Global Warming and Its Effect to the Characteristics and Productivities of Volcanic Soils.
Laporan Penelitian
Global Warming and Its Effect
to the Characteristics and Productivities
of Volcanic Soils
By:
Dr. Rina Devnita, Ir., M.S., M.Sc
Prof. Dr. Adjat Sudradjat, Ir., M.S., M.Sc.
Ridha Hudaya, Ir., M.S.
Padjadjaran University
2010
Abstract
The increasing of temperature globally is already happened worldwide and
influences some aspects of the natural behavior and characteristic, include the
characteristic of soils. Volcanic soil, one of the productive soils in the world, is
influenced by the increasing temperature through its irreversible drying
characteristics. Two locations of volcanic soils, in the intensive farming and
under pine forest vegetation were studied to investigate the influence of increasing
temperature to some soil characteristics related to the irreversible drying. Soils in
the intensive farming receive the solar radiation maximally, followed by the
increasing soil temperature, meanwhile soil under pine forest vegetation is
protected from the solar heat trough the leaves canopy yearly, lowered the soil
temperature. Aggregate stability, bulk density, soil consistency, available water,
soil mineralogy, soil pH, and P-retention were the parameters investigated. The
result showed that the increasing temperature due to global warming increasing
the bulk density, decreasing the soil consistency, available water, aggregate
stability. Meanwhile, the increasing of temperature have no influence to soil pH
and P-retention.
Introduction
The annual average temperature in Indonesia showed an increasing as 0.3
0
C since 1990. United Nation Convention on Climate Change (2007) concluded
that global temperature increase 0.74 0C during the twentieth century.
The
intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have found out that, since 1900,
temperatures have risen around the world by an average of 0.8 0C. In the
Netherland for example, that is even 1.6 0C. The global warming could change
various soil characteristics and decrease the soil productivity.
Volcanic soils cover 1 % of Earth’s surface, yet support 10 % of the
world‘s population, including some of the highest human population densities,
attributed to their natural fertility. However, this is true only in part. This account
addresses the specific features and genesis of volcanic soils, and how they are
abused in various global environmental settings.
Irreversible drying is one characteristic of volcanic soils due to high
content of noncrystalline minerals. Irreversible drying could crush soil aggregate,
therefore, the soil will be transported easily, with high risk for erosion, Global
warming increases the irreversible drying and decreasing the soil quality.
The aim of this research is to investigate the influence the global warming
to irreversible drying, measured through soil physical and chemical properties and
mineralogical characteristics.
The research was executed at volcanic soil developed on andesite parent
material of Holocene age, erupted by Mt. Tangkuban Parahu. The method is the
descriptive and comparative surveys and laboratory analyses.
Materials and Methods
Environmental setting and selected profile
The Mt. Tangkuban Parahu complex, located in West Java about 40 km
northwest of Bandung, elevated on 1300 – 1400 m asl, consist of separate
extrusion ranging from andesite.
Erupted early in the sequence through
successive eruption of augite-hypersthene-andesit, hornblende-andesite and
biotite-andesite.
Volcanic events of the last few thousand years consist of
eruption associated with emission of suffocating gasses and hydrothermal
activities, indicated by active hot spring, solfataras, and fumaroles. Rainfall for
Mt. Tangkuban Perahu region is reported between 3000 – 4500 mm per year; it is
3725 mm around this study site. The soils are considering suitable for growing
corn, tomato, and red chilly. The more rugged parts of the landscape are planted
with pine trees.
Two locations were selected :
1. Intensive farming area at Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran Balitsa,
(BLS)
2. Pine forest vegetation at Cikole, (CKL)
Three profiles were selected in every location between 1300 – 1400 m asl
on the volcano slopes.
All the profiles studied have an isohypertermic
temperature regime and udic soil moisture regime.
The other environmental
conditions of the selected profiles were observed for completing the information
of the location.
