Pengaruh CaCl2 terhadap Karakteristik Gelatinisasi Campuran Tepung Sukun dan
UNIVERSITAS MULAWARMAN Review
Sistem Irigasi Tetes untuk Mengatasi Kekeringan dan Meningkatkan Produktivitas Tanaman di Lahan Rawa (Drip Irrigation System for Drought Coping and Crop
Productivity Increasing in Swamp Land) Sudirman Umar
Penelitian
Pengaruh CaCl 2 terhadap Karakteristik Gelatinisasi Campuran Tepung Sukun dan Hidrokoloid (Gum Guar dan Tepung Iles-Iles) (Effect of CaCl 2 on Gelatinization Properties of Breadfruit Flour and Hydrocolloids (Guar Gum and Konjac
Glucomannan) Mixtures) Sukmiyati Agustin
Optimalization of Palm Oil Plantation and by Product’s Carrying Capacity for Ruminants Feedstuff by Feed Processing Technology: Approach of SWOT and Analytic
Hierarchy Process Hamdi Mayulu
Pengaruh Substitusi Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.) dan Media Penggorengan terhadap Mutu Donat (Effect of Substitution of Purple Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas
L.) and Frying Medium on Doughnut Quality) Hadi Suprapto, Yuliani, Nur Aliffah
Karakterisasi Morfologi dan Kualitas Telur Ayam Lokal Khas Dayak dari Kabupaten Berau Kalimantan Timur (Morfological Characteristics and Quality of Egg of Dayak
Native Chicken from Berau Regency East Kalimantan) Roosena Yusuf
Identifikasi Karaktersitik Morfologi Ayam Lokal Khas Dayak dari Kabupaten Berau, Kalimantan Timur (Identification of Morphological Characteristic of Dayak Native
Chicken from Berau Regency East Kalimantan) Suhardi
Bekerjasama dengan
Perhimpunan Ahli Teknologi Pangan Indonesia (PATPI) Kalimantan Timur
JTP
JURNAL TEKNOLOGI PERTANIAN
PENERBIT
Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian
Universitas Mulawarman Jl.Tanah Grogot Kampus Gunung Kelua
Samarinda PELINDUNG
Gusti Hafiziansyah PENANGGUNG JAWAB
Bernatal Saragih KETUA EDITOR
Krishna Purnawan Candra (THP-UNMUL Samarinda)
EDITOR
Bernatal Saragih (THP-UNMUL Samarinda)
Dahrulsyah (TPG-IPB Bogor) Dodik Briawan (GMK-IPB Bogor) Khaswar Syamsu (TIN-IPB Bogor) Meika Syahbana Roesli (TIN-IPB Bogor)
V. Prihananto (THP-Unsoed Purwokerto) EDITOR PELAKSANA
Sulistyo Prabowo Hadi Suprapto Miftakhur Rohmah ALAMAT REDAKSI
Jurusan Teknologi Hasil Pertanian Fakultas Pertanian Universitas Mulawarman Jalan Tanah Grogot Kampus Gunung Kelua
Samarinda 75119 Telp 0541-749159 e-mail: JTP_unmul@yahoo.com
UNIVERSITAS MULAWARMAN Volume 7 Nomor 2
Review Halaman
Sistem Irigasi Tetes untuk Mengatasi Kekeringan dan Meningkatkan Produktivitas Tanaman di Lahan Rawa (Drip Irrigation System for Drought Coping and Crop Productivity Increasing in Swamp Land) Sudirman Umar ..
42-49
Penelitian
Pengaruh CaCl 2 terhadap Karakteristik Gelatinisasi Campuran Tepung Sukun dan Hidrokoloid (Gum Guar dan Tepung Iles-Iles) (Effect of CaCl 2 on Gelatinization Properties of Breadfruit Flour and Hydrocolloids (Guar Gum and Konjac Glucomannan) Mixtures) Sukmiyati Agustin ................................
50-54 Optimalization of Palm Oil Plantation and by Product’s Carrying Capacity
for Ruminants Feedstuff by Feed Processing Technology: Approach of SWOT and Analytic Hierarchy Process Hamdi Mayulu ...............................................
55-67 Pengaruh Substitusi Ubi Jalar Ungu (Ipomoea batatas L.) dan Perbandingan
Media Penggorengan terhadap Mutu Donat (Effect of Substitution of Purple Sweet Potatoes (Ipomoea batatas L.) and Frying Medium on Doughnut Quality) Hadi Suprapto, Yuliani, Nur Aliffah .................................................
68-73 Karakterisasi Morfologi dan Kualitas Telur Ayam Lokal Khas Dayak dari
Kabupaten Berau Kalimantan Timur (Morfological Characteristics and Quality of Egg of Dayak Native Chicken from Berau Regency East Kalimantan) Roosena Yusuf ..............................................................................
