Color Image Segmentation using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM).
Aims and Scope
International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) is a scholarly open
access, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, quarterly and fully refereed journal
focusing on theories, methods and applications in Engineering and Technology.
IJET covers all areas of Engineering and Technology, publishing refereed
original research articles and technical notes. IJET reviews papers
within approximately one month of submission and publishes accepted articles
on the internet immediately upon receiving the final versions.
All submitted articles should report original, previously unpublished research
results, experimental or theoretical, and will be peer-reviewed. Articles
submitted to the journal should meet these criteria and must not be under
consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should follow the style of
the journal and are subject to both review and editing.
All the papers in the journal are also available freely with online full-text
content and permanent worldwide web link. The abstracts will be indexed and
available at major academic databases.
IJET welcomes author submission of papers concerning any branch of the
Engineering and Technology and their applications in business, industry and
other subjects. The subjects covered by the journal includes but not limited to:
Aeronautical/ Aerospace Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Automation
Engineering, Automobile Engineering, Ceramic Engineering, Chemical
Engineering, Civil Engineering, Collaborative Engineering, Communication
Engineering, Complexity in Applied Science and Engineering, Computational
Science and Engineering, Computer Aided Engineering and Technology,
Computer Applications in Technology, Computer Engineering, Continuing
Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning, Control Theory, Data Mining and
Bioinformatics, Design Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic and
Electrical Engineering, Embedded Systems, Engineering Management and
Economics, Environmental Engineering, Forensic Engineering, Industrial
Engineering, Information Systems and Management, Information Technology,
Instrumentation Engineering, Intelligent Engineering Informatics, Knowledge
Engineering and Data Mining, Manufacturing Engineering, Marine Engineering,
Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics, Metallurgical
Engineering, Microengineering, Mining Engineering, Nuclear Engineering,
Petroleum Engineering, Process Systems Engineering, Production Engineering,
Remote Monitoring, Sensor Network, Soft-computing and Engineering
Education, Software Engineering, Strategic Engineering Asset Management,
Structural Engineering, Textile Engineering, Transportation.
Frequency: 6 issues per year
e-ISSN: 0975-4024 (online version)
p-ISSN: 2319-8613 (online version)
Subject Category: Engineering and Technology
Published by: Engg Journals Publications
! "!
Editorial Board and Reviewers
IJET Editorial Board
EDITOR IN CHIEF
K.SivaKumar,
KEJA Technologies,
Singapore
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
A.Selvi,
SIPS Technologies,
India
EDITORIAL BOARD
M.Azath
Calicut university/Mets School of Engineering, Kerala, India.
Dr. S.S.RIAZ
AHAMED AMIE.,MCA.,M.Phil.,M.Tech.,MIEEE.,MACM.,Ph.D.,FIETE.,C.Engg.
Professor & Head, Dept of Computer Applications, Mohamed Sathak Engineering
College, India.
Bilal Bahaa Zaidan
Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Dr. S. Abdul Khader Jilani
College of Computers & Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk,
Ministry of Higher Education, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Dr. Vipan Kakkar
Associate Professor, Q. No. 6, Chanakya Marg, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Univers
Katra. J&K. 182 320. India.
Dr. DEBOJYOTI MITRA
Associate Professor & Head, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sir Padampat
Singhania University,
Hill Villa Annexe, Opp. Hotel Hilltop Palace, Ambavgarh, Udaipur 313001,
Rajasthan, India.
Dr.S.Sasikumar
Professor and head, Department of ECE., Hindustan college of Engg. and Tech.,
Coimbatore.
Dr. GOVINDARAJ THANGAVEL
Professor, Muthayammal Engineering College , Rasipuram, India
! "!
Dr. Vijay Srivatsan
Digitial Technology Lab. Corp. (Subsidiary of Mori Seiki), Davis, CA
Dr. Wang Yong-gang
School of Highway Chang’an University 901 Transportation Sci. & Tech.
Building, Middle Section of Nanerhuan, Xi’an 710064, P. R. China
Dr. NAOUFAL RAISSOUNI
Professor of Remote Sensing and Physics at the National Engineering School for
Applied Sciences,
Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier-Tetouan-Morocco
Dr. G. V. NAGESH KUMAR
Department of EEE Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology Duvvada,
Visakhapatnam, India
Dr. VELAYUTHAM .P
Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur, India
Dr DANWE RAIDANDI
Head of Mechanical Department, The College of Technology, University of
DOUALA, Cameroon.
Dr. Bharat Raj Singh
Professor and Associate Director, School of Management Sciences, Technical
Campus, India.
IJET Reviewer List
Dr.Prasanta Sahoo, PhD.
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
700032, India.
ANAND SHARMA
Assistant Professor (CSE Deptt.) in MITS, Lakshmangarh, Sikar
Lai Khin Wee
Research Officer, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Mahesh M Goyani
Lecturer, Department of Computer Engineering, G H Patel College of
Engineering and Technology, India
HORNG YUAN SAW
School of Engineering and Advanced Technology Massey University, Palmerston
North, New Zealand
! "!
Neetesh Gupta
Technocrats Institute of Technology-Bhopal (M.P.), India
T.Venkat Narayana Rao
Professor and Head, Department of C.S.E – Hyderabad Institute of Technology
and Management ,
Kompally, R.R Dist. India
B.Vasavi
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering ,
Hyderabad Institute of Technology & Management, India
Rajesh Kumar Vishwakarma
Department of Electronics Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering
&Technology,
A. B. Road Raghogarh, Dist.Guna, India
Adis Medić
EEE, ACM, Infosys ltd; Assist. Professor
Raj Gaurang Tiwari
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Azad Institute of
Engineering and Technology,
Lucknow-226002, UP INDIA.
Avanish Kumar Singh
Asst. Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
R.R. Institute of Modern Technology Unnao, U.P., India
VIVEK S. DESHPANDE
Assistant Professor MIT College of Engineering, Pune, India
#
! "!
Table of Contents
Volume 6 Issue 1
1
Hybrid Test Bed of Wind Electric Generator with Photovoltaic
Panels
1-12
G.D.Anbarasi Jebaselvi, S.Paramasivam
2
Experimental Study on Fatigue Characteristics for Aluminium
and Al-SiC Composite Material Edge Crack Specimens under
Flexural Loading Conditions
13-27
Shanmugavel P., Bhaskar G.B., Chandrasekaran M.
3
Artificial Neural Network based Detection of Renal Tumors
using CT Scan Image Processing
4
Experimental Investigation and Performance Evaluation of
Hydroformed Tubular Bellows In Inconel 625 Alloy
Muhammad Rukunuddin Ghalib, Surbhi Bhatnagar, S Jayapoorani, Udisha
Pande
28-35
36-43
E. Pavithra, V.S. Senthil Kumar
5
Convolutional Neural Network for Face Recognition with Pose
and Illumination Variation
44-57
A. R. Syafeeza, M. Khalil-Hani, S. S. Liew, R. Bakhteri
6
Performance Studies on Sub-cooling of Cryogenic Liquids Used
for Rocket Propulsion Using Helium Bubbling
58-65
Ramesh T, Thyagarajan K
7
BCR Routing for Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad hoc
Networks
66-74
S. RAMESH, P. GANESH KUMAR
8
Characterization of Glass Fibre ? Coconut Coir? Human Hair
Hybrid Composites
75-82
D. Senthilnathan, A Gnanavel Babu, G. B. Bhaskar, KGS. Gopinath
9
TENSILE AND FLEXURAL STUDIES ON GLASS - CARBON HYBRID
COMPOSITES SUBJECTED TO LOW FREQUENCY CYCLIC LOADING
83-90
K. Poyyathappan, G.B.Bhaskar, K. Pazhanivel, N.Venkatesan
Identification and Controll of Spark Ignition Type Vehicles using
10 Intelligent Transportation Technologies
91-94
G.Elumalai, G.B.Bhaskar
Experimental Investigation on Laminated Composite Leaf
11 springs Subjected to Cyclic Loading
95-101
S.Rajesh, G.B.Bhaskar
Multichannel Feature Extraction and Classification of Epileptic
12 States Using Higher Order Statistics and Complexity Measures
102-109
K. Palani Thanaraj, K. Chitra
#
! "!
An Experimental Study on Evacuated Tube Solar Collector using
13 Therminol D-12 as Heat Transfer Fluid Coupled with Parabolic
Trough
110-117
P.Selvakumar, P.Somasundaram, P.Thangavel
Compression of Satellite Images Using Lossy and Lossless Coding
14 Techniques
118-128
S.Chandravadhana, N.Nithiyanandam
Analysis of Reduction in Area in MIMO Receivers Using SQRD
Method and Unitary Transformation with Maximum Likelihood
15 Estimation (MLE) and Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation
(MMSE) Techniques
129-137
Sabitha Gauni, R.Kumar
Wind Energy Conversion System with Boost Converter and CHB
16 MLI with single DC input
138-145
Porselvi T, Ranganath Muthu
Optimal Link Managed On Demand Routing Protocol in MANET
17 for Qos Improvement
146-154
G.Kavitha, Dr.J.Sundararajan
Investigation of Optimum Parameters for Mechanical Properties
18 of Ecofriendly Molded Plant Fibre Polymer Matrix Composite by
Experimental Methods
155-163
S.BENJAMIN LAZARUS, V.VELMURUGAN
Algorithm for Modeling Wire Cut Electrical Discharge Machine
19 Parameters using Artificial Neural Network
164-170
G.Sankara Narayanan, D.Vasudevan
Experimental investigations on Elastic Properties of Concrete
20 containing Steel fibre
171-177
K.Anbuvelan, Dr.K.Subramanian
Significance of stainless steel wire reinforcement on the
21 mechanical properties of GFRP composites
178-182
K. Pazhanivel, G.B. Bhaskar, A.Elayaperumal
Optimization of Process Parameters to enhance the Hardness on
22 Squeeze Cast Aluminium Alloy AA6061
183-189
M. Thirumal Azhagan, B. Mohan, A. Rajadurai
An Innovative Method for UWB Channel Estimation Using Time
23 Hopped Modulation
190-198
S. Sathiya Priya, Dr.N.R.Alamelu
A Multi Objective Hybrid Differential Evolution Algorithm
24 assisted Genetic Algorithm Approach for Optimal Reactive
Power and Voltage Control
199-203
D.Godwin Immanuel, G.Selvekumar, C.Christober Asir Rajan
#
! "!
Adapting Endurance and Performance Optimization Strategies
25 of ExFAT file system to FAT file system for embedded storage
devices
204-211
Keshava Munegowda, Dr. G T Raju, Veera Maninkandanraju
Tuning and Analysis of Multiple Interactive Loop Process by
26 Model Predictive Control
212-226
P.Srinivasarao, Dr.P.Subbaiah
Comparative Study of Controllers for a Variable Area MIMO
27 Interacting NonLinear System
227-235
Priya Chandrasekar, Lakshmi Ponnusamy
Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Presence of Natural
28 Fibre on the Mechanical Performance of a Light Weight Hybrid
Bonded Laminate
236-241
M.Vasumathi, Vela Murali
Ontology based Comprehensive Architecture for Service
29 Discovery in Emergency Cloud
242-251
J.Uma Maheswari, Dr.G.R.Karpagam
MULTI OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF VEHICLE ACTIVE
30 SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING DEBBO BASED PID CONTROLLER
252-262
Kalaivani Rajagopal, Lakshmi Ponnusamy
Heat transfer and pressure drop comparison between smooth
31 and rib-roughened divergent rectangular ducts
263-272
K. SIVAKUMAR, E. NATARAJAN, N. KULASEKHARAN
Multilevel Spatial Multiplexing -Space Time Trellis Coded
32 Modulation System for Fast Fading MIMO Channel
273-277
K.Kavitha, H.Mangalam
33 Multi-Level Privacy Preservation Using Rotation Perturbation
278-292
Analysis of Contourlet Texture Feature Extraction to Classify
34 the Benign and Malignant Tumors from Breast Ultrasound
Images
293-305
R.PraveenaPriyadarsini, Dr.M.L.Valarmathi, Dr.S.Sivakumari
Prabhakar Telagarapu, Poonguzhali S
A NOVEL NODE FAILURE MANAGEMENT FOR MOBILE AD HOC
35 NETWORK USING ANT AGENTS
306-314
Ramkumar K.R, Ravichandran
Simulation and Implementation of an Embedded Hybrid Fuzzy
36 Trained Artificial Neural Network Controller for Different DC
Motor
315-332
M.Muruganandam, I.Thangaraju, M.Madheswaran
Optimal sizing and placement of Static and Dynamic VAR
37 devices through Imperialist Competitive Algorithm for
minimization of Transmission Power Loss
#
333-342
! "!
