THE MANIFESTATION OF LOVING SOMEBODY, AS SEEN IN SAEKI, ONE OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS OF MURAKAMI’S KAFKA ON THE SHORE
THE MANIFESTATION OF LOVING SOMEBODY, AS SEEN IN SAEKI, ONE OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS
OF MURAKAMI’S KAFKA ON THE SHORE A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Yuantari Ananingsih
Student Number: 051214132
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTEMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY 2012
THE MANIFESTATION OF LOVING SOMEBODY, AS SEEN IN SAEKI, ONE OF THE MAJOR CHARACTERS
OF HARUKI MURAKAMI’S KAFKA ON THE SHORE A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Parial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education
By Yuantari Ananingsih
Student Number: 051214132
ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTEMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2012
Everytime I close my eyes and say my prayer at night I thank God each day for your love
That gives me wings to fly up high to reach my dream aim for the sky you always said, your head up high smile on your faceand wish that you will always be loved the stars will lead you every step you take don’t you ever be afraid…believe in you and I’ll be there to guide you
Wherever you may go Thank you for your love forever…
(Gita Gutawa-Delon) This thesis is dedicatedto My Beloved Mother, M.Y. Titik Marsiswati who gives me wings to fly and guides every step I take
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Most of all, I would like to express my greatest gratitude to Lord
Jesus Christ for giving me such a wonderful opportunity to study in
English Language Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. I am thankful to them for giving me love, spirit, motivation during this thesis writing.
I would like to thank myadvisor, Drs. Antonius Herujiyanto,
M.A.,Ph.D for his guidance, support, ideas, patience, and sincerity so that I
can finally finish my thesis. His lesson about the world of literature and the ways to face problems have released me from difficulties. He guided me to write this thesis with care and effectiveness. He is the best lecturer I have.
My special gratitudes go to all lecturers who have shared their knowledge and encouragement during my study in English Language
Study Program of Sanata Dharma University. Special thanks also go to
all Sanaha Dharma University staff, especially Mbak Dhanniek in PBI Secretariat for their help and friendliness during my study in Sanata Dharma University.
My sincere thanks go to my parents, my father, Yulius Sunaryofor his support and motivation and my beloved mother, M.Y. Titik Marsiswati for her love, care, support, and prayers that make me strong. I thank my mother because she is like a bestfriend who gives me freedom to choose what is best for me. My sincere thanksare also addressed to my grandparents, grandpa Greg.Sumintarjo and grandma C.Djinah Suprihatin forherprayer,support and motivation.
My gratitude is also addressed to Surya Octa Wijaya for his love, support, motivation and presence during my thesis writing. I thank him for went to campus or BAA. I thank him for being patient whenever I felt upset and for his endless love. I thankhim for encouraging me during this thesis writing. I also thank my little angel who also makes me strong and gives me strength.
My special thanks go to my besfriends Yohanna Kurnitta (Nyit-
Nyit),Triastuti Dian Kusumartinifor checking and giving comments on
this thesis, and Olivera Ika Chandra (Bun-bun).I thank them for their love, laughter, tears, and this long friendship. I am so grateful to have bestfriends like them.
I would like to express my special thanks to my boss Ko Agus and
Cie Diana who always give me the permission to come late or go home
early in order to have a thesis consultation with my lecturer. Thanks to
konco-konco makaryoat Fl@SH and EXE, Jenk Etti, Jenk Isti, and Jenk Sari for this partnership.I thankto Jenk Sari who were always readyto
exchange the work time whenever I need it. I also thank to mbak Tia for the painting of Kafka on the Shore.
I would also like to express my special thanks to some friends at PBI,
Ayuni, Nova, Mami Chika, Vita, Linda, Megaand people who I cannot
mention one by one. I thank them for their love, support, and care so I can finish this thesis.
Matur Nuwun Sanget Yuantari Ananingsih
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ............................................................................................... i
APPROVAL PAGE ..................................................................................... ii
MOTTO ....................................................................................................... iv
DEDICATION PAGE ................................................................................ v
STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ......................................... vi
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ....................... vii
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................ viii
TABLE OF CONTENTS ............................................................................ x
LIST OF FIGURE ....................................................................................... xiii
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................. xiv
ABSTRAK ..................................................................................................... xv
CHAPTER I :INTRODUCTION ...............................................................1 A. Background of the Study.............................................................
