Color Image Segmentation using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM).

Aims and Scope
International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) is a scholarly open
access, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, quarterly and fully refereed journal
focusing on theories, methods and applications in Engineering and Technology.
IJET covers all areas of Engineering and Technology, publishing refereed
original research articles and technical notes. IJET reviews papers
within approximately one month of submission and publishes accepted articles
on the internet immediately upon receiving the final versions.
All submitted articles should report original, previously unpublished research
results, experimental or theoretical, and will be peer-reviewed. Articles
submitted to the journal should meet these criteria and must not be under
consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should follow the style of
the journal and are subject to both review and editing.
All the papers in the journal are also available freely with online full-text
content and permanent worldwide web link. The abstracts will be indexed and
available at major academic databases.
IJET welcomes author submission of papers concerning any branch of the
Engineering and Technology and their applications in business, industry and
other subjects. The subjects covered by the journal includes but not limited to:
Aeronautical/ Aerospace Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Automation
Engineering, Automobile Engineering, Ceramic Engineering, Chemical

Engineering, Civil Engineering, Collaborative Engineering, Communication
Engineering, Complexity in Applied Science and Engineering, Computational
Science and Engineering, Computer Aided Engineering and Technology,
Computer Applications in Technology, Computer Engineering, Continuing
Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning, Control Theory, Data Mining and
Bioinformatics, Design Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic and
Electrical Engineering, Embedded Systems, Engineering Management and
Economics, Environmental Engineering, Forensic Engineering, Industrial
Engineering, Information Systems and Management, Information Technology,
Instrumentation Engineering, Intelligent Engineering Informatics, Knowledge
Engineering and Data Mining, Manufacturing Engineering, Marine Engineering,
Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics, Metallurgical
Engineering, Microengineering, Mining Engineering, Nuclear Engineering,
Petroleum Engineering, Process Systems Engineering, Production Engineering,
Remote Monitoring, Sensor Network, Soft-computing and Engineering
Education, Software Engineering, Strategic Engineering Asset Management,
Structural Engineering, Textile Engineering, Transportation.
Frequency: 6 issues per year
e-ISSN: 0975-4024 (online version)
p-ISSN: 2319-8613 (online version)

Subject Category: Engineering and Technology
Published by: Engg Journals Publications

! "!

Editorial Board and Reviewers
IJET Editorial Board
EDITOR IN CHIEF
K.SivaKumar,
KEJA Technologies,
Singapore
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
A.Selvi,
SIPS Technologies,
India
EDITORIAL BOARD
M.Azath
Calicut university/Mets School of Engineering, Kerala, India.
Dr. S.S.RIAZ
AHAMED AMIE.,MCA.,M.Phil.,M.Tech.,MIEEE.,MACM.,Ph.D.,FIETE.,C.Engg.

Professor & Head, Dept of Computer Applications, Mohamed Sathak Engineering
College, India.
Bilal Bahaa Zaidan
Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Dr. S. Abdul Khader Jilani
College of Computers & Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk,
Ministry of Higher Education, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Dr. Vipan Kakkar
Associate Professor, Q. No. 6, Chanakya Marg, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Univers
Katra. J&K. 182 320. India.
Dr. DEBOJYOTI MITRA
Associate Professor & Head, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sir Padampat
Singhania University,
Hill Villa Annexe, Opp. Hotel Hilltop Palace, Ambavgarh, Udaipur 313001,
Rajasthan, India.
Dr.S.Sasikumar
Professor and head, Department of ECE., Hindustan college of Engg. and Tech.,
Coimbatore.
Dr. GOVINDARAJ THANGAVEL
Professor, Muthayammal Engineering College , Rasipuram, India


! "!

Dr. Vijay Srivatsan
Digitial Technology Lab. Corp. (Subsidiary of Mori Seiki), Davis, CA
Dr. Wang Yong-gang
School of Highway Chang’an University 901 Transportation Sci. & Tech.
Building, Middle Section of Nanerhuan, Xi’an 710064, P. R. China
Dr. NAOUFAL RAISSOUNI
Professor of Remote Sensing and Physics at the National Engineering School for
Applied Sciences,
Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier-Tetouan-Morocco
Dr. G. V. NAGESH KUMAR
Department of EEE Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology Duvvada,
Visakhapatnam, India
Dr. VELAYUTHAM .P
Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur, India
Dr DANWE RAIDANDI
Head of Mechanical Department, The College of Technology, University of
DOUALA, Cameroon.

Dr. Bharat Raj Singh
Professor and Associate Director, School of Management Sciences, Technical
Campus, India.

IJET Reviewer List
Dr.Prasanta Sahoo, PhD.
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
700032, India.
ANAND SHARMA
Assistant Professor (CSE Deptt.) in MITS, Lakshmangarh, Sikar
Lai Khin Wee
Research Officer, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Mahesh M Goyani
Lecturer, Department of Computer Engineering, G H Patel College of
Engineering and Technology, India
HORNG YUAN SAW
School of Engineering and Advanced Technology Massey University, Palmerston
North, New Zealand

! "!


Neetesh Gupta
Technocrats Institute of Technology-Bhopal (M.P.), India
T.Venkat Narayana Rao
Professor and Head, Department of C.S.E – Hyderabad Institute of Technology
and Management ,
Kompally, R.R Dist. India
B.Vasavi
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering ,
Hyderabad Institute of Technology & Management, India
Rajesh Kumar Vishwakarma
Department of Electronics Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering
&Technology,
A. B. Road Raghogarh, Dist.Guna, India
Adis Medić
EEE, ACM, Infosys ltd; Assist. Professor
Raj Gaurang Tiwari
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Azad Institute of
Engineering and Technology,
Lucknow-226002, UP INDIA.