Soil samples were collected in the A-, B- and C- horizons and kept
immediately in a polyethylene bag that tightly closed. Part of each samples were
stored at field moisture conditions with the remainder air-dried and crushed to
pass a 2 mm sieve.
The analyses were done on air-dry fine earth, using techniques
recommended for volcanic soils (van Reeuwijk, 1992), include organic carbon,
soil pH, CEC, P retention, short range order constituent minerals and bulk density.
The analyses were done in the Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture
and Laboratory of Geology, Padjadjaran University. The mineralogical analyses
were done in the Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University – Japan, and
Laboratory of Quarternary Geology, The Centre of Geology Survey – Bandung.
Result and Discussion
The geographical location of studied profile is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. The geographical position of studied profiles.
Location
BLS
Profile
BLS 1
BLS 2
BLS 3
CKL 1
CKL 2
CKL 3
CKL
°
°
°
°
°
°
Coordinate
’ . ”- °
’ . ”- °
’ . ”- °
’ . ”- °
’ . ”- °
’ . ”- °
’
’
’
’
’
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
Elevation (m asl)
1300
1390
1405
1484
1482
1492
”
”
”
”
”
”
The composition of heavy minerals in the soils can be seen in the Table 2.
Table 2. The composition of heavy minerals.
Heavy Minerals/HM %
Light Minerals/LM %
Total
HM
LM
RF
%
%
%
Profil
Op
Hor
Aug
Hip
Oli
NCVG
CVG
Fel
Qua
Andesit - Holocene
BLS
Ap
2
7
8
5
0
20
4
35
4
15
100
22
78
BC
3
7
13
1
0
15
7
34
5
15
100
24
76
2 Ab
6
6
14
2
0
15
7
27
3
20
100
28
72
2 Bw
6
7
14
3
0
13
2
30
5
20
100
30
70
2 BC
6
8
6
3
0
25
7
25
3
17
100
23
77
Basalt - Pleistocene
CKL
Ap
6
2
9
2
3
2
21
25
4
26
100
22
78
Bw
6
2
10
4
4
5
16
21
3
29
100
26
74
Bt
2
9
12
4
2
2
15
27
4
23
100
29
71
BC
5
7
7
4
3
3
24
19
3
25
100
26
74
2 Ab
5
9
4
5
5
3
15
35
3
16
100
28
72
2 Bw
7
6
6
2
5
2
15
26
4
27
100
26
74
The analyses with Scanning Electron Microscope gave the result of some
minerals found in the profiles as can be seen in the Fig.1, Fig 2, Fig 3, Fig 4 and
Fig 5 berikut ini.
Conclusion
Global warming give the increasing of the bulk density, but still in the
range of andic soil properties. The change of other characteristics can be seen in
the increasing of irreversible drying and the decreasing of aggregate stability, soil
consistency, and available water. The increasing having no influence to soil pH
and P-retention.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank to the DP2M DIKTI for funding the research and make this
research possible. The authors also thank to the Rector of Padjadjaran University
and the Dean of Faculty of Agricultre and Faculty of Engineering Geology for
facilitating this research. To Prof. Koichiro Watanabe from Kyushu University,
Japan, the author send the appreciation for his helping, guidance, and giving the
access to the laboratory facilities of Kyushu University.
REFERENCES
Arifin, M. (1994). Pedogenetic of Andisols Derived from Andesit and Basalt
Volcanic Ash in Some Agroclimatic Zones of Tea Plantation in West Java.
Ph.D. Thesis. Bogor Institute of Agriculture. 202 p (in Indonesian).
Bartoli, F. (2004). Shrinkage and Drainage in Undisturbed Soil Cores and
Aggregates from A Range of European Volcanic Soils. Volcanic Soils
Resources in Europe. Cost Action 622 final meeting. Rala Report.
214:49-50
Blakemore, L. C., Searle, P.L., and Daly, B.K. (1987). Methods for Chemical
Analysis of Soils. N. Z. Soil Bureau Sci. Rep. 80. Soil Bureau. Lower
Hutt, New Zealand.
