The effect of asperger syndrome in the main character's personality development in Jodi Picoult's house rules.
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ABSTRACT
HUTABARAT, MEDIA NATALIA. The Effect of Asperger Syndrome in the
Main Character’s Personality Development in Jodi Picoult’s House Rules.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma
University, 2013.
This thesis discusses the work of Jodi Picoult, House Rules. The novel presents
Jacob Hunt, as the main character, who has Asperger Syndrome. He lives with his
mother and his little brother. His personality development is revealed when he was in
some situations and experiences while helping his brother eluding from crime scene.
In this study, I intend to analyze the personality development of Jacob Hunt as a
person with Asperger Syndrome.
There are two objectives of the study as the base of this analysis. The first
objective is to find out Jacob Hunt personality before he experiences his personality
development. The second objective is to find out the effect of Asperger Syndrome to
his personality development.
This study applies library research as the method. The source is the novel itself,
House Rules, and several books on literary theories and psychological theories.
Theory of character and characterization is used to answer the first question. Theories
of personality development and the psychological approach are applied to answer the
second question.
This research has found two answers to the problems. I find that Jacob as a
person with Asperger’s Syndrome is an intelligent person, person who lacks of social
skills, person who dislikes any changes in routine, person who shows lack of
emphaty, a visual person, person with odd facial expressions and postures and a
selfish person. In the further analysis, I find out that the development of Jacob’s
personality is influenced by his main trait which is Asperger Syndrome. Because of
some difficulties that he experienced in the family, he becomes care to his family. He
develops not to be selfish anymore, and able to give empathy to others.
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ABSTRAK
HUTABARAT, MEDIA NATALIA. The Effect of Asperger Syndrome in the
Main Character’s Personality Development in Jodi Picoult’s House Rules.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma,
2013.
Tesis ini membahas karya Jodi Picoult, House Rules. Novel ini menampilkan
Jacob Hunt sebagai tokoh utama, yang mengidap Sindrom Asperger. Jacob tinggal
bersama ibu dan adik laki-lakinya. Perkembangan kepribadiannya terlihat ketika dia
terjebak dalam beberapa situasi dan pengalaman saat dia membantu adiknya
mengelak dari kasus pembunuhan. Dalam penelitian ini, saya bermaksud untuk
mengetahui perkembangan kepribadian Jacon Hunt sebagai orang yang mengidap
Sindrom Asperger.
Berikut ini adalah tujuan-tujuan penelitian yang mendasari analisa ini. Pertama
adalah untuk mengetahui kepribadian Jacob Hunt sebelum mengalami perkembangan
kepribadiannya. Yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Sindrom Asperger
terhadap perkembangan kepribadiannya.
Penelitian ini menggunakan studi pustaka sebagai metode. Sumbernya adalah
novel itu sendiri, House Rules, dan beberapa buku teori-teori sastra serta teori-teori
psikologi. Teori penokohan digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama. Teoriteori perkembangan kepribadian dan pendekatan psikologi digunakan untuk
menjawab pertanyaan kedua.
Penelitian ini telah menemukan dua jawaban utama. Saya menemukan bahwa
Jacob seorang dengan sindrom Asperger adalah seseorang yang berwawasan luas,
seseorang yang kurang memiliki kecakapan sosial, seseorang yang tidak menyukai
perubahan dalam keseharian, seseorang yang kurang akan empati, seorang yang
visual, seseorang yang memiliki ekspresi wajah dan sikap yang tidak lazim serta
egois. Dalam proses analisis selanjutnya, saya menemukan bahwa perkembangan
kepribadian Jacob dipengaruhi oleh ciri utamanya yakni seorang yang memiliki
Sindrom Asperger. Dikarenakan oleh kesulitan-kesulitan yang dialami dalam
keluarga, Jacob menjadi lebih perhatian kepada keluarganya. Dia berkembang
menjadi tidak egois lagi, dan mampu berempati terhadap orang lain.
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THE EFFECT OF ASPERGER SYNDROME IN THE
MAIN CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT IN JODI PICOULT’S HOUSE RULES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
MEDIA NATALIA HUTABARAT
Student Number: 064214041
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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THE EFFECT OF ASPERGER SYNDROME IN THE
MAIN CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT IN JODI PICOULT’S HOUSE RULES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
MEDIA NATALIA HUTABARAT
Student Number: 064214041
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Media Natalia Hutabarat
: 064214041
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE EFFECT OF ASPERGER SYNDROME IN THE MAIN
CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN JODI
PICOULT’S HOUSE RULES
Beserta perangkat yang di perlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pengkalan data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dam mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media
lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu ijin kepada saya maupun
memberikan loyalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 8 Oktober 2013
Yang menyatakan
(Media Natalia Hutabarat)
iv
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
This thesis entitled “THE EFFECT OF ASPERGER SYNDROME IN THE
MAIN CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN JODI
PICOULT’S HOUSE RULE” is purely made by the thesis writer. The writer
understands the full consequences including degree cancelation if she took
somebody’s ideas without proper references.
Yogyakarta, October 8, 2013
Media Natalia Hutabarat
v
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A Smooth Sea Never Made a Skilled Sailor.
English proverb
vi
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For
Om Hut and Kak Lam
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the following people who have
supported me in finishing my thesis. I am particularly grateful to Adventina
Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. for being patient in guiding me completing my thesis. I
really appreciate her advice and especially her encouragement to finish my thesis.
I would also express gratitude to my co-advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka,
M.Hum., for his willingness to read and review this thesis, though in a very
limited time. In addition, I would like to thank all the lecturers in English Letters
Department who have shared their knowledge that are very helpful to finish my
thesis. My thank goes to the Secretariat Staff for their best services.
My endless gratitude goes to my parents, who always support me in many
ways. My special thank goes to all of my friends. Thanks to the people I cannot
mention one by one here, who helped me during my study and given their
contributions to this thesis, may God count your kindness. Amen and out.
Media
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL PAGE ........................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................... iii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .......................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ v
MOTTO PAGE .............................................................................................. vi
DEDICATION PAGE .................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ ix
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... xi
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................
A. Background of the Study ................................................................
B. Problem Formulation ......................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................
D. Definition of Terms ........................................................................
1
1
3
4
4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ......................................................
A. Review of Related Studies ..............................................................
B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................
1. Theory of Character and Characterization ..................................
2. Theory of Personality Development ...........................................
3. Theory of Asperger’s Syndrome ................................................
C. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................
6
6
8
8
13
17
21
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................
A. Object of the Study .........................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ....................................................................
C. Method of the Study .......................................................................
23
23
24
25
CHAPTHER IV: ANALYSIS .........................................................................
A. The Characteristics of Jacob Hunt...................................................
1. An Intelligent Person .................................................................
2. Person Who Lacks of Social Skills ............................................
3. Person Who Dislikes Any Changes in Routine ...........................
4. Person Who Shows Lack of Empathy ........................................
5. Person With Odd Facial Expression and Postures ......................
6. A Visual Person .........................................................................
7. A Selfish Person ........................................................................
B. The Effect of Asperger Syndrome in Jacob .....................................
1. Qualitative Impairment in Social Skill in Jacob..........................
2. Restricted, Repetitive, and Stereotyped Patterns of Behaviors
and Interests in Jacob .................................................................
3. Disturbance in Important Area of Functioning in Jacob..............
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26
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37
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40
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43
45
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CHAPTHER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................... 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................... 55
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ABSTRACT
HUTABARAT, MEDIA NATALIA. Personality Development on the Main
Character with Asperger Syndrome in Jodi Picoult’s House Rules.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma
University, 2013.
This thesis discusses the work of Jodi Picoult, House Rules. The novel
presents Jacob Hunt, as the main character, who has Asperger Syndrome. He lives
with his mother and his little brother. His personality development is revealed
when he was in some situations and experiences while helping his brother eluding
from crime scene. In this study, I intend to analyze the personality development of
Jacob Hunt as a person with Asperger Syndrome.
There are two objectives of the study as the base of this analysis. The first
objective is to find out Jacob Hunt personality before he experiences his
personality development. The second objective is to find out the effect of
Asperger Syndrome to his personality development.
This study applies library research as the method. The source is the novel
itself, House Rules, and several books on literary theories and psychological
theories. Theory of character and characterization is used to answer the first
question. Theories of personality development and the psychological approach are
applied to answer the second question.
This research has found two answers to the problems. I find that Jacob as a
person with Asperger’s Syndrome is an intelligent person, person who lacks of
social skills, person who dislikes any changes in routine, person who shows lack
of emphaty, a visual person, person with odd facial expressions and postures and a
selfish person. In the further analysis, I find out that the development of Jacob’s
personality is influenced by his main trait which is Asperger Syndrome. Because
of some difficulties that he experienced in the family, he becomes care to his
family. He develops not to be selfish anymore, and able to give empathy to others.
xi
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ABSTRAK
HUTABARAT, MEDIA NATALIA. Personality Development on the Main
Character with Asperger Syndrome in Jodi Picoult’s House Rules.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma,
2013.