1 B. Problem Formulation ..................................................................
5 C. Problem Limitation .....................................................................
5 D. Aims of the Study .......................................................................
6 E. Benefits of the Study...................................................................
6 F. Definitions of Terms ...................................................................
7
CHAPTER II : REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE .....................
10 A. Review on Related Studies..........................................................
10 B. Review on Related Theories .......................................................
11 1.Critical Approach .....................................................................
11 2. Theory of Psychology .............................................................
12 a. Theory of Character and Characterization .....................
12 b. Theory of Personality......................................................
16 c. Theory of Motivation ......................................................
19 d. Theory of Love................................................................
22 C. Theoretical Framework ...............................................................
25 D. Context of the Novel ...................................................................
26 CHAPTER III : METHODOLOGY..........................................................
28 A. Object of the Study......................................................................
28 B. Aproach of the Study ..................................................................
29 C. Method of the Study....................................................................
29 CHAPTER IV : ANALYSIS.......................................................................
31 A. Saeki’s Character and Characterization ......................................
31 1. Personality Description...........................................................
33 B. How Saeki Manifests Her Love....................................................
40 1. Saeki’s Love For Her Sweetheart ...........................................
40 2. Saeki’s Love For Her Son ......................................................
47 CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION ..................................................................
55 A. Conclusions..................................................................................
55 B. Suggestion....................................................................................
57
2. Suggestion for Teaching Learning Process ...........................
58 REFERENCES.............................................................................................
60 APPENDICES ..............................................................................................
63 Appendix A : The Summary of Kafka on the Shore...............................
64 Appendix B : Bibliography Haruki Murakami .......................................
66 Appendix C : The Cover of Kafka on the Shore.....................................
75 Appendix D : Lesson Plan ......................................................................
76 Appendix E : Learning Material .............................................................
79 Appendix F : The Illustration of the Painting of
Kafka on the Shore..................................................................................
81
LIST OF FIGURE Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs .....................................................................
21
ABSTRACT
Ananingsih, Yuantari. 2012. The Manifestation of Loving Somebody, as seen in
Saeki, One of the Major Characters of Haruki Murakami’s Kafka on the
Shore. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study Program Sanata Dharma
University.This study discusses Haruki Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore. The novel tells about a fifteen-year-old boy named Kafka Tamura who runs away from home in order to look for his mother. Saeki, Kafka’s mother suffers for a long time because of the death of her sweetheart when she was twenty.
The aim of the study is to reveal somebody’s way in manifesting her love as seen in Saeki, one of the major characters in Haruki Murakami’s Kafka on the
Shore. In order to achieve the aim, this study deals with two discussions. First, it
deals with how Saekiis described in the novel. Second, it deals with how Saeki manifests her love.
There are two sources which are used to complete the data. The first source is Haruki Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore, while the second source derives from library books, such as textbooks, journals, essays, and articles which are related to the study.
The study uses the theories of character and characterization to identify and to describe Saeki.The theoryof psychology, namely, the theory of personality, the theory of motivation, and the theory of love are used to answer the second problem formulation.Furthermore, the approach used in the study is psychological approach which is relevant to analyze the character’s thoughts, motivation, love, and personality.
The findings reveal that Saekis iselegant, artistic, egocentric, smart, mysterious, faithful, melancholic, and mystical. Secondly, there are two people whom Saeki reallyloves. They are her dead sweetheart and her son, Kafka. Saeki manifests her love to the sweetheart by becoming faithful when they had a long distance relationship. Since the death of her sweetheart, she loses the will to live and buries herself in a long sadness for more than twenty years. Whereas, Saeki manifests her love for the son by leaving him. She decides to leave her child because she has a traumatic experience of losing a person she really loves. The motivation of leaving Kafka is because she loves and prefers to leave him first before he is taken away from her side.