Bleeker, P., and Parfitt, R.L. (1974). Volcanic ash and its clay mineralogy at
Cape Hopkins, New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Geoderma, vol. 11:123135
Broquen, P., Lobartini, J. C., Candan, F., and Falbo, G. (2005). Allophane,
aluminum, and organic matter accumulation across a bioclimatic sequence
of volcanic ash soils of Argentina. Geoderma, vol. 129, 167-177. EJournal on-line. Retrieve 1st of September, 2006 from
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/geoderma
Devnita, R. 2010. Kajian Karakteristik Mineralogi dan Ameliorasi Andisol di
Jawa Barat. Disertasi. Program PAscasarjana Universitas Padjadjaran.
192 hal.
Maeda, T., Takenaka, H., and Warkentin, B.P. (1984). Physical properties of
allophanic soils. Adv. Agron., vol. 29, 229-264.
Mizota, C. (1981). Clay mineralogy of seven Dystrandepts developed from basalt
in Northland, the French massive central, and western Oregon. Soil Sci.
Plant Nutr., vol 27, 511-522.
Nanzyo, M., Shoji, S., and Dahlgren, R. A. (1993). Physical Characteristics of
Volcanic Ash Soils. In: Shoji, S., Nanzyo, M., and Dahlgren, R. (Eds).
Volcanic Ash Soil – Genesis, Properties and Utilization. Elsevier,
Amsterdam. p. 145-188.
National Soil Survey Center (NSSC). (2002). Field Book for Describing and
Sampling Soils Version 2.0. Natural resources Conservation Service .
United State Departement of Agriculture. 219 p.
Parfitt, R. L., and Kimble, J. M. (1989). Conditions for formation of allophane
in soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal, vol. 53, 971 – 977.
Qafoku, N. P., Van Ranst, E. Noble, A., and Baert, G. (2004). Variable charge
soils, their mineralogy, chemistry and management. Advances in
Agronomy, vol. 84, 157-213.
Shoji, S., and Saigusa, M. (1977). Amorphous clay materials of Towada Ando
soils. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., vol. 23, 437-455
Silitonga, P. H. (2003). Geological Map of Bandung, West Java. Geological
Research and Development Centre. Indonesia
Soil Survey Staff. (2010). Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 11th ed. Natural Resources
Conservation Service. 332 p.
Sudradjat, A. (2009). The Development of Volcanologic Investigation in
Indonesia. Universitas Padjadjaran Press. Bandung. Indonesia. 239 p.
Uehara, G., and G. Gillman. 1981. The Mineralogy, Chemistry And Physics of
Tropical Soils with Variable Charge Clays. Westview Press, Inc.
Colorado. 170 p.
Utami, S. R. (1998). Properties and Rational Management Aspects of Volcanic
Ash Soils from Java, Indonesia.
Ph.D. Thesis. University of Ghent.
Belgium. 388 p.
Van Bemmelen, R. W. (1949). The Geology of Indonesia. Vol. I A : General
Geology of Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagoes. The Hague. Jakarta.
732 p.
Van Ranst, E. (1991). Soils of the Tropics and Subtropics : Geography,
Classification, Properties and Management. Ghent University. Belgium.
293 p.
Van Ranst, E., Utami, S. R., Verdoodt, A., and Qafoku, N. P. (2008).
Mineralogy of perudic Andosol in Central Java, Indonesia. Geoderma,
vol. 144, 379-386.
Van Ranst, E., De Conninck, F. and Debaveye, J. (1993). Implication of Charge
Properties and Chemical Management of Volcanic Ash Soils in West
Cameroon. Proceeding In 2nd African Soil Science Society Conference, p.
255-264.
Van Reeuwijk, L. P. (1992). Procedure for Soil Analysis. 4th Edition. ISRIC,
Wageningen, The Netherland. 56 p.
Global Warming and Its Effect
to the Characteristics and Productivities
of Volcanic Soils
By:
Dr. Rina Devnita, Ir., M.S., M.Sc
Prof. Dr. Adjat Sudradjat, Ir., M.S., M.Sc.
