Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation of Undrained Peat Swamp Forests in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
ITTO PD 73/89 (F,M,I) Phase II
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON REDD+
Methodology Design Document
for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Degradation of Undrained Peat Swamp Forests
in Central Kalimantan, IndonesiaIT O T STARLING RESOURCES Sulistyo A. Siran Rumi Naito
I Wayan Susi Dharmawan Subarudi Titiek Setyawati
Bogor, March 2012
ITTO PD 73/89 (F,M,I) Phase II
FEASIBILITY STUDY ON REDD+
Sulistyo A. Siran Rumi Naito
I Wayan Susi Dharmawan Subarudi Titiek Setyawati
IT O T STARLING RESOURCES
Methodology Design Document
for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and
Degradation of Undrained Peat Swamp Forests
in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions
from Deforestation and Degradation of UndrainedPeat Swamp Forests in Central Kalimantan, Indonesia
ISBN : 978-602-7672-14-7
Published by : Center for Research and Development on Climate Change and Policy
Forestry Research and Development Agency (FORDA) Jalan Gunung Batu No. 5, Bogor 16610 Telp. : 62-251-863 3944 Facs : 62-251-863 4924 E-mail : [email protected] Website : www.puspijak.org
This work is copyright. Except for the logos, graphical and textual information in this
publication may be produced in whole or in part provided that is not sold or put to
commercial use and its source is acknowledgedPreface
Strengthening effort to mitigate carbon emission have been under taken by many throughout
Indonesia, including the Ministry of Forestry no exception. The abatement of greenhouse
gas emission program is tailored with the incentive mechanism in reducing emission from
deforestation and degradation (REDD+) currently developed by international community.
Although such mechanism has gained momentum in global climate change dialogue, nevertheless
until the last COP-18 in Dhoha, Qatar, the world community has yet to reach final agreement
on the REDD+ implementation.The opportunity of greenhouse gas abatement through other scheme is now open such as
bilateral mechanism which potentially provides a framework to intensify involvement of both
public and private sector. Among early initiative are private sector investment and bilateral
cooperation program between the governments of Indonesia and developed countries including
Japan, Australia, Norway, and Germany.Currently, Indonesia and Japanese governments develop cooperation to esablish bilateral offset
credit mechanism. This mechanism will provide both sides the benefits generated from ativity
on GHG emission reduction projet. In order to design credible offset credit mechanism and
methodology to be adopted as cooperation framework, both Indonesia and Japan have been
jointly undertaking various feasibility studies (FS) on GHG emission reduction projects in
Sumatera and Kalimantan.This book called Methodology Design Document (MDD) is one of the finding of FS on
REDD+ in Central Kalimantan encompassing an area of 200,000 ha in peat forest ecosystem
in Kota Waringin Timur and Katingan, Central Kalimantan. The MDD contains several credible
methodologies to be used in measuring and monitoring as well as scrutinizing social and
environment safeguard and potential joint offset carbon credit mechanism. More specifically
the MDD outlines comprehensive overview of a measurement, reporting and verification (MRV)
carbon methodology, social and environment safegard strategies as well as Standard Operation
Procedures (SOPs) for field measurements and allometric developmet and verification and
developing local allometric equation for tropical peat forest, above and below- ground carbon
stock estimation.Through MDD, both Government of Indonesia and Japan could recognize its credibility,
applicability to national standard and adaptability for implementation.For those who work hard for the MDD completion, it is really appreciated. It is with the hope
that this book will provide contribution in the effort of mitigating GHG emission in the country.