Avanish Kumar Singh
Asst. Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
R.R. Institute of Modern Technology Unnao, U.P., India
VIVEK S. DESHPANDE
Assistant Professor MIT College of Engineering, Pune, India

#

! "!

Table of Contents
Volume 6 Issue 1

1

Hybrid Test Bed of Wind Electric Generator with Photovoltaic
Panels

1-12


G.D.Anbarasi Jebaselvi, S.Paramasivam

2

Experimental Study on Fatigue Characteristics for Aluminium
and Al-SiC Composite Material Edge Crack Specimens under
Flexural Loading Conditions

13-27

Shanmugavel P., Bhaskar G.B., Chandrasekaran M.

3

Artificial Neural Network based Detection of Renal Tumors
using CT Scan Image Processing

4

Experimental Investigation and Performance Evaluation of

Hydroformed Tubular Bellows In Inconel 625 Alloy

Muhammad Rukunuddin Ghalib, Surbhi Bhatnagar, S Jayapoorani, Udisha
Pande

28-35

36-43

E. Pavithra, V.S. Senthil Kumar

5

Convolutional Neural Network for Face Recognition with Pose
and Illumination Variation

44-57

A. R. Syafeeza, M. Khalil-Hani, S. S. Liew, R. Bakhteri


6

Performance Studies on Sub-cooling of Cryogenic Liquids Used
for Rocket Propulsion Using Helium Bubbling

58-65

Ramesh T, Thyagarajan K

7

BCR Routing for Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad hoc
Networks

66-74

S. RAMESH, P. GANESH KUMAR

8


Characterization of Glass Fibre ? Coconut Coir? Human Hair
Hybrid Composites

75-82

D. Senthilnathan, A Gnanavel Babu, G. B. Bhaskar, KGS. Gopinath

9

TENSILE AND FLEXURAL STUDIES ON GLASS - CARBON HYBRID
COMPOSITES SUBJECTED TO LOW FREQUENCY CYCLIC LOADING

83-90

K. Poyyathappan, G.B.Bhaskar, K. Pazhanivel, N.Venkatesan

Identification and Controll of Spark Ignition Type Vehicles using
10 Intelligent Transportation Technologies

91-94

G.Elumalai, G.B.Bhaskar

Experimental Investigation on Laminated Composite Leaf
11 springs Subjected to Cyclic Loading

95-101

S.Rajesh, G.B.Bhaskar

Multichannel Feature Extraction and Classification of Epileptic
12 States Using Higher Order Statistics and Complexity Measures

102-109

K. Palani Thanaraj, K. Chitra

#

! "!

An Experimental Study on Evacuated Tube Solar Collector using
13 Therminol D-12 as Heat Transfer Fluid Coupled with Parabolic
Trough

110-117

P.Selvakumar, P.Somasundaram, P.Thangavel

Compression of Satellite Images Using Lossy and Lossless Coding
14 Techniques

118-128

S.Chandravadhana, N.Nithiyanandam

Analysis of Reduction in Area in MIMO Receivers Using SQRD
Method and Unitary Transformation with Maximum Likelihood
15 Estimation (MLE) and Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation
(MMSE) Techniques

129-137

Sabitha Gauni, R.Kumar

Wind Energy Conversion System with Boost Converter and CHB
16 MLI with single DC input

138-145

Porselvi T, Ranganath Muthu

Optimal Link Managed On Demand Routing Protocol in MANET
17 for Qos Improvement

146-154

G.Kavitha, Dr.J.Sundararajan

Investigation of Optimum Parameters for Mechanical Properties
18 of Ecofriendly Molded Plant Fibre Polymer Matrix Composite by
Experimental Methods

155-163

S.BENJAMIN LAZARUS, V.VELMURUGAN

Algorithm for Modeling Wire Cut Electrical Discharge Machine
19 Parameters using Artificial Neural Network

164-170

G.Sankara Narayanan, D.Vasudevan

Experimental investigations on Elastic Properties of Concrete
20 containing Steel fibre

171-177

K.Anbuvelan, Dr.K.Subramanian

Significance of stainless steel wire reinforcement on the
21 mechanical properties of GFRP composites

178-182

K. Pazhanivel, G.B. Bhaskar, A.Elayaperumal

Optimization of Process Parameters to enhance the Hardness on
22 Squeeze Cast Aluminium Alloy AA6061

183-189

M. Thirumal Azhagan, B. Mohan, A. Rajadurai

An Innovative Method for UWB Channel Estimation Using Time
23 Hopped Modulation

190-198

S. Sathiya Priya, Dr.N.R.Alamelu

A Multi Objective Hybrid Differential Evolution Algorithm
24 assisted Genetic Algorithm Approach for Optimal Reactive
Power and Voltage Control

199-203

D.Godwin Immanuel, G.Selvekumar, C.Christober Asir Rajan

#

! "!