Tesis ini membahas karya Jodi Picoult, House Rules. Novel ini
menampilkan Jacob Hunt sebagai tokoh utama, yang mengidap Sindrom
Asperger. Jacob tinggal bersama ibu dan adik laki-lakinya. Perkembangan
kepribadiannya terlihat ketika dia terjebak dalam beberapa situasi dan pengalaman
saat dia membantu adiknya mengelak dari kasus pembunuhan. Dalam penelitian
ini, saya bermaksud untuk mengetahui perkembangan kepribadian Jacon Hunt
sebagai orang yang mengidap Sindrom Asperger.
Berikut ini adalah tujuan-tujuan penelitian yang mendasari analisa ini.
Pertama adalah untuk mengetahui kepribadian Jacob Hunt sebelum mengalami
perkembangan kepribadiannya. Yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh
Sindrom Asperger terhadap perkembangan kepribadiannya.
Penelitian ini menggunakan studi pustaka sebagai metode. Sumbernya
adalah novel itu sendiri, House Rules, dan beberapa buku teori-teori sastra serta
teori-teori psikologi. Teori penokohan digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan
pertama. Teori-teori perkembangan kepribadian dan pendekatan psikologi
digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua.
Penelitian ini telah menemukan dua jawaban utama. Saya menemukan
bahwa Jacob seorang dengan sindrom Asperger adalah seseorang yang
berwawasan luas, seseorang yang kurang memiliki kecakapan sosial, seseorang
yang tidak menyukai perubahan dalam keseharian, seseorang yang kurang akan
empati, seorang yang visual, seseorang yang memiliki ekspresi wajah dan sikap
yang tidak lazim serta egois. Dalam proses analisis selanjutnya, saya menemukan
bahwa perkembangan kepribadian Jacob dipengaruhi oleh ciri utamanya yakni
seorang yang memiliki Sindrom Asperger. Dikarenakan oleh kesulitan-kesulitan
yang dialami dalam keluarga, Jacob menjadi lebih perhatian kepada keluarganya.
Dia berkembang menjadi tidak egois lagi, dan mampu berempati terhadap orang
lain.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literature is one of many ways for human to express their life
experiences. They can share it in form of work of literature. Human experiences
that are refelected in literature are various. The reflection can be something that
contains values, moral conduct, criticism toward another society, and
psychological aspect. All of it can be a phenomenon that occur in present time. In
the Theory of Literature, the impression that the nature and the function of
literature, so far as they can be put into large general conceptual terms, for
comparison and contrast with the other human activities and values, have not
changed. (Wellek, 1956: 29). It can be said that literature always become a part of
human’s life. Human’s life will be reflected on the work of literature.
In relation to the subject of the book that the writer analyzes, all parents
want their children to be born in good psychological and physical condition, but
sometimes life has other plan. Some are born contrary to their parents’
expectation. They are physically normal but their psychological condition is
different from the normal standard. Parents who accept their child condition treat
them with special treatment, for example they put their children into the special
need school. Special needs’ children act differently from the normal children.
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They have their own ways to express emotion and creativity. Children with
special needs usually have a world of their own.
The writer chooses Jody Picoult’s novel entitled House Rules as the
object of the analysis. This book, the story is about Jacob, a boy who has Asperger
Syndrome. Jacob is the main character in the book. The other character is Emma,
his mother, and Theo, his little brother. It is interesting because the main character
is become the center in the novel. He has personality disorder. There are some
novels talk about personality disorder, but this work is different from the other.
The main character in this novel experienced development personality. In the
beginning, he is only known as an asperger’s who does not care about anything
except himself. As the story goes he begins to pay attention to his family. He is
not suddenly becoming different character, there is some situation that influenced
his development.
The topic of the study is personality development on the main character
with Asperger Syndrome. The topic needs to be studied because the writer wants
to show how children with special needs try to react to their everyday life with
people surround them. In House Rules by Jodi Picoult, we can find that the main
character, Jacob, has a certain disability, an Asperger syndrome or Asperger
disorder that makes him different from normal kids at his age. Usually, kids with
Asperger Syndrome have different ways to live their life. An asperger’s usually
intelligent person, always sees the details, and has another focus. They lack of
social skills, such as being able to read other’s body language, start or maintain a
conversation, and take turns talking. They do not like any changes in routines. Just
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like Jacob, his habit is to analyze the crime scene. This unstoppable curiosity and
all the weird ways created by him make him more special than everyone else in
the novel.
The topic is worth to be analyzed because this kind of personality
disorder, Asperger syndrome is one of the most common personality disorders
occurs in today’s society, therefore why the writer thinks the subject is important
to be studied and analyzed, beside it can also enrich the research related to the
syndrome in literary works. Therefore, it explains that there is relation between
literature and psychology.
By ‘psychology of literature’ we may mean the psychological study of
the writer, as type and as individual, or the study of the creative process,
or the study of psychological types, and laws present within works of
literature, or, finally, the effects of literature upon its readers (audience
psychology). (Welleck, 1956: 81)
Especially in this novel, how a character with Asperger Syndrome can
develope in the story. It does not only show certain psycology disorders but also
make some changing to the literary work.
B. Problem Formulation
1. How is Jacob described in the novel?
2. How
does
development?
Asperger
Syndrome
affect
Jacob’s
personality
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C. Objective of the Study
Objective of the study, specifically, is to answer the two questions in
problem formulation. In this study the objective of study is used for two reasons
based on the problem formulations. First is to analyze the characterization of
Jacob in Jodi Picoult’s House Rules. Second is to find out how Jacob with
Asperger Syndrome affects his character development.
D. Definition of Terms
There are some terms used in this study. Therefore, it is important to
determine the definition of each term to make this study understandable. These
are the terms as follow:
1.
Character
Character are the person is presented in a dramatic or narrative work,
which are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional
qualities through their dialogue and action (Abrams, 1981: 23). Here, Abrams
defines character as a person in the literary work which can be analyzed from the
dialogue and action. Abrams shows how the author represents the characterization
of a character.
2.
Personality Development
According to Elizabeth Hurlock personality development is one’s
condition of dissatisfaction which provodes strong motivation to improve his
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personality pattern (Hurlock, 1974: 119). Person may feel dissatisfaction toward
his/ her friends, family, best friend, people at work, environment or community,
and has a strong feeling to improve their personality.
3.
Asperger’s Syndrome
A disorder where children have normal or even high verbal intelegence,
are curious, and do good schoolwork, but they have limited, fixed interests,
repetitive speech and behaviour, and difficulty understanding social and emotional
cues. (Papalia 2004: 85)
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The writer divides this chapter into three sections. The first section is the
review on the related studies of House Rules. It can be related to the author,
drama, or the topic. The second section is the review on the theories that are
applied to analyze the problem formulation; and the last section is about the
application of the review on related studies and theories.
A. Review of Related Studies
Literary criticism can be the way to understand both the author and the
work. Through literary criticism, the critics give comments, ideas, and reviews
about a particular literary work. In every study, the criticism is needed to support
the idea or the topic discussed. There are some discussions and studies about the
related author, drama, or topic that will be presented to help the writer completing
this study.
House Rules is one of Jodi Picoult’s novels. This novel is one of the best
of Picoult’s works, the topic is different from the other Picoult’s books because
this book bring up Aspeger syndrome as the main subject of the book.
There are some reviews on this book, one of them is reviewed by Maureen
Corrigan for The Washington Post. In the reviews she is agree on how Picoult
keeps so many storyline and it is become easy to praise her technical mastery.
Even though there are so many multiple plots and narrators, indeed, but it is well
managed. Corrigan also interested on what most readers will cherish is the
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character of Jacob Hunt, an 18-year-old high school student with Asperger's
syndrome. She finds the main character should be the interesting point of the
work. Asperger syndrome becomes the rules in Jacob's life and the life of his
family too, which consists of his understandably but guilty younger brother, Theo,
and his ironic and exhausted mom, Emma. Corrigan also said that Picoult's
illustration of Jacob and his family is complex, compassionate and smart. Jacob
the one that always protected by his family. Emma, his mother, who always
worries about Jacob’s incapabilities and Theo’s adolescent behavior such as
breaking into their own house.
In the reviews, Corrigan only touchs the surface of the story. She explains
a little about Jacob and his family. She tells how the story will twisted at the end.
This study will be different from the reviews, because this study will explain more
deeply about Jacob characteristic as an Asperger’s and the development of Jacob’s
characteristics.