It is suggested for future researchers to discuss some possible aspects in the novel, such as the aspect of Oedipus Complex and realism. Besides, future researchers may also analyze the meaning of the lyric and the paintingof Kafka on
the Shore . It is also suggested that the novel is used as English Teaching Material
and learning source in Paragraph Writing class in Sanata Dharma University.Keywords: Manifestation, Love, Major Character, Kafka on the Shore
ABSTRAK
Ananingsih, Yuantari. 2012. The Manifestation of Loving Somebody, as seen in
Saeki, One of the Major Characters of Haruki Murakami’s Kafka on the
Shore. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris Universitas Sanata
Dharma.Studi ini mendiskusikan novel Haruki Murakami yang berjudul Kafka on
the Shore. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang anak laki-laki berusia lima
belas tahun yang melarikan diri dari rumah untuk mencari ibunya. Saeki, ibu Kafka lama menderita kematian kekasihnya saat dia berusia dua puluh tahun.
Tujuan studi ini adalah untuk membuktikan cara seseorang dalam menunjukkan cintanya, seperti yang terlihat dalam diri Saeki, salah satu tokoh utama dalam novel Haruki Murakami yang berjudul Kafka on the Shore. Untuk mencapai tujuan tersebut, studi ini mencakup dua pembahasan. Pertama, mengenai bagaimana Saeki dideskripsikan di dalam novel tersebut. Kedua, mengenai bagaimana Saeki menunjukkan cintanya.
Ada dua buah sumber yang digunakan untuk melengkapi data. sumber pertama adalah novel Haruki Murakami yang berjudul Kafka on the Shore, sedangkan sumber kedua berasal dari buku-buku kesusasteraan,seperti buku-buku, jurnal-jurnal, dan artikel-artikel yang berkaitan dengan studi.
Studi ini menggunakan teori tokoh dan penokohan untuk menentukan penokohan salah satu tokoh utama dan untuk mendeskripsikan penokohan Saeki. Teori psikologi seperti teori kepribadian, teori motivasi, dan teori cinta digunakan untuk menjawab rumusan masalah kedua mengenai bagaimana Saeki menunjukkan cintanya.Lebih lanjut, pendekatan yang digunakan dalam studi ini adalah pendekatan psikologis yang sesuai untuk menganalisa pemikiran, motivasi, cinta, dan kepribadian tokoh.
Hasil membuktikan bahwa Saeki elegan, artistic/berseni, egois, pintar, misterius, setia, melankolis, dan mistis. Kedua, ada dua orang yang benar-benar dicintai Saeki. Mereka adalah kekasih dan anaknya yang bernama Kafka. Saeki menunjukkan cintanya kepada kekasihnya dengan setia saat mereka memiliki hubungan jarak jauh. Sejak kematian kekasihnya, dia kehilangan keinginan untuk hidup dan mengubur dirinya dalam kesedihan yang panjang selama lebih dari dua puluh tahun. Sedangkan Saeki menunjukkan cintanya kepada anak laki-lakinya dengan meninggalkannya. Dia memutuskan untuk meninggalkan anak laki-lakinya karena dia memiliki pengalaman traumatis kehilangan orang yang sangat dicintainya. Motivasinya meninggalkan Kafka karena dia cintadanlebih memilih untuk meninggalkannya terlebih dulu sebelum dia diambil dari sisinya.
Disarankan kepada peneliti yang akan datang untuk mendiskusikan beberapa aspek yang memungkinkan dalam novel ini, yaitu Oedipus Complex dan realism. Disamping itu, peneliti yang akan datang juga dapat menganalisa arti lirik dan lukisan Kafka on the Shore. Disarankan pula bahwa novel inidigunakansebagaisumberpembelajarandanmateripembelajaranbahasaInggris di kelas Paragraph WritingUniversitasSanata Dharma. Kata Kunci: Perwujudan, Cinta, TokohUtama, Kafka on the Shore
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of Background of the Study, Aim of Study, Problem Formulation, Problem Limitation, Benefit of the Study and Definition of Terms. Background of the Study explains topic of the Study. Aim of the Study gives the information about the writer’s objectives in
conducting the study. Problem Formulation consists of two questions that generally describe the problems that will be answered. The Benefits of the study give the explanation of the benefit for people who read this study. The last part is the Definition of Terms. It explains some terms that are used in the study.