Bogor, March 2012 Iman Santoso Director General of FORDA
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
Acknowledgement
This Methodology Design Document is the product of a joint feasibility study, commissioned by the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Japan, conducted by Marubeni Corporation, the International Tropical Timber Organization, the Ministry of Forestry Indonesia, Mazars Starling Resources, Terra Global Capital, Hokkaido University and PT. Rimba Makmur Utama. This document was developed by the REDD+ Feasibility Study team members, Anggana,Virni Budi Arifanti, Hadi Charman, Taryono Darusman, I Wayan Susi Dharmawan, Kirsfianti L. Ginoga,Steven De Gryze, Hardian, Kazuyo Hirose, Iskandar, Syafruddin H.K., Rezal Kusumaatmadja, Mark Lambert, Mega Lugina, Rumi Naito, Mitsuru Osaki, Aneka Pramesti, Ridwan, Eli Nur Nirmala Sari, Titiek Setyawati, Benktesh D. Sharma, Sulistyo A. Siran, Erica Meta Smith, Usman Sopian, Subarudi, Haddy Sudiana, Sudrajat, Sukandar and Adi Susilo. Authors would like to thank administrative, field survey and technical staff for their support.
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
List of Contents
Preface .................................................................................................... iii
Acknowledgement ................................................................................. v
List of Contents .................................................................................... vii
List of Tables ........................................................................................... ix
List of Figures ........................................................................................ xi
Acronyms ............................................................................................. xiii
Introduction ............................................................................................ 1
1. Background ....................................................................................... 1
2. Objectives ......................................................................................... 2
3. Study site .......................................................................................... 2
3.1 Project location .............................................................................................. 2
3.2 Basic physical parameters of the study site .............................................. 4
4. Study Methods .................................................................................. 5
4.1 Carbon MRV methodology .......................................................................... 5
4.2 Social safeguards ............................................................................................. 6
4.3 Environmental safeguards ............................................................................. 7
5. Outputs ............................................................................................ 7
1. Section I: Carbon MRV Methodology ............................................. 9
1.1 Sources ............................................................................................................. 9
1.2 Summary Description of the Methodology ............................................. 9
1.3 Definitions ..................................................................................................... 13
1.4 Applicability Conditions .............................................................................. 15
1.5 Project Boundary ......................................................................................... 18
1.6 Procedure for Determining the Baseline Scenario ............................... 22
1.7 Procedure for Demonstrating Additionality........................................... 22
1.8 Quantification of GHG Emission Reductions and Removals Baseline Emissions ........................................................................................ 24
1.9 Project Emissions ......................................................................................... 54
1.10 Leakage .......................................................................................................... 75
1.11 Summary of GHG Emission Reduction and/or Removals .................. 79
1.12 Monitoring ..................................................................................................... 89
1.13 OtherInformation.......................................................................................112
1.14 Verification Procedure of Allometric Equations ..................................117
2. Section 2: Social Safeguards ........................................................119
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation2.1 Stakeholder analysis ...................................................................................120
2.2 Drivers and agents of deforestation and mitigation measures ........121
2.3 Mitigation measures ...................................................................................122
2.4 Information, Education and Communication (IEC) Methodology ...124
2.5 Implementation of Free, Prior and Informed Consent (FPIC) processes ......................................................................................................125
2.6 Resource-use and livelihoods patterns .................................................127
2.7 Benefits distribution ..................................................................................131
2.8 Monitoring and evaluation of socio-economic impacts .....................133
3. Section 3: Environmental Safeguards .........................................135
3.1 Biodiversity assessment ............................................................................136