Ridha Hudaya, Ir., M.S.
Padjadjaran University
2010
Abstract
The increasing of temperature globally is already happened worldwide and
influences some aspects of the natural behavior and characteristic, include the
characteristic of soils. Volcanic soil, one of the productive soils in the world, is
influenced by the increasing temperature through its irreversible drying
characteristics. Two locations of volcanic soils, in the intensive farming and
under pine forest vegetation were studied to investigate the influence of increasing
temperature to some soil characteristics related to the irreversible drying. Soils in
the intensive farming receive the solar radiation maximally, followed by the
increasing soil temperature, meanwhile soil under pine forest vegetation is
protected from the solar heat trough the leaves canopy yearly, lowered the soil
temperature. Aggregate stability, bulk density, soil consistency, available water,
soil mineralogy, soil pH, and P-retention were the parameters investigated. The
result showed that the increasing temperature due to global warming increasing
the bulk density, decreasing the soil consistency, available water, aggregate
stability. Meanwhile, the increasing of temperature have no influence to soil pH
and P-retention.
Introduction
The annual average temperature in Indonesia showed an increasing as 0.3
0
C since 1990. United Nation Convention on Climate Change (2007) concluded
that global temperature increase 0.74 0C during the twentieth century.
The
intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change have found out that, since 1900,
temperatures have risen around the world by an average of 0.8 0C. In the
Netherland for example, that is even 1.6 0C. The global warming could change
various soil characteristics and decrease the soil productivity.
Volcanic soils cover 1 % of Earth’s surface, yet support 10 % of the
world‘s population, including some of the highest human population densities,
attributed to their natural fertility. However, this is true only in part. This account
addresses the specific features and genesis of volcanic soils, and how they are
abused in various global environmental settings.
Irreversible drying is one characteristic of volcanic soils due to high
content of noncrystalline minerals. Irreversible drying could crush soil aggregate,
therefore, the soil will be transported easily, with high risk for erosion, Global
warming increases the irreversible drying and decreasing the soil quality.
The aim of this research is to investigate the influence the global warming
to irreversible drying, measured through soil physical and chemical properties and
mineralogical characteristics.
The research was executed at volcanic soil developed on andesite parent
material of Holocene age, erupted by Mt. Tangkuban Parahu. The method is the
descriptive and comparative surveys and laboratory analyses.
Materials and Methods
Environmental setting and selected profile
The Mt. Tangkuban Parahu complex, located in West Java about 40 km
northwest of Bandung, elevated on 1300 – 1400 m asl, consist of separate
extrusion ranging from andesite.
Erupted early in the sequence through
successive eruption of augite-hypersthene-andesit, hornblende-andesite and
biotite-andesite.
Volcanic events of the last few thousand years consist of
eruption associated with emission of suffocating gasses and hydrothermal
activities, indicated by active hot spring, solfataras, and fumaroles. Rainfall for
Mt. Tangkuban Perahu region is reported between 3000 – 4500 mm per year; it is
3725 mm around this study site. The soils are considering suitable for growing
corn, tomato, and red chilly. The more rugged parts of the landscape are planted
with pine trees.
Two locations were selected :
1. Intensive farming area at Balai Penelitian Tanaman Sayuran Balitsa,
(BLS)
2. Pine forest vegetation at Cikole, (CKL)
Three profiles were selected in every location between 1300 – 1400 m asl
on the volcano slopes.
All the profiles studied have an isohypertermic
temperature regime and udic soil moisture regime.
The other environmental
conditions of the selected profiles were observed for completing the information
of the location.
Soil samples were collected in the A-, B- and C- horizons and kept
immediately in a polyethylene bag that tightly closed. Part of each samples were
stored at field moisture conditions with the remainder air-dried and crushed to
pass a 2 mm sieve.
