PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
B u t s e e k f ri s t H i s k i n g d o m & H i s ir g h t e o u s n e s ,s a n d a ll t h e s e t h i n g s w li l b e g i v e n t o y o u a s w le .l
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3 3 ) K e e p s m ili n g , b e c a u s e l fi e i s a b e a u t fi u l t h i n g a n d t h e r e ’ s s o m u c h t o s m li e a b o u t
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, t o n s e o d n e tt ir w e v a h I h c i h w , s i s e h t s i h t t a h t e r a l c e d y lt s e n o h
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, d n a s n o it a t o u q e h t n i d e ti c e s o h t t p e c x e e l p o e p r e h t o f o k r o w e h t f o s tr a p r o . d l u o h s r e p a p c if it n e i c s a s a , y h p a r g o il b i b
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Y a n g b e tr a n d a t a n g a n d i b a w a h i n ,i s a y a m a h a s i s w a U n i v e r s ti a s S a n a t a D h a r m a : N a m a : R i ir s T e tt y N o m o r M a h a s i s w a :
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4 D e m i p e n g e m b a n g a n li m u p e n g e t a h u a n , s a y a m e m b e ir k a n k e p a d a P e r p u s t a k a a n U n i v e r s ti a s S a n a t a D h a r m a k a r y a li m i a h s a y a y a n g b e jr u d u :l
T h e S t r u g g l e s A g a i n s t F o r c e d M a r r i a g e o f I n d - i a n P a k i s t a n i W o m e n i n
J a s v i n d e r S a n g h e r a ’ s D a u g h t e r s o f S h a m e
B e s e tr a p e r a n g k a t y a n g d i p e lr u k a n ( b li a a d a ) . D e n g a n d e m i k i a n , s a y a m e m b e ir k a n k e p a d a P e r p u s t a k a a n u n i v e r s ti a s S a n a t a D h a r m a h a k u n t u k m e n y i m p a n , m e n g a il h k a n d a l a m b e n t u k m e d i a l a i n , m e n g e l o l a n y a d a l a m b e n t u k p a n g k a l a n d a t a , m e n d i s it b u s i k a n n y a d i
I n t e r n e t a t a u m e d i a l a i n u n t u k k e p e n it n g a n a k a d e m i s t a n p a p e lr u m e m i n t a i ij n a t a u p u n m e m b e ir k a n r o y a tl y k e p a d a s a y a s e l a m a t e t a p m e n c a n t u m k a n n a m a s a y a s e b a g a i p e n u il .s D e m i k i a n p e r n y a t a a n i n i s a y a b u a t d e n g a n s e b e n a r n y a .
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A C K N O W L E D G E M E N T S
F ri s t o f a ll , I w o u l d il k e t o s e n d m y g r a t ti u d e t o m y L o r d J e s u s C h ir s t f o r a l l H i s b l e s s i n g a n d H i s m e r c y . H e g i v e s m e f a ti h a n d s rt e n g t h a l o n g t h e h a r d p a t h o f m y l fi e . I a l w a y s f e e l H i s e n d l e s s l o v e e v e r y d a y , w h e n I if g h t e v e r y s i n g l e d a y i n m y l fi e .
I w o u l d il k e t o g i v e m y g r a t ti u d e t o m y t h e s i s a d v i s o r D r a . A . B . S r i M u l y a n i , M . A . , P h . D , w h o h a s p a it e n lt y h e l p e d m e if n i s h m y t h e s i s . I r e a ll y t h a n k h e r f o r h e r it m e , h e l p , g u i d a n c e , a n d s u g g e s it o n g i v e n t o m e t h r o u g h o u t t h e p r o c e s s o f t h i s t h e s i s w ir it n g . M y g r e a t t h a n k a l s o g i v e n t o D r . F .