Pramod Kumar Gouda, P K Hota, K. Chandrasekar
Simulation of an Inverse Heat Conduction Boundary Estimation
38 Problem Based on State Space Model
343-349
Purna Chandra Mishra
The Potential Allocation for Dry Season Crop-Area Planning, the
39 Huai Luang Operation and Maintenance Project, Thailand
350-357
Pisan Ubonpiphat, Anongrit Kangrang, Rattana Homwichian
Hybridization of Response Surface Methodology and Genetic
40 Algorithm optimization for CO2 laser cutting parameter on
AA6061 material
358-373
A.Parthiban, R.Ravikumar, B.Suresh Kumar, N. Baskar
Effect of Cooling Rate on Mechanical Behaviour of Bulk Cast of
41 A380 Aluminium Alloy
374-380
42 PCA-NB Algorithm to Enhance the Predictive Accuracy
381-387
Node Cooperation and Message Authentication in Trusted Mobile
43 Ad Hoc Networks
388-397
M.Mohandass, A.Venkatesan, S.Karthikeyan, P.S.Prasanth,
S.K.Vinuvarshith
T.Karthikeyan, P.Thangaraju
Vijayakumar A, Selvamani K
Topology Optimization in Automotive Brake Pedal Redesign
44 Mohd Nizam Sudin, Musthafah Mohd Tahir, Faiz Redza Ramli, Shamsul
398-402
Anuar Shamsuddin
Ambiguity and Concepts in Real Time Online Internet Traffic
45 Classification
403-410
0-1 Knapsack Problem Approach for Multicast Agent in NEMO
46 System
411-417
Hamza Awad Hamza Ibrahim, Sulaiman Mohd Nor, Ban Mohammed
Khammas
Rashid Saeed, Abdelmuizz Eisa, Raed Alsaqour
SPC-based Inventory Control Policy to Im-prove Supply Chain
47 Dynamics
418-426
Francesco Costantino, Giulio Di Gravio, Ahmed Shaban, Massimo Tronci
Designing Artificial Magnetic Conductor at 2.45 GHz for Metallic
48 Detection in RFID Tag Application
427-435
49 A Fuzzy Linear Programming in Optimizing Meat Production
436-444
An Interactive Map Streaming Service Technique for Mobile
50 Devices
445-452
Maisarah Abu, Eryana Eiyda Hussin, Mohd Saari Mohd Isa, Zahriladha
Zakaria, Zikri Abadi Baharudin
Lazim Abdullah, Nor Hafizah Abidin
Seong Kim, Byoung-Woo Oh
#
! "!
Analysis of Leakage Current and DC Injection in Transformerless
51 PV Inverter Topologies
453-459
Anjali Varghese C, Karpagam M, Alwarsamy T
Experimental investigation of heat transfer coefficient of
52 CuO/Water nanofluid in double pipe heat exchanger with or
without electric field
460-466
S.Senthilraja, KCK.Vijayakumar, R.Gangadevi
A Novel Distance Relaying Scheme to Mitigate Phase Faults on
53 Doubly Fed Transmission Lines
467-483
J.Monisha, S.Natarajan
Optimization of Realistic Multi-Stage Hybrid Flow Shop
54 Scheduling Problems with Missing Operations Using MetaHeuristics
484-496
M. Saravanan, S. Sridhar, N. Harikannan
55 A Metric to Assess the Performance of MLIR Services
N. Moganarangan, Pothula Sujatha, Shailesh Khapre, P. Dhavachelvan
$
497-508
! "!
Volume 6 Issue 2
1
Theoretical, Numerical (FEM) and Experimental Analysis of
composite cracked beams of different boundary conditions
using vibration mode shape curvatures
509-518
Pankaj Charan Jena, Dayal R. Parhi, G. Pohit
2
Optimization of Process Parameters on MRR and Overcut in
Electrochemical Micro Machining on Metal Matrix Composites
Using Grey Relational Analysis
519-529
S.Dharmalingam, P.Marimuthu, K.Raja, R.Pandyrajan, S.Surendar
3
Hybrid Asymmetric Space Vector Modulation for inverter based
direct torque control induction motor drive
530-543
Nandakumar Sundararaju, Dr.S.Vijayan
4
Optimizing Code by Selecting Compiler Flags using Parallel
Genetic Algorithm on Multicore CPUs
544-551
T Satish Kumar, S Sakthivel, Sushil Kumar S
5
Multi-objective hardware/software partitioning technique for
dynamic and partial reconfigurable system-on-chip using
genetic algorithm
552-558
N.Janakiraman, P.Nirmal Kumar
6
Modeling of PEM Fuel Cell Stack System using Feed-forward
and Recurrent Neural Networks for Automotive Applications
559-569
Mr. M. Karthik, Dr. S. Vijayachitra, Ms. K. Gomathi
7
Identification of Stiction Nonlinearity for Pneumatic Control
Valve using ANFIS Method
570-578
Srinivasan Arumugam, Rames C.Panda
8
9
Optical Generation of 60 GHz Downstream Data in Radio over
Fiber Systems Based on Two Parallel Dual-Drive MZMs
Nael Ahmed Al-Shareefi, S.I.S Hassan, Fareq Malek, Razali Ngah, Sura Adil
Abbas
A Novel Metamaterial Structure to Reduce Far-End Crosstalk in
Printed Circuit Boards
579-587
588-591
R.Azhagumurugan, P.Indumathi
Application of AHP for Lean Implementation Analysis in 6
10 MSMEs
592-596
Ravikumar M.M, Marimuthu K, H. Abdul Zubar
Cluster Based Topology Control in Dynamic Mobile Ad Hoc
11 Networks
597-606
T. Parameswaran, Dr. C. Palanisamy, P. Kokila
Isometric Relocation of Data by Sequencing of Sub-Clusters for
12 Privacy Preservation in Data Mining
607-614
V.Rajalakshmi, G.S.Anandha Mala
$
! "!
A Novel Method of Inconsistent Collision Detection to Prevent
13 Cloning Attacks in High-Security Wireless Body Area Networks
615-626
Govindharajan Uma Gowri, Rajagopal Sivakumar
Implementation of an Effective Fault Current Limiter for 1.5
14 MW DFIG in Wind Power Systems
627-635
M. Panneerselvam, Dr. P. Prakasam, J. K. Chithra
Intelligent Hybrid Cluster Based Classification Algorithm for
15 Social Network Analysis
636-642
Closed Loop Control of LLC Resonant Converter Incorporating
16 ZVS Boost Converter
643-653
S. Muthurajkumar, P. Indira Priya, M. Vijayalakshmi, S. Indira Gandhi, A.
Kannan
N.Madhanakkumar, T.S.Sivakumaran, G.Irusapparajan, D.Sujitha
Energy Constrained Hierarchical Task Scheduling Algorithm for
17 Mobile Grids
654-662
Arjun Singh, Prasun Chakrabarti, Surbhi Chauhan
Intrusion prevention and Message Authentication Protocol
18 (IMAP) using Region Based Certificate Revocation List Method
in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks
663-672
G. Anitha, Dr. M. Hemalatha
Multi-Channel Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signal Acquisition
19 and its Effective Channel selection with De-noising Using
AWICA for Biometric System
673-680
B.Sabarigiri, D.Suganyadevi
Adaptive self-localized Discrete Quasi Monte Carlo Localization
20 (DQMCL) scheme for wsn based on antithetic markov process
681-691
M.Vasim babu, Dr.A.V.Ramprasad
An Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Mobile Cognitive Radio
21 Ad hoc networks
692-700
S. Selvakanmani, M. Sumathi
Artificial Cooperative Search Algorithm based Load Frequency
22 Control of Interconnected Power Systems with AC-DC Tie-lines
701-706
S. Ramesh kumar, S. Ganapathy
Preprocessing using Enhanced Median Filter for Defect
23 Detection in 2D Fabric Images
707-717
S.Anitha, V.Radha
Enhancing the performance of Optimized Link State Routing
24 Protocol using HPSO and Tabu Search Algorithm
718-724
S. Meenakshi Sundaram, Dr. S. Palani, Dr. A. Ramesh Babu
Analysis of Spectral Features of EEG during four different
25 Cognitive Tasks
725-734
S.BAGYARAJ, G.RAVINDRAN, S.SHENBAGA DEVI
$
! "!
A Comparative Study on LUT and Accumulator Radix-4 Based
26 Multichannel RNS FIR Filter Architectures
735-744
Britto Pari. J, Joy Vasantha Rani S.P
IMPLEMENTATION OF A REAL TIME SUPERVISORY CONTROLLER
27 FOR AN ISOLATED HYBRID (WIND/ SOLAR/DIESEL) POWER
SYSTEM
745-753
Boopathy C P, Dr.Sivakumar L
Efficient Node Cooperation and Security in MANET using
28 Closeness Technique
754-763
Sathiyakumar C, K.Duraiswamy K
Variable Length Floating Point FFT Processor Using Radix-22
29 Butterfly Elements
764-772
P.Augusta Sophy, R.Srinivasan, J.Raja, S.Anand Ganesh
Optimum Network Reconfiguration and DGs Sizing With
Allocation Simultaneously by Using Particle Swarm
30 Optimization (PSO)
773-780
M. N. M. Nasir, N. M. Shahrin, M. F. Sulaima, Mohd Hafiz Jali, M. F.
Baharom
Ultrasound Image Classification for Down Syndrome During
31 First Trimester Using Haralick Features
781-788
R. Sonia, V.Shanthi
Simple Augmented Current Controller with OHC Technique for
32 grid current compensation in the Distribution System
789-795
S. Rajalingam, V. Malathi
Active Build-Model Random Forest Method for Network Traffic
33 Classification
796-804
Target Tracking with Background Modeled Mean Shift
34 Technique for UAV Surveillance videos
805-814
Rain Rate-Radar Reflectivity Relationship for Drop Size
Distribution and Rain Attenuation Calculation of Ku Band
35 Signals
815-824
Alhamza Munther, Rozmie Razif, Shahrul Nizam, Naseer Sabri,
Mohammed Anbar
Athilingam R, Mohamed Rasheed A, Senthil Kumar K, Kaviyarasu A,
Thillainayagi R
Govardhani.Immadi, Sarat K Kotamraju, Habibulla Khan, M.Venkata
Narayana
Relation Based Mining Model for Enhancing Web Document
36 Clustering
825-832
M.Reka, Dr.N.Shanthi
AUTOMATED DRUSEN GRADING SYSTEM IN FUNDUS IMAGE
37 USING FUZZY C-MEANS CLUSTERING
833-841
Rama Prasath.A, M.M.Ramya
$
! "!
Experimental Investigations on PV Powered SVM-DTC Induction
38 Motor without AC Phase Current Sensors
842-857
T. Muthamizhan, R. Ramesh
Prediction of Commodities in Rationing System Using an
39 Enhanced Regression Neural Network Algorithm
858-864
Capt. Dr. S Santhosh Baboo, Ms. P ShanmugaPriya
Color Image Segmentation using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map
40 (SOM)
I Komang Ariana, Rukmi Sari Hartati, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra, Ni Kadek
Ayu Wirdiani
Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters in Drilling
41 Operation Using Conventional and CNC Machines on Titanium
Alloy
865-871
872-880
B.Suresh kumar, N. Bskar
Folded Low Resource HARQ Detector Design and Tradeoff
42 Analysis with Virtex 5 using PlanAhead Tool
881-894
S.Syed Ameer Abbas, S.J.Thiruvengadam, S.Susithra
Experimental Study of Selective Catalytic Reduction System On
43 CI Engine Fuelled with Diesel-Ethanol Blend for NOx Reduction
with Injection of Urea Solutions
895-904
R. Praveen, S. Natarajan
Use of Waste Flyash in Fabrication of Aluminium Alloy Matrix
44 Composite
905-912
Ajit Kumar Senapati, Purna Chandra Mishra, Bharat Chandra Routara
Data Transmission through Nano Machines using the Clustering
45 Tree for Mobile Adhoc Network
913-919
T.Ganesan, Dr.N Rajkumar
Towards Self Configured Multi-Agent Resource Allocation
46 Framework for Cloud Computing Environments
920-928
M.N.Faruk, Dr.D.Sivakumar
Setpoint Weighted PID Controller for the Electromechanical
47 Actuator in Spacecraft
929-938
R. Sumathi, M. Usha
Heat Treatment Parameters to Optimize Friction and Wear
48 behavior of Novel Hybrid Aluminium Composites Using Taguchi
Technique
939-947
V.C.Uvaraja
Optimal Selection and Allocation of Generator For Static ATC
49 Using Differential Evolution Algorithm
948-959
R.Prathiba, Dr M.Balasingh Moses, M.Karuppasamypandiyan
50 A Study on Aeroelastic Flutter Suppression and its Control
Measures ?Past and Future
$
960-973
! "!