74-80 Identifikasi Karaktersitik Morfologi Ayam Lokal Khas Dayak dari Kabupaten
Berau, Kalimantan Timur (Identification of Morphological Characteristics of Dayak Native Chicken from Berau Regency East Kalimantan) Suhardi ...........
81-86
Bekerjasama dengan Perhimpunan Ahli Teknologi Pangan Indonesia (PATPI) Kalimantan Timur
Hamdi Mayulu Optimalization of Palm Oil Plantation and By Products Carrying Capacity
OPTIMALIZATION OF PALM OIL PLANTATI ON AND BY PRODUCT’S CARRYING CAPACITY FOR RUMINANTS FEEDSTUFF BY FEED PROCESSING TECHNOLOGY (APPROACH OF SWOT AND ANALYTIC HIERARCHY PROCESS)
Hamdi Mayulu
Animal Sciences Departement of Agricultural Faculty, Mulawarman University Jl. Pasir Belengkong Kampus Gunung Kelua Samarinda 75123 Email: mayoeloehsptno@yahoo.com
Received 13 January 2012 accepted 15 February 2012
ABSTRACT
Palm oil plantations area in Indonesia increases rapidly in compliance with the increasing volume of Crude Palm Oil (CPO) export which puts Indonesia as the second largest CPO exporter in the world after Malaysia. This favorable condition should be utilized as much as possible by looking for chances on the aspects which have not been properly managed. One of the great opportunities that need to be examined is the waste management of palm oil plantations and its by-products as the source of ruminant feeds by technology application. The problems found in the waste management were very complicated and the integration of livestock as an effort on diversification and optimization of plantation and its waste carrying capacity were very demanding. Thus, appropriate approach using appropriate analysis tool in selecting the best alternative is needed. The combination of SWOT analysis and Analytic Hierarchy Process was expected to be the answer to solve this complex problem. An aggressive policy intended to apply palm oil- livestock integration and utilization of palm oil plantations and processing plant waste as complete feed (CF) using application of technology is strongly needed to optimize the palm oil plantation economic potency.
Keywords: palm oil plantation, strategy-matrix, analytic hierarchy process, palm oil- livestock integration
INTRODUCTION
Indonesia is now the second largest palm oil producer after Malaysia with a
Indonesia has vast land resources production share of crude palm oil (CPO) is which are very valuable for developing many agricultural commodities. Indonesia land’s only 28.8 % (Pahan, 2008), while Malaysia
area reaches 188.20 million ha, consists of % of total world’s CPO pro-
leads with 47
148 million ha dry land and 40.20 million ha duction. There is about 90% of the world’s
palm oil export produced in Malaysia and wet land. It has various soil type, climate, Indonesia (Sumathi et al., 2008). Total area physiographic and fertile parent materials of palm oil plantation in Indonesia is about (volcanic). The land elevation in Indonesia is 4.888 million ha, spread along Sumatra, Java, also varied. This condition makes various Kalimantan, Sulawesi, and Papua (Badan type of plants can be grown and utilized in Indonesia. Indonesia’s agriculture land area Pusat Statistik, 2010). Exclusively in East
Kalimantan, one of the steps taken by the is about 70.20 million ha, and most of it government through the estate offices in which is about 18.50 million ha is utilized for
plantation area, about 14.60 million ha is dry province and district level is through “The
Movement of Million Hectare Palm Oil field area, while unused land and rice field
area about 11.30 million ha and 7.90 million Planting Program” which has been
implemented since 2003 (Riyanto and
ha, respectively. The development of agricul- Munawar, 2005; Tjahjono, 2005; BPS ture land utilization has not changed in the Kaltim, 2011). In addition to the considerable recent years, especially in rice fields, dry growth in these areas, something more fields and dry rice cultivation. The rice field fundamental is the spread, which was area even tends to decline due to land originally exist in only three provinces in conversion (Mulyani and Las, 2008). Sumatra, has now spread at 17 provinces in
Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian 7(2): 55-67 ISSN1858-2419
Indonesia (Goenadi et al., 2005; Badan Pusat Statistik, 2010).
Livestock development paradigm in the globalization era is the achievement of a healthy, productive, and creative society with strong husbandry based on local resources. The integration pattern of large-scale crop livestock using sustain-able approach with low cost and optimizing the waste utilization or known by the term low external input sustainable agriculture (LEISA) and zero waste, especially took place in the plantation area which utilize local biomass feed. Through the technology innovation, the waste and its by-products could be used as a source of potential ruminant feed for fattening program (Sunarso, 2003; Sunarso, 2008).