A. Background of the Study
Loving and to be loved are two things that cannot be separated from man’s life. A love can exist between a man and a woman, a parent and a child, a husband and a wife, and so on. A love has a magical power that can make people do what is called an impossible thing. A love can make people laugh and cry. Everyone have experienced to love or to be loved by someone.
If someone lives without love, he feels emptiness in his heart. The emptiness appears because he feels lonely. As Alberoni (n,d) states that a person is falling in love sees everything transfigured-nature, the air, rivers, light, colors are all brighter and more intense (11). When a man is falling in love, everything around him is beautiful. Psychologically, happy feeling influences a man to think many things which are good and beautiful. This positive thinking tends to be a motivation that can produce a positive energy to do things which make him pleasant, such as to sing and to smile.
However, when a man is suffering a broken heart or losing his beloved one, the situation will be the opposite of when a man is falling in love. Psychologically, he will feel sadness. We often realize we need people when we risk losing them, e.g. when they leave us, or when some negative power, such as illness, violence or death, wrests them from us. When someone feels sad, physically he may express the sad feeling with negative behaviors, such as close himself from other people around him, cry, romancing, or the worst thing is behave rude.
Normally, the sad feeling will slowly disappear and a motivation to start a new life with a new hope comes. However, if the sad feeling stays in one’s heart for a long time, it influences his whole life. The condition of losing a beloved one happens in Saeki, one of the major characters of Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore. Kafka on the Shore is the translated version. The original version of Kafka on the Shore is in Japanese Language, namely Umibe no Kafuka.
According to Hays (2009), Haruki Murakami was born on January
th
12 , 1949. He was a very famous Contemporary Japanese. Many people describe him as a Japan’s best living writer. Murakami graduated from Waseda University, Tokyo. He got many awards as a writer; there were Yomiuri Literary Prize (1995), Kuwabara Takeo Academic Award (1998); Frank O’Connor International International Short Story Award (Irlandia, 2006); Franz Kafka Prize (Cekoslovakia, 2006); Asahi Prize (Japan, 2006) and Kiriyama Prize (2007). His works have been translated into 40 languages.
In Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore, Saeki, one of the major characters of the novel, is a woman in her fifties who has lost her sweetheart since she was twenty. The death took the soul of her first love. Saeki had a sweetheart since she was in grade school. They were separated because the boy continued his study in Tokyo. Both of them could not see each other for a long time. When she was nineteen, she wrote a poem which expressed her feeling to the boy. The meaning of the poem is like the painting which was painted by her sweetheart when both of them were fourteen. She set the poem to music, played the piano and sang it. The title of her poem is Kafka on the Shore.
When she was twenty, she had to lose her sweetheart, the one she loved with all her heart. The death takes his soul to the Creator. It was hard for her. She stops to sing, drops from college, and nobody knows where she had been, even her parents and friends. She also does not go to his sweetheart’s funeral.
Many rumors come about her. Some people say that she is committed to mental hospital after a failed suicide. The others say that she works in Tokyo, gets married and has a child. Twenty five years later, she came and talked to Komura Private Memorial Library, the family of her sweetheart. Then she becomes the head of Komura Private Memorial Library.
Even though she comes back and becomes the head of Komura Private Memorial Library, the death of her sweetheart still influences her.
She becomes a mysterious woman. She is always polite and kind, but really closes herself. She seldom talks about herself, especially her past. She hides her true feeling from other people.
The mystery of the life is revealed after a 15-year-old boy who is naming himself as Kafka finds her with the theory that she is his mother who is abandoned him since he is a kid with an unknown reason. The love for her sweetheart is so deep as if he is her soul. When the soul goes, she loses the willing to live.
This study is triggered by the incidents experienced by Saeki. It must be something that influences Saeki’s life. This study, thus deals with psychological factors that affect Saeki’s life, in this case, how she manifests her love. The aim is to see Saeki’s love.
The theories used in this study are the theory of character and characterization, the theory of personality, the theory of motivation, and the theory of love. This study applies the psychological approach.
B. Problem Formulation
The problems of this study can be formulated as follows:
1. How is Saeki described in the novel?
2. How does Saeki manifest her love?
C. Problem Limitation
There many characters presented in this novel. However, not all figures are discussed by the writer. The major concern is the major figure in this novel, which is one’s experience of having suffered from a broken heart as seen in Saeki, one of the major characters of Murakami’s novel Kafka on
the Shore and also how she manifests her love.