Bruce Ralphin Rose J, Jinu G R
PRN using RSA Algorithm for Secure Routed Creation and Data
51 Transfer in MANETs
974-981
K.PAZHANISAMY, Dr.LATHAPARTHIBAN
Enhanced Semantic Web Service Discovery Using Machine
52 Learning on Mapped WSMO Services
982-991
S. Sandhya, Dr. P. Pabitha, Dr. M. Rajaram
53 Improvement of Power Quality Using a Hybrid Interline UPQC
992-1000
Modeling of Zeta converter based DVR system for power
54 quality improvement
1001-1008
M.K.Elango, C.Vengatesh
P.Velmurugan, B.Baskaran, G.Irusapparajan
Flower Pollination Algorithm Applied for Different Economic
55 Load Dispatch Problems
1009-1016
R. Prathiba, M. Balasingh Moses, S. Sakthivel
Research on Sensorless control strategies for Vehicle stability
56 using Fuzzy based EDC
1017-1025
A.Ravi, S.Palani
Optimization of Process Parameters Using Taguchi Technique
57 in Severe Surface Mechanical Treatment of AA6061
1026-1032
K. Thirumavalavan, L. Karunamoorthy, K. A. Padmanabhan
?Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Design Decisions In Architectural
58 Design Process during the Pre-Design Stage?
1033-1046
M.Elango, Prof. Dr.M.D.Devadas
Investigating the Influence of Electroplating Layer Thickness
59 on the Tensile Strength for Fused Deposition Processed ABS
Thermoplastics
1047-1052
S.Kannan, D.Senthilkumaran
Optimization of process parameters for COD removal by
60 Coagulation Treatment using Box?Behnken design
1053-1058
V Sangeetha, V Sivakumar, A Sudha, KS Priyenka Devi
Structural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of As61 plated and Heat Treated Electroless Ni-B-P Alloy Coatings
1059-1064
Study of microEDM parameters of Stainless Steel 316L:
62 Material Removal Rate Optimization using Genetic Algorithm
1065-1071
P. G. Venkatakrishnan, S. S. Mohamed Nazirudeen, T.S.N. Sankara
Narayanan
Suresh P, Venkatesan R, Sekar T, Sathiyamoorthy V
63 A Simple Node Architecture for Optical Burst Switching
Pallavi S, M. Lakshmi
$#
1072-1078
! "!
Analysis of PMD and PDL effect on Chirped Gaussian and
64 SuperGaussain pulse shapes by controlling SOP in SMF
1079-1085
VINAYAGAPRIYA.S, SIVASUBRAMANIAN.A
Semantic Based Efficient Retrieval of Relevant Resources and
65 its Services using Search Engines
1086-1093
Pradeep Gurunathan, Dr. Seethalakshmi Pandian
Influence of Single and Double Stage Forging on Cutting Forces
66 of Al 7075/BSF Metal Matrix Composites
1094-1099
R.Karthigeyan, G.Ranganath
Spoken Utterance Detection Using Dynamic Time Warping
67 Method Along With a Hashing Technique
1100-1108
John Sahaya Rani Alex, Nithya Venkatesan
Optimization of Base Station and Maximizing the Lifetime of
68 Wireless Sensor Network
1109-1119
P.Parthiban, G.Sundararaj, K.A.Jagadheesh, P.Maniiarasan
VLSI ARCHITECTURE OF AN AREA EFFICIENT IMAGE
69 INTERPOLATION
1120-1131
John Moses C, Selvathi D
A Temporal Oriented Intelligent Genetic Neural Network Model
70 for Effective Intrusion Detection
1132-1138
Rm.Somasundaram, K.Lakshmanan, V.K.Shunmuganaathan
Microarray Gene Expression Data Mining using High End
71 Clustering Algorithm based on Attraction-Repulsion Technique
1139-1146
Muhammad Rukunuddin Ghalib, D.K.Ghosh
Pattern Recognition Based Detection Recognition of Traffic
72 Sign Using SVM
1147-1157
S. Sathiya, M. Balasubramanian, S. Palanivel
Best Frequency for Temperature Modulation of Tin Oxide Gas
73 Sensor for Chemical Vapor Identification
1158-1166
R Chutia, M Bhuyan
SOFTWARE QUALITY: DUAL EXPERTS OPINION AND
74 CONDITIONAL BASED AGGREGATION METHOD
1167-1175
UMAMAHESWARI.E, D.K.GHOSH
Flexural -Torsional Buckling Tests of Cold-Formed Lipped
75 Channel Beams Under Restrained Boundary Conditions
1176-1187
R. KANDASAMY, R. THENMOZHI, L.S.JEYAGOPAL
Event Detection at Vehicle Location Points using Spatial Time
76 Invariant Model
1188-1193
R.C.Karpagalakshmi, D.Tensing
77 Performance Comparison of Neural Networks and GMM for
Vocal/Nonvocal segmentation for Singer Identification
$#
1194-1203
! "!
Ananya Bonjyotsna, Manabendra Bhuyan
A Multilevel Image Thresholding Using Particle Swarm
78 Optimization
1204-1211
Debashis Mishra, Isita Bose, Utpal Chandra De, Bishwojyoti Pradhan
Detection of ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
79 (STEMI) Using Bacterial Foraging Optimization Technique
1212-1223
Bensujin, C.Kezi selva vijila, Cynthia Hubert
An Instant Path Planning Algorithm for Indoor Mobile Robots
80 Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement
Learning
1224-1231
R.Karthikeyan, K.Renganathan, B.SheelaRani
Digital Filter Architectures for Multi-Standard Wireless
81 Transceivers
1232-1246
R.Latha, P.T.Vanathi
The Distribution Network Reconfiguration Improved
82 Performance of Genetic Algorithm Considering Power Losses
and Voltage Profile
1247-1258
N. H. Shamsudin, N. F. Omar, M. F. Sulaima, H. I. Jaafar, A.F.A.Kadir
Analysis of Laminate Thickness Influence on Compressibility
83 Behavior in a Rift Process
1259-1267
Luca Sorrentino, Costanzo Bellini
Enhanced Performance of Substrate Integrated Waveguide
84 Bandstop Filter using Circular and Radial Cavity Resonator
1268-1277
M. N. Husain, G. S. Tan, K. S. Tan
A New Strategy To Control The Seismic Response Of Buildings:
85 The Base Dissipation
1278-1289
Luigi Petti, Alessio Lodato, Bruno Palazzo
86 Identity federation scenarios for the Cloud
N. Ben Bouazza, M. Lemoudden, B. El Ouahidi, D. Bourget
$#
1290-1295
! "!
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
Color Image Segmentation using Kohonen
Self-Organizing Map (SOM)
I Komang Ariana #1, Rukmi Sari Hartati *2, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra #3, Ni Kadek Ayu Wirdiani #4
#
Information Technology Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
1
km.ariana1992@gmail.com
3
ikgdarmaputra@gmail.com
4
ayu_wirdi@yahoo.com
*
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
2
rshartati@gmail.com
Abstract— Color image segmentation using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM), is proposed in this
study. RGB color space is used as input in the process of clustering by SOM. Measurement of the distance
between the weight vector and the input vector in the learning and recognition stages in SOM method,
uses Normalized Euclidean Distance. Then, the validity of clustering result is tested by Davies-Bouldin
Index (DBI) and Validity Measure (VM) to determine the most optimal number of cluster. The clustering
result, according to the most optimal number of cluster, is processed with spatial operations. The
operations are used to eliminate noise and the small spatial regions which are formed from the clustering
result. This system allows the segmentation process become automatic and unsupervised. The
segmentation results are close to human perception.
Keyword- Image Segmentation, Clustering, Self-Organizing Map, Normalized Euclidean Distance, DaviesBouldin Index, Validity Measure
I. INTRODUCTION
Image segmentation has been widely used in image processing. Segmentation aims to get the meaningful
parts in an image. Previously, image segmentation is more done in binary images and grayscale. But now, color
image segmentation has an important role in many applications, such as object recognition, image classification,
and etc. The aim of color image segmentation is to identify homogeneous regions in color images that are
important.
Many image segmentation techniques have been developed, such as pixel-based techniques, region-based
techniques, and boundary-based technique. Clustering is one of the techniques in the pixel-based image
segmentation. Each pixel is classified in a particular class based on certain similarity criteria. Many clustering
methods have been used in image segmentation applications. One of the most commonly used is the K-means
clustering method [1]-[4].
One of clustering method based on artificial neural network which is the most commonly used is SelfOrganizing Map (SOM). SOM studies each component inputs and then classifies the input into the
corresponding class. SOM has been applied in image processing, e.g. for image compression [5], and color
quantization [6]. SOM is also widely used in image segmentation applications [7]-[9]. In color image, SOM is
used to perform color reduction, then followed by Simulated Annealing (SA) to obtain the results of
segmentation [7]. SOM is also used for the sonar image segmentation by taking action to the existing noise [8].
Euclidean distance is commonly used to measure the distance between the input vector and weight vector in the
SOM method [7],[8]. Mahalonobis distance has also been utilized in the measurement of the distance to the
SOM method [9]. In this study, the determination of the winner weight for each input, is done by calculating the
distance using Normalized Euclidean Distance.
Determination of the optimal number of cluster in the clustering process is also a challenge. There are many
indexes to determine the cluster validity such as Dunn Index, Silhouette Index, and others. Validity Measure has
been widely applied as a cluster validity measurement in the image segmentation application [1],[10]. In this
study, the cluster validity measurement will be done in 2 ways, by Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin
Index (DBI). The validity measurement is done by forming 2 clusters to 10 clusters. Each value of DBI and
Validity Measure with the minimum values indicates that the cluster is well separated [10], it means that number
of cluster is the most optimal cluster.
Image segmentation in [4] takes advantage of post-processing to improves the segmentation results obtained
from the clustering process. Noise and small spatial area are removed by utilizing neighbourhood function.
The system proposed in this research is a method of image segmentation using SOM. Distance measurement
which is used in this study is Normalized Euclidean Distance. Determination of the optimal cluster uses Validity
ISSN : 0975-4024
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
865
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI). The results from these two techniques will be compared, and
get the best way in determining the optimal number of the cluster. That process is very important, because it is a
crucial step to get the final segmentation results. The last stage, post-processing in [4] is applied to improve the
segmentation result.
II. RESEARCH METHOD
Fig. 1 shows an overview of the system designed in this study. Section 2 will explain each part of the image
segmentation system in this study.
Fig. 1. Overview of the proposed system
A. Clustering with SOM
Clustering process in this study using the RGB color values of each pixel as an input to the SOM.
Neighbourhood topology which is used in SOM method in this study, is a linear array topology or onedimensional (1-D). Computation of SOM algorithm is divided into two stages, the stage of learning, and
recognition stage. SOM method in this study is adopted from the research in [8]. In this study, to determine the
distance does not use Euclidean Distance, but it uses Normalized Euclidean Distance.
B. Normalized Euclidean Distance
The calculation of the Normalized Euclidean Distance is a modified form of the Euclidean Distance.
Normalized Euclidean Distance of two vectors, between vector u and vector v is shown by Equation (1) [11].
(1)
where,
,
(2)
||v|| is the normalized value of vector v. Its value is expressed in Equation (3).
(3)
C. Validity Measure (VM)
VM is one of the indices to test the validity of the clustering results. VM is commonly used in application of
image segmentation based on clustering [1,10]. VM is calculated using Equation (4).
(4)
where intra is the intra-cluster distance, inter is inter-cluster distance, and y is a function of the number of
clusters are formed. Equation (5) is used to find the value of intra-cluster distance.
(5)
where N is the total number of pixels in the image, k is the number of clusters, and z i is the center of the cluster
Ci.
ISSN : 0975-4024
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
866
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
In addition of the calculation of the VM, will also looks for the value of inter-cluster distance or distance
between clusters, then takes the minimum value [10]. Equation (6) is used to find the inter-cluster distance.