Adapting Endurance and Performance Optimization Strategies
25 of ExFAT file system to FAT file system for embedded storage
devices

204-211

Keshava Munegowda, Dr. G T Raju, Veera Maninkandanraju

Tuning and Analysis of Multiple Interactive Loop Process by
26 Model Predictive Control

212-226

P.Srinivasarao, Dr.P.Subbaiah

Comparative Study of Controllers for a Variable Area MIMO
27 Interacting NonLinear System

227-235

Priya Chandrasekar, Lakshmi Ponnusamy

Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Presence of Natural
28 Fibre on the Mechanical Performance of a Light Weight Hybrid
Bonded Laminate

236-241

M.Vasumathi, Vela Murali

Ontology based Comprehensive Architecture for Service
29 Discovery in Emergency Cloud

242-251

J.Uma Maheswari, Dr.G.R.Karpagam

MULTI OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF VEHICLE ACTIVE
30 SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING DEBBO BASED PID CONTROLLER

252-262

Kalaivani Rajagopal, Lakshmi Ponnusamy

Heat transfer and pressure drop comparison between smooth
31 and rib-roughened divergent rectangular ducts

263-272

K. SIVAKUMAR, E. NATARAJAN, N. KULASEKHARAN

Multilevel Spatial Multiplexing -Space Time Trellis Coded
32 Modulation System for Fast Fading MIMO Channel

273-277

K.Kavitha, H.Mangalam

33 Multi-Level Privacy Preservation Using Rotation Perturbation

278-292

Analysis of Contourlet Texture Feature Extraction to Classify
34 the Benign and Malignant Tumors from Breast Ultrasound
Images

293-305

R.PraveenaPriyadarsini, Dr.M.L.Valarmathi, Dr.S.Sivakumari

Prabhakar Telagarapu, Poonguzhali S

A NOVEL NODE FAILURE MANAGEMENT FOR MOBILE AD HOC
35 NETWORK USING ANT AGENTS

306-314

Ramkumar K.R, Ravichandran

Simulation and Implementation of an Embedded Hybrid Fuzzy
36 Trained Artificial Neural Network Controller for Different DC
Motor

315-332

M.Muruganandam, I.Thangaraju, M.Madheswaran

Optimal sizing and placement of Static and Dynamic VAR
37 devices through Imperialist Competitive Algorithm for
minimization of Transmission Power Loss
#

333-342

! "!

Pramod Kumar Gouda, P K Hota, K. Chandrasekar

Simulation of an Inverse Heat Conduction Boundary Estimation
38 Problem Based on State Space Model

343-349

Purna Chandra Mishra

The Potential Allocation for Dry Season Crop-Area Planning, the
39 Huai Luang Operation and Maintenance Project, Thailand

350-357

Pisan Ubonpiphat, Anongrit Kangrang, Rattana Homwichian

Hybridization of Response Surface Methodology and Genetic
40 Algorithm optimization for CO2 laser cutting parameter on
AA6061 material

358-373

A.Parthiban, R.Ravikumar, B.Suresh Kumar, N. Baskar

Effect of Cooling Rate on Mechanical Behaviour of Bulk Cast of
41 A380 Aluminium Alloy

374-380

42 PCA-NB Algorithm to Enhance the Predictive Accuracy

381-387

Node Cooperation and Message Authentication in Trusted Mobile
43 Ad Hoc Networks

388-397

M.Mohandass, A.Venkatesan, S.Karthikeyan, P.S.Prasanth,
S.K.Vinuvarshith

T.Karthikeyan, P.Thangaraju

Vijayakumar A, Selvamani K

Topology Optimization in Automotive Brake Pedal Redesign
44 Mohd Nizam Sudin, Musthafah Mohd Tahir, Faiz Redza Ramli, Shamsul

398-402

Anuar Shamsuddin

Ambiguity and Concepts in Real Time Online Internet Traffic
45 Classification

403-410

0-1 Knapsack Problem Approach for Multicast Agent in NEMO
46 System

411-417

Hamza Awad Hamza Ibrahim, Sulaiman Mohd Nor, Ban Mohammed
Khammas

Rashid Saeed, Abdelmuizz Eisa, Raed Alsaqour

SPC-based Inventory Control Policy to Im-prove Supply Chain
47 Dynamics

418-426

Francesco Costantino, Giulio Di Gravio, Ahmed Shaban, Massimo Tronci

Designing Artificial Magnetic Conductor at 2.45 GHz for Metallic
48 Detection in RFID Tag Application

427-435

49 A Fuzzy Linear Programming in Optimizing Meat Production

436-444

An Interactive Map Streaming Service Technique for Mobile
50 Devices

445-452

Maisarah Abu, Eryana Eiyda Hussin, Mohd Saari Mohd Isa, Zahriladha
Zakaria, Zikri Abadi Baharudin

Lazim Abdullah, Nor Hafizah Abidin

Seong Kim, Byoung-Woo Oh

#

! "!

Analysis of Leakage Current and DC Injection in Transformerless
51 PV Inverter Topologies

453-459

Anjali Varghese C, Karpagam M, Alwarsamy T

Experimental investigation of heat transfer coefficient of
52 CuO/Water nanofluid in double pipe heat exchanger with or
without electric field

460-466

S.Senthilraja, KCK.Vijayakumar, R.Gangadevi

A Novel Distance Relaying Scheme to Mitigate Phase Faults on
53 Doubly Fed Transmission Lines

467-483

J.Monisha, S.Natarajan

Optimization of Realistic Multi-Stage Hybrid Flow Shop
54 Scheduling Problems with Missing Operations Using MetaHeuristics

484-496

M. Saravanan, S. Sridhar, N. Harikannan

55 A Metric to Assess the Performance of MLIR Services

N. Moganarangan, Pothula Sujatha, Shailesh Khapre, P. Dhavachelvan

$

497-508

! "!

