Tanggung Jawab Negara Bukan Peserta Konvensi (Non-State Parties) pada Kecelakaan Kecelakaan Reaktor Nuklir Akibat Bencana Alam (Studi Kasus Radiasi Nuklir Akibat Gempa Bumi dan Tsunami di Jepang).

TANGGUNG JAWAB NEGARA BUKAN PESERTA KONVENSI (NONSTATE PARTIES) PADA KECELAKAAN REAKTOR NUKLIR AKIBAT
BENCANA ALAM (STUDI KASUS RADIASI NUKLIR AKIBAT GEMPA
BUMI DAN TSUNAMI DI JEPANG)
ABSTRAK
Energi nuklir adalah sumber energi baru yang potensial, menawarkan
berbagai kelebihan dibandingkan sumber energi alternatif lainnya, namun
beresiko radiasi nuklir akibat kecelakaan reaktor nuklir. Hukum
Internasional telah mengatur mengenai tanggung jawab negara pada
pemanfaatan energi nuklir. Masalah yang muncul adalah radiasi nuklir
pada kecelakaan reaktor nuklir di Fukushima, Jepang. Jepang bukanlah
pihak pada perjanjian internasional (non-state parties) terkait tanggung
jawab negara. Masalah lain yang muncul adalah kecelakaan reaktor nuklir
ini dipicu gempa bumi dan tsunami.
Penelitian ini menggunakan metode pendekatan juridis-normatif,
karena menggunakan data sekunder sebagai sumber utama. Sedangkan
spesifikasi penelitian bersifat deskriptif-analitis, yaitu suatu penelitian yang
menggambarkan data dari fakta sebagaimana adanya untuk kemudian
dianalisis terhadap ketentuan Hukum Internasional antara lain Convention
on Third Party Liability in The Field of Nuclear Energy 1960, Vienna
Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 1963, Convention on
Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency 1986,

serta beberapa instrumen hukum terkait lainnya.
Hasil penelitian adalah hukum internasional dapat memastikan
bahwa tanggung jawab negara pada kecelakaan reaktor nuklir berlaku
mutlak, baik bagi state parties maupun non-state parties, yang disebabkan
oleh human error dan bencana alam. Jepang harus bertanggung jawab
atas segala kerugian yang ditimbulkan oleh kecelakaan reaktor nuklir di
Fukushima. Pertanggungjawaban itu diberikan dalam bentuk restitusi,
kompensasi, dan satisfikasi.

NON-STATE PARTIES LIABILITY IN NUCLEAR REACTOR ACCIDENT
CAUSED BY NATURAL DISASTER (CASE STUDY FOR NUCLEAR
RADIATION CAUSED BY EARTHQUAKE AND TSUNAMI IN JAPAN)
ABSTRACT
Nuclear energy is a potential new energy source that offers many
advantages compared to other alternative energy sources, but potentially
of nuclear radiation that caused by a nuclear reactor accident.
International Law regulates the state's responsibility in the nuclear reactor
accident. The problem is the nuclear radiation that caused by nuclear
reactor accident in Fukushima, Japan. Japan is a non-states parties for
any international regulation related to state responsibility on nuclear

reactor accident. Another emerging issue is the nuclear reactor accident
was triggered by the earthquake and tsunami.
This research applies juridical-normative method by using
secondary data as the primary source. The specification of this research is
descriptive-analytical, which describes data and facts and analyzed by
using several related source of international law including the Convention
on Third Party Liability in the Field of Nuclear Energy 1960, Vienna
Convention on Civil Liability for Nuclear Damage 1963, Convention on
Early Notification of a Nuclear Accident or Radiological Emergency 1986,
as well as several other related legal instruments.
The result of this research concludes International Law ensure that
the state's responsibility is absolute for any damage caused by nuclear
reactor accidents, both for states parties and non-states parties, which are
caused by human error and natural disasters. Japan shall be liable for any
damage caused by the accident at the Fukushima nuclear reactor. Full
reparation for the injury caused by nuclear accident shall take the form of
restitution, compensation and satisfaction, either singly or in combination.