The study about Asperger syndrome has already been discussed by some
students in Sanata Dharma. Eunike Satyarini in her thesis Asperger’s Syndrome as
Seen in Christopher Boone’s Characterization in Mark Haddon’s The Curious
Incident of the Dog in the Night-time wrote that the main character has special
point because he also become the narator and the first person in the novel. And in
her study, she focuses on how Haddon as the author of the novel, is focusing on
how the Asperger Syndrome can be seen from the main character’s characteristic.
The writer’s study will be different from Eunike’s work because the character
development will be the main subject with Asperger Syndrome trait as the
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affecting element in the characteristic of the main character in Jodi Picoult’s
House Rules.
B. Review of Related Theories
There are some terms used in this study to help the writer answering the
problem revealed in the problem formulation:
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
a. Character and Characterization
Character as a figure in literary work gives a clue to understand the play.
As M. H. Abrams said that characters presented in a dramatic or narrative work
are “personal who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and
dispositional qualities that are expressed in the what say- the dialogue and by the
what they do- the action” ( Abrams, 1981: 20). Therefore, character is the people
in the dramatic or narrative work that is determined by the readers from the way
they talk and the behavior they have. Barnet, Burto, Ferris, and Rabkin mention
that there are two types of character usually presented in a literary work. A flat
character represents a single trait, and his behavior is thoroughly predictable,
while a round character has many traits, and his behavior is sometimes unexpected
through credible ( Barnet, 2001: 1515). Thus, from the development of the
character, the writer can determine whether the character is round of flat one.
Abrams stated in A Glossary of Literary Terms that there are two ways to
present a character, they are “showing” and “telling”. In “showing”, the author
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presents his characters talking and acting, and let the reader to conclude what
motives dispositions lay behind what they say and do. While in “telling”, the
author himself intervenes to describe and evaluates the motives and dispositional
quality of his characters (Abrams, 1981: 2). Characters will be shaped by the
author’s imagination. Using the character’s performance and personality, the
literary work can be understandable by the readers. Therefore, the description of
the character and the way they act can describe the characterization of the
character.
Graham Little in Approach to Literature: An Introduction to Critical Study
of Content and Method in Writing, offered three ways to evaluate a character.
There are:
1.
His or her basic characteristics. This can be seen from:
a. The physical condition of the character, including his or her age.
In the novel, Jacob character himself mentioned that he may be autistic.
An eighteen years old teenager who is really curious about lightning,
polymerase chain reaction, famous movie quotes, and he can memorize the
periodic table without even trying. He distracts being not look alike his
brother.
We look alike polar opposites - his hair is so fine and blond it could pass
for silver; mine is dark and gets bushy if i do not have it cut religiously
every three weeks (actually, part of the reason I get it cut every three
weeks is that three is good, safe number, unlike four, for example, and the
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only way I can handle someone touching my hair is if i know it’s coming
in advance). (Picoult, 2010 : 23)
b. The social relationship, which mean the personal relationship with other
characters, or wider social relationship, such as social class and
occupation.
c. The mental qualities that are the typical way of thinking, feeling, and
acting.
2.
His or her appearance from various points of view, this includes:
a. How a character sees him or her.
b. How various other characters see him or her.
c. How he or she develops, or fails to develop during the course of the story.
3.
His or her place to work
a. The treatment of the author (sketched or fully rounded portrayed
descriptively
or
dramatically,
treated
sympathetically
or
unsympathetically).
b. His or her place in the story (a leading character or a minor one).
c. His or her relation to the theme, for example whether the character
embodies something important the author has to say ( Little, 1981: 93).
From his or her basic characteristics, his or her appearance from various points of
view, and his or her place to work, the characteristics of a character can be
analyzed. It does not give attention to the description of a character but also, the
another perspective of the character that can be seen from various points of view.
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According to Holman and Harmon, the characterization is divided into
three fundamental methods as quoted in the following.
a. the explicit presentation by the author of the character through exposition,
illustrated by action;
b. the presentation of the character in action that the reader will be able to
deduce the attributes of the actor from the actions;
c. The representation within a character of the impact of actions and emotions on
the character’s inner self, that the reader will understand the attributes of the
character clearly (Holman and Harmon, 1986: 81).
M. J. Murphy in Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English
Poetry and English Novel for Overseas Students also provides nine ways of author
to show the character’s characteristics and traits to the readers in literary work.
Those ways are:
a. Personal description
Personal description can be seen by the author’s description of the character. The
description can be about the appearance or the clothes of the character.
b. Character as Seen by Another
The author can describe the characteristics of a character by showing the
comments, opinion, or points from another character. Thus, the readers can get
information about the character’s characterization.
c. Speech
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The author can give to the readers an insight into the characterization through
what that character says. The clues can be given whenever a character speaks,
having some conversations with another, puts forward an opinion so, the readers
can get some information about the characterization revealed through the speech
between the others.
d. Past life
The reader can learn something about a character’s past life. The clues that are
given by the author can be related to the events at that time that have helped to
shape a character’s characteristics. The clues can be a direct comment, such as the
person’s thought, through the conversation each other or the medium of another
person.
e. Conversation of Others
The clues can be given in the conversation between the characters. From the
conversation can get some information about a character’s characteristics.
f. Reactions
The author can also give the clues of a character’s characteristics from the
reaction of the character over various situations and events. The readers can judge
the character’s characteristics on how the character faces particular situations and
events.
g. Direct Comments
The author can describe or comment on a person’s character by using direct
comments. The author gives the opinion about the character directly.
h. Thoughts
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The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. Using
the character’s thought, the readers can see the author’s imagination through the
character’s mind.
i. Mannerism
The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which
may also tell us something about his character.
2. Theory of Personality Development
There are so many theories in describe personality. To describe the
definition of personality, some theories make their own idea and elaborate it in a
variety of ways. The word “personality” is come from Latin persona, which
referred to a theatrical mask worn by roman actors in Greek dramas. These
ancient Roman actors wore a mask (persona) to project a role or false appearance.
It is stated in Theories of Personality by Jess Gregory Feist (2006:3). This is only
a surface view of personality which is not yet a definition of personality.
According to Rene Wellek and Austin Warren, the psychology of literasure means
that psychologycal study of the writer or the study of the creative process that
includes the reader’s response (1956:81). The reader’s literary works such as
novel, prose and poetry. It shows the closeness relation between literature and
psychology.
As Pikunas states, the personality patterns established during childhood are
modiffied greatly during adolescence, when new developments and experiences
complicate the adolescence’s life (1976:271).
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More statement from Pikunas, personality is a dynamic of traits, attitudes,
habits producing a varying degree of consistency in the total response repertoire
of individual (Pikunas, 1976: 272). Personality is the combination of
characteristics, attitudes, and customs delivering various kind of individual.
Hurlock states in Personality Development, that personality can change the
development can be done in “the individual’s physical and psychological
characteristics”. Moreover, when the process of developing deals with “patterning
one’s self concept, habits, and attitudes, emotional states, and motives” it becomes
more complex (1974: 7). Personality develops during someone life, the event they
encountered and the experience they get will bring their challenges,
responsibilities and conflicts.
Personality development can be divided into several major stages.
According to Hurlock in Child Development (1978: 41), there are five major
developmental periods; first, prenatal period is a period before a baby born;
usually the development is going rapidly. Second, infancy is the first time when a
new born baby should adapt to the new environment. Third, babyhood is two
weeks up to two years after the baby was born in this stage the baby tries to be
independent.
Fourth, childhood is divided into two stages: early childhood and late
childhood. In early period, the child tries to imitate others and tries to exist in their
environment and starts to make a social relationship. Later in late childhood,
children experience sexual maturity and start adolescence period in this period
socialization is the major development. Fifth, puberty is the great transformation
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from a child becomes an adult. Determining human development does not only
depend on the biological development, but also some factors that influence the
development. Hurlock states in Personality Development.
There are three major factors at work in determining the development of the
personality pattern: First, the individual’s hereditary endowment; second,
early experiences within family; third, important events in later life outside
the home environment. (Hurlock, 1974: 19)
To analyze a person’s personality development, it is needed to see some
factors that may influence her or his personality. According to Hurlock, there are
two kinds of influence taht shape a child’s personality. The influence comes from
their family and environment. The first influence comes from the family. There
are two kinds of influence from family on a child personality according to
Hurlock (1974: 352-353).
a.
Direct Influence
The parents give the direct influence by using “child-training method”
to shape their children personality pattern based on the norm of the social
group with they are recognized. It is called personality transmission.
Through communication, family members especially parents try to influence
the personality development of other members. The parents teach about
norms and attitudes by showing them how to encounter a certain situation,
how should they feel and behave in different condition. Others way of
personality transmission are parents pointing out the qualities in other
people, things and situations taht the children should value.
b.
Indirect Influence
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The indirect influence means that the children get the influence from
“the identification with family members whom they admire, respect and love
and whom they either consciously or unconsciouly imitate. “ The family
members mold a child’s personality indirectly such as when the child
admires and loves someone, she or he tries to shape his or her own
personality after the person.