Volume 6 Issue 2

1

Theoretical, Numerical (FEM) and Experimental Analysis of
composite cracked beams of different boundary conditions
using vibration mode shape curvatures

509-518

Pankaj Charan Jena, Dayal R. Parhi, G. Pohit

2

Optimization of Process Parameters on MRR and Overcut in
Electrochemical Micro Machining on Metal Matrix Composites
Using Grey Relational Analysis

519-529

S.Dharmalingam, P.Marimuthu, K.Raja, R.Pandyrajan, S.Surendar

3

Hybrid Asymmetric Space Vector Modulation for inverter based
direct torque control induction motor drive

530-543

Nandakumar Sundararaju, Dr.S.Vijayan

4

Optimizing Code by Selecting Compiler Flags using Parallel
Genetic Algorithm on Multicore CPUs

544-551

T Satish Kumar, S Sakthivel, Sushil Kumar S

5

Multi-objective hardware/software partitioning technique for
dynamic and partial reconfigurable system-on-chip using
genetic algorithm

552-558

N.Janakiraman, P.Nirmal Kumar

6

Modeling of PEM Fuel Cell Stack System using Feed-forward
and Recurrent Neural Networks for Automotive Applications

559-569

Mr. M. Karthik, Dr. S. Vijayachitra, Ms. K. Gomathi

7

Identification of Stiction Nonlinearity for Pneumatic Control
Valve using ANFIS Method

570-578

Srinivasan Arumugam, Rames C.Panda

8

9

Optical Generation of 60 GHz Downstream Data in Radio over
Fiber Systems Based on Two Parallel Dual-Drive MZMs
Nael Ahmed Al-Shareefi, S.I.S Hassan, Fareq Malek, Razali Ngah, Sura Adil
Abbas

A Novel Metamaterial Structure to Reduce Far-End Crosstalk in
Printed Circuit Boards

579-587

588-591

R.Azhagumurugan, P.Indumathi

Application of AHP for Lean Implementation Analysis in 6
10 MSMEs

592-596

Ravikumar M.M, Marimuthu K, H. Abdul Zubar

Cluster Based Topology Control in Dynamic Mobile Ad Hoc
11 Networks

597-606

T. Parameswaran, Dr. C. Palanisamy, P. Kokila

Isometric Relocation of Data by Sequencing of Sub-Clusters for
12 Privacy Preservation in Data Mining

607-614

V.Rajalakshmi, G.S.Anandha Mala

$

! "!

A Novel Method of Inconsistent Collision Detection to Prevent
13 Cloning Attacks in High-Security Wireless Body Area Networks

615-626

Govindharajan Uma Gowri, Rajagopal Sivakumar

Implementation of an Effective Fault Current Limiter for 1.5
14 MW DFIG in Wind Power Systems

627-635

M. Panneerselvam, Dr. P. Prakasam, J. K. Chithra

Intelligent Hybrid Cluster Based Classification Algorithm for
15 Social Network Analysis

636-642

Closed Loop Control of LLC Resonant Converter Incorporating
16 ZVS Boost Converter

643-653

S. Muthurajkumar, P. Indira Priya, M. Vijayalakshmi, S. Indira Gandhi, A.
Kannan

N.Madhanakkumar, T.S.Sivakumaran, G.Irusapparajan, D.Sujitha

Energy Constrained Hierarchical Task Scheduling Algorithm for
17 Mobile Grids

654-662

Arjun Singh, Prasun Chakrabarti, Surbhi Chauhan

Intrusion prevention and Message Authentication Protocol
18 (IMAP) using Region Based Certificate Revocation List Method
in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks

663-672

G. Anitha, Dr. M. Hemalatha

Multi-Channel Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signal Acquisition
19 and its Effective Channel selection with De-noising Using
AWICA for Biometric System

673-680

B.Sabarigiri, D.Suganyadevi

Adaptive self-localized Discrete Quasi Monte Carlo Localization
20 (DQMCL) scheme for wsn based on antithetic markov process

681-691

M.Vasim babu, Dr.A.V.Ramprasad

An Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Mobile Cognitive Radio
21 Ad hoc networks

692-700

S. Selvakanmani, M. Sumathi

Artificial Cooperative Search Algorithm based Load Frequency
22 Control of Interconnected Power Systems with AC-DC Tie-lines

701-706

S. Ramesh kumar, S. Ganapathy

Preprocessing using Enhanced Median Filter for Defect
23 Detection in 2D Fabric Images

707-717

S.Anitha, V.Radha

Enhancing the performance of Optimized Link State Routing
24 Protocol using HPSO and Tabu Search Algorithm

718-724

S. Meenakshi Sundaram, Dr. S. Palani, Dr. A. Ramesh Babu

Analysis of Spectral Features of EEG during four different
25 Cognitive Tasks

725-734

S.BAGYARAJ, G.RAVINDRAN, S.SHENBAGA DEVI

$

! "!