D. Aim of the Study
The aim of this study is to reveal somebody’s way in manifesting her love as seen in Saeki, one of major characters in Haruki Murakami’s
Kafka on the Shore.
E. Benefit of the Study
There are some benefits that we can obtain from this study. They are divided into two parts, which are:
1. The Benefits for Education Field
The result of this study is expected to give some benefits for students of Senior High School and University. For students of Senior High School and University, they will acquire deeper understanding of the novel of Haruki Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore. Besides learning new vocabularies, they can also find a pleasure of reading the novel.
Meanwhile, for the lecturers of English Language Study Program, the novel of Kafka on the Shore may be used as one of the references to teach in some courses, e.g. Paragraph Writing, Reading, Introduction to
Literature, Prose, and Book Report. By using this novel, lecturers can
encourage their students to love reading.2. The Benefits for Readers in General
The benefits for the readers of Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore are to more appreciate the work of literature, get more knowledge about the content of the story, and the value they can draw from the story.
F. Definition of Terms The following is the meaning of certain words in the story.
Therefore, we can avoid misunderstanding terms. Some important terms used in this study are manifestation, character and characterization, personality, motivation, and love.
1. Manifestation
Manifestation is an event, an action, an object, or a statement that shows something clearly (“Manifestation”). Thus, in this study what the writer means by manifestation are those actions conducted by Saeki to express her love.
2. Character and Characterization
According to Stanton in An Introduction to Fiction (1965:17), the term character refers to two meanings. It points toward the individuals who appear in the story and refer to mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that make up each of these individuals. Blair and Gerber in their book Better Reading to Literature (1981: 52), characterization is the technique used by the writer to take these qualities known. Moore, in his book of Effective Meaning (1955:326) defines the word characterization as “The characters are people of the novel, and characterization is the way the novelist portrays his people”
In this study, the theory of character and characterization is dominant to find out the personality of Saeki, the main character of Murakami’s
Kafka on the Shore.
3. Personality
According to Allport (1937), personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment. In this study, the writer is going to see the personality of Saeki, one of the major characters of Murakami’s
Kafka on the Shore.
4. Motivation
According to Corsini (1987), motivation is the driving force within individuals that impels to the action (p.734). However, Maslow (1943) states that motivation is not the only determinant; other variables such as effort expended, ability, and previous experience also influence performance.
While Beck states that motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior (1978). In this study, the writer utilizes the theory of motivation to find out Saeki’s motivation to keep her love.
5. Love
According to Raymond (1987), love comprises such elements as responsibility for the other, tenderness, self-disclosure, and exclusivity.
According to May (1953), love is a “delight in the presence of the other person and affirming of (that person’s) value and development as much as one’s own” (as cited in Feist & Feist, 2006, p.35). In this study, what the writer means by a love is a complex feeling with someone and how he/she shows the feeling to that person. Thus, the writer utilizes the theory of love to understand how Saeki manifests her love.
CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter deals with Review on Related Studies, Review on Related Theories, Theoretical Framework and Context of the Novel. A. Review on Related Studies There are many criticisms toward Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore . Naomi in goodreads.com stated that the story is a beautiful weave
of metaphysical, philosophy, and wonderful characters that are ‘global’ and ‘Japanese’. She says that Murakami is obviously someone who thought deeply and originally about his world and theories he comes in contact with. She says much like Nakata and many of those they meet including some of the kitties.
According to Hill (2005), the novel of Murakami, Kafka on the shore, is a nutty and silly as any of those that have come before it. It means that almost all Murakami’s novels have its own character. He says that Murakami’s writings are often charming, including the novel of Kafka on the Shore. There is a hypnotic, spellbinding quality to Murakami’s through-the-looking-glass Japan, where spirits take on the forms of whisky icons, and omens manifest themselves as hails of fish and leeches (Hill, 2005). Hill is interested in Murakami’s writing. According to Hill (2005), the juxtaposition of Greek myth and X-Files kookiness is uneasy, also apart from some brilliant episodes involving cats, fish and Colonel Sanders, the plot lacks the crackling, and brilliant weirdness of the author’s short stories and recent novels.