X . S i s w a d i ,
M . . A , m y c o a d v i s o ,r f o r h i - s w li il n g n e s s t o r e a d , c o r r e c t , a n d d i s c u s s t h i s t h e s i s
w ti h m e . A l s o , I w o u l d il k e t o t h a n k a l l E n g il s h L e tt e r s L e c t u r e r s w h o h a v e s h a r e d t h e i r k n o w l e d g e d u ir n g m y s t u d y , a n d t h e S t a f f o f E n g il s h L e tt e r s
s e c r e t a r i a t w h o h a v e b e e n v e r y p a it e n t i n h e l p i n g m e t o a c c o m p il s h m y s t u d y .
I a m s i n c e r e l y g r a t e f u l t o m y p a r e n t s ,
V i c t o r G u r n i n g a n d D e l v i a n a P a n g a r i b u a n .
I t h a n k t h e m f o r t h e i r p r a y e r s a n d s u p p o tr s . I t h a n k m y B e b e f o r g i v i n g m e a d v i c e a n d if n a n c i a l s u p p o r t a n d m y M i m i m w h o h a s g i v e n h e r a tt e n it o n a n d p r a y e r f o r m e e v e r y d a y . A l s o , I t h a n k m y s i s t e r s , S o n d a n g
G u r n i n g M u it a r a G u r n i n g H e r b e r t G u r n i n g
a n d , a n d m y l ti lt e b r o t h e r , f o r t h e i r e n c o u r a g e m e n t s i n m y s t u d y .
T h o s e w h o m I c o u l d n o t f o r g e t a r e m y b e s t f ir e n d s i n m y l fi e , R e i n e r
F r e d e r i c k , M e i il s a A n g g u n H a p s a r i , M a r i a R o s e t h a S i m b o l o n , E l s a I s a b e ll a G i n it n g , V e r o n i k a A d h ti a , P r a s it k a W i g a it n i n g , C l a r a S o n i , M a r i a C h r i s t y ,
v i ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
N o v a l ti a S ji a b a t , G a m a C r i s it n a , A n n i s a U t a m i , E d w i n S u g a r a , J o e S a g i s o l o ,
A r i a t a U l y , B i ll y T a l u s a k a t a , W i n d a E l e a n o r a , M li k a S e t y a n i , N u r v ti a
W ji a y a n it , A n d r i a d i E k o , E d w a r d O n t o r a e .lI t h a n k t h e m f o r t h e i r n e v e r e n d i n g s u p p o r t a n d p r a y e r . N o w o r d s c a n e v e r b e g o o d e n o u g h t o d e s c ir b e h o w m u c h I l o v e t h e m . L a s t b u t n o t l e a s t , I w o u l d il k e t o t h a n k a l l p e o p l e t h a t I c a n n o t m e n it o n o n e b y o n e , w h o h a v e g i v e n m e s u p p o tr i n if n i s h i n g m y s t u d y . M a y G o d b l e s s a l l o f t h e m .
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6 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
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PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A B S T R A C T
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I R I S T E T T Y .
W o m e n i n J a s v i n d e r S a n g h e r a ’ s D a u g h t e r s o f S h a m e . Y o g y a k a tr a : D e p a tr m e n t
o f E n g il s h L e tt e r s , F a c u tl y o f L e tt e r s , S a n a t a D h a r m a U n i v e r s ti y ,
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D a u g h t e r s o f S h a m e
T h i s s t u d y d i s c u s s e s J a s v i n d e r S a n g h e r a ’ s n o v e l , . T h e n o v e l t e ll s a b o u t t h e s t o ir e s o f I n - d i a n P a k i s t a n i w o m e n w h o e x p e ir e n c e f o r c e d m a r ir a g e a n d b e c o m e ti s v i c it m s . F o r c e d m a r ir a g e i s w e l l k n o w n a s o p p r e s s i o n b e c a u s e h t e v i c it m s r e c e i v e p h y s i c a l , v e r b a l , a n d s e x u a l a b u s e s .