A Comparative Study on LUT and Accumulator Radix-4 Based
26 Multichannel RNS FIR Filter Architectures

735-744

Britto Pari. J, Joy Vasantha Rani S.P

IMPLEMENTATION OF A REAL TIME SUPERVISORY CONTROLLER
27 FOR AN ISOLATED HYBRID (WIND/ SOLAR/DIESEL) POWER
SYSTEM

745-753

Boopathy C P, Dr.Sivakumar L

Efficient Node Cooperation and Security in MANET using
28 Closeness Technique

754-763

Sathiyakumar C, K.Duraiswamy K

Variable Length Floating Point FFT Processor Using Radix-22
29 Butterfly Elements

764-772

P.Augusta Sophy, R.Srinivasan, J.Raja, S.Anand Ganesh

Optimum Network Reconfiguration and DGs Sizing With
Allocation Simultaneously by Using Particle Swarm
30 Optimization (PSO)

773-780

M. N. M. Nasir, N. M. Shahrin, M. F. Sulaima, Mohd Hafiz Jali, M. F.
Baharom

Ultrasound Image Classification for Down Syndrome During
31 First Trimester Using Haralick Features

781-788

R. Sonia, V.Shanthi

Simple Augmented Current Controller with OHC Technique for
32 grid current compensation in the Distribution System

789-795

S. Rajalingam, V. Malathi

Active Build-Model Random Forest Method for Network Traffic
33 Classification

796-804

Target Tracking with Background Modeled Mean Shift
34 Technique for UAV Surveillance videos

805-814

Rain Rate-Radar Reflectivity Relationship for Drop Size
Distribution and Rain Attenuation Calculation of Ku Band
35 Signals

815-824

Alhamza Munther, Rozmie Razif, Shahrul Nizam, Naseer Sabri,
Mohammed Anbar

Athilingam R, Mohamed Rasheed A, Senthil Kumar K, Kaviyarasu A,
Thillainayagi R

Govardhani.Immadi, Sarat K Kotamraju, Habibulla Khan, M.Venkata
Narayana

Relation Based Mining Model for Enhancing Web Document
36 Clustering

825-832

M.Reka, Dr.N.Shanthi

AUTOMATED DRUSEN GRADING SYSTEM IN FUNDUS IMAGE
37 USING FUZZY C-MEANS CLUSTERING

833-841

Rama Prasath.A, M.M.Ramya

$

! "!

Experimental Investigations on PV Powered SVM-DTC Induction
38 Motor without AC Phase Current Sensors

842-857

T. Muthamizhan, R. Ramesh

Prediction of Commodities in Rationing System Using an
39 Enhanced Regression Neural Network Algorithm

858-864

Capt. Dr. S Santhosh Baboo, Ms. P ShanmugaPriya

Color Image Segmentation using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map
40 (SOM)

I Komang Ariana, Rukmi Sari Hartati, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra, Ni Kadek
Ayu Wirdiani

Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters in Drilling
41 Operation Using Conventional and CNC Machines on Titanium
Alloy

865-871

872-880

B.Suresh kumar, N. Bskar

Folded Low Resource HARQ Detector Design and Tradeoff
42 Analysis with Virtex 5 using PlanAhead Tool

881-894

S.Syed Ameer Abbas, S.J.Thiruvengadam, S.Susithra

Experimental Study of Selective Catalytic Reduction System On
43 CI Engine Fuelled with Diesel-Ethanol Blend for NOx Reduction
with Injection of Urea Solutions

895-904

R. Praveen, S. Natarajan

Use of Waste Flyash in Fabrication of Aluminium Alloy Matrix
44 Composite

905-912

Ajit Kumar Senapati, Purna Chandra Mishra, Bharat Chandra Routara

Data Transmission through Nano Machines using the Clustering
45 Tree for Mobile Adhoc Network

913-919

T.Ganesan, Dr.N Rajkumar

Towards Self Configured Multi-Agent Resource Allocation
46 Framework for Cloud Computing Environments

920-928

M.N.Faruk, Dr.D.Sivakumar

Setpoint Weighted PID Controller for the Electromechanical
47 Actuator in Spacecraft

929-938

R. Sumathi, M. Usha

Heat Treatment Parameters to Optimize Friction and Wear
48 behavior of Novel Hybrid Aluminium Composites Using Taguchi
Technique

939-947

V.C.Uvaraja

Optimal Selection and Allocation of Generator For Static ATC
49 Using Differential Evolution Algorithm

948-959

R.Prathiba, Dr M.Balasingh Moses, M.Karuppasamypandiyan

50 A Study on Aeroelastic Flutter Suppression and its Control
Measures ?Past and Future

$

960-973

! "!

Bruce Ralphin Rose J, Jinu G R

PRN using RSA Algorithm for Secure Routed Creation and Data
51 Transfer in MANETs

974-981

K.PAZHANISAMY, Dr.LATHAPARTHIBAN

Enhanced Semantic Web Service Discovery Using Machine
52 Learning on Mapped WSMO Services

982-991

S. Sandhya, Dr. P. Pabitha, Dr. M. Rajaram

53 Improvement of Power Quality Using a Hybrid Interline UPQC

992-1000

Modeling of Zeta converter based DVR system for power
54 quality improvement

1001-1008

M.K.Elango, C.Vengatesh

P.Velmurugan, B.Baskaran, G.Irusapparajan

Flower Pollination Algorithm Applied for Different Economic
55 Load Dispatch Problems

1009-1016

R. Prathiba, M. Balasingh Moses, S. Sakthivel

Research on Sensorless control strategies for Vehicle stability
56 using Fuzzy based EDC

1017-1025

A.Ravi, S.Palani

Optimization of Process Parameters Using Taguchi Technique
57 in Severe Surface Mechanical Treatment of AA6061

1026-1032

K. Thirumavalavan, L. Karunamoorthy, K. A. Padmanabhan

?Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Design Decisions In Architectural
58 Design Process during the Pre-Design Stage?