B. Review on Related Theories
This part consists of Theory of Critical Approach and Theory of Psychology. The Theory of Psychology consists of Theory of Character and Characterization, Theory of Personality, Theory of Motivation, and Theory of Love.
1. Critical Approach
Rohberger & Woods (1976) divided the critical approach into five approaches to analyze a work of literature. The approaches are “formalist approach, biographical approach, socicultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach.” The first approach is formalist approach. Based on Rohberger & Woods (1971), this approach concerns with demonstrating the harmonious involvement of all the parts to the whole and with pointing out how meaning is derived from structure and how matters how technique determine structure (p.6).
The second approach is biographical approach. According to Rohberger & Woods (1971), “biographical approach asserts the necessity for an appreciation of ideas and personality of the author to an understanding of literary object” (p.6). The third approach is sociocultural-historical approach. According to Rohberger & Woods (1971), “it investigates the social milieu in which a work was created and which it necessarily reflects” (p.9).
The fourth approach is mythopoeic approach. According to Rohberger & Woods (1971),”it seeks to discover certain universally recurrent pattern of human thought, which they believe find expression in significant work of art” (p.9). The fifth approach is psychological approach. Atkinson (1981) emphasizes how personality develops. This approach is used in the study because it is relevant to analyze the character’s thoughts, motivation, love, and personality.
2. Theory of Psychology
a. Theories of Character and Characterization
According to Stanton the term character refers to two meanings. It points toward the individuals who appear in the story. In addition, it refers to mixture of interests, desires, emotions, and moral principles that make up each of these individuals. Most stories contain a central character which is relevant to every event in the story. Generally the events cause some changes toward him or our attitude toward him. Therefore, the meaning of character can be both the actor/actress in the story and the characterization of the character. There must be a relationship between an actor and the characteristics she/he has (as cited in An Introduction to Fiction, 1965).
Henkle (1977) divides the term character into two categories. The first is major character and the second is minor character or secondary character. The major character deserves our full attention in the novel. It also performs the key structural function in the novel. Therefore, the effectiveness of most novels depends on the ability of major character to express and dramatize the human issue of the novel. While the secondary character performs more limited function and less complex than the major character (p.80).
Abrams mentions two types of character; they are simple or flat character and round or complex character. He proposes that flat character is easily recognized and remembered by readers. It describes in a single phrase or sentence. Complex character is lifelike because the writer may see all sides of the character. This character is difficult to describe with any adequacy as somebody in real life (as cited in A Glossary of Literary Terns, 1981).
M.J. Murphy in Understanding Unseen (1972) provides nine ways on how the author attempts to make his character understandable to, and come alive for his readers as follow: 1) Personal description
The author can describe a person’s appearance and clothes. By summarizing the author’s description of the character physical appearance, the readers can imagine what kind of person he is (p.161).
2) Characters as seen by another Besides describing a person’s appearance and clothes, the author can describe him through the eyes and opinion of other people. It is like a reflected image. 3) Speech
The character of a person in the book can be seen through what he says. Every time he has conversation with other people and every time he gives opinion, it shows the clues of his character.
4) Past life If the readers are allowed to learn something about the person’s past life, they will obtain a clue to events happened in the past life. It is because the events in the past life have helped to shape someone’s character.
5) Conversation of others The conversation of other people and the things they may say about a person can be a clue for us to know the person’s character.
6) Reaction We are able to know a person’s character through the reaction of the person in facing various situations. It happens if the author lets us know how the person reacts. 7) Direct comment
The author can describe the person’s character directly so that he/she can easily find out the information on the character. Besides it is easy, misinterpretation can be reduced (p.170). 8) Thoughts
If the author gives us knowledge of what a person is thinking about, we can know how people are thinking.
9) Mannerisms A person’s mannerism, habit or idiosyncrasies is an obvious clue to know the person’s character. Habit or what people always do reflects their inner side positively and negatively. We can also infer what a character is like from what he does, thinks or says (p.173).
b. Theory of Personality
The word “personality originated from the Latin “persona”, which referred to a theatrical mask worn by Roman Actors in Greek dramas (Hill, 2006). According to Allport (1937), personality is the dynamic organization within the individual of those psychophysical systems that determine his unique adjustment to his environment.