T h e a i m o f t h i s s t u d y i s t o a n s w e r t h r e e p r o b l e m s . T h e f ri s t i s t o s h o w h o w t h o s e I n d i a n - a P k i s t a n i w o m e n e x p e ir e n c e f o r c e d m a r ir a g e . T h e s e c o n d i s t o s h o w t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s w h i c h i n lf u e n c e t h o s - e
I n d i a n P a k i s t a n i w o m e n s ’ s rt u g g l e s a g a i n s t f o r c e d m a r ir a g e . T h e t h ri d i s t o s h o w t h e e v e n t s a s t h e e v i d e n c e i n w h i c h t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s i n lf u e n c e I - n d i a n P a k i s t a n i w o m e n ’ t s s r u g g l e s a g a i n s t f o r c e d m a r ir a g e a s p o r rt a y e d i n D a u g h t e r s o f S h a m e .
I n o r d e r t o a n s w e r t h e p r o b l e m s , t h e w r ti e r e m p l o y s a il b r a r y r e s e a r c h t o c o ll e c t t h e d a t a r e l a t e d t o t h e t o p i c . T h e p ir m a r y s o u r c e i s t h e n o v e l D a u g h t e r s o f
S h a m e . T h e s e c o n d a r y s o u r c e s a r e s e v e r a l r e f e r e n c e b o o k s a n d o n il n e s o u r c e s
r e l a t e d t o t h e t h e o r y o f c h a r a c t e r a n d c h a r a c t e ir z a it o n , m o it v e a n d m o t i v a it o n , a n d r e l a it o n b e t w e e n l ti e r a t u r e a n d p s y c h o l o g y . P s y c h o l o g i c a l a p p r o a c h i s u s e d i n t h i s s t u d y .
T h e r e s u l t o f t h i s s t u d y s h o w s t h a t t h e I n d - i a n P a k i s t a n i w o m e n e x p e ir e n c e f o r c e d m a r ir a g e a s a g r e a t o p p r e s s i o n a n d t h e y s rt u g g l e h a r d t o f r e e t h e m f r o m f o r c e d m a r ir a g e . T h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s a s t h e f a c t o r s w h i c h i n lf u e n c e t h o s e I n d i a n P a k i s t a n i s rt u g g l e s a g a i n s t f o r c e d m a r ir a g e a r e s e l f d e f e n s e m e c h a n i s m a n d - a b u s e s. S e l f d e f e n s e m e c h a n i s m i s t h e w a y h o w p e o p l e o u t f r o m u n p l e a s a n t f e e il n g , t h o u g h t , o r c o n d i it o n . A b u s e i s a rt e a t m e n t i n a c r u e l o r v i o l e n t w a y . T h e a c it o n s w h i c h a r e t a k e n b y t h e
I n - d i a n P a k i s t a n i w o m e n c l e a lr y s h o w t h a t t h e p s y c h o l o g i c a l f a c t o r s i n lf u e n c e - t h e I n d i a n P a k i s t a n i w o m e n t o s rt u g g l e f r o m f o r c e d m a r ir a g e . tI i s c l e a lr y s e e n f r o m t h e e v e n t s a s t h e e v i d e n c e i n w h i c h t h o s e
- I n d i a n P a k i s t a n i w o m e n a r e c o m m ti it n g s u i c i d e a n d r u n a w a y f r o m h o m e .
x ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
A B S T R A K
T h e S t r u g g l e s A g a i n s t F o r c e d M a r r i a g e o f
I n d i a - n P a k i s t a n iR
I R I S T E T T Y .
