AliS DP2M Citations Footnotes Endnotes References

CITATIONS, FOOTNOTES,

ENDNOTES, ENDNOTES, and and REFEREN REFEREN C C ES ES

Definitions of Terms

Citations include direct quotation (repeat the

words written by someone else), paraphrasing words written by someone else), paraphrasing

Citations include direct quotation (repeat the

(state other author/s’ idea/s using different (state other author/s’ idea/s using different words), recognizing or mentioning the words), recognizing or mentioning the

existence of other research studies or findings

There are two main ways of indicating the sources of literature cited in the text: (1) Author-date of literature cited in the text: (1) Author-date

There are two main ways of indicating the sources

(Harvard), and (2) Author-number (Vancouver) (Harvard), and (2) Author-number (Vancouver)

Other version (Chicago Manual): (1) Author-date

system, and (2) Documentary Note style system, and (2) Documentary Note style

Other version (Chicago Manual): (1) Author-date

Harvard (author-date) style Harvard (author-date) style

This system uses the author's name and This system uses the author's name and

date of publication in the body of the text,

and the bibliography is given and the bibliography is given alphabetically by author. There are many alphabetically by author. There are many variations on the style - examples are variations on the style - examples are below: below:

Example Example

"The author has discussed the implications of "The author has discussed the implications of these proposals on the National Health Service these proposals on the National Health Service in another paper (Loft, 1991). Other writers in another paper (Loft, 1991). Other writers

have commented on related issues, notably Lane

(1992, 1994) and Lewis (1995, p.54). " (1992, 1994) and Lewis (1995, p.54). "

Names and dates are enclosed in parentheses Names and dates are enclosed in parentheses

unless the author's name is part of the sentence.

If two papers are cited by the same author, and

If two papers are cited by the same author, and both are published in the same year, the first both are published in the same year, the first

should be referenced as (Loft 1997a), then (Loft

1997b), and so on.

The full citation is listed at the end of the article, which

is arranged in alphabetical order by author. Journal

names are given in full and are italicised, as are names are given in full and are italicised, as are

book names. References would be cited as follows:

Annas, G.J. (1997a), 'New drugs for acute Annas, G.J. (1997a), 'New drugs for acute respiratory distress syndrome', respiratory distress syndrome',

New England Journal New England Journal of Medicine of Medicine , vol. 337, no. 6, pp. 435-439.

, vol. 337, no. 6, pp. 435-439.

Grinspoon, L. & Bakalar, J.B. (1993), Grinspoon, L. & Bakalar, J.B. (1993),

Marijuana: the Marijuana: the forbidden medicine forbidden medicine , Yale University Press, London.

, Yale University Press, London.

Variations on the Harvard style

Universities (and journals) have many variations for use in Universities (and journals) have many variations for use in their own institutions, a few examples are linked below. their own institutions, a few examples are linked below.

Leicester University (UK) Leicester University (UK)

Year of publication is not in brackets and is followed by a

full stop; article titles are not placed within quotes, volume full stop; article titles are not placed within quotes, volume numbers are in bold and are not spelled out; numbers are in bold and are not spelled out; www.le.ac.uk/library/sources/subject3/harvard.html www.le.ac.uk/library/sources/subject3/harvard.html

Monash University (Aus) Monash University (Aus)

Article titles are in double quotes; Article titles are in double quotes; http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard.html http://www.lib.monash.edu.au/tutorials/citing/harvard.html

University of Western Australia (Aus) University of Western Australia (Aus)

In this recommendation, the year of publication is not in

In this recommendation, the year of publication is not in brackets; brackets; www.library.uwa.edu.au/education_training___and___supp www.library.uwa.edu.au/education_training___and___supp ort/guides/how_to_cite_your_sources ort/guides/how_to_cite_your_sources Vancouver (author-number) style Vancouver (author-number) style

The Vancouver system differs from The Vancouver system differs from

Harvard by using a number series to Harvard by using a number series to indicate references. Bibliographies list indicate references. Bibliographies list

these in numerical order as they appear in

the text. The main advantage of the the text. The main advantage of the

Vancouver style is that the main text reads

Vancouver style is that the main text reads more easily, and some editors consider more easily, and some editors consider this to be less obtrusive. Additionally, this to be less obtrusive. Additionally, references in the bibliography are directly references in the bibliography are directly correlated to numbers, saving the reader correlated to numbers, saving the reader time in searching alphabetically for the time in searching alphabetically for the first author of a reference. first author of a reference. Vancouver (author-number) style Vancouver (author-number) style

Vancouver style is so named as it is based on Vancouver style is so named as it is based on

the work of a group, first meeting in Vancouver

the work of a group, first meeting in Vancouver in 1978, which became the International in 1978, which became the International Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).