Livestock integration system (crops livestock system) is a suitable alternative to develop. Besides its inexpensive cost, it also can improve land and plantation crop fertility which will create sustainable agri-culture. Moreover, it will increase farmers’ welfare through increasing income and farm efficiency. The integration of livestock into palm oil plantation is a diversification pattern that could be done. The useful material of livestock that could be used in this matter is the livestock dung. Livestock dung is used as the source of organic fertilizer for soil or plantation crop. On the other hand, the plantation waste and its by-products are used for livestock (Devendra and Sevilla, 2002; Pelitawati, 2006; Mathius, 2008; Sumarsono, 2008; Devendra and Leng, 2011).
One obstacle in developing ruminant husbandry is limited forage both in quality and quantity in adequate amount and its continuity throughout the year. Fluctuation in the availability of forage is influenced by land use and cropping patterns. Forage scarcity usually occurs during dry seasons, while in rainy seasons forage production is high enough to follow the patterns (Sem- biring et al., 2002). Feed from palm oil waste and its by-products are cheap and bulky in general, with low protein quality, TDN, palatability, and digestibility. It can be used optimally as basal feed and it had been proven can reduce feed cost and increase livestock productivity. Until now, the best strategy and feed compo-sition applied on the
ruminant system in various business locations have not yet been disco-vered. The best strategy was to uncover and prepare potential local feed material into economical product which safe, healthy, being integrated, lawful (halal), and high quality (Kearl, 1982; Sunarso, 2003; Mariyono and Romjali, 2007).
The area of palm oil plantation can be used as the alternative for ruminant husband- dry development by utilizing the vacant area among the crops, besides its by-product ensures abundant feed source. The opportu- nity to acquire new sources of feed materials which are fully used the palm oil plantation resources is enormous. That resource should
be used optimally in order to obtain low cost new feed source. The use of plantation waste and its by-products as the complete feed (CF) composition is possible. Various by-products can be used as new feed sources. Processing can be conducted using technology approach to make it edible and create potential feed livestock. Processing can be conducted through physical, biological, and chemical processes with hydrolysis, fermentation, and ammonization (Mathius and Sinurat, 2001; Sunarso, 2008; Sunarso et al., 2011). The development of CF is expected to assist the supply of balanced feed ingredient because of balanced concentrate and nutrition content. CF technology as the alternative for feeding strategy can be widely applied in various location conditions (Mariyono and Romjali, 2007; Mayulu et al., 2009; Sunarso et al ., 2011). The problem to solve is how to optimize palm oil plantation as the affordable source of alternative feed for ruminants?
The objectives of this review were to:
1) conduct the inventory of various land resources found in palm oil plantation; 2) conduct the identification to determine suit- able characteristics of plantation integrated with ruminants; 3) collect laboratory analysis results in order to determine nutrient content of palm oil plantation resources; 4) provide initial input in formulating CF made from palm oil resources; 5) stimulate for conduct- ing experimental test CF formula to rumi- nants productivity.
According to literature study and field condition, it is expected to provide informa- tion such as: 1) the design to invent utiliza-
Hamdi Mayulu Optimalization of Palm Oil Plantation and By Products Carrying Capacity
tion technology of plantation resour-ces; and dry matter intake. It is useful for
2) observe the suitable integration model; reducing the particle size to increase the
3) when it is proven that the complete feed surface area exposed to be digested by rumen technology based on plantation resources can
microbes. It can be achieved by (Sutrisno, improve ruminants productivity, the alterna-
2001; DFID, 2006; Salem and Smith, 2008; tive feed for ruminants will be recommend-
Sutrisno, 2009; Wright and Lackey, 2008): ded; 4) as the contribution for the knowledge
Chopping , chopping does not appear especially in the field of animal husbandry;
to increase the intake and digestibility.
5) as the source of information for local However, it will reduce the selection; government in order to formulate develop-
Grinding , relies fully on grinding ment policies in agriculture field and animal
machines. Feed materials stored by the size science.
1.5 cm may be an efficient size. To compose CF or concentrate feed smaller particle size is required;
RESEARCH METHODS
Soaking , in water provides incon- This study is a preliminary study and
sistent benefits with digestibility improve- carried out through exploratory approach
ment, however with the pulp shape reduces with an emphasis on three objects namely: 1)
dust and provides an easy and safe way if the literature study), 2) interview to resource
urea is added because it will minimize the persons, and 3) survey in PTPN XIII in
risk of poisoning;
Long Ikis District, Paser Regency, East Striping , is conducted to improve the Kalimantan. Preliminary design of a case
palatability of leaves and buds which will be study was conducted by observation,
used for feed materials. interview and collection of documents, which
Chemical Process
are directly related to the information about The process of chemical digestion of internal factors and external factors palm oil waste and its by-products can be (Arikanto, 2006; Nasution 2007). enhanced by the addition of alkali and acid.