(
inter = min zi − z j
)
(6)
where i = 1,2 … k, and j = i+1, …, k.
y is multiplied by the quotient between the distance of the intra-cluster and inter-cluster distance. Equation
(7) is used to calculate y.
(7)
y = c.N (2,1) + 1
where c is a constant value with a range of value from 15 to 25, N (2,1) is a Gaussian function for the number of
clusters formed as k. The Gaussian function is shown in Equation (8).
N (µ ,σ ) =
1
2πσ 2
e
( k − µ )2
−
2
2σ
(8)
VM should be minimum to obtain optimal result and achieve well-separated cluster [1].
D. Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI)
DBI was introduced in 1979 by David L. Davies and Donald W. DBI is used to evaluate the clustering results.
DBI is a function to measure the ratio of the total within-cluster scatter (spread of the cluster) and the betweencluster separation (distance between clusters) [12]. Value of the spread of the cluster (S i ) is shown in Equation
(9) :
Si =
1
Ti
∑ x−z
x∈Ci
(9)
i
where T i is number of member in ith cluster (C i ), and z i is the ith cluster center.
Distance between clusters is calculated by euclidean distance between the center of the ith cluster and the
center of the jth cluster. Equation (10) is used to calculate its distance.
(10)
d ij = z i − z j
R ij is ratio value between ith cluster and jth cluster, which is calculated by Equation (11).
S + S j
Rij = i
d ij
(11)
Find the maximum value of the ratio (D i ), it is used to find the value of DBI. Equation (12) is used to
calculate the value of D i .
(12)
D = max
R
j: j ≠ i
i
ij
Then, DBI value is calculated by using Equation (13).
DBI =
1 K
∑ Di
K i =1
(13)
where K is number of cluster.
DBI with the most minimum value indicates the most optimal clustering results and achieve well-separated
cluster.
E. Spatial Operations
Spatial operations are performed after the results of clustering is obtained. There are two spatial operations
are applied, noise removal and region merging.
Noise and details that do not need in the results of clustering, are eliminated with a statistical filter [4]. Noise
removal process is done by creating a histogram for the pixel at position (x,y) on the image which has been
labelled with its cluster information. To make the histogram, use the Equation (14).
H ( z | x, y ) =
∑
1
l ( x ', y ' )∈W ( x , y )
l ( x ', y ' ) = z
(14)
where W(x,y) is a filter with specific radius, which the center is a pixel in position (x,y).
ISSN : 0975-4024
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
867
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
The new label of pixel at position (x,y) which is symbolized by ĺ(x,y), is determined by using Equation (15),
as defined :
l ' ( x, y ) = arg max z H ( z | x, y )
(15)
The second spatial operation is region merging. Threshold value for the number of pixels in a region (ThA) is
determined in the amount of 0.003 times the total pixels in the image. So, if the number of pixels in the region is
less than ThA, it will be combined with its neighboring regions. The selected neighboring region, is selected
from the maximum number of area which is neighbors with the region that will be merged.
Region on this operation is based on the concept of neighborhood 8-connected. This means, the neighbors of
a pixel in terms of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal.
III.RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Analysis in this study using images from the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset (BSDS) [13]. There are 4 test
images, which are shown in Fig. 2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 2. Original image : (a) Img01.jpg, (b) Img02.jpg, (c) Img03.jpg, (d) Img04.jpg
The program is made with VB .NET programming language, using Visual Studio 2012 Development Tools.
The user interface of this system is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. User interface of the proposed system
Initialization of parameters on SOM and spatial operations that are used in analysis in this study, are shown in
Table I.
TABLE I
Initialization of Parameters on SOM Method and Spatial Operations
No
1
2
3
4
ISSN : 0975-4024
Parameter
α
Epoch (T)
Radius of noise filter
Threshold Region (ThA)
Value
0.2
200
3
0.003 * number o
pixels
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
868
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
Tests are performed on each image to form 2 until 10 clusters. From each cluster which is formed, then
calculate the value of Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI). Each value of VM and DBI
with minimum value showed the most optimal number of cluster. Results of validity measurement for each test
images, are shown in Table II.
TABLE II
Validity Measurement Results
Image
Img01.jpg
Img02.jpg
Img03.jpg
Img04.jpg
Validity Index
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Number of Cluster
5
6
7
2
3
4
8
9
10
1.333
4.166
2.233
6.869
2.586
3.388
2.35
1.654
2.394
3.047
2.149
3.024
2.878
16.14
2.907
11.5
3.349
31.82
1.266
4.89
2.107
4.655
3.263
7.584
2.397
4.701
2.803
4.594
3.001
4.691
3.793
8.66
3.892
8.911
4.501
48.11
1.057
2.412
4.986
110
3.137
14.59
3.122
16.93
4.609
17.78
4.497
14.86
4.944
13.73
4.766
13.97
4.736
17.66
1.209
3.099
1.396
3.752
2.073
2.98
1.978
1.694
1.959
3.132
2.774
2.526
2.744
8.253
3.175
7.775
3.252
7.107
The cells with blue color in Table II are shown the most optimal number of cluster for all test image by
Davies-Bouldin Index, and the green areas are the most optimal number of cluster by Validity Measure. From
the results, the optimal cluster of all test images are shown in Table III.
TABLE III
Optimal Cluster for All Test Images
No
1
2
3
4
Image
Img01.jpg
Img02.jpg
Img03.jpg
Img04.jpg
Optimal Number of Cluster
Davies-Bouldin
Validity Measure
Index
2
5
2
6
2
2
2
5
The validity measurement using the Davies-Bouldin Index, by average produces 2 clusters as optimal cluster.
While the optimal cluster results with Validity Measure are more varied and larger than the results obtained by
DBI.
Segmentation results with the optimal number of cluster obtained by DBI for each test images are shown in
the Fig. 4.
ISSN : 0975-4024
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
869
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
Fig. 4. Clustering Results : (a) Img01.jpg, (d) Img02.jpg, (g) Img03.jpg, (j) Image04.jpg. Noise Removal Results : (b) Img01.jpg, (e)
Img02.jpg, (h) Img03.jpg, (k) Image04.jpg. Region Merging Results : (c) Img01.jpg, (f) Img02.jpg, (i) Img03.jpg, (l) Image04.jpg
System can show the results separately, depend on its cluster. Fig. 5 show each clusters from the
segmentation results for all of the test images.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Fig. 5. Each cluster from Img01.jpg : (a) Cluster 1, (b) Cluster 2. Each cluster from Img02.jpg : (c) Cluster 1, (d) Cluster 2. Each cluster
from Img03.jpg : (e) Cluster 1, (f) Cluster 2. Each cluster from Img04.jpg : (g) Cluster 1, (h) Cluster 2
ISSN : 0975-4024
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
870
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
The result of image segmentation on Img01.jpg has successfully separates star fish object of other objects.
For Img02.jpg, flower crown has been properly secured. Result of image segmentation for Img03.jpg with DBI,
form 2 clusters as the optimal cluster, first cluster is the deer with little region from the background, and the
other one is background area, like grass, leaves, and so on. The segmentation result for Img04.jpg also can
successfully separates the horses of the grass.
IV. CONCLUSION
Color image segmentation with Kohonen SOM method has been created successfully. Distance measurement
method with Normalized Euclidean Distance can performs color clustering well, and generates image
segmentation results, which are close to human perception. With this proposed method, image segmentation
process can be done automatically and unsupervised , by using cluster validity measurement.
Validity measurement of 2 indexes, Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI) relatively
yields distinct of optimal number of clusters. For each test images, the optimal number of clusters produced by
DBI, on average are less than the results which are obtained by VM.
Spatial operations, which are implemented, relatively can improve the segmentation results. Noise removal
step, success to eliminate the noise which is formed from the clustering results. Region merging step can
eliminates unnecessary small region accurately.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
H. Palus, M. Bogdanski, “Clustering techniques in colour image segmentation,” in Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Methods of
Artificial Intelligence, 2003, pp. 223-226.
A. Chitade, Katiyar, “Colour Based Image Segmentation using K-Means Clustering,” International Journal of Engineering Science and
Technology, vol. 2(10), pp. 5319-5325, 2010.
C. Chandok, “Color Image Segmentation using K-Means Clustering,” International Journal of VLSI & Digital Signal Processing
Application, vol. 2(3), pp. 241-245, 2012.
T. W. Chen, Y. L. Chen, S. Y. Chien, “Fast Image Segmentation Based on K-Means Clustering with Histograms in HSV Color
Space,” in Multimedia Signal Processing IEEE 10th Workshop, 2008, pp. 322-325.
C. Amerijckx, J. D. Legat, M. Verleysen, “Image compression using self-organizing maps,” Systems Analysis Modelling Simulation,
vol. 43(11), pp. 1529-1543, 2003.
J. S. Kirk, D. J. Chang, J. M. Zurada, “A Self-Organizing Map with Dynamic Architecture for Efficient Color Quantization,” in
Proceedings. IJCNN'01. International Joint Conference on, IEEE, 2001, pp. 2128-2132.
G. Dong, M. Xie, “Color Clustering and Learning for Image Segmentation Based on Neural Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Neural
Networks, vol. 16(4), pp. 925-936, 2005.
K. C. Yao, M. Mignotte, C. Collet, P. Galerne, G. Burel, “Unsupervised segmentation using a self-organizing map and a noise model
estimation in sonar imagery,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 33(9), pp.1575-1584, 2000.
S. Paul, M. Gupta, “Image Segmentation By Self Organizing Map With Mahalanobis Distance,” International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 3(2), pp. 288-291, 2013.
S. Ray, R. H. Turi, “Determination of number of clusters in k-means clustering and application in colour image segmentation,” in
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on advances in pattern recognition and digital techniques, 1999, pp. 137-143.
P. Darma, Pengolahan Citra Digital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia : Andi Offset, 2010.
U. Maulik, S. Bandyopadhyay, “Performance Evaluation of Some Clustering Algorithms and Validity Indices,” IEEE Transactions on
Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24(12), pp. 1650-1654, 2002.
P. Arbelaez, C. Fowlkes, “Contour Detection and Hierarchical Image Segmentation,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, vol. 33(5), pp. 898-916, 2011.
ISSN : 0975-4024
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
871
Journal Search
Home
Journal Rankings
Search query
Journal Search
in Journal Title
Exact phrase
Country Rankings
Country Search
Compare
Search
International Journal of Engineering and Technology
Country: India
Map Generator
Help
Subject Area: Engineering
Subject Category: Engineering (miscellaneous)
About Us
Publisher: Engg Journals Publications. Publication type: Journals. ISSN: 09754024
Coverage: 2009-2012
H Index: 3
Charts
Indicators
SJR
Display journal title
Just copy the code below and
paste within your html page:
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Data
2011
2012
0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,105 0,118 0,131
Total Documents
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
81
61
60
Total Docs. (3years)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
96
157
Total References
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
247
1.163
947
1.002
30
Total Cites (3years)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
19
Self Cites (3years)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
Citable Docs. (3years)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
96
157
Cites / Doc. (4years)
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,40
0,20
0,19
Cites / Doc. (3years)
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,40
0,20
0,19
Cites / Doc. (2years)
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,40
0,20
0,20
References / Doc.
0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
0,00 0,00
16,47
14,36 15,52
16,70src="http://ww
International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET) is a scholarly open
access, peer-reviewed, interdisciplinary, quarterly and fully refereed journal
focusing on theories, methods and applications in Engineering and Technology.
IJET covers all areas of Engineering and Technology, publishing refereed
original research articles and technical notes. IJET reviews papers
within approximately one month of submission and publishes accepted articles
on the internet immediately upon receiving the final versions.
All submitted articles should report original, previously unpublished research
results, experimental or theoretical, and will be peer-reviewed. Articles
submitted to the journal should meet these criteria and must not be under
consideration for publication elsewhere. Manuscripts should follow the style of
the journal and are subject to both review and editing.
All the papers in the journal are also available freely with online full-text
content and permanent worldwide web link. The abstracts will be indexed and
available at major academic databases.