Hill (2006) argues that personality is both physical and psychological; it includes both overt behaviors and covert thoughts; it not only is something, but it does something. While Davidoff (1987) states that personality is a summary construct that includes thought, motives, emotions, interests, attitudes, abilities and the like. The writer uses the theory of personality because in this study the theory is needed to know the meaning of the main character’s personality development.
According to Sigmund Freud’s psychoanalytic theory of personality (n,d) personality is composed of three elements. They are the id, the ego, and the superego.
The three elements which are composed by Sigmund Freud work together to create complex human behaviors.
1) The Id The id is a component of personality which naturally comes from birth. According to Freud (n,d), the id is the source of all psychic energy, making it the primary component of personality. For example, when a baby is hungry, she will cry. She will stop crying if the demand of the id is met, which is drinking the milk.
2) The Ego According to Freud (n,d), the ego develops from the id and ensures that the impulses of the id can be expressed in a manner acceptable in the real world. Ego is not the whole personality, but must be completed by the more comprehensive self, the center of personality that is largely unconscious (Hill, 2005). In psychologically healthy person, the ego takes a secondary position to the unconscious (Jung, 1959a).
3) The Superego The superego is the last component of personality to be developed.
According to Kendra Cherry (n,d) , the superego is the aspect of personality that holds all of our internalized moral standards and ideals that we acquire from both parents and society-our sense of right and wrong.
Freud (1964) also divides levels of mental of life into the unconscious and the conscious. While the unconscious has two different levels, which are the unconscious proper and the preconscious. In Freudian psychology, the three levels of mental life are used to designate both a process and a location. 1) Unconscious
Freud states that unconscious contain all those drives, urges, or instinct that are beyond people’s awareness, but motivate most of our feeling, words, and actions. While Adler (1956) defined the unconscious as that part of the goal that is neither clearly formulated nor completely understood by the individual. Adler then states that if we understand the tendency of consciousness, the tendency has already become conscious.
2) Preconscious The preconscious level of the mind contains all those elements that are not conscious but can become conscious either readily or with some difficulties (Freud, 1964).
3) Conscious Consciousness, which plays a relatively minor role in psychoanalytic theory, can be defined as those mental elements in awareness at any given point in time. According to Freud (1964), what we perceive through our sense organs, if not too threatening, enters into consciousness. Adler (1964) argues that the conscious life becomes unconscious as soon as we fail to understand it.
Levitan and LaBerge (1991) say that the human consciousness separating from the human body and travelling in a discorporate form of physical world. The writer uses Freud’s level of mental of life to support the analysis Saeki’s mental of life, as seen in Murakami’s Kafka on the
Shore.
c. The Theory of Motivation Motivation is an important determinant of individual’s performance.
However, as Maslow (1943) states that motivation is not the only determinant; other variables such as effort expended, ability, and previous experience also influence performance.
Beck (1978) states that motivation is broadly concerned with the contemporary determinants of choice (direction), persistence, and vigor of goal directed behavior (p. 58). It indicates that motivation deals with the “way” of someone’s behavior.
Coleman (1960) mentions that there are some theories used to support the analysis of the main character’s way of thinking (p. 114-116). The first is Primary and Secondary Drives. It states that every species has some basic psychological drives of an inborn.
The second is Motives as Tension-Reducing Devices. Most of human biological functioning follows the pattern of searching a way to relieve unpleasant tension that is caused by the need. Therefore, the brain will produce the tension for everything needed by the body. The tension will cause a depressed feeling by the body. That is why human have to reduce the feeling by finding the way out.
Maslow (1970) with his theory of motivation identifies different stages and forms of motives which will motivate people in different stages of their lives. The theory also provides the relationship between the needs of people. Maslow presents the stages of needs in the form of hierarchy.
The direction of the need is upward. When the lower need has been fulfilled, people will fulfill the higher need. The lowest need in the hierarchy shows the most basic need of human.
Self-actualization Esteem needs Love and Belongingness needs Safety needs Physiological needs Fig.1 Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs (1970) http://www.businessballs.com/maslowhierarchyofneeds5.pdf retrieved September 13, 2011 According to Maslow (1970), the first need is physiological need.