Committee of Medical Journal Editors (ICMJE).

The style was developed by the US National The style was developed by the US National

Library of Medicine (NLM) and adopted by the Library of Medicine (NLM) and adopted by the

ICMJE as part of their 'uniform requirements for

manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals'. manuscripts submitted to biomedical journals'.

The NLM's annual publication 'list of journals The NLM's annual publication 'list of journals

indexed in Index Medicus' lists journals and their

accepted abbreviations. The NLM abbreviation accepted abbreviations. The NLM abbreviation for a journal title is commonly required by for a journal title is commonly required by

Example Example

"The author has discussed the implications of these proposals on "The author has discussed the implications of these proposals on the National Health Service in another paper (1). Other writers the National Health Service in another paper (1). Other writers have commented on related issues, notably Lane (2,3) and Lewis have commented on related issues, notably Lane (2,3) and Lewis

(4). " (4). "

References in the Vancouver style would be cited in numerical References in the Vancouver style would be cited in numerical order as below. This is a more economical style than Harvard, and order as below. This is a more economical style than Harvard, and excessive punctuation, spacing and formatting is absent. Journal excessive punctuation, spacing and formatting is absent. Journal names are abbreviated. names are abbreviated.

(1) Annas GJ. New drugs for acute respiratory distress syndrome.

N Engl J Med. 1997;337:435-9.

(2) Grinspoon L, Bakalar JB. Marijuana: the forbidden medicine.

London: Yale University Press; 1993.

(3) Feinberg TE, Farah MJ, editors. Behavioural neurology and (3) Feinberg TE, Farah MJ, editors. Behavioural neurology and neuropsychology. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997. neuropsychology. 2nd ed. New York: McGraw-Hill; 1997.

The Chicago Manual of The Chicago Manual of Style Style The Chicago Manual of Style

The Chicago Manual of Style

allows for two different types of

reference styles: the reference styles: the

Author- Author- Date System Date System and the and the

Documentary-Note Documentary-Note Style Style .

. Author-Date System Author-Date System

Book - single author Book - single author Citation in Citation in Text Text

Saunders 1992)

Athens: University of Athens: University of Georgia Press.

Stream: A history of Stream: A history of the Bahamian people. the Bahamian people.

Islanders in the Islanders in the

Saunders. 1992.

Reference List Reference List Form Form Craton, M. and G. Craton, M. and G.

(Craton and (Craton and Saunders 1992)

(Holmlund 2002) (Holmlund 2002)

Book - more than one author Book - more than one author Citation in Citation in Text Text

Routledge.

New York: New York: Routledge.

Impossible bodies: Impossible bodies: feminity and feminity and masculinity at the masculinity at the movies. movies.

Holmlund, C. 2002.

Reference List Reference List Form Form Holmlund, C. 2002.

Georgia Press. Author-Date System

Author-Date System

Chapter from a book Chapter from a book Citation in Citation in Text Text

Article from journal Article from journal Citation in Citation in Text Text

Literature Film Quarterly Literature Film Quarterly 26 (3): 214-219.

: Misogynist : Misogynist myth or feminist fable? myth or feminist fable?

Beguiled Beguiled

The The

Herring, G. 1998.

Reference List Reference List Form Form Herring, G. 1998.

(Herring 1998) (Herring 1998)

London: Macmillan.

(Repgen 1992) (Repgen 1992)

London: Macmillan.

T. Scott, 311-328.

, , edited by E. I. Kouri and edited by E. I. Kouri and T. Scott, 311-328.

Reformation Europe Reformation Europe

Politics and society in Politics and society in

Repgen, K. 1987. What is Repgen, K. 1987. What is a 'Religious War'? In a 'Religious War'? In

Reference List Reference List Form Form

26 (3): 214-219.

Author-Date System

Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Citation in Citation in Text Text

(Yin 2003) (Yin 2003)

Reference List Reference List Form Form Yin, Sandra. 2003.

Yin, Sandra. 2003.

Color bind. American Color bind. American

Demographics 25, Demographics 25,

(7): 22-26. Academic (7): 22-26. Academic

Search Premier, via Search Premier, via

Galileo, Galileo, http://www.galileo.us http://www.galileo.us g.edu g.edu

Newspaper article – no author Newspaper article – no author Citation in Citation in Text Text

( ( Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune 1994)

1994)

Reference List Reference List Form Form Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune . .

1994. Gun injuries 1994. Gun injuries take financial toll on take financial toll on hospitals, February hospitals, February 24.

24. Documentary-Note Style Documentary-Note Style

Book - single author Book - single author Footnote Footnote form form (first (first footnote) footnote)

Islanders in the Islanders in the

University of Georgia University of Georgia Press, 1992.

. Athens: . Athens:

People People

Islanders in Islanders in the Stream: A History the Stream: A History of the Bahamian of the Bahamian

Saunders.

Craton, M. and G.

Bibliographic Bibliographic form form Craton, M. and G.

1992), 24.

Georgia Press, Georgia Press, 1992), 24.

University of University of

(Athens: (Athens:

People People

Stream: A History of Stream: A History of the Bahamian the Bahamian

1. Michael Craton and Gail Saunders, and Gail Saunders,

2. Chris Holmlund,

Bibliographic Bibliographic form form Holmlund, Chris.

2. Chris Holmlund,

Impossible Bodies: Impossible Bodies: Femininity and Femininity and

Masculinity at the Masculinity at the

Movies Movies

(New York: (New York: Routledge, 2002), 159.

Routledge, 2002), 159.

Holmlund, Chris.

1. Michael Craton

ImpossibleBodies: ImpossibleBodies: Femininity and Femininity and

Masculinity at the Masculinity at the

Movies Movies

. New York: . New York: Routledge, 2002.

Routledge, 2002.

Book - more than one author Book - more than one author Footnote Footnote form form (first (first footnote) footnote)

Press, 1992. Documentary-Note Style Documentary-Note Style

Chapter from a book Chapter from a book Footnote Footnote form form (first (first footnote) footnote)

Bibliographic Bibliographic form form

The Beguiled The Beguiled

: :

Misogynyist Myth or Misogynyist Myth or

Feminist Fable?" Feminist Fable?"

Literature Film Literature Film

Quarterly Quarterly

26, no. 3 26, no. 3

Herring, Gina. " Herring, Gina. " The The

1. Gina Herring, "

Beguiled Beguiled

: Misogynist : Misogynist

Myth or Feminist Myth or Feminist

Fable?" Fable?"

Literature Film Literature Film

Quarterly Quarterly

26, no. 3 26, no. 3 (1998): 214-219.

1. Gina Herring,

1. Konrad Repgen,

Scott, 324 (London: Scott, 324 (London: Macmillan, 1987).

1. Konrad Repgen, "What is a

"What is a 'Religious War'?" in

'Religious War'?" in

Politics and Society Politics and Society in Reformation in Reformation

Europe Europe , ed. E. I.

, ed. E. I.

Kouri and Tom Kouri and Tom

Macmillan, 1987).

Article from journal Article from journal Footnote Footnote form form (first (first footnote) footnote)

Bibliographic Bibliographic form form

Repgen, Konrad. "What Repgen, Konrad. "What is a 'Religious War'?" In is a 'Religious War'?" In

Politics and Society in Politics and Society in

Reformation Europe Reformation Europe

, , edited by E. I. Kouri and edited by E. I. Kouri and Tom Scott, 311-328.

Tom Scott, 311-328.

London: Macmillan, London: Macmillan, 1987.

1987.

(1998): 214-219.

Documentary-Note Style

Injuries Take Injuries Take

Premier, via Galileo, Premier, via Galileo, http://www.galileo.usg http://www.galileo.usg

.edu .edu

Newspaper article - no author Newspaper article - no author Footnote form Footnote form (first footnote) (first footnote) 1.

1. Chicago Chicago

Tribune Tribune

, "Gun , "Gun

Financial Toll on Financial Toll on Hospitals," sec.

7 (2003): 22-26.

Hospitals," sec.

1, February 24, 1, February 24, 1994.

Bibliographic Bibliographic form form Chicago Tribune Chicago Tribune , ,

"Gun Injuries Take "Gun Injuries Take

Financial Toll on Financial Toll on

Hospitals," February Hospitals," February 24, 1994.

Academic Search Academic Search

7 (2003): 22-26.

Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Article from electronic journal - accessed through a database Footnote Footnote form form (first (first footnote) footnote)

Academic Search Academic Search

3. Sandra Yin, "Color

3. Sandra Yin, "Color Bind,"

Bind,"

American American

Demographics Demographics

, 25, , 25, no. 7 (2003). no. 7 (2003).

Premier, via Galileo, Premier, via Galileo, http://www.galileo.usg http://www.galileo.usg

25, no.