IJET welcomes author submission of papers concerning any branch of the
Engineering and Technology and their applications in business, industry and
other subjects. The subjects covered by the journal includes but not limited to:
Aeronautical/ Aerospace Engineering, Agricultural Engineering, Automation
Engineering, Automobile Engineering, Ceramic Engineering, Chemical
Engineering, Civil Engineering, Collaborative Engineering, Communication
Engineering, Complexity in Applied Science and Engineering, Computational
Science and Engineering, Computer Aided Engineering and Technology,
Computer Applications in Technology, Computer Engineering, Continuing
Engineering Education and Life-Long Learning, Control Theory, Data Mining and
Bioinformatics, Design Engineering, Electrical Engineering, Electronic and
Electrical Engineering, Embedded Systems, Engineering Management and
Economics, Environmental Engineering, Forensic Engineering, Industrial
Engineering, Information Systems and Management, Information Technology,
Instrumentation Engineering, Intelligent Engineering Informatics, Knowledge
Engineering and Data Mining, Manufacturing Engineering, Marine Engineering,
Materials Engineering, Mechanical Engineering, Mechatronics, Metallurgical
Engineering, Microengineering, Mining Engineering, Nuclear Engineering,
Petroleum Engineering, Process Systems Engineering, Production Engineering,
Remote Monitoring, Sensor Network, Soft-computing and Engineering
Education, Software Engineering, Strategic Engineering Asset Management,
Structural Engineering, Textile Engineering, Transportation.
Frequency: 6 issues per year
e-ISSN: 0975-4024 (online version)
p-ISSN: 2319-8613 (online version)
Subject Category: Engineering and Technology
Published by: Engg Journals Publications
! "!
Editorial Board and Reviewers
IJET Editorial Board
EDITOR IN CHIEF
K.SivaKumar,
KEJA Technologies,
Singapore
ASSOCIATE EDITOR
A.Selvi,
SIPS Technologies,
India
EDITORIAL BOARD
M.Azath
Calicut university/Mets School of Engineering, Kerala, India.
Dr. S.S.RIAZ
AHAMED AMIE.,MCA.,M.Phil.,M.Tech.,MIEEE.,MACM.,Ph.D.,FIETE.,C.Engg.
Professor & Head, Dept of Computer Applications, Mohamed Sathak Engineering
College, India.
Bilal Bahaa Zaidan
Al- Nahrain University, Baghdad, Iraq
Dr. S. Abdul Khader Jilani
College of Computers & Information Technology, University of Tabuk, Tabuk,
Ministry of Higher Education, The Kingdom of Saudi Arabia.
Dr. Vipan Kakkar
Associate Professor, Q. No. 6, Chanakya Marg, Shri Mata Vaishno Devi Univers
Katra. J&K. 182 320. India.
Dr. DEBOJYOTI MITRA
Associate Professor & Head, Mechanical Engineering Department, Sir Padampat
Singhania University,
Hill Villa Annexe, Opp. Hotel Hilltop Palace, Ambavgarh, Udaipur 313001,
Rajasthan, India.
Dr.S.Sasikumar
Professor and head, Department of ECE., Hindustan college of Engg. and Tech.,
Coimbatore.
Dr. GOVINDARAJ THANGAVEL
Professor, Muthayammal Engineering College , Rasipuram, India
! "!
Dr. Vijay Srivatsan
Digitial Technology Lab. Corp. (Subsidiary of Mori Seiki), Davis, CA
Dr. Wang Yong-gang
School of Highway Chang’an University 901 Transportation Sci. & Tech.
Building, Middle Section of Nanerhuan, Xi’an 710064, P. R. China
Dr. NAOUFAL RAISSOUNI
Professor of Remote Sensing and Physics at the National Engineering School for
Applied Sciences,
Abdelmalek Essaadi University, Tangier-Tetouan-Morocco
Dr. G. V. NAGESH KUMAR
Department of EEE Vignan’s Institute of Information Technology Duvvada,
Visakhapatnam, India
Dr. VELAYUTHAM .P
Adhiparasakthi Engineering College, Melmaruvathur, India
Dr DANWE RAIDANDI
Head of Mechanical Department, The College of Technology, University of
DOUALA, Cameroon.
Dr. Bharat Raj Singh
Professor and Associate Director, School of Management Sciences, Technical
Campus, India.
IJET Reviewer List
Dr.Prasanta Sahoo, PhD.
Professor, Department of Mechanical Engineering, Jadavpur University, Kolkata
700032, India.
ANAND SHARMA
Assistant Professor (CSE Deptt.) in MITS, Lakshmangarh, Sikar
Lai Khin Wee
Research Officer, Universiti Teknologi Malaysia, Skudai, Johor, Malaysia
Mahesh M Goyani
Lecturer, Department of Computer Engineering, G H Patel College of
Engineering and Technology, India
HORNG YUAN SAW
School of Engineering and Advanced Technology Massey University, Palmerston
North, New Zealand
! "!
Neetesh Gupta
Technocrats Institute of Technology-Bhopal (M.P.), India
T.Venkat Narayana Rao
Professor and Head, Department of C.S.E – Hyderabad Institute of Technology
and Management ,
Kompally, R.R Dist. India
B.Vasavi
Associate Professor, Department of Computer Science and Engineering ,
Hyderabad Institute of Technology & Management, India
Rajesh Kumar Vishwakarma
Department of Electronics Engineering, Jaypee University of Engineering
&Technology,
A. B. Road Raghogarh, Dist.Guna, India
Adis Medić
EEE, ACM, Infosys ltd; Assist. Professor
Raj Gaurang Tiwari
Assistant Professor, Department of Computer Applications, Azad Institute of
Engineering and Technology,
Lucknow-226002, UP INDIA.
Avanish Kumar Singh
Asst. Professor, Department of Computer Science & Engineering,
R.R. Institute of Modern Technology Unnao, U.P., India
VIVEK S. DESHPANDE
Assistant Professor MIT College of Engineering, Pune, India
#
! "!
Table of Contents
Volume 6 Issue 1
1
Hybrid Test Bed of Wind Electric Generator with Photovoltaic
Panels
1-12
G.D.Anbarasi Jebaselvi, S.Paramasivam
2
Experimental Study on Fatigue Characteristics for Aluminium
and Al-SiC Composite Material Edge Crack Specimens under
Flexural Loading Conditions
13-27
Shanmugavel P., Bhaskar G.B., Chandrasekaran M.
3
Artificial Neural Network based Detection of Renal Tumors
using CT Scan Image Processing
4
Experimental Investigation and Performance Evaluation of
Hydroformed Tubular Bellows In Inconel 625 Alloy
Muhammad Rukunuddin Ghalib, Surbhi Bhatnagar, S Jayapoorani, Udisha
Pande
28-35
36-43
E. Pavithra, V.S. Senthil Kumar
5
Convolutional Neural Network for Face Recognition with Pose
and Illumination Variation
44-57
A. R. Syafeeza, M. Khalil-Hani, S. S. Liew, R. Bakhteri
6
Performance Studies on Sub-cooling of Cryogenic Liquids Used
for Rocket Propulsion Using Helium Bubbling
58-65
Ramesh T, Thyagarajan K
7
BCR Routing for Intermittently Connected Mobile Ad hoc
Networks
66-74
S. RAMESH, P. GANESH KUMAR
8
Characterization of Glass Fibre ? Coconut Coir? Human Hair
Hybrid Composites
75-82
D. Senthilnathan, A Gnanavel Babu, G. B. Bhaskar, KGS. Gopinath
9
TENSILE AND FLEXURAL STUDIES ON GLASS - CARBON HYBRID
COMPOSITES SUBJECTED TO LOW FREQUENCY CYCLIC LOADING
83-90
K. Poyyathappan, G.B.Bhaskar, K. Pazhanivel, N.Venkatesan
Identification and Controll of Spark Ignition Type Vehicles using
10 Intelligent Transportation Technologies
91-94
G.Elumalai, G.B.Bhaskar
Experimental Investigation on Laminated Composite Leaf
11 springs Subjected to Cyclic Loading
95-101
S.Rajesh, G.B.Bhaskar
Multichannel Feature Extraction and Classification of Epileptic
12 States Using Higher Order Statistics and Complexity Measures
102-109
K. Palani Thanaraj, K. Chitra
#
! "!
An Experimental Study on Evacuated Tube Solar Collector using
13 Therminol D-12 as Heat Transfer Fluid Coupled with Parabolic
Trough
110-117
P.Selvakumar, P.Somasundaram, P.Thangavel
Compression of Satellite Images Using Lossy and Lossless Coding
14 Techniques
118-128
S.Chandravadhana, N.Nithiyanandam
Analysis of Reduction in Area in MIMO Receivers Using SQRD
Method and Unitary Transformation with Maximum Likelihood
15 Estimation (MLE) and Minimum Mean Square Error Estimation
(MMSE) Techniques
129-137
Sabitha Gauni, R.Kumar
Wind Energy Conversion System with Boost Converter and CHB
16 MLI with single DC input
138-145
Porselvi T, Ranganath Muthu
Optimal Link Managed On Demand Routing Protocol in MANET
17 for Qos Improvement
146-154
G.Kavitha, Dr.J.Sundararajan
Investigation of Optimum Parameters for Mechanical Properties
18 of Ecofriendly Molded Plant Fibre Polymer Matrix Composite by
Experimental Methods
155-163
S.BENJAMIN LAZARUS, V.VELMURUGAN
Algorithm for Modeling Wire Cut Electrical Discharge Machine
19 Parameters using Artificial Neural Network
164-170
G.Sankara Narayanan, D.Vasudevan
Experimental investigations on Elastic Properties of Concrete
20 containing Steel fibre
171-177
K.Anbuvelan, Dr.K.Subramanian
Significance of stainless steel wire reinforcement on the
21 mechanical properties of GFRP composites
178-182
K. Pazhanivel, G.B. Bhaskar, A.Elayaperumal
Optimization of Process Parameters to enhance the Hardness on
22 Squeeze Cast Aluminium Alloy AA6061
183-189
M. Thirumal Azhagan, B. Mohan, A. Rajadurai
An Innovative Method for UWB Channel Estimation Using Time
23 Hopped Modulation
190-198
S. Sathiya Priya, Dr.N.R.Alamelu
A Multi Objective Hybrid Differential Evolution Algorithm
24 assisted Genetic Algorithm Approach for Optimal Reactive
Power and Voltage Control
199-203
D.Godwin Immanuel, G.Selvekumar, C.Christober Asir Rajan
#
! "!
Adapting Endurance and Performance Optimization Strategies
25 of ExFAT file system to FAT file system for embedded storage
devices
204-211
Keshava Munegowda, Dr. G T Raju, Veera Maninkandanraju
Tuning and Analysis of Multiple Interactive Loop Process by
26 Model Predictive Control
212-226
P.Srinivasarao, Dr.P.Subbaiah
Comparative Study of Controllers for a Variable Area MIMO
27 Interacting NonLinear System
227-235
Priya Chandrasekar, Lakshmi Ponnusamy
Experimental Investigation on the Impact of Presence of Natural
28 Fibre on the Mechanical Performance of a Light Weight Hybrid
Bonded Laminate
236-241
M.Vasumathi, Vela Murali
Ontology based Comprehensive Architecture for Service
29 Discovery in Emergency Cloud
242-251
J.Uma Maheswari, Dr.G.R.Karpagam
MULTI OBJECTIVE OPTIMIZATION OF VEHICLE ACTIVE
30 SUSPENSION SYSTEM USING DEBBO BASED PID CONTROLLER
252-262
Kalaivani Rajagopal, Lakshmi Ponnusamy
Heat transfer and pressure drop comparison between smooth
31 and rib-roughened divergent rectangular ducts
263-272
K. SIVAKUMAR, E. NATARAJAN, N. KULASEKHARAN
Multilevel Spatial Multiplexing -Space Time Trellis Coded
32 Modulation System for Fast Fading MIMO Channel
273-277
K.Kavitha, H.Mangalam
33 Multi-Level Privacy Preservation Using Rotation Perturbation
278-292
Analysis of Contourlet Texture Feature Extraction to Classify
34 the Benign and Malignant Tumors from Breast Ultrasound
Images
293-305
R.PraveenaPriyadarsini, Dr.M.L.Valarmathi, Dr.S.Sivakumari
Prabhakar Telagarapu, Poonguzhali S
A NOVEL NODE FAILURE MANAGEMENT FOR MOBILE AD HOC
35 NETWORK USING ANT AGENTS
306-314
Ramkumar K.R, Ravichandran
Simulation and Implementation of an Embedded Hybrid Fuzzy
36 Trained Artificial Neural Network Controller for Different DC
Motor
315-332
M.Muruganandam, I.Thangaraju, M.Madheswaran
Optimal sizing and placement of Static and Dynamic VAR
37 devices through Imperialist Competitive Algorithm for
minimization of Transmission Power Loss
#
333-342
! "!