The analyses were done on air-dry fine earth, using techniques
recommended for volcanic soils (van Reeuwijk, 1992), include organic carbon,
soil pH, CEC, P retention, short range order constituent minerals and bulk density.
The analyses were done in the Laboratory of Soil Science, Faculty of Agriculture
and Laboratory of Geology, Padjadjaran University. The mineralogical analyses
were done in the Faculty of Engineering, Kyushu University – Japan, and
Laboratory of Quarternary Geology, The Centre of Geology Survey – Bandung.
Result and Discussion
The geographical location of studied profile is presented in Table 1.
Table 1. The geographical position of studied profiles.
Location
BLS
Profile
BLS 1
BLS 2
BLS 3
CKL 1
CKL 2
CKL 3
CKL
°
°
°
°
°
°
Coordinate
’ . ”- °
’ . ”- °
’ . ”- °
’ . ”- °
’ . ”- °
’ . ”- °
’
’
’
’
’
’
.
.
.
.
.
.
Elevation (m asl)
1300
1390
1405
1484
1482
1492
”
”
”
”
”
”
The composition of heavy minerals in the soils can be seen in the Table 2.
Table 2. The composition of heavy minerals.
Heavy Minerals/HM %
Light Minerals/LM %
Total
HM
LM
RF
%
%
%
Profil
Op
Hor
Aug
Hip
Oli
NCVG
CVG
Fel
Qua
Andesit - Holocene
BLS
Ap
2
7
8
5
0
20
4
35
4
15
100
22
78
BC
3
7
13
1
0
15
7
34
5
15
100
24
76
2 Ab
6
6
14
2
0
15
7
27
3
20
100
28
72
2 Bw
6
7
14
3
0
13
2
30
5
20
100
30
70
2 BC
6
8
6
3
0
25
7
25
3
17
100
23
77
Basalt - Pleistocene
CKL
Ap
6
2
9
2
3
2
21
25
4
26
100
22
78
Bw
6
2
10
4
4
5
16
21
3
29
100
26
74
Bt
2
9
12
4
2
2
15
27
4
23
100
29
71
BC
5
7
7
4
3
3
24
19
3
25
100
26
74
2 Ab
5
9
4
5
5
3
15
35
3
16
100
28
72
2 Bw
7
6
6
2
5
2
15
26
4
27
100
26
74
The analyses with Scanning Electron Microscope gave the result of some
minerals found in the profiles as can be seen in the Fig.1, Fig 2, Fig 3, Fig 4 and
Fig 5 berikut ini.
Conclusion
Global warming give the increasing of the bulk density, but still in the
range of andic soil properties. The change of other characteristics can be seen in
the increasing of irreversible drying and the decreasing of aggregate stability, soil
consistency, and available water. The increasing having no influence to soil pH
and P-retention.
Acknowledgement
The authors thank to the DP2M DIKTI for funding the research and make this
research possible. The authors also thank to the Rector of Padjadjaran University
and the Dean of Faculty of Agricultre and Faculty of Engineering Geology for
facilitating this research. To Prof. Koichiro Watanabe from Kyushu University,
Japan, the author send the appreciation for his helping, guidance, and giving the
access to the laboratory facilities of Kyushu University.
REFERENCES
Arifin, M. (1994). Pedogenetic of Andisols Derived from Andesit and Basalt
Volcanic Ash in Some Agroclimatic Zones of Tea Plantation in West Java.
Ph.D. Thesis. Bogor Institute of Agriculture. 202 p (in Indonesian).
Bartoli, F. (2004). Shrinkage and Drainage in Undisturbed Soil Cores and
Aggregates from A Range of European Volcanic Soils. Volcanic Soils
Resources in Europe. Cost Action 622 final meeting. Rala Report.
214:49-50
Blakemore, L. C., Searle, P.L., and Daly, B.K. (1987). Methods for Chemical
Analysis of Soils. N. Z. Soil Bureau Sci. Rep. 80. Soil Bureau. Lower
Hutt, New Zealand.