Chemical treatments which already have
RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS
been studied are the treatment of NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2 and urea. One of the
Technology Approach
There are several types and techniques common processes is fermentation. Fer- in processing the waste and its by-products
mentation is various metabolism processes with the help of enzyme from microbes to
that can be done to improve potential crude protein digestibility on ruminants. Increasing
perform oxidation, reduction, hydrolysis, and quantity of parts that can be digested in low
other chemical reactions, which stimulate chemical changes in the organic substrates
quality feed can be done through chemical, physical, and biological processes. Physical
producing the material proper-ties. Fermenta- process can be conducted through cutting,
tion can be done in solid and liquid medium; solid medium is a process where the medium
grinding, pelleting, and others. Biological process using mushrooms (fungi). The
used does not dissolve yet it contains adequate amount of water for microorga-
process of chemical digestion of planta-tion waste and its by-product can be improved by
nisms, while fermentation using liquid the addition of alkali and acid. Chemical
medium is a process which the substrate is dissolved or suspended in liquid phase
process which has already been studied were
the treatments of NaOH, KOH, Ca(OH) 2 and
(Sutrisno, 2001; Hasnudi, 2006).
urea. Acidic treatments were HCl and H 2 SO 4 The silage process
(Sutrisno, 2001; Hanafi, 2004). Silage is a preservation method using fermentation process to obtain high quality
Physical Process
Physical process aimed to increase the feed materials and durable so that it can be given to the cattle during periods of feed
damage and fermentation value in rumen, thereby increasing the value of digestibility
scarcity. The principle of preservation based on fermentation process in the storage (silo).
Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian 7(2): 55-67 ISSN1858-2419
Plant cells will temporarily live and use Several additives used are livestock waste
(chicken and swine manure), urea, water, and available, an aerobic state occurs inside the
available O 2 inside the silo. If O 2 is no longer
molasses. The additives are also used to storage that will not allow the growth of
improve protein or carbohydrate content in fungus. Acid-forming bacteria will grow
feed materials. Usually, low-quality of feed rapidly and convert the sugars in forage into
needs additives to fulfill livestock nutritional organic acid such as acetic acid, lactic acid,
need. Third: high water content gives effect and alcohol. The increasing of acidity will
in making the silage. Excessive water content inhibit the activity of other bacteria such as
results in the rapid growth of fungus and decay bacteria. At a certain degree of acidity
produces undesirable acids such as butyric (pH=3.5), lactic acid bacteria will no longer
acid. Low water content results in higher react and the silage-making process is
temperature inside the storage and puts the completed (Hanafi, 2004).
silo in high risk of fire. The successful in There are three factors which affect in
making of silage depends on three main making of silage. First: the suitable forage
factors: 1) the presence and the amount of for silage is grass, sugar cane, wheat cobs,
lactic bacteria; 2) physical and chemical corn cobs, sugar cane shoots, pineapple stem
properties of forage used; 3) the ambient and rice straw. Second: the addition of
condition (Hanafi, 2004). additives to improve the silage quality.
Table 1. Silage assessment criteria (Hanafi, 2004)
Criteria
Very Good
Many Smell
Fungus
Not exist
Very few
Fair
Decayed pH
Acidic
Acidic
Fairly acidic
> 4.8 N-NH 3 Content
zation has several advantages, such as:
Ammonization treatment
1) simply constructed and harmless; 2) more Ammonization is a form of chemical afford-able and easier to construct than using process that commonly conducted on fibrous NaOH; 3) moderately effective to eliminate feed to improve the digestibility. The mixing aflatoxin especially in rice straw; 4) enhan-ce process between feed materials and urea was crude protein content; 5) do not pollute the meant to break down the lignin bonds in soil. Urea is the only source of NH 3 that is celluloses to make it more digestible and to easily obtained and cheap (Hanafi, 2004; enrich nitrogen (N). Thus, the purpose of
Sunarso, 2008).
ammonization processing is to cut-off the Ammonization treatment using urea chain bonds. In this case, the bonds will be has been proven to have a good effect on replaced by NH 3 otherwise celluloses and feed. Further ammonization process will also hemicelluloses will be released (Sunarso, give advantages such as enhancing feed 2003; Mayulu et al., 2009; Van Soest, 2006). digestibility. It occurs after NH 3 is decom- There are three sources of ammonia posed into NH 3 and CO 2 . Present of water which can be used in ammonization process: molecule cause hydrolysis process changes
NH 3 in liquid gas form, NH 4 OH in solution
NH 3 to NH 4 + and OH. The p-Ka of NH 3 =
9.26, which means more NH + is available in liquefied gas is relatively expensive. neutral state (pH=7). Thus, ammonization is Moreover, it requires a high-pressure similar to alkaline treat-ment. The group of resistant tank for storage purpose (minimum OH will break hydrogen bonding between
form and urea in solid form. The use of NH 3
pressure 10 bar). Similarly, NH 4 OH solution
number 2 oxygen carbons of glucose with is not only relatively expensive but also number 6 oxygen carbon of other glucose in difficult to gain resulted in limited use of cellulose, lignocellulose, and lingo-hemi- NH 4 OH in laboratory activities. Compare to cellulose bond. It is widely known the last other chemical processing (NaOH), ammoni- two bonds are alkali-labile, or it can be
Hamdi Mayulu Optimalization of Palm Oil Plantation and By Products Carrying Capacity
decomposed by alkaline treatment. There- is a very effective policy analysis especially fore, feed will expand and easily digested by
in providing clarity, identifying main target rumen microbes. The expansion will dissolve
factors (Arslan and Er, 2008). lignin deposits found in the cell walls and the
Analysis of SWOT is expected to space between cells. It means ammonization
maximize the strengths and opportunities, treat-ment reducing the amount of feed
minimize the external threats, turn weak- which is difficult to digest or even
nesses into strengths, and provide benefits undigested by the cattle, which eventually
from the opportunities also minimize the increases feed digestibility (Sunarso, 2003;
internal weaknesses and external threats. It Hanafi, 2004; Sunarso et al., 2011).