W o m e n i n J a s v i n d e r S a n g h e r a ’ s D a u g h t e r s o f S h a m e . Y o g y a k a tr a : J u r u s a n
S a s rt a I n g g ir s , F a k u tl a s S a s rt a , U n i v e r s ti a s S a n a t a D h a r m a ,
2
1 3 . S k ir p s i i n i m e m b a h a s t e n t a n g s e b u a h n o v e l y a n g b e jr u d u l D a u g h t e r s o f
S h a m e y a n g d ti u il s o l e h J a s v i n d e r S a n g h e r a . N o v e l i n i b e r c e r ti a t e n t a n g k i s a h - k i s a h y a n g d i a l a m i o l e h w a n - ti a w a n ti a I n d i - a P a k i s t a n y a n g m e n g a l a m i d a n s e k a il g u s k o r b a n d a r i k a w i n p a k s a . K a w i n p a k s a d i k e n a l s e b a g a i t e k a n a n k a r e n a
- k o r b a n k o r b a n d a r i k a w i n p a k s a m e n e ir m a k e k e r a s a n if s i k , k e k e r a s a n v e r b a l , d a n k e k e r a s a n s e k s u a .l
T u j u a n d a r i s k ir p s i i n i u n t u k m e n j a w a b it g a p e tr a n y a a n . P e tr a m a , u n t u k m e n u n j u k k a n b a g a i m a n a w a n ti a w n ti - a a I n d i a - P a k i s t a n m e n g a l a m i k a w i n p a k s a . K e d u a , u n t u k m e n u n j u k k a n - f a k t o r f a k t o r p s i k o l o g i y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i w - a n ti a w a n ti a
I - n d i a p a k i s t a n ti u u n t u k b e jr u a n g m e l a w a n k a w i n p a k s a . D a n y a n g k e it g a , u n t u k m e n u n j u k k a - n k e j a d i a n k e j a d i a n s e b a g a i p e m b u k it a n y a n g m a n a - f a k t o r f a k t o r p s i k o l o g i t e r s e b u t t e l a h m e m p e n g a r u h i w a n ti a w a n - ti a I n i a P - d a k i s t a n b e jr u a n g m e l a w a n k a w i n p a k s a s e p e tr i y a n g t e r g a m b a r d a l a m D a u g h t e r s o f
S h a m e .
U n t u k m e n j a w a b m a s a l a h , p e n u il s m e n g g u n a k a n p e n e il it a n p u s t a k a u n t u k m e n g u m p u l k a n d - a t a d a t a y a n g t e r k a i t d e n g a n t o p i c . S u m b e r u t a m a n y a a d a l a h
D a u g h t e r s o f S h a m e
n o v e l y a n g b e jr u d u l . S u m b e r y a n g k e d u a a d a l a h b - u k u b u k u r e f e r e n s i d a n s u m b e r - s u m b e r o n il n e t e r k a i t d e n g a n t e o r i k a r a k t e r d a n k a r a k t e ir s a s i , m o it v d a n m o it v a s i , p e n g a m b li a n k e p u t u s a n , d a n h u b u n g a n a n t a r a s a s rt a d a n p s i k o l o g i . P e n d e k a t a n p s i k o l o g i d i g u n a k a n u n t u k m e n g a n a il s a s k ir p s i i n .i
H a s i l d a r i s k ir p s i i n i m e n u n j u k k a n - b a h w a w a n ti a w a n ti a I n - d i a P a k i s t a n m e n g a l a m i k a w i n p a k s a d e n g a n p e n u h t e k a n a n d a n m e r e k a b e jr u a n g s a n g a t k e r a s u n t u k b i s a b e b a s d a r i k a w i n p a k s a . F a - k t o r f a k f o r p s i k o l o g i y a n g m e m p e n g a r u h i m e r e k a b e jr u a n g m e l a w a n k a w i n p a k s a a d a l a h m e k a n i s m e p e tr a h a n a n d ri i d a n k e k e r a s a n . M e k a n i s m e p e tr a h a n a n d ri i a d a l a h c a r a u n t u k k e l u a r d a r i p e r a s a a n , p i k ri a n m a u p u n k o n d i s i y a n g it d a k m e n y e n a n g k a n . K e k e r a s a n a d a l a h c a r a m e m p e lr a k u k a n o r a n g l a i n d e n g a n c a r a y a n g k e j a m d a n k a s a r . D a n k - e p u t u s a n k e p u t u s a n y a n g d i a m b i l o l e w a - n ti a w a n ti a
I n d i a P - h a k - i s t a n b e n a r b e n a r m e n u n j u k k a n b a h w a - f a k t o r f a k t o r p s i k o l o g i t e r s e b u t m e m p e n g a r - u h i w a n ti a w a n ti a I - n d i a P a k i s t a n u n t u k b e jr u a n g m e l a w a n k a w i n p a k s a . a H l ti u d a p a t t e r il h a t d a r i k e - j a d i a n k e j a d i a n s e b a g a i p e m b u k it a n y a n g m a n a p a r a w - a n ti a w a n ti a
I - n d i a P a k i s t a n t e r s e b u t m e m u t u s k a n u n t u k b u n u h d ri i d a n l a r i d a ir r u m a h . x i ii
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of four parts. They are background of the study, problem
formulation, objective of the study, and definition of terms. The background of the study explains the reason of choosing topic. Problem formulation presents the formulation of problems analyzed in the form of questions. The objective of the study describes the purpose of writing this undergraduate thesis. The definition of terms explains some important key terms mention in the undergraduate thesis.