3.2 Areas with important levels of biodiversity .........................................136
3.3 Critically endangered species ..................................................................138
3.4 Areas that contain habitat for viable populations of endangered,
restricted range or protected species ...................................................1393.5 Specific habitats that are used temporarily by a species or a group of species ......................................................................................141
3.6 Natural landscapes and dynamics ...........................................................143
3.7 Areas that contain two or more contiguous ecosystems.................144
3.8 Areas that contain representative populations of most naturally
occurring species ........................................................................................1453.9 Rare or endangered ecosystems ............................................................147
3.10 Areas or ecosystems important for the provision of water and
prevention of floods for downstream communities...........................1493.11 Areas important for the prevention of erosion and sedimentation 151
3.12 Identification of threats and potential impacts on biodiversity .......153
3.13 Management strategies to maintain HCVF ...........................................155
References ...........................................................................................159
1. Annex I: Standard Operation Procedure for Field Measurements .......165
2. Annex 2: Standard OperationProcedure for Allometric Development and Verification ..............................................................................................229
3. Annex 3: Local Allometric Equations forTropical Peat Swamp Forests in the Katingan Project Area ...........................................................................251
4. Annex 4: Aboveground and Belowground Carbon Stock Estimation for the Katingan Project Area ...........................................................................253
5. Annex 5: Environmental afeguard Strategies for HCV Areas in the Katingan Project area ...................................................................................259
6. Annex 6: Recommendations for Next Steps ............................................263
List of Tables
1. Land systems in the Katingan Project area (Source: Landsystem map, RePProt) .................................................................................................................... 4
2. GHG emissions from sources not related to changes in carbon pools (“emission sources”) to be included in the GHG assessment. .................. 19
3. Selected Carbon Pools ......................................................................................... 20
4. Steps to identify conversion strata and examples ........................................ 25
5. Accuracy discounting factors for LULC classification as a function of the smallest attained accuracy across all images used. .................................. 28
6. Example LULC and forest strata transition table showing all possible transitions. ............................................................................................................... 31
7. Contains an example of the subsidence from oxidation and burning as a function of time after conversion and the specific conversion rate. ...... 43
8. List of Stakeholders and their role function in the REDD+ Implementation in Central Kalimantan ...........................................................120
9. The drivers of deforestation in the Province of Central Kalimantan ......122
10. Potential approaches to handle deforestation and forest degradation ...123
11. Information, Education and Communication strategy and expected outputs. ..................................................................................................................124
12. Implementation of FPIC Processes ..................................................................126
13. The growth of population in Central Kalimantan ........................................127
14. Key Sector and number of workers ................................................................127
15. Primary livelihoods at 6 villages surveyed in Kotawaringin Timur and Katingan districts in 2009 and 2012 ................................................................129
16. Biodiversity Richness in Katingan Project area .............................................140
17. Total ecosystem proxies are deemed to occur within the Katingan Project area ...........................................................................................................148
18. List of major threats to the HCV ....................................................................154
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from DeforestationList of Figures
1. The location of the Katingan Project and survey plots .................................. 3
2. Landuse type in the project Katingan area ....................................................131
3. Katingan Project area between conservation areas ....................................137
4. Indication of HCV area in Katingan Project Area ........................................139
5. Indication of HCV area in Katingan Project areas .......................................141
6. Indication of HCV area of migatory species in Katingan Project Area .......142
7. Indication of HCV area (core and buffer areas) ...............................................144
8. Types of ecosystem in the Katingan Project Areas ......................................145
9. Primary habitats and sub-habitats inside the Katingan Project area ........147
10. Types of land systems in the Katingan Project area.....................................149