It happpens in a child’s life, the example is in the childhood, adolescence
and adult as a process of learning. It happens to the child when she or he
recognizes with a parent. The children may have a similar pattern of personality
with their parents. The example is children with careful, warm and lovely parents
usually become attractive person and will show carefulness, warmth, and love for
people outside the home. A family also influences a child’s self-concept indirectly
through a ‘mirror image’ of her or himself. The greatest influence comes from the
parents and siblings which are closer than others. Family is the most important
part during childhood. This period is the tme when the young children spend most
of their time, gain many significant social skills and develop their attitudes,
behavior, beliefs and values.
Hurlock states that an individual’s personality pattern is the product of
learning during the course of social relationship with people both within and
outside the house ( Hurlock, 1974: 19). People will face different and new fact in
their life that carry them into a stage of development. The development comes
from the relation of people with family and other people outside the house. Each
person’s personality changes and develops into more balanced as many
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experiences they have. People usually develop in useful ways to improve their
life’s quality. Therefore, a change can be said as turning into better or worse while
develop tends to be turning into better.
Additionally, Pikunas in Human Development: an Emergent Science 3rd
Edition mentions six factors and experiences appear in adolescence and modify
the personality as follows:
1.
Acquisition of adult physique
2.
Sexual maturation, accompanied by new derives and emotion
3.
Greater self-awareness, resulting in a heightened desire for self-direction
and reevaluation of standards, goals, and ideals
4.
The need for companionship, with prime emphasis on heterosexual
friendships
5.
Treatment by parent and peers
6.
Conflict arising from the adolescence’s personality development (Pikunas,
1976: 271)
3. Theory of Asperger’s Syndrome
Asperger’s syndrome can be revealed in some behaviors. It is possible to put
behaviors as clue because some particular behaviors appear as Asperger’s
syndrome symptoms. These behavior usually are caused by some delays in brain.
Ritvo in Understanding the nature of Autism and Asperger’s Disorder explained
what happened at first when these behaviors were studied by Dr. Hans Asperger.
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Dr. Hans Asperger studied a group whom had some autism symptoms but they did
not fit with the standard diagnostic of autism. These people had normal
intelligence and they had no delay in when they began talking. They were just
people were just often called as socially blind.
Ritvo specifies some Asperger’s syndrome symptoms in his book,
Understanding the Nature of Autism and Asperger’s Disorder. These symptoms
mainly are relevant to social skills and particular patterns of restricted, repetitive,
and stereotyped patterns of behaviors and interests. People with Asperger’s
Syndrome are hard to read social clues. One by one of these symptoms will be
explained further below here:
a.
Qualitative Impairment in Social Skill
Most symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome are related to lack of social skills’s
capacity. No wonder if many people with Asperger’s syndrome are the same as
what Ritvo has mentioned in his book; socially blind. There are 3 points of
Asperger’s syndrome here. First impairment has something to do with social
interaction regulation. The examples of this are lack of eye-to-eye gaze and
incapability of reading facial expression. Ritvo mentions in his book that “ it is the
process information about our self-image. It is the part that processes information
about self-awarness, how we think about ourselves, our awarness of how other
people think and feel about us and themselves, and the meaning and importance of
social clues. (Ritvo 2006: 43). People with Asperger syndrome are unable to read
social clues.
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This is caused by developmental delays in processing the symbolic of
information. Second is incapability to interpret jokes, sarcasm, and metaphor.
Sentences with layer are difficult to be understood since they make those with
Asperger Syndrome get confused. There is futher explanation from Ritvo that is
mentioned in the book.
Jokes and analogies are hard to deal with becasue of their highly symbolic
nature. Many jokes are funny becasue you have to connect things in your
mind that usually are not connected. If you have concrete thinking anf
trouble with catching on the subtle symbolic meanings, you will keep
missing the point of such jokes. Puns, sarcasm, and hostile humor are
equally difficult for the same reason. (Ritvo 2006: 45)
Third is incapability of reading emotional cues. This can be seen from their
disability to read other people’s feeling. People with Asperger syndrome tend to
appear as a cold person since they have lack of empathy. Ritvo gives example of
this incapability in Understanding the Nature of Autism and Asperger’s Disorder.
One young man confessed that he couldn’t tell from someone’s tone of
voice how that person was feeling, just as he couldn’t tell what his own tone
of voice meant. The content and the feeling were not automatically
symbolically connected. He “confessed” with much difficulty that he had to
“ learn” to “read” feeling when he got to high school so he wouldn’t “look
stupid” to the other kids and his teachers. (Ritvo, 2006: 45)
b.
Restricted, Repetitive, and Stereotyped Patterns of Behaviors and
Interests
Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviors and interests are
second group of symptoms. There are three points which are relevant to analyze
Jodi Picoult’s House Rules written by Ritvo in Understanding the Nature of
Autism and Asperger’s Disorder. They are suitable to explain interests, non
functional routines or rituals, and also motor mannerism.
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The first is having restricted and stereotyped patterns of interests. When
somebody has restricted and stereotyped patterns of interests, these interests will
dominate his mind most of the time. He or she will keep talking abaout particular
things like which in the same time make them have “specialty” in this particular
things. Ritvo describes these patterns of behavior and interest by giving an
example abaout a college professor who is so good at the subject he teaches and
he keens on get to know more about these subjects without giving the same focus
on the other aspects of life.
He is a college professor who knows all there is to know about his subject
and knows it in a rote and structured manner. While he is well-respected
international authority in his field, he has no interest in or knowledge of
what his wife, his kids, and the rest of the world are like... This example is a
classic example of how one section (interest) can drawn out all the others.
His thinking is concrete and this type of thinking is busy day and night
memorizing facts related to his area of interests and replying them in his
mind over and over again. (Ritvo, 2006: 40)
Ritvo explains more in his writing that “they do not think “naturally” just the way
we do. For them, “specialty” type of thinking overwhelms all their other types of
thinking” (Ritvo, 2006:43)
Secondly, having inflexibility to specific and non functional routine or
rituals. In this area of symptom, Ritvo gives some examples in Understanding the
Nature of Autism and Asperger’s Disorder. These examples are realted to how
picky those people with Asperger’s syndrome toward what they consume though
in real situation, this behavior may appear in other forms.
“ He will only eat Big Macs, “ He will only eat cheese pizza, “ “ He will
only eat pizza from the one special Dominos,” “She will only eat soft
noodles,” “He will only-.” Such fussy food fads are so common they go
without saying . these taste fads can change haourly, daily, or last for weeks.
(Ritvo, 2006: 32)
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The last point is stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerism. People with
Asperger’s syndrome have problem with sensory-motor delay. This delay appears
in some stereotyped and repetitive behaviors such as rubbing things with fingers,
spinning things, lunging back and forth, flapping fingers, and groaning. According
to Ritvo, this happens becasue “their repetitive behaviors were internally driven,
not under voluntary control, and could be modified (decreased) only to a point.”
(Ritvo, 2006: 29) As further explanation, Ritvo tells about one of his patients.
We know one patient with Asperger’s disorder who worked as an electronic
technician. She set up a strobe light in her lab and stared at it for a few
minutes each hour every workday. She had another one at home for the
weekends. She said it calmed her and helped her focus her thoughts. (Ritvo,
2006: 31)
c.
Disturbance in Important Area of Functioning
Disturbance which is caused by symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome can
cause significant impairment in some aspects of life. Many of people with
Asperger’s syndrome have problem in their life because they are not adaptive
enough. The problem usually appears in important area of functiong such as in the
family and at work.
D. Theoretical Framework
The related theory and studies are taken as the base to answer the problem
formulation. In this study, the writer uses the library research to gather the data
and psychological approach as the approach to analyze the topic since the topic is
related to human personality.
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The writer uses some theory about the character and characterization to
answer the first problem. From the theory of character and characterization, the
writer can analyze the characteristics of Jacob as the main character in the novel.
The second question is answered by using some theories of psychology, by
using these theories the writer can get the main point of personality development
in order to make analysis of the study.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Object of the Study
This study discusses a novel b
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ABSTRACT
HUTABARAT, MEDIA NATALIA. The Effect of Asperger Syndrome in the
Main Character’s Personality Development in Jodi Picoult’s House Rules.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma
University, 2013.
This thesis discusses the work of Jodi Picoult, House Rules. The novel presents
Jacob Hunt, as the main character, who has Asperger Syndrome. He lives with his
mother and his little brother. His personality development is revealed when he was in
some situations and experiences while helping his brother eluding from crime scene.
In this study, I intend to analyze the personality development of Jacob Hunt as a
person with Asperger Syndrome.
There are two objectives of the study as the base of this analysis. The first
objective is to find out Jacob Hunt personality before he experiences his personality
development. The second objective is to find out the effect of Asperger Syndrome to
his personality development.