A. Background of the Study
Human being’s life is full of actions. Every action they make delivers reason why it is taken. Based on the reason, the action which is taken can be divided into positive or negative action. To make the process of taking action more clearly, finding out the factors behind the action needs to be examined.
Hilgard (1979) states in Human Motivation and Emotion, “human motivation is influenced primarily by learning and the kind of society in which the individual is raised; they have little basis in the physiological needs of the organism” (in Atkinson, 1979: 315). In the other word, the acceptance from people around us is important to influence the motivation that someone will build. Furthermore, the fact that every human action surely is based on what motivates them is also proven by John Jung’s theory. According to John Jung in Understanding Human Motivation, he mentions, “motivation is used in human behavior to decide what action they would make in
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
2 their life” (Jung, 1978: 110). In other words, motivation takes a great part in human way of thinking. It is motivation that leads human to decide some actions which human would do in life.
Jutta Heckhausen and Heinz Heckhausen (2008) in Motivation and Action point, “the concept of action is seen in opposition to such learned habits and automatic responses; it is restricted to those human behaviors” (Heckhausen & Heckhausen, 2008: 272). In the other words, the action which is done by a person is limited by his or her daily behavior. Human makes decision in their life based on their own personality and way of life.
Besides, Max Webber (1921) also states, “action” is all human behavior that the actor deems to have “meaning”. Likewise, external observers apply the criterion of “meaning” to determine whether or not another person’s behavior constitutes “action” (in Heckhausen & Heckhausen, 2008: 273). In other words, every action made in human life must be meaningful. A person must think several times before making a decision. In the process of thinking, another person’s behavior can influence someone’s decision making.
Bernard Weiner (1980) in Goal-Incongruent (Negative) Emotions states, “Emotion which is involved in goal-directed behaviors can produce negative effect, whereas goal-congruent emotions are generally positive” (Weiner, 1980:272). In other words, if the emotion is not handled properly, it can produce a negative effect in human process of making action. The emotion becomes a positive thing when it leads a person to do something positive too. Bad experience or trauma is the example of
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
3 negative reason which then leads people to take negative action as the result.
Therefore, people do crimes, commit to suicide, and kill each other as the result of negative experiences that people experience. Then, those can motivate people to take negative action nowadays.
Literature, as the mirror of human life, also represents the human being life into the works. Wellek and Warren (1956) in Theory of Literature state, Literature is the reflection of human feeling toward his life. It is closely related to human experience through which we can learn the image of human beings that is expressed in the written way. It can also be defined as the work of arts which represents human life (Wellek and Warren, 1956: 94). As the experts say above, literary works are influenced by the human beings’ life. Both human life and literary works are connected to one and other. Human beings can learn from literary work and literary work can adopt the human beings life to be inspiration.