11. Types of ecosystems for watershed provision and protection in the Katingan Project area ..........................................................................................150
12. Hotspots observed from 1993 through 2008 in and around the project area ...........................................................................................................152
13. The area which are important as natural breaks .........................................153
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from DeforestationMethodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation Acronyms
AFOLU : Agriculture, Forestry, and Other Land Use ANR : Assisted Natural Regeneration ARR : Afforestation, Reforestation, and Revegetation BAU : Business-As-Usual BOCM : Bilateral Offset Credit Mechanism
C : Carbon CBM : Collaborative Biodiversity Management
CDM : Clean Development Mechanism Co : Alluvial sediment CO2 : Carbon dioxide CP : Conference of the Parties CR : Critically endangered species CV : Coefficient of Variation DBH : Diameter at breast height (1.3 meter) DF : Deforestation DG : Forest Degradation DM : Dry Matter DNA : Designated National Authority DNPI : National Council on Climate Change (Dewan Nasional Peruba- han Iklim) EF : Emission Factor ER : Endangered species ERC : Ecosystem Restoration Concession FAO : Food and Agriculture Organization FGD : Focus Group Discussion FPIC : Free, Prior and Informed Consent FS : Feasibility Study GHG : Greenhouse Gas GIS : Geographic Information System GoI : Government of Indonesia GPG-LU- LUCF
: Good Practice Guide for Land Use, Land Use Change and Forestry
GPS : Global Positioning System GWP : Global Warming Potential Ha : Hectare HCV : High Conservation Value HCVF : High Conservation Value Forest
IEC : Information, Education and Communication
IPCC : Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change
ITTO : International Tropical Timber Organization
IUCN : International Union for Conservation of Nature LCL : Lower Confidence Limit LiDAR : Light detection and ranging (an optical remote sensing technology) LULC : Land Use and Land Cover
LULUCF : Land Use, Land-Use Change and Forestry METI : Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry Japan MDD : Methodology Design Document
Mg : Mega gram = 1 metric tonne MMU : Minimum Mapping Unit
MOE : Ministry of Environment Japan MoF : Ministry of Forestry Indonesia MRV : Measurement, Reporting and Verification MT : Metric Tonne tCO 2 e : Metric tonneof Carbon Dioxide equivalent NDVI : Normalized Difference Vegetation Index
NER : Net Greenhouse Gas Emission Reduction NGO : Non-Government Organization NTFP : Non-Timber Forest Products PD : Project Document QA/QC : Quality Assurance / Quality Control RED : Reduced Emissions from Deforestation REDD : Reduced Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
REDD+ : Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Degradation Plus carbon stock enhancement, Carbon Stock Conservation and sustainable forest management
RePProt : Regional Physical Planning Program for Transmigration SOC : Soil Organic Carbon SOP : Standard Operation Procedure TM : Landsat Thematic Mapper TOd : Dahor formation UNFCCC : United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change
VCS : Verified Carbon Standard
VCU : Verified Carbon Unit
Introduction
1. Background
The protection of forests, especially in the tropics and sub-tropics, is an essential part of the international effort to reduce global greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and stabilize the global climate system. Previous research suggests that approximately 20% of global GHG emissions are attributed to the forestry sector, and a 50% reduction in deforestation is needed by 2030 if the forestry sector is to effectively support collective efforts to halt global temperature rise at below 2 degrees Celsius. Given this background, reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation (REDD+)has gained momentum in global climate change dialogues, as it provides a framework to incentivize both public and private sectors to reduce GHG emissions, enhance carbon stocks and promote sustainable forest management in developing countries such as Indonesia.
In 2005, as much as 85% of the total GHG emissions in Indonesia resulted from land use, land-use change and forestry (LULUCF) and peatland, of which emissions from carbon-rich peatlands amounted to 41% (DNPI, 2010). Indonesia has a projected abatement potential of 1,770 million tons of CO 2 equivalent (MtCO e)from the LULUCF sector and peatlands when compared 2 with its business-as-usual (BAU) emissions of 3,260 MtCO e in 2030 (DNPI, 2
2010).The 26-41% GHG emission reduction commitment announced by President Susilo Bambang Yudhoyono in 2009 and these abatement potentials have triggered a number of multi-stakeholder initiatives and REDD+ financing outside the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) framework. These include private sector investment and bilateral cooperation programs between the Governments of Indonesia and developed countries including Japan, Norway, Australia, Germany, the UK and the USA.
In response to Japan’s pledge to cut GHG emissions by 25% from 1990 levels, the Japanese government has been scoping bilateral mechanisms as an alternative approach to the UNFCCC framework in effectively reducing GHG emissions from activities implemented in developing countries. In order to design and establish a credible bilateral offset credit mechanism (BOCM) to be adopted as a cooperation framework, the Ministry of Economy, Trade and Industry (METI) as well as the Ministry of the Environment (MOE) have been undertaking various feasibility studies on GHG emission reduction projects and accumulating experience and expertise from each case study.