1033-1046

M.Elango, Prof. Dr.M.D.Devadas

Investigating the Influence of Electroplating Layer Thickness
59 on the Tensile Strength for Fused Deposition Processed ABS
Thermoplastics

1047-1052

S.Kannan, D.Senthilkumaran

Optimization of process parameters for COD removal by
60 Coagulation Treatment using Box?Behnken design

1053-1058

V Sangeetha, V Sivakumar, A Sudha, KS Priyenka Devi

Structural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of As61 plated and Heat Treated Electroless Ni-B-P Alloy Coatings

1059-1064

Study of microEDM parameters of Stainless Steel 316L:
62 Material Removal Rate Optimization using Genetic Algorithm

1065-1071

P. G. Venkatakrishnan, S. S. Mohamed Nazirudeen, T.S.N. Sankara
Narayanan

Suresh P, Venkatesan R, Sekar T, Sathiyamoorthy V

63 A Simple Node Architecture for Optical Burst Switching
Pallavi S, M. Lakshmi

$#

1072-1078

! "!

Analysis of PMD and PDL effect on Chirped Gaussian and
64 SuperGaussain pulse shapes by controlling SOP in SMF

1079-1085

VINAYAGAPRIYA.S, SIVASUBRAMANIAN.A

Semantic Based Efficient Retrieval of Relevant Resources and
65 its Services using Search Engines

1086-1093

Pradeep Gurunathan, Dr. Seethalakshmi Pandian

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77 Performance Comparison of Neural Networks and GMM for
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$#

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I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)

Color Image Segmentation using Kohonen
Self-Organizing Map (SOM)
I Komang Ariana #1, Rukmi Sari Hartati *2, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra #3, Ni Kadek Ayu Wirdiani #4
#

Information Technology Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
1
km.ariana1992@gmail.com
3
ikgdarmaputra@gmail.com
4
ayu_wirdi@yahoo.com
*
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
2
rshartati@gmail.com

Abstract— Color image segmentation using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM), is proposed in this
study. RGB color space is used as input in the process of clustering by SOM. Measurement of the distance
between the weight vector and the input vector in the learning and recognition stages in SOM method,
uses Normalized Euclidean Distance. Then, the validity of clustering result is tested by Davies-Bouldin
Index (DBI) and Validity Measure (VM) to determine the most optimal number of cluster. The clustering
result, according to the most optimal number of cluster, is processed with spatial operations. The
operations are used to eliminate noise and the small spatial regions which are formed from the clustering
result. This system allows the segmentation process become automatic and unsupervised. The
segmentation results are close to human perception.
Keyword- Image Segmentation, Clustering, Self-Organizing Map, Normalized Euclidean Distance, DaviesBouldin Index, Validity Measure
I. INTRODUCTION
Image segmentation has been widely used in image processing. Segmentation aims to get the meaningful
parts in an image. Previously, image segmentation is more done in binary images and grayscale. But now, color
image segmentation has an important role in many applications, such as object recognition, image classification,
and etc. The aim of color image segmentation is to identify homogeneous regions in color images that are
important.
Many image segmentation techniques have been developed, such as pixel-based techniques, region-based
techniques, and boundary-based technique. Clustering is one of the techniques in the pixel-based image
segmentation. Each pixel is classified in a particular class based on certain similarity criteria. Many clustering
methods have been used in image segmentation applications. One of the most commonly used is the K-means
clustering method [1]-[4].
One of clustering method based on artificial neural network which is the most commonly used is SelfOrganizing Map (SOM). SOM studies each component inputs and then classifies the input into the
corresponding class. SOM has been applied in image processing, e.g. for image compression [5], and color
quantization [6]. SOM is also widely used in image segmentation applications [7]-[9]. In color image, SOM is
used to perform color reduction, then followed by Simulated Annealing (SA) to obtain the results of
segmentation [7]. SOM is also used for the sonar image segmentation by taking action to the existing noise [8].
Euclidean distance is commonly used to measure the distance between the input vector and weight vector in the
SOM method [7],[8]. Mahalonobis distance has also been utilized in the measurement of the distance to the
SOM method [9]. In this study, the determination of the winner weight for each input, is done by calculating the
distance using Normalized Euclidean Distance.
Determination of the optimal number of cluster in the clustering process is also a challenge. There are many
indexes to determine the cluster validity such as Dunn Index, Silhouette Index, and others. Validity Measure has
been widely applied as a cluster validity measurement in the image segmentation application [1],[10]. In this
study, the cluster validity measurement will be done in 2 ways, by Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin
Index (DBI). The validity measurement is done by forming 2 clusters to 10 clusters. Each value of DBI and
Validity Measure with the minimum values indicates that the cluster is well separated [10], it means that number
of cluster is the most optimal cluster.
Image segmentation in [4] takes advantage of post-processing to improves the segmentation results obtained
from the clustering process. Noise and small spatial area are removed by utilizing neighbourhood function.
The system proposed in this research is a method of image segmentation using SOM. Distance measurement
which is used in this study is Normalized Euclidean Distance. Determination of the optimal cluster uses Validity
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Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI). The results from these two techniques will be compared, and
get the best way in determining the optimal number of the cluster. That process is very important, because it is a
crucial step to get the final segmentation results. The last stage, post-processing in [4] is applied to improve the
segmentation result.
II. RESEARCH METHOD
Fig. 1 shows an overview of the system designed in this study. Section 2 will explain each part of the image
segmentation system in this study.