Bleeker, P., and Parfitt, R.L. (1974). Volcanic ash and its clay mineralogy at
Cape Hopkins, New Britain, Papua New Guinea. Geoderma, vol. 11:123135
Broquen, P., Lobartini, J. C., Candan, F., and Falbo, G. (2005). Allophane,
aluminum, and organic matter accumulation across a bioclimatic sequence
of volcanic ash soils of Argentina. Geoderma, vol. 129, 167-177. EJournal on-line. Retrieve 1st of September, 2006 from
http://www.elsevier.com/locate/geoderma
Devnita, R. 2010. Kajian Karakteristik Mineralogi dan Ameliorasi Andisol di
Jawa Barat. Disertasi. Program PAscasarjana Universitas Padjadjaran.
192 hal.
Maeda, T., Takenaka, H., and Warkentin, B.P. (1984). Physical properties of
allophanic soils. Adv. Agron., vol. 29, 229-264.
Mizota, C. (1981). Clay mineralogy of seven Dystrandepts developed from basalt
in Northland, the French massive central, and western Oregon. Soil Sci.
Plant Nutr., vol 27, 511-522.
Nanzyo, M., Shoji, S., and Dahlgren, R. A. (1993). Physical Characteristics of
Volcanic Ash Soils. In: Shoji, S., Nanzyo, M., and Dahlgren, R. (Eds).
Volcanic Ash Soil – Genesis, Properties and Utilization. Elsevier,
Amsterdam. p. 145-188.
National Soil Survey Center (NSSC). (2002). Field Book for Describing and
Sampling Soils Version 2.0. Natural resources Conservation Service .
United State Departement of Agriculture. 219 p.
Parfitt, R. L., and Kimble, J. M. (1989). Conditions for formation of allophane
in soils. Soil Science Society of American Journal, vol. 53, 971 – 977.
Qafoku, N. P., Van Ranst, E. Noble, A., and Baert, G. (2004). Variable charge
soils, their mineralogy, chemistry and management. Advances in
Agronomy, vol. 84, 157-213.
Shoji, S., and Saigusa, M. (1977). Amorphous clay materials of Towada Ando
soils. Soil Sci. Plant Nutr., vol. 23, 437-455
Silitonga, P. H. (2003). Geological Map of Bandung, West Java. Geological
Research and Development Centre. Indonesia
Soil Survey Staff. (2010). Keys to Soil Taxonomy. 11th ed. Natural Resources
Conservation Service. 332 p.
Sudradjat, A. (2009). The Development of Volcanologic Investigation in
Indonesia. Universitas Padjadjaran Press. Bandung. Indonesia. 239 p.
Uehara, G., and G. Gillman. 1981. The Mineralogy, Chemistry And Physics of
Tropical Soils with Variable Charge Clays. Westview Press, Inc.
Colorado. 170 p.
Utami, S. R. (1998). Properties and Rational Management Aspects of Volcanic
Ash Soils from Java, Indonesia.
Ph.D. Thesis. University of Ghent.
Belgium. 388 p.
Van Bemmelen, R. W. (1949). The Geology of Indonesia. Vol. I A : General
Geology of Indonesia and Adjacent Archipelagoes. The Hague. Jakarta.
732 p.
Van Ranst, E. (1991). Soils of the Tropics and Subtropics : Geography,
Classification, Properties and Management. Ghent University. Belgium.
293 p.
Van Ranst, E., Utami, S. R., Verdoodt, A., and Qafoku, N. P. (2008).
Mineralogy of perudic Andosol in Central Java, Indonesia. Geoderma,
vol. 144, 379-386.
Van Ranst, E., De Conninck, F. and Debaveye, J. (1993). Implication of Charge
Properties and Chemical Management of Volcanic Ash Soils in West
Cameroon. Proceeding In 2nd African Soil Science Society Conference, p.
255-264.
Van Reeuwijk, L. P. (1992). Procedure for Soil Analysis. 4th Edition. ISRIC,
Wageningen, The Netherland. 56 p.