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation Followed by the pre-feasibility study projects undertaken by the METI in 2010, the METI continued its support by scrutinizing BOCMs which are to be considered under the future bilateral cooperation between the Government of Japan and the government of Indonesia. For the fiscal year 2011, the METI commissioned three REDD+ related projects for Indonesia, of which Marubeni Corporation undertook a comprehensive REDD+ feasibility study in Central Kalimantan (REDD+ FS 2011). This REDD+ FS 2011was jointly implemented from October 2011 to February 2012 by a consortium of institutions – namely, the Ministry of Forestry Indonesia, Mazars Starling Resources, Terra Global Capital and Hokkaido University, in cooperation with Marubeni Corporation and International Tropical Timber Organization.
2. Objectives
In the absence of a globally accredited methodology to measure, monitor and verify GHG emission reductions under the UNFCCC umbrella, there is a need to establish a BOCM, in which both Governments of Japan and Indonesia may recognize its credibility, applicability to national standards and adaptability for implementation. Thus, this Methodology Design Document (MDD) was created to provide a comprehensive overview of a measurement, reporting and verification (MRV) carbon methodology used for the Katingan Peatland Restoration and Conservation project. The METI will review this methodology along with others as it develops a common methodology under the BOCM to foster the development of REDD+ projects in Indonesia that deliver credible and robust GHG emission reductions while safeguarding community and biodiversity benefits. The social and environmental safeguard review sections in this report describe the approaches employed by the Katingan Project, as opposed to generic methodologies.
3. Study site
3.1 Project location
The REDD+ Feasibility was conducted at the Katingan Peatland Restoration and Conservation Project (“Katingan Project”) site located in the districts of Kotawaringin Timur and Katingan in Central Kalimantan Province, Indonesia (see Figure 1).The Central Kalimantan province covers an area of 15.3 million ha, of which 10.2 million ha (67%) are forested lands while the rest of 5.1 million ha (33%) are considered non forested lands. The forested lands are divided into 8.5 million ha as production forests and the remaining of 1.7 million ha are protection forests. The province encompasses 3 million ha of peatlands. The Katingan Project is a REDD+ project managed through an ecosystem restoration concession (ERC) model, one of the land-use permits issued by the Government of Indonesia. PT. Rimba Makmur Utama, a Jakarta based project developer, is the prospective concession holder and aims to restore and conserve 217,755 hectares of peat swamp forest inside the project boundary. The Katingan Project also seeks to promote sustainable forest management and develop alternative livelihoods of the surrounding communities.
Figure 1. The location of the Katingan Project and survey plots Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
3.2 Basic physical parameters of the study site
3.2.1 Soils
Two formations make up the geological characteristic of the Katingan Project area i.e.,: Alluvial sediment (Co) and Dahor formation (TQd). Most of the soils in the area are considered Organosol glei humus. The soil is characterized as peat, which is naturally acidic at pH levels between 3.0 and 5.0, and is composed of the high accumulation of organic matter substances such as partly decomposed leaves and tree stems. The formation of peat soil in the proposed concession area is a result of constant conditions of water logging above mineral soil and a lack of oxygen, in which a large amount of organic residues are decomposed, forming a peat layer.
3.2.2 Land cover
The Katingan Project area is mostly a peatland, a large part of which is still covered with peat swamp forest. It is characterized by flat terrain with a slope angle of 0-8%, at an altitude of 0-30 meters above sea level. According to a 1 study conducted by the Regional Physical Planning Program for Transmigration
(RePProt), there are three forest ecosystem proxies within the proposed concession area – peat forest, heath forest and fresh water swamp forest. (see Table 1).
Table 1.
Land systems in the Katingan Project area (Source: Landsystem map, RePProt) ECOSYSTEM Land System RePPProT Size (Ha)
Peat Forest Barah, Gambut, Mendawai 207,921 Fresh Water Swamp Forest Kahayan, Sebangau, Klaru 5,220 Heath Forest Pakau, Segintung 4,614
TOTAL 217,755
Three land cover classes exist in the proposed restoration (i.e., non-forested land, disturbed peat swamp forests and primary peat swamp forests). Small part of non-forest land occurs in the southern part, while disturbed peat- swamp forest extends mostly in the periphery of the proposed restoration.