This study applies library research as the method. The source is the novel itself,
House Rules, and several books on literary theories and psychological theories.
Theory of character and characterization is used to answer the first question. Theories
of personality development and the psychological approach are applied to answer the
second question.
This research has found two answers to the problems. I find that Jacob as a
person with Asperger’s Syndrome is an intelligent person, person who lacks of social
skills, person who dislikes any changes in routine, person who shows lack of
emphaty, a visual person, person with odd facial expressions and postures and a
selfish person. In the further analysis, I find out that the development of Jacob’s
personality is influenced by his main trait which is Asperger Syndrome. Because of
some difficulties that he experienced in the family, he becomes care to his family. He
develops not to be selfish anymore, and able to give empathy to others.
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ABSTRAK
HUTABARAT, MEDIA NATALIA. The Effect of Asperger Syndrome in the
Main Character’s Personality Development in Jodi Picoult’s House Rules.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma,
2013.
Tesis ini membahas karya Jodi Picoult, House Rules. Novel ini menampilkan
Jacob Hunt sebagai tokoh utama, yang mengidap Sindrom Asperger. Jacob tinggal
bersama ibu dan adik laki-lakinya. Perkembangan kepribadiannya terlihat ketika dia
terjebak dalam beberapa situasi dan pengalaman saat dia membantu adiknya
mengelak dari kasus pembunuhan. Dalam penelitian ini, saya bermaksud untuk
mengetahui perkembangan kepribadian Jacon Hunt sebagai orang yang mengidap
Sindrom Asperger.
Berikut ini adalah tujuan-tujuan penelitian yang mendasari analisa ini. Pertama
adalah untuk mengetahui kepribadian Jacob Hunt sebelum mengalami perkembangan
kepribadiannya. Yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh Sindrom Asperger
terhadap perkembangan kepribadiannya.
Penelitian ini menggunakan studi pustaka sebagai metode. Sumbernya adalah
novel itu sendiri, House Rules, dan beberapa buku teori-teori sastra serta teori-teori
psikologi. Teori penokohan digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan pertama. Teoriteori perkembangan kepribadian dan pendekatan psikologi digunakan untuk
menjawab pertanyaan kedua.
Penelitian ini telah menemukan dua jawaban utama. Saya menemukan bahwa
Jacob seorang dengan sindrom Asperger adalah seseorang yang berwawasan luas,
seseorang yang kurang memiliki kecakapan sosial, seseorang yang tidak menyukai
perubahan dalam keseharian, seseorang yang kurang akan empati, seorang yang
visual, seseorang yang memiliki ekspresi wajah dan sikap yang tidak lazim serta
egois. Dalam proses analisis selanjutnya, saya menemukan bahwa perkembangan
kepribadian Jacob dipengaruhi oleh ciri utamanya yakni seorang yang memiliki
Sindrom Asperger. Dikarenakan oleh kesulitan-kesulitan yang dialami dalam
keluarga, Jacob menjadi lebih perhatian kepada keluarganya. Dia berkembang
menjadi tidak egois lagi, dan mampu berempati terhadap orang lain.
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THE EFFECT OF ASPERGER SYNDROME IN THE
MAIN CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT IN JODI PICOULT’S HOUSE RULES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
MEDIA NATALIA HUTABARAT
Student Number: 064214041
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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THE EFFECT OF ASPERGER SYNDROME IN THE
MAIN CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY
DEVELOPMENT IN JODI PICOULT’S HOUSE RULES
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
in English Letters
By
MEDIA NATALIA HUTABARAT
Student Number: 064214041
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAM
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2013
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LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertandatangan dibawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma:
Nama
Nomor Mahasiswa
: Media Natalia Hutabarat
: 064214041
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada perpustakaan
Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul:
THE EFFECT OF ASPERGER SYNDROME IN THE MAIN
CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN JODI
PICOULT’S HOUSE RULES
Beserta perangkat yang di perlukan (bila ada). Dengan demikian saya memberikan
kepada perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan,
mengalihkan dalam bentuk lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pengkalan data,
mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dam mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media
lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu ijin kepada saya maupun
memberikan loyalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai
penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini saya buat dengan sebenarnya.
Dibuat di Yogyakarta
Pada tanggal: 8 Oktober 2013
Yang menyatakan
(Media Natalia Hutabarat)
iv
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STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY
This thesis entitled “THE EFFECT OF ASPERGER SYNDROME IN THE
MAIN CHARACTER’S PERSONALITY DEVELOPMENT IN JODI
PICOULT’S HOUSE RULE” is purely made by the thesis writer. The writer
understands the full consequences including degree cancelation if she took
somebody’s ideas without proper references.
Yogyakarta, October 8, 2013
Media Natalia Hutabarat
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A Smooth Sea Never Made a Skilled Sailor.
English proverb
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For
Om Hut and Kak Lam
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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I would like to take this opportunity to thank the following people who have
supported me in finishing my thesis. I am particularly grateful to Adventina
Putranti, S.S., M.Hum. for being patient in guiding me completing my thesis. I
really appreciate her advice and especially her encouragement to finish my thesis.
I would also express gratitude to my co-advisor, Drs. Hirmawan Wijanarka,
M.Hum., for his willingness to read and review this thesis, though in a very
limited time. In addition, I would like to thank all the lecturers in English Letters
Department who have shared their knowledge that are very helpful to finish my
thesis. My thank goes to the Secretariat Staff for their best services.
My endless gratitude goes to my parents, who always support me in many
ways. My special thank goes to all of my friends. Thanks to the people I cannot
mention one by one here, who helped me during my study and given their
contributions to this thesis, may God count your kindness. Amen and out.
Media
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ................................................................................................. i
APPROVAL PAGE ........................................................................................ ii
ACCEPTANCE PAGE ................................................................................... iii
LEMBAR PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .......................................................... iv
STATEMENT OF ORIGINALITY ................................................................ v
MOTTO PAGE .............................................................................................. vi
DEDICATION PAGE .................................................................................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................ ix
ABSTRACT ................................................................................................... xi
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... xii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ....................................................................
A. Background of the Study ................................................................
B. Problem Formulation ......................................................................
C. Objectives of the Study ...................................................................
D. Definition of Terms ........................................................................
1
1
3
4
4
CHAPTER II: THEORETICAL REVIEW ......................................................
A. Review of Related Studies ..............................................................
B. Review of Related Theories ............................................................
1. Theory of Character and Characterization ..................................
2. Theory of Personality Development ...........................................
3. Theory of Asperger’s Syndrome ................................................
C. Theoretical Framework ...................................................................
6
6
8
8
13
17
21
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .................................................................
A. Object of the Study .........................................................................
B. Approach of the Study ....................................................................
C. Method of the Study .......................................................................
23
23
24
25
CHAPTHER IV: ANALYSIS .........................................................................
A. The Characteristics of Jacob Hunt...................................................
1. An Intelligent Person .................................................................
2. Person Who Lacks of Social Skills ............................................
3. Person Who Dislikes Any Changes in Routine ...........................
4. Person Who Shows Lack of Empathy ........................................
5. Person With Odd Facial Expression and Postures ......................
6. A Visual Person .........................................................................
7. A Selfish Person ........................................................................
B. The Effect of Asperger Syndrome in Jacob .....................................
1. Qualitative Impairment in Social Skill in Jacob..........................
2. Restricted, Repetitive, and Stereotyped Patterns of Behaviors
and Interests in Jacob .................................................................
3. Disturbance in Important Area of Functioning in Jacob..............
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CHAPTHER V: CONCLUSION .................................................................... 51
BIBLIOGRAPHY........................................................................................... 55
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ABSTRACT
HUTABARAT, MEDIA NATALIA. Personality Development on the Main
Character with Asperger Syndrome in Jodi Picoult’s House Rules.
Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Letters, Sanata Dharma
University, 2013.
This thesis discusses the work of Jodi Picoult, House Rules. The novel
presents Jacob Hunt, as the main character, who has Asperger Syndrome. He lives
with his mother and his little brother. His personality development is revealed
when he was in some situations and experiences while helping his brother eluding
from crime scene. In this study, I intend to analyze the personality development of
Jacob Hunt as a person with Asperger Syndrome.
There are two objectives of the study as the base of this analysis. The first
objective is to find out Jacob Hunt personality before he experiences his
personality development. The second objective is to find out the effect of
Asperger Syndrome to his personality development.
This study applies library research as the method. The source is the novel
itself, House Rules, and several books on literary theories and psychological
theories. Theory of character and characterization is used to answer the first
question. Theories of personality development and the psychological approach are
applied to answer the second question.