can be used to internal and external environment analysis to achieve a systema-
The Approach of SWOT Analysis and
tic approach in decision-making. The SWOT
Analytical Hierarchy Process
analysis will provide: an initial framework to
SWOT Analysis
examine and develop strategies for suitable The approach of Strength, Weak-ness,
plans; as the basic to assess the actual ability Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) involves
and authority; the proofs and keys to change systematic thinking and thorough diagnosis
and success; stimulus to take part in a group of the factors related to new production,
experience (Arslan and Er, 2008). technology, manage-ment, or planning. It is
The SWOT analysis is an important used extensively in strategic planning, where
tool to support decision-making, commonly all influenced environ-mental factors are
used to examine the internal and external deeply analyzed (Rangkuti, 2008). Strengths,
environment of an organization systema- Weaknesses, Opportu-nities, and Threats
tically. This tool was used to summarize the (SWOT) analysis is a commonly used
most important internal and external factors instrument which scans internal strengths and
and those which affect the future of an internal weaknesses of a product or service
organization – widely known as strategic industry and highlights the opportunities and
factors. Internal and external environment threats of the external environment (Pesonen
consist of inside and outside variables et al ., 2000; Rauch, 2007). Generally SWOT
(Yuksel and Dagdeviren, 2007). is a list of statements or factors with descript-
Mode of SWOT is an analysis me-thod tions of the present and future trend of both
or environmental analysis method that internal and external environment; the
integrating internal strengths / weaknesses expressions of individual factors are general
and external opportunities / threats. Analy-sis and brief which describes subjective views.
from internal strengths / weaknesses are However, SWOT is a convenient and
based primarily on the evaluations of how a promising way of conducting a situational
company solve its problems, such as assessment. The research was designed to
management problems, work efficiency, test the strengths and weaknesses of palm oil
research and develop-ment of external factor plantation and its waste, also the opportu-
evaluation (EFE) method and internal factors nities and threats both in internal and
evaluation (IFE) to evaluate the competitive- external environment so that the product can
ness of a facility according to its factors.
be used as feed source for ruminant Identifi-cation of the business advantages husbandry.
and the disadvantages is carried out using The SWOT analysis method is used in
EFE and IFE. Analysis results are based on early exploration stage to assess the situation
quantitative method, which is different from regarding palm oil plantation resources and
qualitative method according to traditional its waste, in order to formulate the strategies
SWOT analysis method (Kuoliang and Shu- to integrate ruminant husbandry and zero
chen, 2008). This method is created to make waste concept as the final target. SWOT
a stable planning for long, medium, or short- analysis was designed to be used in
term. According to the analysis, several preliminary step in decision-making, act as
criteria of EFE and IFE can be gained from the
palm oil plantation carrying capacity and its commonly used by individuals or groups. It
strategic management
planning,
waste, such as (Rangkuti, 2008):
Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian 7(2): 55-67 ISSN1858-2419
Strength
carrying capacity facing various threats and Strength is usually located in first
internal weaknesses (Table 3). quadrant: depicts a favorable situation. Palm
Specifically, SWOT provides oppor- oil plantation has opportunities and strengths
tunities to classify internal factors (strengths, to utilize existing chances (Table 2). The
weaknesses) into internal or external analysis strategy should be applied in this condition to
(opportunities, threats). One major limita- support integration policy of aggressive
tions of this approach is the importance of growth (Integrated growth oriented strategy).