1] RePProt is a land classification database system developed by the Government of Indonesia for its transmigration program
during the 1980s through 1990s. It is the only system, coordinated by the National Land Agency and the Coordinating Agency for Surveys and Mapping, which has been used by all sectors for land-use planning, management and baseline setting until today.The large part of the primary peat swamp forest stretches from the north to the south in the center of the Katingan Project area.
3.2.3 Rainfall
Average monthly rainfall in the proposed concession is estimated at 240 mm per month with total annual rainfall equal to 2,881 mm per year. Rainfall is relatively evenly distributed throughout the year with all months reportedly receiving more than 200 mm of rain. June through October are generally the driest months, while the wettest months occur in November through May with the average monthly rainfall rises up to 303 mm per month.
3.2.4 Hydrology
The total area of the Katingan Project area is 217,755 ha, which falls between the Mentaya and Katingan Rivers. The flood plains of the two major rivers extend only a short distance from the river banks into forests. Thus, the entire project area receives little nutrient influx from these river floodplains and therefore can be classified as an “ombrogenous” peat swamp. In ombrogenous peat swamps, the only source of nutrient influx is from aerial precipitation (i.e., rain and dust), with small amounts of nutrient influx through microbial nitrogen fixation and faunal migration/animal faeces (Sulistiyanto, 2004).
4. Study Methods
This Methodology Design Document was developed using existing MRV methodologies, reports and literature, as well as field survey results. The below sections describe methods applied to conduct the FS activities and field surveys.
4.1 Carbon MRV methodology
In developing and testing a carbon MRV methodology and monitoring plans, the FS team reviewed and refined existing methodologies, including: 2
1. Standard operation procedure (SOP) for field measurements ; 3
2. SOP for allometric equation development and verification ; and 4
3. Verified Carbon Standard (VCS) methodology for peat swamp forests .
2] Smith E. M., Gryze S.D., Kusumaatmadja R., Darusman T., and Hardiono M. (2011). 3] Sharma B., Gryze S. D., Smith E. M., Silverman J. (2011). 4] Terra Global Capital. (2010).
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation The carbon MRV methodology was further tested and developed through field surveys, including:
1. Aboveground forest biomass inventory (aboveground carbon stock measurement) inside 9 nested sampling plots covering 3 forest strata 5
- – primary forest , secondary forest after logging (also denoted as logged- over forest) and secondary forest after forest fires (also fire-damaged/ burnt forest);
2. Destructive sampling inside all 9 nested sampling plots to develop a localized allometric equation;
3. Peat survey (belowground carbon stock measurement) at 17 sampling points (9 points inside the nested sampling plots and 8 points along two 1-km line transects);
4. Water level measurement at 17 sampling points using an electric contact meter, and at 2 additional sampling points in logged-over and burnt forest 6 using a HOBO automatic water level recorder .
Finally, samples and data collected during field surveys were analyzed at a laboratory to estimate aboveground and belowground carbon stocks. Furthermore, to integrate the field survey results into a carbon stock map and stratify forest types, the FS team conducted a remote sensing analysis by using Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM) 5. Survey results and refined SOPs are available in appendices.
4.2 Social safeguards
A social safeguards study was conducted through literature reviews and a field survey in 4 villages in Kotawaringin Timur district located nearby the Katingan Project site.
4.2.1 Data collection
Focus group discussions (FGD) were conducted, using a questionnaire to
provide a structure to dialogues. Each FGD accommodated 15-20 participants
who are relatively representative of local communities, and provided an opportunity to openly discuss socio-economic conditions, land tenure and livelihoods.
5] No visible sign of logging tracks, canals or stumps
6] HOBO water level data logger with a 100’ range, U20-001-02, available at: http://www.onsetcomp.com/products/kits/
kit-s-u20-02.4.2.2 Data analysis
Data collected through the FGDs was analyzed in reference to the literature, relevant Indonesian laws and regulations, and previous reports produced under the pre-feasibility study for the fiscal year 2010.