The reflection of human beings life and action is revealed in Daughters of
Shame
by Jasvinder Sanghera. This novel was written based on true stories, told by Indian-Pakistani women who are the victims of forced marriage to Sanghera in her foundation named Karma Nirvana which Sanghera built in order to help forced marriage’s victims. Daughter of Shame tells about the experiences of Indian- Pakistani women who experience honor-based violence and also forced marriage. In this non-fiction novel, Sanghera describes how those women refuse forced marriage and struggled against forced marriage. Besides, Daughter of Shame also tells true stories about victims who cannot survive from honor-based violence.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
4 In Daughters of Shame, Sanghera portrays the experiences of Indian-Pakistani women who struggle hard to free from the violence they face from their husbands and families. After facing honor-based violence and forced marriage, then those women decide several different actions. Most of them are committing suicide, escaping from their houses, and doing crimes. In Karma Nirvana, those desperate women have shared their shame experiences.
This novel is important to be discussed because it tells the true stories of social culture in Indian-Pakistani which has never been told before, especially the actions of the victims refuse forced marriage and still survive. Thus, the true stories about how cruel the violence that the victims faced also touches the emotion of the writer then choose this novel as the object of this study.
The struggle of Indian-Pakistani women against forced marriage is the important topic for the writer to do this study deeply. In this study, the writer wants to show some psychological factors that lead the major characters to struggle against forced marriage and what are the actions that those women decide as seen through Jasvinder Sanghrea’s Daughters of Shame. By analyzing the experience and the psychological factors, hopefully, the readers can understand why uncomfortable condition can lead a person to decide to make a certain action in their life.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
5 B.
Problem Formulation
According to the explanation above, the problem formulation is needed to analyze this study deeply. The questions are:
1. How do the major characters experience the forced marriage? 2.
What are the psychological factors that influence the major characters’ struggles against forced marriage?
3. In what events, as the evidence, do the psychological factors influence the major characters’ struggles against forced marriage?
C. Objective of the Study
There are some objectives in this study. First of all, the writer wants to show the experience of the major characters toward forced marriage. Based on the experience above, the writer wants to reveal the factors that lead the major characters to decide a certain action after facing forced marriage. The last, in the process of decision making, the writer wants to explain how the factors can influence the major characters’ decision making.
D. Definition of Terms
In this part, the writer explains a term which is used in this study in order to avoid misunderstanding in analyzing this study.
1. Forced Marriage
According to Forced Marriage India , forced marriage is a marriage that is performed under duress and without the full and informed consent of the couple.
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
6 Being under duress includes feeling both physical and emotional pressure. Their families trick some victims of forced marriage into going to another country (Bray, 2010: 1).
2. Struggle
According to James Drever in Handbook of General Psychology, struggle is the process of natural selection, will go on; where an individual has to compete with other individuals in an environment in which the conditions are such as to necessitate competition for nutriment, shelter, etc (Wolman, 1973:280).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW This chapter covers the review of the related study, Daughters of Shame, and the theories applied to analyze this study. A. Review of Related Study This chapter discusses two studies which discuss Jasvinder Sanghera’s Daughters of Shame
. The first review is reviewed by Cheryl Jorgensen in her article entitled Crimes of Honour (2009) and the second is reviewed by India Knight which was published in The Sunday Times on January 30, 2010.
In her review, Cheryl Jorgensen (2009) clearly states her idea of Daughters of
Shame
that Daughters of Shame explains the work of Karma Nirvana and tells of Muslim women, often of Pathan or Kurdish origin, living in Britain, who are the victims of shocking violence, family-sanctioned rape, and sometimes even murder - because they do not comply with the wishes of their husbands or even distant male relatives (emsah.uq.edu.au, 2009).
Cheryl Jorgensen’s article discusses Daughters of Shame as a great evidence of forced marriages issue. From the quotation above, forced marriage happens in the community of Indian-Pakistani culture in Britain. Indian-Pakistani people still bring their culture even they live in another country. There is always a victim after forced marriage because of the bad treatment of the culture itself. Jasvinder Sanghera
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
8
successfully collects the victims’ stories then brings the issue into the public eyes in her novel.