each factor in decision-making that cannot be measured quantitatively, difficult to assess
Weaknesses
the most-influenced factors on strategic Weakness is located in second decisions, errors or suspicious events from quadrant: despite facing various threats, palm both internal and external factors. Further oil plantation still has internal strengths utilization of SWOT is based on qualitative (Table 2). The applied strategy is using force and quantitative analysis from internal and to exploit long-term opportunities through external factors. The SWOT analysis needs diversification strategy (product/market). to be flexible, the change in situation should
Opportunity
be anticipated and a renewed analysis should Opportunity is located in third qua-
be made frequently. Furthermore, SWOT drant: the optimization of plantation to face
analysis does not take long time or creating opportunities, however in the other hand
complications because of its simplicity. The facing several obstacles or internal weak-
SWOT classifies strength, weakness, oppor- nesses. The condition in third quadrant is
tunities, and threats using pairwise compa- similar to Question Mark. Strategy focus that
risons to achieve the shortest time required in can be pursued is to minimize internal issues
decision-making in situations with multi- to create better opportunities (Table 3).
variable parameters have temporary charac-
Threats
teristics (Table 4). Work activity mostly concentrated on the purposes of SWOT
Threats is located in forth quadrant: depicts an unfavorable situation, where the
analysis with its four-quadrant (Yuksel and optimization of plantation and its waste
Dagdeviren, 2007).
Table 2. Calculation of internal factor
Evaluation Factors
Comments Strength
Weights
Ratings
Weight x Rating
Palm oil area; 0.20 4 0.80 Utilized Excessive waste;
0.20 4 0.80 Utilized Concentrated in a location
0.20 4 0.80 Utilized Applicable for feed;
0.20 3 0.60 Technology needed
Tolerated by ruminants; 0.10 2 0.20 Proof Affordable
0.10 2 0.20 Proof
Total Strength
Weaknesses
Bulky with high crude fiber; 0.20 3 0.60 Technology needed
The approach of application technology 0.20 3 0.60 Proof is needed; No agreements among stakeholders;
0.20 1 0.20 Find Solution Low knowledge level of farmers;
0.10 2 0.20 Socialization The opportunity for integrating
0.20 2 0.40 Cooperativeness plantation to ruminant within the system has not existed Cattle are still considered as main
0.10 2 0.20 Proof business disturbance.
Total Weaknesses
Hamdi Mayulu Optimalization of Palm Oil Plantation and By Products Carrying Capacity
Table. 3.
Calculation of external factor
Evaluation Factors
Comment Opportunities
Weight
Rating
Weight x Rating
Affordable feed source; 0.10 4 0.40 Proof Technology application to improve nutrient
0.10 3 0.30 Proof value; Formulating CF as ruminant feed;
0.20 4 0.80 High possibility Suppressing increasing feed cost;
0.20 3 0.60 High possibility Creating integrated business diversification
0.20 2 0.80 Expected with zero waste concept;
Improving the farmers’ welfare. 0.20 4 0.60 Proof
Total Opportunities
Threats
Grand Strategy: livestock development has 0.20 3 0.60 Paradigm change not yet considered animal protein high priority (animal food as a strategic commodity); High dependency on imported feed;
0.20 4 0.80 Policy change The policy has not in favor of farmers and
0.20 3 0.60 Adjustment tend to partial;
needed The farmers are in low selling position
0.20 2 0.40 Paralleled compare to the plantation owner; Technology dissemination to improve
0.10 2 0.20 Pursued nutritional value of low-quality waste; Requires time and cost.
0.10 2 0.20 Minimized
Total Threats
Table 4. SWOT Matrix (Strengths-Weaknesses-Opportunities-Threats)
Strength (S) Weakness (W)
Internal factor S 1 = palm oil area
W 1 = bulky and high crude fiber
S 2 = excessive waste
W 2 = limited knowledge
S 3 = concentrated in a location
W 3 = limited connection between the
farmers and the plantation owners External factors 5 S = tolerated by ruminants
S 4 = applicable for feed
W 4 = the absence of applicative technology W 5 = the policy is not yet environmental
friendly
Opportunities (O)
Strategies (S-O)
Strategies (W-O)
O 1 = affordable feed source
1. The presence of technology (W 1 ,O 1 ) O 2 = application technology
1. Creating integrated regions (S 1 ,O 1 )
2. Improving farmers’ knowledge and skills O 3 = CF formulation
2. Discovering application technology
with application technology (W 2 ,O 2 ) discovered
(S2,O2)
3. Developing the partnership with the use O 4 = suppressing feed cost
3. Used as the source of CF raw materials
of CF formula (W 3 ,O 3 ) O 5 = zero-waste
(S3,O3)
4. Using to invent affordable feed (W 4 ,O 4 ) diversification
4. Increasing revenue by business
diversification (S4,O4)
5. Improving the waste utilization and its
5. Environmental friendly feed
by-product through CF (W 5 ,T 5 )
Threats (T)
Strategies (S-T)
Strategies (W-T)
1. Waste optimization (W 1 ,T 1 ) T 2 = business dependency
T 1 = Grant strategy
1. Integration between livestock and
2. Dissemination and utilization of CF T 3 = partial policy
plantation (S 1 ,T 1 )
application technology (W 2 ,T 2 ) T 4 = application technology
2. Business diversification with the use of
3. Creating partnership between plantation dissemination
CF (S 2 ,T 2 )
owners and farmers (W 3 ,T 3 ) T 5 = the decreasing of palm
3. Land use policy with livestock
4. Dissemination of waste-based CF oil price and feed cost
business(S 3 ,T 3 )
technology (W 4 ,T 4 ) is expensive
4. Dissemination of application technology
using plantation waste as CF (S 4 ,T 4 )
5. Improving farmers’ knowledge and
5. Creating a brand new feed source and
business resilience(W 5 ,T 5 )
income (S 5 ,T 5 )
Hamdi Mayulu Optimalization of Palm Oil Plantation and By Products Carrying Capacity
Since it is used properly, SWOT pro- criteria which mostly rely on some vides a suitable base for strategy formulation.