Fig. 1. Overview of the proposed system

A. Clustering with SOM
Clustering process in this study using the RGB color values of each pixel as an input to the SOM.
Neighbourhood topology which is used in SOM method in this study, is a linear array topology or onedimensional (1-D). Computation of SOM algorithm is divided into two stages, the stage of learning, and
recognition stage. SOM method in this study is adopted from the research in [8]. In this study, to determine the
distance does not use Euclidean Distance, but it uses Normalized Euclidean Distance.
B. Normalized Euclidean Distance
The calculation of the Normalized Euclidean Distance is a modified form of the Euclidean Distance.
Normalized Euclidean Distance of two vectors, between vector u and vector v is shown by Equation (1) [11].

(1)
where,
,

(2)

||v|| is the normalized value of vector v. Its value is expressed in Equation (3).
(3)
C. Validity Measure (VM)
VM is one of the indices to test the validity of the clustering results. VM is commonly used in application of
image segmentation based on clustering [1,10]. VM is calculated using Equation (4).
(4)
where intra is the intra-cluster distance, inter is inter-cluster distance, and y is a function of the number of
clusters are formed. Equation (5) is used to find the value of intra-cluster distance.
(5)
where N is the total number of pixels in the image, k is the number of clusters, and z i is the center of the cluster
Ci.

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In addition of the calculation of the VM, will also looks for the value of inter-cluster distance or distance
between clusters, then takes the minimum value [10]. Equation (6) is used to find the inter-cluster distance.

(

inter = min zi − z j

)

(6)

where i = 1,2 … k, and j = i+1, …, k.
y is multiplied by the quotient between the distance of the intra-cluster and inter-cluster distance. Equation
(7) is used to calculate y.
(7)

y = c.N (2,1) + 1

where c is a constant value with a range of value from 15 to 25, N (2,1) is a Gaussian function for the number of
clusters formed as k. The Gaussian function is shown in Equation (8).

N (µ ,σ ) =

1
2πσ 2

e

 ( k − µ )2 
−

2
 2σ


(8)

VM should be minimum to obtain optimal result and achieve well-separated cluster [1].
D. Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI)
DBI was introduced in 1979 by David L. Davies and Donald W. DBI is used to evaluate the clustering results.
DBI is a function to measure the ratio of the total within-cluster scatter (spread of the cluster) and the betweencluster separation (distance between clusters) [12]. Value of the spread of the cluster (S i ) is shown in Equation
(9) :

Si =

1
Ti

∑ x−z

x∈Ci

(9)

i

where T i is number of member in ith cluster (C i ), and z i is the ith cluster center.
Distance between clusters is calculated by euclidean distance between the center of the ith cluster and the
center of the jth cluster. Equation (10) is used to calculate its distance.
(10)

d ij = z i − z j

R ij is ratio value between ith cluster and jth cluster, which is calculated by Equation (11).

 S + S j 
Rij =  i

 d ij 

(11)

Find the maximum value of the ratio (D i ), it is used to find the value of DBI. Equation (12) is used to
calculate the value of D i .
(12)
D = max
R
j: j ≠ i

i

ij

Then, DBI value is calculated by using Equation (13).

DBI =

1 K
∑ Di
K i =1

(13)

where K is number of cluster.
DBI with the most minimum value indicates the most optimal clustering results and achieve well-separated
cluster.
E. Spatial Operations
Spatial operations are performed after the results of clustering is obtained. There are two spatial operations
are applied, noise removal and region merging.
Noise and details that do not need in the results of clustering, are eliminated with a statistical filter [4]. Noise
removal process is done by creating a histogram for the pixel at position (x,y) on the image which has been
labelled with its cluster information. To make the histogram, use the Equation (14).

H ( z | x, y ) =



1

l ( x ', y ' )∈W ( x , y )
l ( x ', y ' ) = z

(14)

where W(x,y) is a filter with specific radius, which the center is a pixel in position (x,y).

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The new label of pixel at position (x,y) which is symbolized by ĺ(x,y), is determined by using Equation (15),
as defined :

l ' ( x, y ) = arg max z H ( z | x, y )

(15)

The second spatial operation is region merging. Threshold value for the number of pixels in a region (ThA) is
determined in the amount of 0.003 times the total pixels in the image. So, if the number of pixels in the region is
less than ThA, it will be combined with its neighboring regions. The selected neighboring region, is selected
from the maximum number of area which is neighbors with the region that will be merged.
Region on this operation is based on the concept of neighborhood 8-connected. This means, the neighbors of
a pixel in terms of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal.
III.RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Analysis in this study using images from the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset (BSDS) [13]. There are 4 test
images, which are shown in Fig. 2.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

Fig. 2. Original image : (a) Img01.jpg, (b) Img02.jpg, (c) Img03.jpg, (d) Img04.jpg

The program is made with VB .NET programming language, using Visual Studio 2012 Development Tools.
The user interface of this system is shown in Fig. 3.