This research has found two answers to the problems. I find that Jacob as a
person with Asperger’s Syndrome is an intelligent person, person who lacks of
social skills, person who dislikes any changes in routine, person who shows lack
of emphaty, a visual person, person with odd facial expressions and postures and a
selfish person. In the further analysis, I find out that the development of Jacob’s
personality is influenced by his main trait which is Asperger Syndrome. Because
of some difficulties that he experienced in the family, he becomes care to his
family. He develops not to be selfish anymore, and able to give empathy to others.
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ABSTRAK
HUTABARAT, MEDIA NATALIA. Personality Development on the Main
Character with Asperger Syndrome in Jodi Picoult’s House Rules.
Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas Sanata Dharma,
2013.
Tesis ini membahas karya Jodi Picoult, House Rules. Novel ini
menampilkan Jacob Hunt sebagai tokoh utama, yang mengidap Sindrom
Asperger. Jacob tinggal bersama ibu dan adik laki-lakinya. Perkembangan
kepribadiannya terlihat ketika dia terjebak dalam beberapa situasi dan pengalaman
saat dia membantu adiknya mengelak dari kasus pembunuhan. Dalam penelitian
ini, saya bermaksud untuk mengetahui perkembangan kepribadian Jacon Hunt
sebagai orang yang mengidap Sindrom Asperger.
Berikut ini adalah tujuan-tujuan penelitian yang mendasari analisa ini.
Pertama adalah untuk mengetahui kepribadian Jacob Hunt sebelum mengalami
perkembangan kepribadiannya. Yang kedua adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh
Sindrom Asperger terhadap perkembangan kepribadiannya.
Penelitian ini menggunakan studi pustaka sebagai metode. Sumbernya
adalah novel itu sendiri, House Rules, dan beberapa buku teori-teori sastra serta
teori-teori psikologi. Teori penokohan digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan
pertama. Teori-teori perkembangan kepribadian dan pendekatan psikologi
digunakan untuk menjawab pertanyaan kedua.
Penelitian ini telah menemukan dua jawaban utama. Saya menemukan
bahwa Jacob seorang dengan sindrom Asperger adalah seseorang yang
berwawasan luas, seseorang yang kurang memiliki kecakapan sosial, seseorang
yang tidak menyukai perubahan dalam keseharian, seseorang yang kurang akan
empati, seorang yang visual, seseorang yang memiliki ekspresi wajah dan sikap
yang tidak lazim serta egois. Dalam proses analisis selanjutnya, saya menemukan
bahwa perkembangan kepribadian Jacob dipengaruhi oleh ciri utamanya yakni
seorang yang memiliki Sindrom Asperger. Dikarenakan oleh kesulitan-kesulitan
yang dialami dalam keluarga, Jacob menjadi lebih perhatian kepada keluarganya.
Dia berkembang menjadi tidak egois lagi, dan mampu berempati terhadap orang
lain.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
Literature is one of many ways for human to express their life
experiences. They can share it in form of work of literature. Human experiences
that are refelected in literature are various. The reflection can be something that
contains values, moral conduct, criticism toward another society, and
psychological aspect. All of it can be a phenomenon that occur in present time. In
the Theory of Literature, the impression that the nature and the function of
literature, so far as they can be put into large general conceptual terms, for
comparison and contrast with the other human activities and values, have not
changed. (Wellek, 1956: 29). It can be said that literature always become a part of
human’s life. Human’s life will be reflected on the work of literature.
In relation to the subject of the book that the writer analyzes, all parents
want their children to be born in good psychological and physical condition, but
sometimes life has other plan. Some are born contrary to their parents’
expectation. They are physically normal but their psychological condition is
different from the normal standard. Parents who accept their child condition treat
them with special treatment, for example they put their children into the special
need school. Special needs’ children act differently from the normal children.
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They have their own ways to express emotion and creativity. Children with
special needs usually have a world of their own.
The writer chooses Jody Picoult’s novel entitled House Rules as the
object of the analysis. This book, the story is about Jacob, a boy who has Asperger
Syndrome. Jacob is the main character in the book. The other character is Emma,
his mother, and Theo, his little brother. It is interesting because the main character
is become the center in the novel. He has personality disorder. There are some
novels talk about personality disorder, but this work is different from the other.
The main character in this novel experienced development personality. In the
beginning, he is only known as an asperger’s who does not care about anything
except himself. As the story goes he begins to pay attention to his family. He is
not suddenly becoming different character, there is some situation that influenced
his development.
The topic of the study is personality development on the main character
with Asperger Syndrome. The topic needs to be studied because the writer wants
to show how children with special needs try to react to their everyday life with
people surround them. In House Rules by Jodi Picoult, we can find that the main
character, Jacob, has a certain disability, an Asperger syndrome or Asperger
disorder that makes him different from normal kids at his age. Usually, kids with
Asperger Syndrome have different ways to live their life. An asperger’s usually
intelligent person, always sees the details, and has another focus. They lack of
social skills, such as being able to read other’s body language, start or maintain a
conversation, and take turns talking. They do not like any changes in routines. Just
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like Jacob, his habit is to analyze the crime scene. This unstoppable curiosity and
all the weird ways created by him make him more special than everyone else in
the novel.
The topic is worth to be analyzed because this kind of personality
disorder, Asperger syndrome is one of the most common personality disorders
occurs in today’s society, therefore why the writer thinks the subject is important
to be studied and analyzed, beside it can also enrich the research related to the
syndrome in literary works. Therefore, it explains that there is relation between
literature and psychology.
By ‘psychology of literature’ we may mean the psychological study of
the writer, as type and as individual, or the study of the creative process,
or the study of psychological types, and laws present within works of
literature, or, finally, the effects of literature upon its readers (audience
psychology). (Welleck, 1956: 81)
Especially in this novel, how a character with Asperger Syndrome can
develope in the story. It does not only show certain psycology disorders but also
make some changing to the literary work.
B. Problem Formulation
1. How is Jacob described in the novel?
2. How
does
development?
Asperger
Syndrome
affect
Jacob’s
personality
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C. Objective of the Study
Objective of the study, specifically, is to answer the two questions in
problem formulation. In this study the objective of study is used for two reasons
based on the problem formulations. First is to analyze the characterization of
Jacob in Jodi Picoult’s House Rules. Second is to find out how Jacob with
Asperger Syndrome affects his character development.
D. Definition of Terms
There are some terms used in this study. Therefore, it is important to
determine the definition of each term to make this study understandable. These
are the terms as follow:
1.
Character
Character are the person is presented in a dramatic or narrative work,
which are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and dispositional
qualities through their dialogue and action (Abrams, 1981: 23). Here, Abrams
defines character as a person in the literary work which can be analyzed from the
dialogue and action. Abrams shows how the author represents the characterization
of a character.
2.
Personality Development
According to Elizabeth Hurlock personality development is one’s
condition of dissatisfaction which provodes strong motivation to improve his
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personality pattern (Hurlock, 1974: 119). Person may feel dissatisfaction toward
his/ her friends, family, best friend, people at work, environment or community,
and has a strong feeling to improve their personality.
3.
Asperger’s Syndrome
A disorder where children have normal or even high verbal intelegence,
are curious, and do good schoolwork, but they have limited, fixed interests,
repetitive speech and behaviour, and difficulty understanding social and emotional
cues. (Papalia 2004: 85)
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
The writer divides this chapter into three sections. The first section is the
review on the related studies of House Rules. It can be related to the author,
drama, or the topic. The second section is the review on the theories that are
applied to analyze the problem formulation; and the last section is about the
application of the review on related studies and theories.
A. Review of Related Studies
Literary criticism can be the way to understand both the author and the
work. Through literary criticism, the critics give comments, ideas, and reviews
about a particular literary work. In every study, the criticism is needed to support
the idea or the topic discussed. There are some discussions and studies about the
related author, drama, or topic that will be presented to help the writer completing
this study.
House Rules is one of Jodi Picoult’s novels. This novel is one of the best
of Picoult’s works, the topic is different from the other Picoult’s books because
this book bring up Aspeger syndrome as the main subject of the book.
There are some reviews on this book, one of them is reviewed by Maureen
Corrigan for The Washington Post. In the reviews she is agree on how Picoult
keeps so many storyline and it is become easy to praise her technical mastery.
Even though there are so many multiple plots and narrators, indeed, but it is well
managed. Corrigan also interested on what most readers will cherish is the
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character of Jacob Hunt, an 18-year-old high school student with Asperger's
syndrome. She finds the main character should be the interesting point of the
work. Asperger syndrome becomes the rules in Jacob's life and the life of his
family too, which consists of his understandably but guilty younger brother, Theo,
and his ironic and exhausted mom, Emma. Corrigan also said that Picoult's
illustration of Jacob and his family is complex, compassionate and smart. Jacob
the one that always protected by his family. Emma, his mother, who always
worries about Jacob’s incapabilities and Theo’s adolescent behavior such as
breaking into their own house.