quantitative data and the judgments of However, SWOT analysis does have its
experts to derive priority scales. Comparison weaknesses in measurements and evalua-
rating is actually a relative consideration of tions. In conventional SWOT analysis, the
two elements at a particular level related to magnitude of factors is not measured to
the upper level (Yuan and Chiu, 2009). determine the effect of each factor in
Criteria and alternatives are assessed proposed plans or strategies. Specifically,
through pairwise comparisons. According to SWOT analysis allows to classify internal
Saaty various problems range from scale 1 to factors (strength, weakness) or external
9 is the best scale to express the judgments (opportunities, threats) in order to make
(Saaty, 1993; Marimin, 2004). The values decision-making, so that the comparisons
and definitions of qualitative opinions from between opportunities-threats and strength-
comparison scale showed in Table 5. weak-ness are possible. However, the results
Analitic hierarchy process consists of from SWOT analysis are usually only a list
three main operations, including hierarchy (incomplete qualitative test of internal and
construction, priority analysis, and consis- external factors). For this reason, SWOT
tency verification. Firstly, the decision analysis cannot be fully understood to
makers need to break down or specify the examine strategic decision-ma-king process
complex problems into its component parts (Arslan and Er, 2008). in which each decision attribute may be set to double-size hierarchy levels. Afterwards, the
Analytic Hierarchy Process
decision makers must compare each data in Basically, the method of Analytic each level according to similar pair based on Hierarchy Process (AHP) is simplified a their own experience and knowledge (Ho, complex situation, unstructured, into its
component parts; arranging the part or variable in a hierarchy; giving numeric value
Table 5. Pairwise
Comparison Scale in
on subjective judgment about the importance
Analitic Hierarchy Process
of each variable; and synthe-sizing various considerations to determine the highest-
Intensity of Importance
Description
priority variables and affect the results based
1 Criteria/alternative A is equally
on the situation. Solving problems using
important with criteria/alternative B
AHP is done with several basic principles
3 A is moderately more important than
such as decomposition, priority determina-
5 tion, and logical consis-tency (Saaty, 1993; A is clearly more important than B Lee et al., 2009).
7 A is strongly more important than B
Furthermore, AHP is a systematic
9 Absolutely more important than B
analysis technique developed for multi-
Intermediate values
criteria decisions. The output of AHP is a
comprehensive rating which indicates the Analitic hierarchy process proposed by choices for each alternative decision
Saaty is a simple term, mathematically based (Lasserre et al., 2009; Lee et al., 2009).
on multi-criteria as the decision-making tools Analytic hierarchy process method is
which are related each other in a complex, commonly used as an effective tool in a
unstructured, and compli-cated manner. This structure and in modeling multi-criteria
process was developed by Saaty since 1980 problems because they measure human
has been extensively studied and used in judgment and omit the other approaches.
almost all application related to decision- Analysis of strategic decision-making
making in the last 20 years (Ho, 2008). Saaty involves the calculation of values from
proposed a further method allowing the different choices available for corporations
decision-makers to associate with the or decision makers (Hughes, 2009).
benefits, costs, and risks of a decision. A However, AHP uses pairwise com-
hierarchy may be consisting of four sub- parisons, calculated a choice among all
Hamdi Mayulu Optimalization of Palm Oil Plantation and By Products Carrying Capacity
hierarchies: give benefits, opportunities, based on the procedures: a) squaring the costs, and risks (Lee et al., 2009).
matrix; b) calculate total value of each row, Application of AHP in optimizing
then normalize; c) the process is terminated carrying capacity of palm oil plantation and
when the difference between the sum of two its waste as the feed source for ruminants
calculations are less than certain limit. The through application technology can be
next step was to change the matrix into conducted by placing plantation waste as an
decimals and squared up to third interaction object of exploitation. Possible existing
until the requirements fulfilled when there problems are considered as the main targets
were no difference to four decimal places related to criteria and requirement of success
and Eigen vectors were obtained. It is shown according to the image below (Figure 1).