Pramod Kumar Gouda, P K Hota, K. Chandrasekar
Simulation of an Inverse Heat Conduction Boundary Estimation
38 Problem Based on State Space Model
343-349
Purna Chandra Mishra
The Potential Allocation for Dry Season Crop-Area Planning, the
39 Huai Luang Operation and Maintenance Project, Thailand
350-357
Pisan Ubonpiphat, Anongrit Kangrang, Rattana Homwichian
Hybridization of Response Surface Methodology and Genetic
40 Algorithm optimization for CO2 laser cutting parameter on
AA6061 material
358-373
A.Parthiban, R.Ravikumar, B.Suresh Kumar, N. Baskar
Effect of Cooling Rate on Mechanical Behaviour of Bulk Cast of
41 A380 Aluminium Alloy
374-380
42 PCA-NB Algorithm to Enhance the Predictive Accuracy
381-387
Node Cooperation and Message Authentication in Trusted Mobile
43 Ad Hoc Networks
388-397
M.Mohandass, A.Venkatesan, S.Karthikeyan, P.S.Prasanth,
S.K.Vinuvarshith
T.Karthikeyan, P.Thangaraju
Vijayakumar A, Selvamani K
Topology Optimization in Automotive Brake Pedal Redesign
44 Mohd Nizam Sudin, Musthafah Mohd Tahir, Faiz Redza Ramli, Shamsul
398-402
Anuar Shamsuddin
Ambiguity and Concepts in Real Time Online Internet Traffic
45 Classification
403-410
0-1 Knapsack Problem Approach for Multicast Agent in NEMO
46 System
411-417
Hamza Awad Hamza Ibrahim, Sulaiman Mohd Nor, Ban Mohammed
Khammas
Rashid Saeed, Abdelmuizz Eisa, Raed Alsaqour
SPC-based Inventory Control Policy to Im-prove Supply Chain
47 Dynamics
418-426
Francesco Costantino, Giulio Di Gravio, Ahmed Shaban, Massimo Tronci
Designing Artificial Magnetic Conductor at 2.45 GHz for Metallic
48 Detection in RFID Tag Application
427-435
49 A Fuzzy Linear Programming in Optimizing Meat Production
436-444
An Interactive Map Streaming Service Technique for Mobile
50 Devices
445-452
Maisarah Abu, Eryana Eiyda Hussin, Mohd Saari Mohd Isa, Zahriladha
Zakaria, Zikri Abadi Baharudin
Lazim Abdullah, Nor Hafizah Abidin
Seong Kim, Byoung-Woo Oh
#
! "!
Analysis of Leakage Current and DC Injection in Transformerless
51 PV Inverter Topologies
453-459
Anjali Varghese C, Karpagam M, Alwarsamy T
Experimental investigation of heat transfer coefficient of
52 CuO/Water nanofluid in double pipe heat exchanger with or
without electric field
460-466
S.Senthilraja, KCK.Vijayakumar, R.Gangadevi
A Novel Distance Relaying Scheme to Mitigate Phase Faults on
53 Doubly Fed Transmission Lines
467-483
J.Monisha, S.Natarajan
Optimization of Realistic Multi-Stage Hybrid Flow Shop
54 Scheduling Problems with Missing Operations Using MetaHeuristics
484-496
M. Saravanan, S. Sridhar, N. Harikannan
55 A Metric to Assess the Performance of MLIR Services
N. Moganarangan, Pothula Sujatha, Shailesh Khapre, P. Dhavachelvan
$
497-508
! "!
Volume 6 Issue 2
1
Theoretical, Numerical (FEM) and Experimental Analysis of
composite cracked beams of different boundary conditions
using vibration mode shape curvatures
509-518
Pankaj Charan Jena, Dayal R. Parhi, G. Pohit
2
Optimization of Process Parameters on MRR and Overcut in
Electrochemical Micro Machining on Metal Matrix Composites
Using Grey Relational Analysis
519-529
S.Dharmalingam, P.Marimuthu, K.Raja, R.Pandyrajan, S.Surendar
3
Hybrid Asymmetric Space Vector Modulation for inverter based
direct torque control induction motor drive
530-543
Nandakumar Sundararaju, Dr.S.Vijayan
4
Optimizing Code by Selecting Compiler Flags using Parallel
Genetic Algorithm on Multicore CPUs
544-551
T Satish Kumar, S Sakthivel, Sushil Kumar S
5
Multi-objective hardware/software partitioning technique for
dynamic and partial reconfigurable system-on-chip using
genetic algorithm
552-558
N.Janakiraman, P.Nirmal Kumar
6
Modeling of PEM Fuel Cell Stack System using Feed-forward
and Recurrent Neural Networks for Automotive Applications
559-569
Mr. M. Karthik, Dr. S. Vijayachitra, Ms. K. Gomathi
7
Identification of Stiction Nonlinearity for Pneumatic Control
Valve using ANFIS Method
570-578
Srinivasan Arumugam, Rames C.Panda
8
9
Optical Generation of 60 GHz Downstream Data in Radio over
Fiber Systems Based on Two Parallel Dual-Drive MZMs
Nael Ahmed Al-Shareefi, S.I.S Hassan, Fareq Malek, Razali Ngah, Sura Adil
Abbas
A Novel Metamaterial Structure to Reduce Far-End Crosstalk in
Printed Circuit Boards
579-587
588-591
R.Azhagumurugan, P.Indumathi
Application of AHP for Lean Implementation Analysis in 6
10 MSMEs
592-596
Ravikumar M.M, Marimuthu K, H. Abdul Zubar
Cluster Based Topology Control in Dynamic Mobile Ad Hoc
11 Networks
597-606
T. Parameswaran, Dr. C. Palanisamy, P. Kokila
Isometric Relocation of Data by Sequencing of Sub-Clusters for
12 Privacy Preservation in Data Mining
607-614
V.Rajalakshmi, G.S.Anandha Mala
$
! "!
A Novel Method of Inconsistent Collision Detection to Prevent
13 Cloning Attacks in High-Security Wireless Body Area Networks
615-626
Govindharajan Uma Gowri, Rajagopal Sivakumar
Implementation of an Effective Fault Current Limiter for 1.5
14 MW DFIG in Wind Power Systems
627-635
M. Panneerselvam, Dr. P. Prakasam, J. K. Chithra
Intelligent Hybrid Cluster Based Classification Algorithm for
15 Social Network Analysis
636-642
Closed Loop Control of LLC Resonant Converter Incorporating
16 ZVS Boost Converter
643-653
S. Muthurajkumar, P. Indira Priya, M. Vijayalakshmi, S. Indira Gandhi, A.
Kannan
N.Madhanakkumar, T.S.Sivakumaran, G.Irusapparajan, D.Sujitha
Energy Constrained Hierarchical Task Scheduling Algorithm for
17 Mobile Grids
654-662
Arjun Singh, Prasun Chakrabarti, Surbhi Chauhan
Intrusion prevention and Message Authentication Protocol
18 (IMAP) using Region Based Certificate Revocation List Method
in Vehicular Ad hoc Networks
663-672
G. Anitha, Dr. M. Hemalatha
Multi-Channel Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signal Acquisition
19 and its Effective Channel selection with De-noising Using
AWICA for Biometric System
673-680
B.Sabarigiri, D.Suganyadevi
Adaptive self-localized Discrete Quasi Monte Carlo Localization
20 (DQMCL) scheme for wsn based on antithetic markov process
681-691
M.Vasim babu, Dr.A.V.Ramprasad
An Opportunistic Routing Protocol for Mobile Cognitive Radio
21 Ad hoc networks
692-700
S. Selvakanmani, M. Sumathi
Artificial Cooperative Search Algorithm based Load Frequency
22 Control of Interconnected Power Systems with AC-DC Tie-lines
701-706
S. Ramesh kumar, S. Ganapathy
Preprocessing using Enhanced Median Filter for Defect
23 Detection in 2D Fabric Images
707-717
S.Anitha, V.Radha
Enhancing the performance of Optimized Link State Routing
24 Protocol using HPSO and Tabu Search Algorithm
718-724
S. Meenakshi Sundaram, Dr. S. Palani, Dr. A. Ramesh Babu
Analysis of Spectral Features of EEG during four different
25 Cognitive Tasks
725-734
S.BAGYARAJ, G.RAVINDRAN, S.SHENBAGA DEVI
$
! "!
A Comparative Study on LUT and Accumulator Radix-4 Based
26 Multichannel RNS FIR Filter Architectures
735-744
Britto Pari. J, Joy Vasantha Rani S.P
IMPLEMENTATION OF A REAL TIME SUPERVISORY CONTROLLER
27 FOR AN ISOLATED HYBRID (WIND/ SOLAR/DIESEL) POWER
SYSTEM
745-753
Boopathy C P, Dr.Sivakumar L
Efficient Node Cooperation and Security in MANET using
28 Closeness Technique
754-763
Sathiyakumar C, K.Duraiswamy K
Variable Length Floating Point FFT Processor Using Radix-22
29 Butterfly Elements
764-772
P.Augusta Sophy, R.Srinivasan, J.Raja, S.Anand Ganesh
Optimum Network Reconfiguration and DGs Sizing With
Allocation Simultaneously by Using Particle Swarm
30 Optimization (PSO)
773-780
M. N. M. Nasir, N. M. Shahrin, M. F. Sulaima, Mohd Hafiz Jali, M. F.
Baharom
Ultrasound Image Classification for Down Syndrome During
31 First Trimester Using Haralick Features
781-788
R. Sonia, V.Shanthi
Simple Augmented Current Controller with OHC Technique for
32 grid current compensation in the Distribution System
789-795
S. Rajalingam, V. Malathi
Active Build-Model Random Forest Method for Network Traffic
33 Classification
796-804
Target Tracking with Background Modeled Mean Shift
34 Technique for UAV Surveillance videos
805-814
Rain Rate-Radar Reflectivity Relationship for Drop Size
Distribution and Rain Attenuation Calculation of Ku Band
35 Signals
815-824
Alhamza Munther, Rozmie Razif, Shahrul Nizam, Naseer Sabri,
Mohammed Anbar
Athilingam R, Mohamed Rasheed A, Senthil Kumar K, Kaviyarasu A,
Thillainayagi R
Govardhani.Immadi, Sarat K Kotamraju, Habibulla Khan, M.Venkata
Narayana
Relation Based Mining Model for Enhancing Web Document
36 Clustering
825-832
M.Reka, Dr.N.Shanthi
AUTOMATED DRUSEN GRADING SYSTEM IN FUNDUS IMAGE
37 USING FUZZY C-MEANS CLUSTERING
833-841
Rama Prasath.A, M.M.Ramya
$
! "!
Experimental Investigations on PV Powered SVM-DTC Induction
38 Motor without AC Phase Current Sensors
842-857
T. Muthamizhan, R. Ramesh
Prediction of Commodities in Rationing System Using an
39 Enhanced Regression Neural Network Algorithm
858-864
Capt. Dr. S Santhosh Baboo, Ms. P ShanmugaPriya
Color Image Segmentation using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map
40 (SOM)
I Komang Ariana, Rukmi Sari Hartati, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra, Ni Kadek
Ayu Wirdiani
Experimental Investigation of Machining Parameters in Drilling
41 Operation Using Conventional and CNC Machines on Titanium
Alloy
865-871
872-880
B.Suresh kumar, N. Bskar
Folded Low Resource HARQ Detector Design and Tradeoff
42 Analysis with Virtex 5 using PlanAhead Tool
881-894
S.Syed Ameer Abbas, S.J.Thiruvengadam, S.Susithra
Experimental Study of Selective Catalytic Reduction System On
43 CI Engine Fuelled with Diesel-Ethanol Blend for NOx Reduction
with Injection of Urea Solutions
895-904
R. Praveen, S. Natarajan
Use of Waste Flyash in Fabrication of Aluminium Alloy Matrix
44 Composite
905-912
Ajit Kumar Senapati, Purna Chandra Mishra, Bharat Chandra Routara
Data Transmission through Nano Machines using the Clustering
45 Tree for Mobile Adhoc Network
913-919
T.Ganesan, Dr.N Rajkumar
Towards Self Configured Multi-Agent Resource Allocation
46 Framework for Cloud Computing Environments
920-928
M.N.Faruk, Dr.D.Sivakumar
Setpoint Weighted PID Controller for the Electromechanical
47 Actuator in Spacecraft
929-938
R. Sumathi, M. Usha
Heat Treatment Parameters to Optimize Friction and Wear
48 behavior of Novel Hybrid Aluminium Composites Using Taguchi
Technique
939-947
V.C.Uvaraja
Optimal Selection and Allocation of Generator For Static ATC
49 Using Differential Evolution Algorithm
948-959
R.Prathiba, Dr M.Balasingh Moses, M.Karuppasamypandiyan
50 A Study on Aeroelastic Flutter Suppression and its Control
Measures ?Past and Future
$
960-973
! "!