In the reviews, Corrigan only touchs the surface of the story. She explains
a little about Jacob and his family. She tells how the story will twisted at the end.
This study will be different from the reviews, because this study will explain more
deeply about Jacob characteristic as an Asperger’s and the development of Jacob’s
characteristics.
The study about Asperger syndrome has already been discussed by some
students in Sanata Dharma. Eunike Satyarini in her thesis Asperger’s Syndrome as
Seen in Christopher Boone’s Characterization in Mark Haddon’s The Curious
Incident of the Dog in the Night-time wrote that the main character has special
point because he also become the narator and the first person in the novel. And in
her study, she focuses on how Haddon as the author of the novel, is focusing on
how the Asperger Syndrome can be seen from the main character’s characteristic.
The writer’s study will be different from Eunike’s work because the character
development will be the main subject with Asperger Syndrome trait as the
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affecting element in the characteristic of the main character in Jodi Picoult’s
House Rules.
B. Review of Related Theories
There are some terms used in this study to help the writer answering the
problem revealed in the problem formulation:
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
a. Character and Characterization
Character as a figure in literary work gives a clue to understand the play.
As M. H. Abrams said that characters presented in a dramatic or narrative work
are “personal who are interpreted by the reader as being endowed with moral and
dispositional qualities that are expressed in the what say- the dialogue and by the
what they do- the action” ( Abrams, 1981: 20). Therefore, character is the people
in the dramatic or narrative work that is determined by the readers from the way
they talk and the behavior they have. Barnet, Burto, Ferris, and Rabkin mention
that there are two types of character usually presented in a literary work. A flat
character represents a single trait, and his behavior is thoroughly predictable,
while a round character has many traits, and his behavior is sometimes unexpected
through credible ( Barnet, 2001: 1515). Thus, from the development of the
character, the writer can determine whether the character is round of flat one.
Abrams stated in A Glossary of Literary Terms that there are two ways to
present a character, they are “showing” and “telling”. In “showing”, the author
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presents his characters talking and acting, and let the reader to conclude what
motives dispositions lay behind what they say and do. While in “telling”, the
author himself intervenes to describe and evaluates the motives and dispositional
quality of his characters (Abrams, 1981: 2). Characters will be shaped by the
author’s imagination. Using the character’s performance and personality, the
literary work can be understandable by the readers. Therefore, the description of
the character and the way they act can describe the characterization of the
character.
Graham Little in Approach to Literature: An Introduction to Critical Study
of Content and Method in Writing, offered three ways to evaluate a character.
There are:
1.
His or her basic characteristics. This can be seen from:
a. The physical condition of the character, including his or her age.
In the novel, Jacob character himself mentioned that he may be autistic.
An eighteen years old teenager who is really curious about lightning,
polymerase chain reaction, famous movie quotes, and he can memorize the
periodic table without even trying. He distracts being not look alike his
brother.
We look alike polar opposites - his hair is so fine and blond it could pass
for silver; mine is dark and gets bushy if i do not have it cut religiously
every three weeks (actually, part of the reason I get it cut every three
weeks is that three is good, safe number, unlike four, for example, and the
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only way I can handle someone touching my hair is if i know it’s coming
in advance). (Picoult, 2010 : 23)
b. The social relationship, which mean the personal relationship with other
characters, or wider social relationship, such as social class and
occupation.
c. The mental qualities that are the typical way of thinking, feeling, and
acting.
2.
His or her appearance from various points of view, this includes:
a. How a character sees him or her.
b. How various other characters see him or her.
c. How he or she develops, or fails to develop during the course of the story.
3.
His or her place to work
a. The treatment of the author (sketched or fully rounded portrayed
descriptively
or
dramatically,
treated
sympathetically
or
unsympathetically).
b. His or her place in the story (a leading character or a minor one).
c. His or her relation to the theme, for example whether the character
embodies something important the author has to say ( Little, 1981: 93).
From his or her basic characteristics, his or her appearance from various points of
view, and his or her place to work, the characteristics of a character can be
analyzed. It does not give attention to the description of a character but also, the
another perspective of the character that can be seen from various points of view.
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According to Holman and Harmon, the characterization is divided into
three fundamental methods as quoted in the following.
a. the explicit presentation by the author of the character through exposition,
illustrated by action;
b. the presentation of the character in action that the reader will be able to
deduce the attributes of the actor from the actions;
c. The representation within a character of the impact of actions and emotions on
the character’s inner self, that the reader will understand the attributes of the
character clearly (Holman and Harmon, 1986: 81).
M. J. Murphy in Understanding Unseen: An Introduction to English
Poetry and English Novel for Overseas Students also provides nine ways of author
to show the character’s characteristics and traits to the readers in literary work.
Those ways are:
a. Personal description
Personal description can be seen by the author’s description of the character. The
description can be about the appearance or the clothes of the character.
b. Character as Seen by Another
The author can describe the characteristics of a character by showing the
comments, opinion, or points from another character. Thus, the readers can get
information about the character’s characterization.
c. Speech
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The author can give to the readers an insight into the characterization through
what that character says. The clues can be given whenever a character speaks,
having some conversations with another, puts forward an opinion so, the readers
can get some information about the characterization revealed through the speech
between the others.
d. Past life
The reader can learn something about a character’s past life. The clues that are
given by the author can be related to the events at that time that have helped to
shape a character’s characteristics. The clues can be a direct comment, such as the
person’s thought, through the conversation each other or the medium of another
person.
e. Conversation of Others
The clues can be given in the conversation between the characters. From the
conversation can get some information about a character’s characteristics.
f. Reactions
The author can also give the clues of a character’s characteristics from the
reaction of the character over various situations and events. The readers can judge
the character’s characteristics on how the character faces particular situations and
events.
g. Direct Comments
The author can describe or comment on a person’s character by using direct
comments. The author gives the opinion about the character directly.
h. Thoughts
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The author can give us direct knowledge of what a person is thinking about. Using
the character’s thought, the readers can see the author’s imagination through the
character’s mind.
i. Mannerism
The author can describe a person’s mannerisms, habits or idiosyncrasies which
may also tell us something about his character.
2. Theory of Personality Development
There are so many theories in describe personality. To describe the
definition of personality, some theories make their own idea and elaborate it in a
variety of ways. The word “personality” is come from Latin persona, which
referred to a theatrical mask worn by roman actors in Greek dramas. These
ancient Roman actors wore a mask (persona) to project a role or false appearance.
It is stated in Theories of Personality by Jess Gregory Feist (2006:3). This is only
a surface view of personality which is not yet a definition of personality.
According to Rene Wellek and Austin Warren, the psychology of literasure means
that psychologycal study of the writer or the study of the creative process that
includes the reader’s response (1956:81). The reader’s literary works such as
novel, prose and poetry. It shows the closeness relation between literature and
psychology.
As Pikunas states, the personality patterns established during childhood are
modiffied greatly during adolescence, when new developments and experiences
complicate the adolescence’s life (1976:271).
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More statement from Pikunas, personality is a dynamic of traits, attitudes,
habits producing a varying degree of consistency in the total response repertoire
of individual (Pikunas, 1976: 272). Personality is the combination of
characteristics, attitudes, and customs delivering various kind of individual.
Hurlock states in Personality Development, that personality can change the
development can be done in “the individual’s physical and psychological
characteristics”. Moreover, when the process of developing deals with “patterning
one’s self concept, habits, and attitudes, emotional states, and motives” it becomes
more complex (1974: 7). Personality develops during someone life, the event they
encountered and the experience they get will bring their challenges,
responsibilities and conflicts.
Personality development can be divided into several major stages.
According to Hurlock in Child Development (1978: 41), there are five major
developmental periods; first, prenatal period is a period before a baby born;
usually the development is going rapidly. Second, infancy is the first time when a
new born baby should adapt to the new environment. Third, babyhood is two
weeks up to two years after the baby was born in this stage the baby tries to be
independent.
Fourth, childhood is divided into two stages: early childhood and late
childhood. In early period, the child tries to imitate others and tries to exist in their
environment and starts to make a social relationship. Later in late childhood,
children experience sexual maturity and start adolescence period in this period
socialization is the major development. Fifth, puberty is the great transformation
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from a child becomes an adult. Determining human development does not only
depend on the biological development, but also some factors that influence the
development. Hurlock states in Personality Development.
There are three major factors at work in determining the development of the
personality pattern: First, the individual’s hereditary endowment; second,
early experiences within family; third, important events in later life outside
the home environment. (Hurlock, 1974: 19)
To analyze a person’s personality development, it is needed to see some
factors that may influence her or his personality. According to Hurlock, there are
two kinds of influence taht shape a child’s personality. The influence comes from
their family and environment. The first influence comes from the family. There
are two kinds of influence from family on a child personality according to
Hurlock (1974: 352-353).
a.