.edu .edu

Bibliographic Bibliographic form form

Yin, Sandra. "Color Yin, Sandra. "Color

Bind." Bind."

American American

Demographics Demographics 25, no.

24, 1994. Form for Additional Footnote References

Form for Additional Footnote References

Use this form after the first complete Use this form after the first complete reference if only one work by this author is reference if only one work by this author is used: used: 2. Kelly, 256.

2. Kelly, 256.

Use this form for additional references Use this form for additional references when more than one work by this author is when more than one work by this author is used: used: 2. Kelly, "Double Vision," 81.

2. Kelly, "Double Vision," 81.

FOOTNOTE AND END-NOTE

Footnote or end-note can be used for two Footnote or end-note can be used for two different purposes: different purposes:

1) 1)

To provide bibliographical information about To provide bibliographical information about the source of literature cited in the text ( the source of literature cited in the text ( see see the documentary-note style in Chicago Manual the documentary-note style in Chicago Manual of Style of Style

) )

2) 2)

To provide additional information related to the To provide additional information related to the text to ensure smooth flows of ideas expressed text to ensure smooth flows of ideas expressed in the text in the text

Bibliography and Reference Bibliography and Reference

There are two main systems of documenting the sources of citations: documenting the sources of citations:

There are two main systems of

Bibliography and Reference Bibliography and Reference

Bibliography includes all the sources includes all the sources reviewed by the author regardless of reviewed by the author regardless of whether they are cited in the text or not. whether they are cited in the text or not.

Bibliography

Reference only includes the sources only includes the sources reviewed by the author which are cited in reviewed by the author which are cited in the text. the text.

Reference

VARIATIONS IN WRITING REFERENCE

Different styles vary in the way references Different styles vary in the way references

should be written in terms of

should be written in terms of Names of authors

Names of authors

Year of publication

Year of publication

Order of bibliographical information

Order of bibliographical information

The use of capitals and italics

The use of capitals and italics

Abbreviations

Abbreviations

In general, there is a tendency to be more

In general, there is a tendency to be more

efficient and simpler

efficient and simpler

Why Citing?

To show any possible gaps or

discrepancies between/among different

discrepancies between/among different research findings about the same topic so research findings about the same topic so that it is clear how the present study that it is clear how the present study contributes to the body of knowledge contributes to the body of knowledge

To show any possible gaps or

To show the frontiers of the respective knowledge as a result of accumulative knowledge as a result of accumulative research findings research findings

To show the frontiers of the respective

(state of the arts) (state of the arts)

Why Citing?

(2) (2)

Recognizing the existence of research studies which can be compared with the studies which can be compared with the present study present study

Recognizing the existence of research

To support ideas and arguments of the

author author

To support ideas and arguments of the

To avoid unintentional plagiarism

To avoid unintentional plagiarism

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

 Plagiarism is using others’ ideas and words

Plagiarism is using others’ ideas and words

without clearly acknowledging the source

of that information. (Indiana University, of that information. (Indiana University,

2004) 2004)

The following is taken from Ministerial The following is taken from Ministerial

Decree on Plagiarism (no 17, 2010) Decree on Plagiarism (no 17, 2010) Plagiat meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada : Plagiat meliputi tetapi tidak terbatas pada :

 mengacu dan/atau mengutip kata dan/atau mengacu dan/atau mengutip kata dan/atau kalimat dari suatu sumber tanpa kalimat dari suatu sumber tanpa menyebutkan sumber dalam catatan kutipan menyebutkan sumber dalam catatan kutipan dan/atau tanpa menyatakan sumber secara dan/atau tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai; memadai;

 mengacu dan/atau mengutip secara acak kata mengacu dan/atau mengutip secara acak kata

dan/atau kalimat dari suatu sumber tanpa

menyebutkan sumber dalam catatan kutipan menyebutkan sumber dalam catatan kutipan dan/atau tanpa menyatakan sumber secara dan/atau tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai; memadai;

 menggunakan sumber gagasan, pendapat, menggunakan sumber gagasan, pendapat, pandangan, atau teori tanpa menyatakan pandangan, atau teori tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai; sumber secara memadai;

 merumuskan dengan kata-kata dan/atau merumuskan dengan kata-kata dan/atau kalimat sendiri dari sumber kata dan/atau kalimat sendiri dari sumber kata dan/atau kalimat, gagasan, pendapat, pandangan, atau kalimat, gagasan, pendapat, pandangan, atau teori tanpa menyatakan sumber secara teori tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai; memadai;

 menyerahkan suatu karya ilmiah yang menyerahkan suatu karya ilmiah yang

dihasilkan dan/atau telah dipublikasikan oleh

pihak lain sebagai karya ilmiahnya tanpa pihak lain sebagai karya ilmiahnya tanpa menyatakan sumber secara memadai. menyatakan sumber secara memadai.

HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

GIVE CREDIT WHENEVER YOU USE GIVE CREDIT WHENEVER YOU USE  another person’s idea, opinion, or theory; another person’s idea, opinion, or theory;

 any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings— any facts, statistics, graphs, drawings—

any pieces of information—that are not

any pieces of information—that are not common knowledge; common knowledge;

 quotations of another person’s actual quotations of another person’s actual spoken or written words; or spoken or written words; or

 paraphrase of another person’s spoken or paraphrase of another person’s spoken or written words. (Indiana University, 2004)

written words. (Indiana University, 2004)

QUOTING

Direct quoting as part of citation intended

to provide original evidence in the forms

of words, phrases, or sentences written

by other author/s by other author/s

Direct quoting as part of citation intended

There are two ways, depending on the length of the words quoted: (1) fewer length of the words quoted: (1) fewer

than 40 words, or (2) 40 words or more

There are two ways, depending on the

QUOTING (2)

Incorporate a short quotation in a text and enclose the quotation in double and enclose the quotation in double

quotation marks, if fewer than 40 words

Incorporate a short quotation in a text

(fewer than 4 lines) (fewer than 4 lines)

Display the quotation in a free-standing

block of lines, without quotation marks, if block of lines, without quotation marks, if

Display the quotation in a free-standing

40 words or more (4 lines or more) 40 words or more (4 lines or more)

HOW TO PREPARE DRAFTS HOW TO PREPARE DRAFTS

Decide which journals your manuscripts

will be sent. will be sent.

Decide which journals your manuscripts

Study the Guidelines for Authors in the

journals (which may be attached at the

end of each issue, or separately end of each issue, or separately published) published)

Study the Guidelines for Authors in the

Study also how the guidelines have been implemented in the published issues implemented in the published issues

Study also how the guidelines have been

FOR NATIONALLY ACCREDITED

JOURNALS



Sources to be cited should include: Sources to be cited should include:

 Primary sources (=journal) >80%

Primary sources (=journal) >80% 

Up-to-date (= published in the last 10 years) Up-to-date (= published in the last 10 years)

>80% >80%

 Other than those are subject to the policy

Other than those are subject to the policy of the editors; different journals may have of the editors; different journals may have their own styles. their own styles. BIBLIOGRAPHY BIBLIOGRAPHY American Psychological Association. 2005.

American Psychological Association. 2005.

Indonesia.

Malang: Universitas Negeri Malang Malang: Universitas Negeri Malang

Karya Ilmiah.

Pedoman Penulisan Pedoman Penulisan Karya Ilmiah.

Universitas Negeri Malang. 2000.

Press.

Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Yogyakarta: Gadjah Mada University Press.

Penyuntingan, danPenerbitan: Karya Ilmiah Penyuntingan, danPenerbitan: Karya Ilmiah Indonesia.

Publication Manual of the American Publication Manual of the American

Pegangan Gaya Penulisan, Pegangan Gaya Penulisan,

Rifai, M.A. 2005.

Washington, D.C.: APA.

(5th Ed.).

Psychological Association Psychological Association (5th Ed.).

Internet sources (see a separate sheet) Internet sources (see a separate sheet)

THANK YOU

AliS DP2M Citations Footnotes Endnotes References

FOOTNOTE AND END-NOTE

VARIATIONS IN WRITING REFERENCE

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

Dokumen yang terkait

References analysis anzia yezierska's the fat of the land

PENGUMUMAN HASIL EVALUASI PKM DIDANAI DP2M DIKTI TAHUN 2010

1. AliS Baru Pengacuan dalam Penulisan Art Jurnal Nasional 2 Juli 2012

Dukungan

Links

AliS DP2M Citations Footnotes Endnotes References

FOOTNOTE AND END-NOTE

VARIATIONS IN WRITING REFERENCE

WHAT IS PLAGIARISM?

HOW TO AVOID PLAGIARISM?

Dokumen yang terkait

References analysis anzia yezierska's the fat of the land

PENGUMUMAN HASIL EVALUASI PKM DIDANAI DP2M DIKTI TAHUN 2010

1. AliS Baru Pengacuan dalam Penulisan Art Jurnal Nasional 2 Juli 2012

Dokumen yang Anda mencari sudah siap untuk unduhkan