Bruce Ralphin Rose J, Jinu G R
PRN using RSA Algorithm for Secure Routed Creation and Data
51 Transfer in MANETs
974-981
K.PAZHANISAMY, Dr.LATHAPARTHIBAN
Enhanced Semantic Web Service Discovery Using Machine
52 Learning on Mapped WSMO Services
982-991
S. Sandhya, Dr. P. Pabitha, Dr. M. Rajaram
53 Improvement of Power Quality Using a Hybrid Interline UPQC
992-1000
Modeling of Zeta converter based DVR system for power
54 quality improvement
1001-1008
M.K.Elango, C.Vengatesh
P.Velmurugan, B.Baskaran, G.Irusapparajan
Flower Pollination Algorithm Applied for Different Economic
55 Load Dispatch Problems
1009-1016
R. Prathiba, M. Balasingh Moses, S. Sakthivel
Research on Sensorless control strategies for Vehicle stability
56 using Fuzzy based EDC
1017-1025
A.Ravi, S.Palani
Optimization of Process Parameters Using Taguchi Technique
57 in Severe Surface Mechanical Treatment of AA6061
1026-1032
K. Thirumavalavan, L. Karunamoorthy, K. A. Padmanabhan
?Multi-Criteria Analysis of the Design Decisions In Architectural
58 Design Process during the Pre-Design Stage?
1033-1046
M.Elango, Prof. Dr.M.D.Devadas
Investigating the Influence of Electroplating Layer Thickness
59 on the Tensile Strength for Fused Deposition Processed ABS
Thermoplastics
1047-1052
S.Kannan, D.Senthilkumaran
Optimization of process parameters for COD removal by
60 Coagulation Treatment using Box?Behnken design
1053-1058
V Sangeetha, V Sivakumar, A Sudha, KS Priyenka Devi
Structural Characterization and Mechanical Properties of As61 plated and Heat Treated Electroless Ni-B-P Alloy Coatings
1059-1064
Study of microEDM parameters of Stainless Steel 316L:
62 Material Removal Rate Optimization using Genetic Algorithm
1065-1071
P. G. Venkatakrishnan, S. S. Mohamed Nazirudeen, T.S.N. Sankara
Narayanan
Suresh P, Venkatesan R, Sekar T, Sathiyamoorthy V
63 A Simple Node Architecture for Optical Burst Switching
Pallavi S, M. Lakshmi
$#
1072-1078
! "!
Analysis of PMD and PDL effect on Chirped Gaussian and
64 SuperGaussain pulse shapes by controlling SOP in SMF
1079-1085
VINAYAGAPRIYA.S, SIVASUBRAMANIAN.A
Semantic Based Efficient Retrieval of Relevant Resources and
65 its Services using Search Engines
1086-1093
Pradeep Gurunathan, Dr. Seethalakshmi Pandian
Influence of Single and Double Stage Forging on Cutting Forces
66 of Al 7075/BSF Metal Matrix Composites
1094-1099
R.Karthigeyan, G.Ranganath
Spoken Utterance Detection Using Dynamic Time Warping
67 Method Along With a Hashing Technique
1100-1108
John Sahaya Rani Alex, Nithya Venkatesan
Optimization of Base Station and Maximizing the Lifetime of
68 Wireless Sensor Network
1109-1119
P.Parthiban, G.Sundararaj, K.A.Jagadheesh, P.Maniiarasan
VLSI ARCHITECTURE OF AN AREA EFFICIENT IMAGE
69 INTERPOLATION
1120-1131
John Moses C, Selvathi D
A Temporal Oriented Intelligent Genetic Neural Network Model
70 for Effective Intrusion Detection
1132-1138
Rm.Somasundaram, K.Lakshmanan, V.K.Shunmuganaathan
Microarray Gene Expression Data Mining using High End
71 Clustering Algorithm based on Attraction-Repulsion Technique
1139-1146
Muhammad Rukunuddin Ghalib, D.K.Ghosh
Pattern Recognition Based Detection Recognition of Traffic
72 Sign Using SVM
1147-1157
S. Sathiya, M. Balasubramanian, S. Palanivel
Best Frequency for Temperature Modulation of Tin Oxide Gas
73 Sensor for Chemical Vapor Identification
1158-1166
R Chutia, M Bhuyan
SOFTWARE QUALITY: DUAL EXPERTS OPINION AND
74 CONDITIONAL BASED AGGREGATION METHOD
1167-1175
UMAMAHESWARI.E, D.K.GHOSH
Flexural -Torsional Buckling Tests of Cold-Formed Lipped
75 Channel Beams Under Restrained Boundary Conditions
1176-1187
R. KANDASAMY, R. THENMOZHI, L.S.JEYAGOPAL
Event Detection at Vehicle Location Points using Spatial Time
76 Invariant Model
1188-1193
R.C.Karpagalakshmi, D.Tensing
77 Performance Comparison of Neural Networks and GMM for
Vocal/Nonvocal segmentation for Singer Identification
$#
1194-1203
! "!
Ananya Bonjyotsna, Manabendra Bhuyan
A Multilevel Image Thresholding Using Particle Swarm
78 Optimization
1204-1211
Debashis Mishra, Isita Bose, Utpal Chandra De, Bishwojyoti Pradhan
Detection of ST Segment Elevation Myocardial Infarction
79 (STEMI) Using Bacterial Foraging Optimization Technique
1212-1223
Bensujin, C.Kezi selva vijila, Cynthia Hubert
An Instant Path Planning Algorithm for Indoor Mobile Robots
80 Using Adaptive Dynamic Programming and Reinforcement
Learning
1224-1231
R.Karthikeyan, K.Renganathan, B.SheelaRani
Digital Filter Architectures for Multi-Standard Wireless
81 Transceivers
1232-1246
R.Latha, P.T.Vanathi
The Distribution Network Reconfiguration Improved
82 Performance of Genetic Algorithm Considering Power Losses
and Voltage Profile
1247-1258
N. H. Shamsudin, N. F. Omar, M. F. Sulaima, H. I. Jaafar, A.F.A.Kadir
Analysis of Laminate Thickness Influence on Compressibility
83 Behavior in a Rift Process
1259-1267
Luca Sorrentino, Costanzo Bellini
Enhanced Performance of Substrate Integrated Waveguide
84 Bandstop Filter using Circular and Radial Cavity Resonator
1268-1277
M. N. Husain, G. S. Tan, K. S. Tan
A New Strategy To Control The Seismic Response Of Buildings:
85 The Base Dissipation
1278-1289
Luigi Petti, Alessio Lodato, Bruno Palazzo
86 Identity federation scenarios for the Cloud
N. Ben Bouazza, M. Lemoudden, B. El Ouahidi, D. Bourget
$#
1290-1295
! "!
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
Color Image Segmentation using Kohonen
Self-Organizing Map (SOM)
I Komang Ariana #1, Rukmi Sari Hartati *2, I Ketut Gede Darma Putra #3, Ni Kadek Ayu Wirdiani #4
#
Information Technology Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
1
km.ariana1992@gmail.com
3
ikgdarmaputra@gmail.com
4
ayu_wirdi@yahoo.com
*
Electrical Engineering Department, Faculty of Engineering, Udayana University
Jimbaran, Bali, Indonesia
2
rshartati@gmail.com
Abstract— Color image segmentation using Kohonen Self-Organizing Map (SOM), is proposed in this
study. RGB color space is used as input in the process of clustering by SOM. Measurement of the distance
between the weight vector and the input vector in the learning and recognition stages in SOM method,
uses Normalized Euclidean Distance. Then, the validity of clustering result is tested by Davies-Bouldin
Index (DBI) and Validity Measure (VM) to determine the most optimal number of cluster. The clustering
result, according to the most optimal number of cluster, is processed with spatial operations. The
operations are used to eliminate noise and the small spatial regions which are formed from the clustering
result. This system allows the segmentation process become automatic and unsupervised. The
segmentation results are close to human perception.
Keyword- Image Segmentation, Clustering, Self-Organizing Map, Normalized Euclidean Distance, DaviesBouldin Index, Validity Measure
I. INTRODUCTION
Image segmentation has been widely used in image processing. Segmentation aims to get the meaningful
parts in an image. Previously, image segmentation is more done in binary images and grayscale. But now, color
image segmentation has an important role in many applications, such as object recognition, image classification,
and etc. The aim of color image segmentation is to identify homogeneous regions in color images that are
important.
Many image segmentation techniques have been developed, such as pixel-based techniques, region-based
techniques, and boundary-based technique. Clustering is one of the techniques in the pixel-based image
segmentation. Each pixel is classified in a particular class based on certain similarity criteria. Many clustering
methods have been used in image segmentation applications. One of the most commonly used is the K-means
clustering method [1]-[4].
One of clustering method based on artificial neural network which is the most commonly used is SelfOrganizing Map (SOM). SOM studies each component inputs and then classifies the input into the
corresponding class. SOM has been applied in image processing, e.g. for image compression [5], and color
quantization [6]. SOM is also widely used in image segmentation applications [7]-[9]. In color image, SOM is
used to perform color reduction, then followed by Simulated Annealing (SA) to obtain the results of
segmentation [7]. SOM is also used for the sonar image segmentation by taking action to the existing noise [8].
Euclidean distance is commonly used to measure the distance between the input vector and weight vector in the
SOM method [7],[8]. Mahalonobis distance has also been utilized in the measurement of the distance to the
SOM method [9]. In this study, the determination of the winner weight for each input, is done by calculating the
distance using Normalized Euclidean Distance.
Determination of the optimal number of cluster in the clustering process is also a challenge. There are many
indexes to determine the cluster validity such as Dunn Index, Silhouette Index, and others. Validity Measure has
been widely applied as a cluster validity measurement in the image segmentation application [1],[10]. In this
study, the cluster validity measurement will be done in 2 ways, by Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin
Index (DBI). The validity measurement is done by forming 2 clusters to 10 clusters. Each value of DBI and
Validity Measure with the minimum values indicates that the cluster is well separated [10], it means that number
of cluster is the most optimal cluster.
Image segmentation in [4] takes advantage of post-processing to improves the segmentation results obtained
from the clustering process. Noise and small spatial area are removed by utilizing neighbourhood function.
The system proposed in this research is a method of image segmentation using SOM. Distance measurement
which is used in this study is Normalized Euclidean Distance. Determination of the optimal cluster uses Validity
ISSN : 0975-4024
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
865
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI). The results from these two techniques will be compared, and
get the best way in determining the optimal number of the cluster. That process is very important, because it is a
crucial step to get the final segmentation results. The last stage, post-processing in [4] is applied to improve the
segmentation result.
II. RESEARCH METHOD
Fig. 1 shows an overview of the system designed in this study. Section 2 will explain each part of the image
segmentation system in this study.
Fig. 1. Overview of the proposed system
A. Clustering with SOM
Clustering process in this study using the RGB color values of each pixel as an input to the SOM.
Neighbourhood topology which is used in SOM method in this study, is a linear array topology or onedimensional (1-D). Computation of SOM algorithm is divided into two stages, the stage of learning, and
recognition stage. SOM method in this study is adopted from the research in [8]. In this study, to determine the
distance does not use Euclidean Distance, but it uses Normalized Euclidean Distance.
B. Normalized Euclidean Distance
The calculation of the Normalized Euclidean Distance is a modified form of the Euclidean Distance.
Normalized Euclidean Distance of two vectors, between vector u and vector v is shown by Equation (1) [11].
(1)
where,
,
(2)
||v|| is the normalized value of vector v. Its value is expressed in Equation (3).
(3)
C. Validity Measure (VM)
VM is one of the indices to test the validity of the clustering results. VM is commonly used in application of
image segmentation based on clustering [1,10]. VM is calculated using Equation (4).
(4)
where intra is the intra-cluster distance, inter is inter-cluster distance, and y is a function of the number of
clusters are formed. Equation (5) is used to find the value of intra-cluster distance.
(5)
where N is the total number of pixels in the image, k is the number of clusters, and z i is the center of the cluster
Ci.
