: 184
DIP:
73
DSi: 9792
Water
exchange
DIN: +54.5
DIP: +0.4
DSi: +1599
Feces and
pseudofeces
Regeneration rate
DIN: +0.08
DIP: +0.002
DIN from the rivers is a quarter of that from the open sea
DIN from oyster is 7% of its standing stock in the bay head
Preliminary overview of standing stock and flux of Fe in inner area of
Shizugawa Bay in July2014
With freshwater from land
3.4 kg/d
To the bay
Sedimentation 0.31 kg/d
in estuaries
3.1 kg/d
Phytoplankton
5.0 kg*
Feeding
0.03 kg/d
Intake of Fe
1.4 kg/day
River discharge supplies
22% of Fe for Fe required
by phytoplanktons
Dissolved Fe
130 kg
?
？？
Oyster and
other bivalves
0.5 kg
Open
sea
Preliminary overview of particulate organic matter (Carbon t/d) in July 2014
Exchange with atmosphere
Land
Rivers
River
discharge
0.26
Open ocean
Dissolved
inorganic
carbon
POM, DOM,
Zooplankton and
phytoplankton
42.80
inflow
outflow
Feeding 0.70 Oysters and
others
12.83
Feces and pseudofeces
0.14
sedimentation
0.51
Net
1.91
outflow
10.32
inflow
8.41
Resuspension
海底泥
Supply of POM from the rivers is little due to small
quantity of water discharge
Primary production is the most important for POM
Standing stock：t
flux：t/d
Reproduction and prediction of marine environments
in Shizugawa Bay by using ecological simulation
Co-design with Fishermen, administrators of MinamiSanriku Town and Miyagi Prefecture and us
Reproduction：
Marine environments before and after the tsunami
for tuning the model
Prediction：
Number of rafts and their deployment, and land use
including forests for examining sustainable fisheries to
harmonizing healthy marine environments
Co-design: discussion for developing an ecological
model of Shizugawa Bay on 14 July 2013
Discussion among Minamisanriku Town, Shizugawa Bay
Management Committee of Miyagi Fisheries Cooperative to explore
the number of rafts and deployment for sustainable aquaculture and
healthy marine environments
A simulation result of oyster flesh weight
One year old oyster
on 1 October 2009
LEVEL=1
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
One year old oyster
on 1 October 2014
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
@
LEVEL=1
Good growth along the channel
“÷
g
d—Ê
[g]
0
2km
0
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
“÷
g
d—Ê
[g]
10.0
9.0
8.0
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
5.0
4.5
4.0
3.5
3.0
2.5
2.0
1.5
1.0
0.5
2km
Flesh weight per
oyster
Bad growth in the bay head area
Good growth in all areas
in 2009 before the reduction
of oyster aquaculture
in 2014 after the reduction
of oyster aquaculture
6
Catches and amounts before and after the
reduction of rafts
トン/台
0.5
0.4
0.43
0.31
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
震災前(2009)
現況(2014)
Catch (ton/raft)
千円/台
500
369.0
400
300
242.6
200
100
0
震災前(2009)
現況(2014)
Amount of landing (thousand yen/raft: million rupia/raft)
5
The first council for examination of future Shizugawa Bay
．Date 30 April 2015
．Place Public hall of Shizugawa Town
．Organizer Committee for examination of future Shizugawa Bay
．Participants： 16 fishermen, 3 cooperative officers, 3 Miyagi Prefecture
officers, 2 Minami Sanriku Town officers, 1 journalist, 1 WWF officer and
10 researchers
．Objective Introduction of project of Shizugawa Bay Research and
discussion on the research results and environments of Shizugawa Bay in
the future.
The second council for examination of future Shizugawa Bay
．Date 19 May 2016
．Place Conference room of Shizugawa Branch, Miyagi Prefectural
Fisheries Cooperative
．Organizer Council for examination of future Shizugawa Bay
．Participants： 6 fishermen, 3 cooperative officers, 2 Miyagi Prefecture
officers, 1 Ministry of Environment officer, 1 Ishinomaki City officer, 1
WWF officer and 11 researchers
．Objective Introduction of project of Shizugawa Bay Research and
discussion on the research results, environments of Shizugawa Bay in the
future and ASC certificate with marine environments.
Co-design, co-production, co-delivery
Co-productio
S13-2
ith Fisher e ’s Cooperati e a d ＷＷＦ
Providing rafts data for acquisition of ASC certificate that proves
sustainable aquaculture and respect for healthy environments
Teri makasih
Thank you very much!
Prosperous Satoumi villages with healthy coastal sea with
high biodiversity and productivity, and sound marine
environments
http://www.jarlchiba.com/2009/%E5%A4%A7%E6%A9%8B%E4%BA%8B%E5%8B%99%E5%B1%80%E9%95%B7/%E8%8A%B120.htm