In this article, Jorgensen also reviews the differences between Daughters of
Shame
and Sanghera’s first bestselling book, Shame. In the first book, Shame, tells about Sanghera’s journey to escape from her own family who has forced her and arranged her to marry a man that she has never met before. Because of her action against that marriage, Sanghera has been isolated from her family and society. In her mother’s eyes, “Sanghera is already dead because she had “shamed” the entire family” (www.emsah.uq.edu, 2010).
While Sanghera’s second book, Daughters of Shame is the collection of stories which is told to Sanghera by the forced marriage victims who are facing violence, the brutality, and being imprisoned by their own family. In this article, Jorgensen describes about the real life time, focusing on one character named Fatima as the example. Jorgensen states that Fatima is one of the women who do not want to be forced to do that marriage. Fatima’s family, especially her brothers totally has forced her to marry. Being imprisoned in her own house is the most exact violence that she has ever experienced before. Fatima has complained it. Though she finally accepts the marriage, she keeps doing action in order to against the superiority of man in family. She has reported the treatments to the government and asked for her rights and security. After struggling and fighting, finally, she gets her rights and freedom. She can go to the library by herself, to read a book she likes; she can even watch East
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
9 Enders on television; and also she can go to the gym without any worries of bullying when Fatima at home (www.emsah.uq.edu, 2010).
The second study which reviews Sanghera Daughters of Shame is a community named India Knight who collects testimonies from young Indian-Pakistani women as the subject of forced marriage and honour-based violence. In this study, both of them review this non-fiction novel based on the setting of all the brutal events.
This sequel to Shame tells the stories of some of the thousands of women that Sanghera has subsequently met through Karma Nirvana, the organisation she founded in 1994 to help Asian women in similar situations: victims of forced marriage and “honour-based” violence, usually at the hands of family members, who see shame in an Asian girl touching a white boy but none in abusing, beating, raping, torturing or murdering their own flesh and blood (multiply.com,
2010 ).
In this article, India Knight describes the social historical background of Indian- Pakistani culture and also the forced marriage itself. In Indian-Pakistani culture, woman has no right in their life or in the family. When they have not married yet, their lives are in the father’s hands, and when they are married that right will be transferred into the husband’s hands. India Knight has noticed that those young women have no choice to decide their life.
This book shows with horrifying clarity, there are also many families for whom the aim is simply to marry a daughter off, and if that involves beatings, rape, torture (with the whole family joining in), a slave-like degree of obedience, well - too bad. Daughters of Shame is filled with their brutal, blood-soaked, hair-raising stories (arna23.multiply.com, 2010).
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
10 Both of those two articles review about Sanghera Daughters of Shame, but each
of the authors describes their ideas in a different point of view. The first article describes her point of view about the novel, Daughters of Shame, compares it with the previous novel, Shame. The second article describes the novel by using social culture historical of the Indian-Pakistani background. In this study entitled The
Struggles against Forced Marriage of Indian-Pakistani Women
, the writer describes all the experiences of the major characters when they experience forced marriage.
Based on those experiences, then the writer analyzes the psychological factors which are revealed from the major characters’ decision making to end the forced marriage.
Finally, the writer shows the events of the major characters’ experiences which show those psychological factors influence the major characters to end forced marriage.
Unlike the other reviews, this study focuses on the psychological background of the major characters in the novel. The story, the factors why the Indian-Pakistani women struggle against forced marriage and the action which taken as their struggle against forced marriage will be the main focus of this study.
B. Review of Related Theories
In this study, there are several theories needed to support the analysis. They are theory of character and characterization, theory of motive and motivation, theory of decision making, and the relation between literature and psychology.
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Van de Laar and Shoonderwood say,
PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI
11 There are two sources upon which a novelist can and must draw for his work.