ISSN : 0975-4024
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
866
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
In addition of the calculation of the VM, will also looks for the value of inter-cluster distance or distance
between clusters, then takes the minimum value [10]. Equation (6) is used to find the inter-cluster distance.
(
inter = min zi − z j
)
(6)
where i = 1,2 … k, and j = i+1, …, k.
y is multiplied by the quotient between the distance of the intra-cluster and inter-cluster distance. Equation
(7) is used to calculate y.
(7)
y = c.N (2,1) + 1
where c is a constant value with a range of value from 15 to 25, N (2,1) is a Gaussian function for the number of
clusters formed as k. The Gaussian function is shown in Equation (8).
N (µ ,σ ) =
1
2πσ 2
e
( k − µ )2
−
2
2σ
(8)
VM should be minimum to obtain optimal result and achieve well-separated cluster [1].
D. Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI)
DBI was introduced in 1979 by David L. Davies and Donald W. DBI is used to evaluate the clustering results.
DBI is a function to measure the ratio of the total within-cluster scatter (spread of the cluster) and the betweencluster separation (distance between clusters) [12]. Value of the spread of the cluster (S i ) is shown in Equation
(9) :
Si =
1
Ti
∑ x−z
x∈Ci
(9)
i
where T i is number of member in ith cluster (C i ), and z i is the ith cluster center.
Distance between clusters is calculated by euclidean distance between the center of the ith cluster and the
center of the jth cluster. Equation (10) is used to calculate its distance.
(10)
d ij = z i − z j
R ij is ratio value between ith cluster and jth cluster, which is calculated by Equation (11).
S + S j
Rij = i
d ij
(11)
Find the maximum value of the ratio (D i ), it is used to find the value of DBI. Equation (12) is used to
calculate the value of D i .
(12)
D = max
R
j: j ≠ i
i
ij
Then, DBI value is calculated by using Equation (13).
DBI =
1 K
∑ Di
K i =1
(13)
where K is number of cluster.
DBI with the most minimum value indicates the most optimal clustering results and achieve well-separated
cluster.
E. Spatial Operations
Spatial operations are performed after the results of clustering is obtained. There are two spatial operations
are applied, noise removal and region merging.
Noise and details that do not need in the results of clustering, are eliminated with a statistical filter [4]. Noise
removal process is done by creating a histogram for the pixel at position (x,y) on the image which has been
labelled with its cluster information. To make the histogram, use the Equation (14).
H ( z | x, y ) =
∑
1
l ( x ', y ' )∈W ( x , y )
l ( x ', y ' ) = z
(14)
where W(x,y) is a filter with specific radius, which the center is a pixel in position (x,y).
ISSN : 0975-4024
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
867
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
The new label of pixel at position (x,y) which is symbolized by ĺ(x,y), is determined by using Equation (15),
as defined :
l ' ( x, y ) = arg max z H ( z | x, y )
(15)
The second spatial operation is region merging. Threshold value for the number of pixels in a region (ThA) is
determined in the amount of 0.003 times the total pixels in the image. So, if the number of pixels in the region is
less than ThA, it will be combined with its neighboring regions. The selected neighboring region, is selected
from the maximum number of area which is neighbors with the region that will be merged.
Region on this operation is based on the concept of neighborhood 8-connected. This means, the neighbors of
a pixel in terms of vertical, horizontal, and diagonal.
III.RESULTS AND ANALYSIS
Analysis in this study using images from the Berkeley Segmentation Dataset (BSDS) [13]. There are 4 test
images, which are shown in Fig. 2.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
Fig. 2. Original image : (a) Img01.jpg, (b) Img02.jpg, (c) Img03.jpg, (d) Img04.jpg
The program is made with VB .NET programming language, using Visual Studio 2012 Development Tools.
The user interface of this system is shown in Fig. 3.
Fig. 3. User interface of the proposed system
Initialization of parameters on SOM and spatial operations that are used in analysis in this study, are shown in
Table I.
TABLE I
Initialization of Parameters on SOM Method and Spatial Operations
No
1
2
3
4
ISSN : 0975-4024
Parameter
α
Epoch (T)
Radius of noise filter
Threshold Region (ThA)
Value
0.2
200
3
0.003 * number o
pixels
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
868
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
Tests are performed on each image to form 2 until 10 clusters. From each cluster which is formed, then
calculate the value of Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI). Each value of VM and DBI
with minimum value showed the most optimal number of cluster. Results of validity measurement for each test
images, are shown in Table II.
TABLE II
Validity Measurement Results
Image
Img01.jpg
Img02.jpg
Img03.jpg
Img04.jpg
Validity Index
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Davies-Bouldin
Index
Validity Measure
Number of Cluster
5
6
7
2
3
4
8
9
10
1.333
4.166
2.233
6.869
2.586
3.388
2.35
1.654
2.394
3.047
2.149
3.024
2.878
16.14
2.907
11.5
3.349
31.82
1.266
4.89
2.107
4.655
3.263
7.584
2.397
4.701
2.803
4.594
3.001
4.691
3.793
8.66
3.892
8.911
4.501
48.11
1.057
2.412
4.986
110
3.137
14.59
3.122
16.93
4.609
17.78
4.497
14.86
4.944
13.73
4.766
13.97
4.736
17.66
1.209
3.099
1.396
3.752
2.073
2.98
1.978
1.694
1.959
3.132
2.774
2.526
2.744
8.253
3.175
7.775
3.252
7.107
The cells with blue color in Table II are shown the most optimal number of cluster for all test image by
Davies-Bouldin Index, and the green areas are the most optimal number of cluster by Validity Measure. From
the results, the optimal cluster of all test images are shown in Table III.
TABLE III
Optimal Cluster for All Test Images
No
1
2
3
4
Image
Img01.jpg
Img02.jpg
Img03.jpg
Img04.jpg
Optimal Number of Cluster
Davies-Bouldin
Validity Measure
Index
2
5
2
6
2
2
2
5
The validity measurement using the Davies-Bouldin Index, by average produces 2 clusters as optimal cluster.
While the optimal cluster results with Validity Measure are more varied and larger than the results obtained by
DBI.
Segmentation results with the optimal number of cluster obtained by DBI for each test images are shown in
the Fig. 4.
ISSN : 0975-4024
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
869
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
(g)
(h)
(i)
(j)
(k)
(l)
Fig. 4. Clustering Results : (a) Img01.jpg, (d) Img02.jpg, (g) Img03.jpg, (j) Image04.jpg. Noise Removal Results : (b) Img01.jpg, (e)
Img02.jpg, (h) Img03.jpg, (k) Image04.jpg. Region Merging Results : (c) Img01.jpg, (f) Img02.jpg, (i) Img03.jpg, (l) Image04.jpg
System can show the results separately, depend on its cluster. Fig. 5 show each clusters from the
segmentation results for all of the test images.
(a)
(b)
(c)
(d)
(e)
(f)
(g)
(h)
Fig. 5. Each cluster from Img01.jpg : (a) Cluster 1, (b) Cluster 2. Each cluster from Img02.jpg : (c) Cluster 1, (d) Cluster 2. Each cluster
from Img03.jpg : (e) Cluster 1, (f) Cluster 2. Each cluster from Img04.jpg : (g) Cluster 1, (h) Cluster 2
ISSN : 0975-4024
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
870
I Komang Ariana et al. / International Journal of Engineering and Technology (IJET)
The result of image segmentation on Img01.jpg has successfully separates star fish object of other objects.
For Img02.jpg, flower crown has been properly secured. Result of image segmentation for Img03.jpg with DBI,
form 2 clusters as the optimal cluster, first cluster is the deer with little region from the background, and the
other one is background area, like grass, leaves, and so on. The segmentation result for Img04.jpg also can
successfully separates the horses of the grass.
IV. CONCLUSION
Color image segmentation with Kohonen SOM method has been created successfully. Distance measurement
method with Normalized Euclidean Distance can performs color clustering well, and generates image
segmentation results, which are close to human perception. With this proposed method, image segmentation
process can be done automatically and unsupervised , by using cluster validity measurement.
Validity measurement of 2 indexes, Validity Measure (VM) and Davies-Bouldin Index (DBI) relatively
yields distinct of optimal number of clusters. For each test images, the optimal number of clusters produced by
DBI, on average are less than the results which are obtained by VM.
Spatial operations, which are implemented, relatively can improve the segmentation results. Noise removal
step, success to eliminate the noise which is formed from the clustering results. Region merging step can
eliminates unnecessary small region accurately.
REFERENCES
[1]
[2]
[3]
[4]
[5]
[6]
[7]
[8]
[9]
[10]
[11]
[12]
[13]
H. Palus, M. Bogdanski, “Clustering techniques in colour image segmentation,” in Proceedings of the 4th Symposium on Methods of
Artificial Intelligence, 2003, pp. 223-226.
A. Chitade, Katiyar, “Colour Based Image Segmentation using K-Means Clustering,” International Journal of Engineering Science and
Technology, vol. 2(10), pp. 5319-5325, 2010.
C. Chandok, “Color Image Segmentation using K-Means Clustering,” International Journal of VLSI & Digital Signal Processing
Application, vol. 2(3), pp. 241-245, 2012.
T. W. Chen, Y. L. Chen, S. Y. Chien, “Fast Image Segmentation Based on K-Means Clustering with Histograms in HSV Color
Space,” in Multimedia Signal Processing IEEE 10th Workshop, 2008, pp. 322-325.
C. Amerijckx, J. D. Legat, M. Verleysen, “Image compression using self-organizing maps,” Systems Analysis Modelling Simulation,
vol. 43(11), pp. 1529-1543, 2003.
J. S. Kirk, D. J. Chang, J. M. Zurada, “A Self-Organizing Map with Dynamic Architecture for Efficient Color Quantization,” in
Proceedings. IJCNN'01. International Joint Conference on, IEEE, 2001, pp. 2128-2132.
G. Dong, M. Xie, “Color Clustering and Learning for Image Segmentation Based on Neural Networks,” IEEE Transactions on Neural
Networks, vol. 16(4), pp. 925-936, 2005.
K. C. Yao, M. Mignotte, C. Collet, P. Galerne, G. Burel, “Unsupervised segmentation using a self-organizing map and a noise model
estimation in sonar imagery,” Pattern Recognition, vol. 33(9), pp.1575-1584, 2000.
S. Paul, M. Gupta, “Image Segmentation By Self Organizing Map With Mahalanobis Distance,” International Journal of Emerging
Technology and Advanced Engineering, vol. 3(2), pp. 288-291, 2013.
S. Ray, R. H. Turi, “Determination of number of clusters in k-means clustering and application in colour image segmentation,” in
Proceedings of the 4th international conference on advances in pattern recognition and digital techniques, 1999, pp. 137-143.
P. Darma, Pengolahan Citra Digital, Yogyakarta, Indonesia : Andi Offset, 2010.
U. Maulik, S. Bandyopadhyay, “Performance Evaluation of Some Clustering Algorithms and Validity Indices,” IEEE Transactions on
Pattern Analysis and Machine Intelligence, vol. 24(12), pp. 1650-1654, 2002.
P. Arbelaez, C. Fowlkes, “Contour Detection and Hierarchical Image Segmentation,” IEEE Transactions on Pattern Analysis and
Machine Intelligence, vol. 33(5), pp. 898-916, 2011.
ISSN : 0975-4024
Vol 6 No 2 Apr-May 2014
871
Journal Search
Home
Journal Rankings
Search query
Journal Search
in Journal Title
Exact phrase
Country Rankings
Country Search
Compare
Search
International Journal of Engineering and Technology
Country: India
Map Generator
Help
Subject Area: Engineering
Subject Category: Engineering (miscellaneous)
About Us
Publisher: Engg Journals Publications. Publication type: Journals. ISSN: 09754024
Coverage: 2009-2012
H Index: 3
Charts
Indicators
SJR
Display journal title
Just copy the code below and
paste within your html page:
1999
2000
2001
2002
2003
2004
2005
2006
2007
2008
2009
2010
Data
2011
2012
0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,000 0,105 0,118 0,131
Total Documents
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
81
61
60
Total Docs. (3years)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
96
157
Total References
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
247
1.163
947
1.002
30
Total Cites (3years)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
6
19
Self Cites (3years)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
2
Citable Docs. (3years)
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
15
96
157
Cites / Doc. (4years)
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,40
0,20
0,19
Cites / Doc. (3years)
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,40
0,20
0,19
Cites / Doc. (2years)
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,00
0,40
0,20
0,20
References / Doc.
0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00 0,00
0,00 0,00
16,47
14,36 15,52
16,70src="http://ww