4.2.3 Logical framework
A logical framework was used to review drivers of deforestation and its impacts on peatland forest and local communities’ livelihoods.
4.3 Environmental safeguards
An environmental safeguards study was conducted through a rapid assessment of high conservation value (HCV) species identified in the Katingan Project site.
4.3.1 Field survey
A field survey was conducted in sampling plots along 9 line transects. The
sample plots were established based on the local variation of vegetation types
within peat swamp ecosystems, levels of disturbance and faunal concentration
of rare, threatened and endangered species. At each sample site, the FS team
measured and recorded all trees with a diameter at breast height (DBH) greater than 10 cm, identified local species names, and collected leaf samples for a laboratory analysis.
4.3.2 HCV rapid assessment
Based on the high conservation value forest (HCVF) identification toolkit 7 8 9 for Indonesia ,Starling Resources’ earlier faunal and floral reports, and the evaluation of secondary data, the FS team conducted a rapid HCV assessment for the biodiversity components, HCV 1, 2 and 3, to identify the existence of HCV species and prominent threats to them, as well as to produce indicative maps of the area’s forest land systems and HCV species.
5. Outputs
The Methodology Design Document is comprised of three sections – carbon MRV methodology, social safeguards and environmental safeguards,
7] Tropenbos.(2008) 8] Harrison et. al (2010) 9] Harrison et. al (2011).
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation each providing methodologies, approaches and/or recommendations. These were designed as an appropriate means to implementing REDD+ projects in Indonesia under a bilateral corporation mechanism, and carefully reviewed and recommended by the FS team. Furthermore, supplementing documents are provided in the annexes, including:
1. A refined SOP for field measurements;
2. A refined SOP for allometric equation development and verification;
3. Allometric equations for tropical peat swamp forests in the Katingan
Project area;
4. Aboveground and belowground carbon stock estimation for the Katingan
Project;
5. Environmental safeguard strategies for HCV areas in the Katingan Project
area; and6. Recommendations for next steps after the REDD+ FS 2011.
Additional information, supporting data and references on particular topics (i.e., Carbon MRV, Social safeguards and Environmental safeguards) are separately provided in full reports by the Ministry of Forestry, Republic of Indonesia.
Section I: Carbon MRV Methodology
1.1 Sources
This methodology uses different elements from several approved methodologies and tools. More specifically, this methodology is based on elements from the following methodologies (latest version):
1. Approved CDM Methodology - AR ACM0001 Afforestation and reforestation of degraded land
2. Approved CDM Methodology - AR AM0006 Afforestation/Reforestation with Trees Supported by Shrubs on Degraded Land This methodology also refers to the latest approved versions of the following tools or modules:
1. VT0001 Tool for the Demonstration and Assessment of Additionality in VCS Agriculture, Forestry and Other Land Use (AFOLU) Project Activities.
(Available at http://www.v-c-s.org/tool_VT0001.html)
2. AR AM Tool 03 Calculation of the number of sample plots for measurements within A/R CDM project activities. (Available at https://cdm.unfccc.int/ methodologies/ARmethodologies/tools/ar-am-tool-03-v2.pdf
3. Approved VCS Module VMD0014 “Estimation of emissions from fossil fuel
combustion (E-FFC)” (Available at http://www.v-c-s.org/methodologies/VMD0014 ) Projects that meet the applicability criteria of this methodology will conform to all relevant applicability criteria associated with each of these individual methodologies and tools.