Direct Influence
The parents give the direct influence by using “child-training method”
to shape their children personality pattern based on the norm of the social
group with they are recognized. It is called personality transmission.
Through communication, family members especially parents try to influence
the personality development of other members. The parents teach about
norms and attitudes by showing them how to encounter a certain situation,
how should they feel and behave in different condition. Others way of
personality transmission are parents pointing out the qualities in other
people, things and situations taht the children should value.
b.
Indirect Influence
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The indirect influence means that the children get the influence from
“the identification with family members whom they admire, respect and love
and whom they either consciously or unconsciouly imitate. “ The family
members mold a child’s personality indirectly such as when the child
admires and loves someone, she or he tries to shape his or her own
personality after the person.
It happpens in a child’s life, the example is in the childhood, adolescence
and adult as a process of learning. It happens to the child when she or he
recognizes with a parent. The children may have a similar pattern of personality
with their parents. The example is children with careful, warm and lovely parents
usually become attractive person and will show carefulness, warmth, and love for
people outside the home. A family also influences a child’s self-concept indirectly
through a ‘mirror image’ of her or himself. The greatest influence comes from the
parents and siblings which are closer than others. Family is the most important
part during childhood. This period is the tme when the young children spend most
of their time, gain many significant social skills and develop their attitudes,
behavior, beliefs and values.
Hurlock states that an individual’s personality pattern is the product of
learning during the course of social relationship with people both within and
outside the house ( Hurlock, 1974: 19). People will face different and new fact in
their life that carry them into a stage of development. The development comes
from the relation of people with family and other people outside the house. Each
person’s personality changes and develops into more balanced as many
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experiences they have. People usually develop in useful ways to improve their
life’s quality. Therefore, a change can be said as turning into better or worse while
develop tends to be turning into better.
Additionally, Pikunas in Human Development: an Emergent Science 3rd
Edition mentions six factors and experiences appear in adolescence and modify
the personality as follows:
1.
Acquisition of adult physique
2.
Sexual maturation, accompanied by new derives and emotion
3.
Greater self-awareness, resulting in a heightened desire for self-direction
and reevaluation of standards, goals, and ideals
4.
The need for companionship, with prime emphasis on heterosexual
friendships
5.
Treatment by parent and peers
6.
Conflict arising from the adolescence’s personality development (Pikunas,
1976: 271)
3. Theory of Asperger’s Syndrome
Asperger’s syndrome can be revealed in some behaviors. It is possible to put
behaviors as clue because some particular behaviors appear as Asperger’s
syndrome symptoms. These behavior usually are caused by some delays in brain.
Ritvo in Understanding the nature of Autism and Asperger’s Disorder explained
what happened at first when these behaviors were studied by Dr. Hans Asperger.
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Dr. Hans Asperger studied a group whom had some autism symptoms but they did
not fit with the standard diagnostic of autism. These people had normal
intelligence and they had no delay in when they began talking. They were just
people were just often called as socially blind.
Ritvo specifies some Asperger’s syndrome symptoms in his book,
Understanding the Nature of Autism and Asperger’s Disorder. These symptoms
mainly are relevant to social skills and particular patterns of restricted, repetitive,
and stereotyped patterns of behaviors and interests. People with Asperger’s
Syndrome are hard to read social clues. One by one of these symptoms will be
explained further below here:
a.
Qualitative Impairment in Social Skill
Most symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome are related to lack of social skills’s
capacity. No wonder if many people with Asperger’s syndrome are the same as
what Ritvo has mentioned in his book; socially blind. There are 3 points of
Asperger’s syndrome here. First impairment has something to do with social
interaction regulation. The examples of this are lack of eye-to-eye gaze and
incapability of reading facial expression. Ritvo mentions in his book that “ it is the
process information about our self-image. It is the part that processes information
about self-awarness, how we think about ourselves, our awarness of how other
people think and feel about us and themselves, and the meaning and importance of
social clues. (Ritvo 2006: 43). People with Asperger syndrome are unable to read
social clues.
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This is caused by developmental delays in processing the symbolic of
information. Second is incapability to interpret jokes, sarcasm, and metaphor.
Sentences with layer are difficult to be understood since they make those with
Asperger Syndrome get confused. There is futher explanation from Ritvo that is
mentioned in the book.
Jokes and analogies are hard to deal with becasue of their highly symbolic
nature. Many jokes are funny becasue you have to connect things in your
mind that usually are not connected. If you have concrete thinking anf
trouble with catching on the subtle symbolic meanings, you will keep
missing the point of such jokes. Puns, sarcasm, and hostile humor are
equally difficult for the same reason. (Ritvo 2006: 45)
Third is incapability of reading emotional cues. This can be seen from their
disability to read other people’s feeling. People with Asperger syndrome tend to
appear as a cold person since they have lack of empathy. Ritvo gives example of
this incapability in Understanding the Nature of Autism and Asperger’s Disorder.
One young man confessed that he couldn’t tell from someone’s tone of
voice how that person was feeling, just as he couldn’t tell what his own tone
of voice meant. The content and the feeling were not automatically
symbolically connected. He “confessed” with much difficulty that he had to
“ learn” to “read” feeling when he got to high school so he wouldn’t “look
stupid” to the other kids and his teachers. (Ritvo, 2006: 45)
b.
Restricted, Repetitive, and Stereotyped Patterns of Behaviors and
Interests
Restricted, repetitive, and stereotyped patterns of behaviors and interests are
second group of symptoms. There are three points which are relevant to analyze
Jodi Picoult’s House Rules written by Ritvo in Understanding the Nature of
Autism and Asperger’s Disorder. They are suitable to explain interests, non
functional routines or rituals, and also motor mannerism.
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The first is having restricted and stereotyped patterns of interests. When
somebody has restricted and stereotyped patterns of interests, these interests will
dominate his mind most of the time. He or she will keep talking abaout particular
things like which in the same time make them have “specialty” in this particular
things. Ritvo describes these patterns of behavior and interest by giving an
example abaout a college professor who is so good at the subject he teaches and
he keens on get to know more about these subjects without giving the same focus
on the other aspects of life.
He is a college professor who knows all there is to know about his subject
and knows it in a rote and structured manner. While he is well-respected
international authority in his field, he has no interest in or knowledge of
what his wife, his kids, and the rest of the world are like... This example is a
classic example of how one section (interest) can drawn out all the others.
His thinking is concrete and this type of thinking is busy day and night
memorizing facts related to his area of interests and replying them in his
mind over and over again. (Ritvo, 2006: 40)
Ritvo explains more in his writing that “they do not think “naturally” just the way
we do. For them, “specialty” type of thinking overwhelms all their other types of
thinking” (Ritvo, 2006:43)
Secondly, having inflexibility to specific and non functional routine or
rituals. In this area of symptom, Ritvo gives some examples in Understanding the
Nature of Autism and Asperger’s Disorder. These examples are realted to how
picky those people with Asperger’s syndrome toward what they consume though
in real situation, this behavior may appear in other forms.
“ He will only eat Big Macs, “ He will only eat cheese pizza, “ “ He will
only eat pizza from the one special Dominos,” “She will only eat soft
noodles,” “He will only-.” Such fussy food fads are so common they go
without saying . these taste fads can change haourly, daily, or last for weeks.
(Ritvo, 2006: 32)
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The last point is stereotyped and repetitive motor mannerism. People with
Asperger’s syndrome have problem with sensory-motor delay. This delay appears
in some stereotyped and repetitive behaviors such as rubbing things with fingers,
spinning things, lunging back and forth, flapping fingers, and groaning. According
to Ritvo, this happens becasue “their repetitive behaviors were internally driven,
not under voluntary control, and could be modified (decreased) only to a point.”
(Ritvo, 2006: 29) As further explanation, Ritvo tells about one of his patients.
We know one patient with Asperger’s disorder who worked as an electronic
technician. She set up a strobe light in her lab and stared at it for a few
minutes each hour every workday. She had another one at home for the
weekends. She said it calmed her and helped her focus her thoughts. (Ritvo,
2006: 31)
c.
Disturbance in Important Area of Functioning
Disturbance which is caused by symptoms of Asperger’s syndrome can
cause significant impairment in some aspects of life. Many of people with
Asperger’s syndrome have problem in their life because they are not adaptive
enough. The problem usually appears in important area of functiong such as in the
family and at work.
D. Theoretical Framework
The related theory and studies are taken as the base to answer the problem
formulation. In this study, the writer uses the library research to gather the data
and psychological approach as the approach to analyze the topic since the topic is
related to human personality.
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The writer uses some theory about the character and characterization to
answer the first problem. From the theory of character and characterization, the
writer can analyze the characteristics of Jacob as the main character in the novel.
The second question is answered by using some theories of psychology, by
using these theories the writer can get the main point of personality development
in order to make analysis of the study.
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A.
Object of the Study
This study discusses a novel b