Fig. 3. User interface of the proposed system

Initialization of parameters on SOM and spatial operations that are used in analysis in this study, are shown in
Table I.
TABLE I
Initialization of Parameters on SOM Method and Spatial Operations

No
1
2
3
4

ISSN : 0975-4024

Parameter
α
Epoch (T)
Radius of noise filter
Threshold Region (ThA)

Value
0.2
200
3
0.003 * number o
pixels

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Tests are performed on each image to form 2 until 10 clusters. From each cluster which is formed, then
calculate the value of Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI). Each value of VM and DBI
with minimum value showed the most optimal number of cluster. Results of validity measurement for each test
images, are shown in Table II.
TABLE II
Validity Measurement Results

Image
Img01.jpg

Img02.jpg

Img03.jpg

Img04.jpg

Validity Index
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure

Number of Cluster
5
6
7

2

3

4

8

9

10

1.333
4.166

2.233
6.869

2.586
3.388

2.35
1.654

2.394
3.047

2.149
3.024

2.878
16.14

2.907
11.5

3.349
31.82

1.266
4.89

2.107
4.655

3.263
7.584

2.397
4.701

2.803
4.594

3.001
4.691

3.793
8.66

3.892
8.911

4.501
48.11

1.057
2.412

4.986
110

3.137
14.59

3.122
16.93

4.609
17.78

4.497
14.86

4.944
13.73

4.766
13.97

4.736
17.66

1.209
3.099

1.396
3.752

2.073
2.98

1.978
1.694

1.959
3.132

2.774
2.526

2.744
8.253

3.175
7.775

3.252
7.107

The cells with blue color in Table II are shown the most optimal number of cluster for all test image by
Davies-Bouldin Index, and the green areas are the most optimal number of cluster by Validity Measure. From
the results, the optimal cluster of all test images are shown in Table III.
TABLE III
Optimal Cluster for All Test Images

No
1
2
3
4

Image
Img01.jpg
Img02.jpg
Img03.jpg
Img04.jpg

Optimal Number of Cluster
Davies-Bouldin
Validity Measure
Index
2
5
2
6
2
2
2
5

The validity measurement using the Davies-Bouldin Index, by average produces 2 clusters as optimal cluster.
While the optimal cluster results with Validity Measure are more varied and larger than the results obtained by
DBI.
Segmentation results with the optimal number of cluster obtained by DBI for each test images are shown in
the Fig. 4.

ISSN : 0975-4024

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

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I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)

(g)

(h)

(i)

(j)

(k)

(l)

Fig. 4. Clustering Results : (a) Img01.jpg, (d) Img02.jpg, (g) Img03.jpg, (j) Image04.jpg. Noise Removal Results : (b) Img01.jpg, (e)
Img02.jpg, (h) Img03.jpg, (k) Image04.jpg. Region Merging Results : (c) Img01.jpg, (f) Img02.jpg, (i) Img03.jpg, (l) Image04.jpg

System can show the results separately, depend on its cluster. Fig. 5 show each clusters from the
segmentation results for all of the test images.

(a)

(b)

(c)

(d)

(e)

(f)

(g)

(h)

Fig. 5. Each cluster from Img01.jpg : (a) Cluster 1, (b) Cluster 2. Each cluster from Img02.jpg : (c) Cluster 1, (d) Cluster 2. Each cluster
from Img03.jpg : (e) Cluster 1, (f) Cluster 2. Each cluster from Img04.jpg : (g) Cluster 1, (h) Cluster 2

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I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)

The result of image segmentation on Img01.jpg has successfully separates star fish object of other objects.
For Img02.jpg, flower crown has been properly secured. Result of image segmentation for Img03.jpg with DBI,
form 2 clusters as the optimal cluster, first cluster is the deer with little region from the background, and the
other one is background area, like grass, leaves, and so on. The segmentation result for Img04.jpg also can
successfully separates the horses of the grass.
IV. CONCLUSION
Color image segmentation with Kohonen SOM method has been created successfully. Distance measurement
method with Normalized Euclidean Distance can performs color clustering well, and generates image
segmentation results, which are close to human perception. With this proposed method, image segmentation
process can be done automatically and unsupervised , by using cluster validity measurement.
Validity measurement of 2 indexes, Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI) relatively
yields distinct of optimal number of clusters. For each test images, the optimal number of clusters produced by
DBI, on average are less than the results which are obtained by VM.
Spatial operations, which are implemented, relatively can improve the segmentation results. Noise removal
step, success to eliminate the noise which is formed from the clustering results. Region merging step can
eliminates unnecessary small region accurately.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]

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Technology, vol. 2(10), pp. 5319-5325, 2010.
C. Chandok, “Color Image Segmentation using K-Means Clustering,” International Journal of VLSI & Digital Signal Processing
Application, vol. 2(3), pp. 241-245, 2012.
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Space,” in Multimedia Signal Processing IEEE 10th Workshop, 2008, pp. 322-325.
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K. C. Yao, M. Mignotte, C. Collet, P. Galerne, G. Burel, “Unsupervised segmentation using a self-organizing map and a noise model
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S. Paul, M. Gupta, “Image Segmentation By Self Organizing Map With Mahalanobis Distance,” International Journal of Emerging
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P. Darma, Pengolahan Citra Digital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia : Andi Offset, 2010.
U. Maulik, S. Bandyopadhyay, “Performance Evaluation of Some Clustering Algorithms and Validity Indices,” IEEE Transactions on
Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24(12), pp. 1650-1654, 2002.
P. Arbelaez, C. Fowlkes, “Contour Detection and Hierarchical Image Segmentation,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, vol. 33(5), pp. 898-916, 2011.

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