1.2 Summary Description of the Methodology
This methodology sets out the project conditions and carbon accounting procedures for activities aimed at reducing planned deforestation and forest degradation of peat swamp forests, and falls therefore under the “avoided planned peatland deforestation” (APPD) category of the VCS AFOLU requirements. Only one other applicable methodology exists for APPD projects. The proposed methodology differs in some key aspects which may limit the adaptability of the existing avoided planned peat swamp
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation conversion methodology. More specifically, this methodology offers more flexibility in estimating the baseline deforestation rates, includes a procedure to apply hierarchical forest transition to model the conversion process, uses geostatistical techniques to interpolate peat depths between sampling points, and allows for some small-scale deforestation and forest to be present in the project area. Furthermore, this methodology is developed to be compatible with the new VCS PRC guidelines and uses an internationally accepted definition of peat i.e., containing minimum of 30% organic matters and depth of at least 30 cm (as defined by the Internal Peat Society). The main methodological aspects of the methodology are:
1. The project area must be a production forest i.e. forest land designated for production purposes.
2. Baseline emissions in the project area are calculated based on either legally approved conversion rates or empirically measured historical deforestation rates observed in a reference region similar to the project area.
3. Emissions from non-peat carbon stock densities are quantified by subtracting carbon densities under the project and baseline scenario.
Carbon densities for non-peat components are quantified on permanent sampling plots on forest lands or temporary sampling plots on non-forest lands. Emissions from peat carbon stock densities are quantified by measuring or extrapolating the difference in water table and peat subsidence between the project and baseline scenarios. The total net emission reductions are discounted based on the attained precision of biomass, water table, and peat subsidence measurements. If the emissions cannot be measured with sufficient precision, the project is not eligible.
4. Potential emissions from primary leakage are monitored and quantified using a leakage belt approach. Market-effect leakage must be accounted for within each PD, according to the rules set forward within the VCS guidance.
5. While assisted reforestation is not allowed under the VCS AFOLU guidance for REDD projects, natural reforestation and regeneration must be included in the baseline and project scenarios. This is achieved by applying the empirically observed baseline regeneration and reforestation rates in the reference region to the project and baseline scenarios.
6. Assisted natural regeneration activities are allowed as a community development activity, but only to the extent that it increases the baseline natural regeneration rate. The quantification of the GHG benefits from assisted natural regeneration follows a different and more detailed
1.2.1 Summary of Major Methodological Steps for the Baseline
b. The calculation of emission reductions from avoided peat
3. The project must implement activities to minimize any potential emissions from forest degradation from local communities living in or near the
2. Significant methane, nitrous oxide and fuel-CO 2 emissions from project and community development activities must be subtracted from the NERs.
(ANR) activities are calculated completely separated using the most recent version of the approved consolidated CDM methodology AR-ACM0001: “Afforestation and Reforestation of Degraded Land”.
regeneration
c. The accounting for greenhouse gas benefits from assisted natural
conversion is based on (1) measurements of the water table in the project area, and (2) the expected drainage level under project scenario.
Methodology Design Document for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation
procedure than for the quantification of GHG benefits from areas without assisted natural regeneration.
1. This methodology separates emission reductions from avoided deforestation, emission reductions from avoided peat conversion, and carbon uptake through assisted natural regeneration (ANR) because different carbon accounting methods, accuracy thresholds and discounting procedures are applicable on each of these sources:
report. The calculation of emission reductions is based on the following principles:
post based on data collected during monitoring and reported in a monitoring
The PD contains the ex-ante annual net GHG emission reductions due to project activities (NERs) and an estimate of the ex-ante VCUs that are issued after transferring a portion of the NERs to the buffer pool according to the buffer withholding percentage. The actual NERs and VCUs are calculated ex-
GHG Emissions, Project GHG Emissions, and Monitoring
7. The methodology is not applicable to grouped projects. However, the project may contain multiple non-contiguous areas. The procedure to account for this is described in section 1.8.1 Describe Spatial Boundaries of the Discrete Project Area Parcels.
a. The calculation of non-peat related emission reductions from avoiding deforestation is based on a classification and stratification of the land in discrete classes or forest strata according to the land use and land cover (LULC) or forest type and density. By analyzing transitions from forest classes to non-forest classes, the emissions related to deforestation can be quantified. project area. Only significant emissions need to be retained in the final calculations.
1.2.1.1 GHG Sinks and Emissions under the Baseline Scenario