in Table 7 (Saaty, 1993; Marimin, 2004). Weighting of the three criteria are:
According to the Eigen values, the palm oil waste specification, processing
most important criteria can be discovered to technology and palatability based on the
make decisions which criteria that should be level of importance. Weighting can be
the priority. In the matrix above, it can be conducted using SWOT method or using
seen that the Eigen values put the list of AHP working principle such as pairwise
processing technology, plantation waste comparisons, importance, hence whether a
specification, and palatability, respectively. criterion which is relative to other criteria
Therefore, the most important criteria were can be stated clearly (Saaty, 1993; Marimin,
processing technology to improve waste 2004). It is assumed that pairwise
value as the optimization of plantation comparisons results for three criteria above
carrying capacity for ruminant raw materials. are shown in Table 6.
Table 7. Pairwise comparison matrix with
Eigen values
Complete feed based on waste and by-
PWS
Palm oil waste Processing
PWS = Plantation Waste Specification P = Palatibity
specification technology
Palatability
PT = Processing Tewchnology
M = Marketing
EV = Eigen Value
Alternativ
e The approach of AHP-SWOT is Big ruminant
Small ruminant
combined to support decision-making in forestry. There are two options faced by forestry: 1) make a commitment to create a
complete feed
complete feed
Figure 1. Hierarchy of Optimization on
progress on certified forest issue; 2) the
Plantation Waste and By-product
forest remains tin-oriented production.
as Ruminant Feed
Firstly, the main factors regarding the strategic choices are collected and classified
using SWOT analysis. Analitic Hierarchy
Table 6. Pairwise Comparison Matrix with
Process then used to measure the relative
respect to Importance
importance on SWOT groups (strengths,
PWS PT
weaknesses, opportunities, and threats), and considering SWOT factors related to four
PWS 1/1 1/2
SWOT standards within the group, which are
based on thorough considerations of obtained
PWS = Plantation Waste Specification
P = Palatibity
priority factors (Ho, 2008; Wickramasinghe
PT = Processing Tewchnology
M = Marketing
and Shin-ei, 2009).
Shrestha et al. (2004) analyzed the Completion by manipulating matrix
various possibilities to adopt silvopasture in was processed to determine the weight of
south Florida using a combination of AHP criteria, through determining eigenvector
and SWOT approach. Some researchers
Jurnal Teknologi Pertanian 7(2): 55-67 ISSN1858-2419
explained that silvopasture is an agrofores- Devendra C, Leng RA (2011) Invited review try technology combining the forest with
feed resources for animals in Asia: trees and grazing field for livestock. The
issues, strategies for use, intensifi- similar approach was also adopted by
cation and integration for increased Kurttila et al. (2000) and Kajanus et al.
productivity. Asian-Aust. J Anim Sci (2004), which AHP was used to measure the
24(3): 303-321.
relative importance for each SWOT factor. Devendra C, Sevilla CC (2002) Availability Analitic Hierarchy Process also and use of feed resources in crop- provides an effective structure for decision- animal systems in Asia. Agricultural making in groups by forcing discipline in Systems 71: 59-73. exchange ideas within the group. The
compulsory to deliver numerical value to DFID (2006) Feed Assessment: Chemical each problem variable helps the decision
Composition of Feeds. NR Interna- makers to maintain cohesive thinking
tional Managers of The Livestock patterns and achieves a conclusion. Further-
Production Programme (LPP). more, through the consensus decision making
Goenadi DH, Dradjat B, Erningpraja L, in group improves the consideration
Hutabarat B (2005) The Prospects and consistency and AHP reliability as a mean
Direction of Development of Palm Oil for decision making (Saaty, 1993). Agribusiness. Indonesian Agency for Agricultural Research and Develop-
CONCLUSION
ment. Ministry of Agriculture of Indonesia, Jakarta.
Optimalization of palm oil plantation and by- product’s carrying capacity as an
Hanafi ND (2004) The Treatment of Silage alternative feed for ruminant by the approach
and Ammonization on Palm Leaves as of feed processing technology was studied.
Raw Material for Sheep Feed. Depart- Exploration of palm oil plantation and
ment of Animal Production, Faculty of processing plant potential using SWOT and
Agriculture, University of Sumatera AHP analysis gave an option that an
Utara. Digitized by USU digital aggressive policy intended to apply palm oil-
library.
livestock integration and utilization of palm Hasnudi (2006) The Role of Palm Oil Waste oil plantations and processing plant waste as and Its By-products of Palm Oil
complete feed (CF) using application of Industry for The Development of technology is strongly needed to optimize the
North Sumatera palm oil plantation economic potency.
Ruminants
in
(Professor Inaugural Speech at University of Sumatera Utara, 2005).
USU Repository. Arikanto (2006) Research Procedure A
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