The physiological need includes food, water, oxygen, maintenance of body temperature, air, food, drink, shelter, warmth, sex, sleep, etc. When people do not have their physiological needs satisfied, they live for those needs and strive constantly to satisfy them (Feist& Feist, 2006, p.279).
The second need is safety needs. The safety needs includes protection from elements, security, order, law, limits, stability, etc. The needs for law, order, and structure are also safety needs (Maslow, 1970). The third need is belongingness and love needs, for example the desire for friendship, the wish for mate and children; the need to belong t a family, a club, a neighborhood, or a nation (Feist & Feist, 2006, p.280). Love and belongings also include some aspects of sex and human contact as well as the need to both give and receive love (Maslow, 1970).
The fourth need is esteem need, for example self-respect, confidence, competence, and the knowledge that others hold them in esteem (Feist & Feist, 2006). The fifth need is self-actualization needs, for example self-fulfillment, the realization of all one’s potential, and a desire to become creative in the full sense of the word (Maslow, 1970).
From the theories we can draw a conclusion that there are different theories of motivation. The first theory says that motivation is emerged from thoughts, feeling, and behavior. The other theory says that motivation is a result of physical and psychological needs.
d. Theory of Love
Love is a word that cannot be separated from man’s life. As cited by Hauck (1983), love was a feeling that we have for people who did (in the past), are (in the present), or will (in the future) satisfy our deepest desires and needs (p.22). According to Raymond (1987), love comprises such elements as responsibility for the other, tenderness, self-disclosure, and exclusivity. According to Fromm (1956), “love” is the achievement of inter personal union, of fusion with another person (p.18).
Fromm (1981) described love as “union with somebody, or something outside oneself under the condition of retaining the separateness and integrity of one’s own self” (as cited in Feist & Feist, 2006, p.190). While according to May (1953), love is a “delight in the presence of the other person and affirming of (that person’s) value and development as much as one’s own” (as cited in Feist & Feist, 2006, p.35 ). The union of beloved ones is something that can delight their selves. The presence of the beloved one will make the person valuable. On the other hands, the absence of the beloved one causes a feeling of sad, loneliness, unhappiness, or may be the loosing of motivation to live.
In The Art of Loving, Fromm (1956) identifies four basic elements which are common to all forms of genuine love; they are care, responsibility, respect, and knowledge.
Krafft-Ebing (1886) identifies five types of love: true love, sentimental love, platonic love, friendship, and sensual love (as cited in General Theories of Love). While Ellis (1954) suggests that “Love itself…includes many different types and degree of affection, such as conjugal love, parental love, familial love, religious love, love of humanity, love of animals, love of things, self-love, sexual love, obsessive-compulsive love, etc (p.101).
While May (1969b) identifies four kinds of love in Western tradition-sex, eros, philia, and agape (as cited in Feist & Feist, 2006, 352).
The first is sex. According to him, sex is “still remains the power of procreation. The drive which perpetuates the race, the source at once of human being’s most intense pleasure and his (or her) most pervasive anxiety (May, 1969b, p.38). In the past, sex was considered as a usual activity and could be easily accepted. However, in the modern life many people assume that sex is a less polite conversation topic. The second is eros, May states that Eros is psychological desire that seek procreation or creation through an enduring union with a loved one, Eros is making love; sex is manipulating organ. Therefore, this kind of love is related to sexual intercourse.
According to May (1969b), the third kind of love is philia, that is, an intimate nonsexual friendship between two people. Philia needs time to grow and develop. It does not required people to do anything to show the love. In the simplest and general terminology, philia is called a friendship (May, 1969a, p.31).
While the fourth kind is Agape, (as cited by Feist&Feist, 2006: 353) is “esteem for the other’s welfare beyond any gain that one can get out of it; disinterested love, typically, the love of God for man.” In short, an adult relationship contains of these four kinds of love.
4. Theoretical Framework
The theories which are presented above are very helpful to support the analysis of the study. The writer provides some theories related to critical approaches. The first is theory of psychology; it consists of theory of character and characterization, theory of personality, theory of motivation, and theory of love.
First, the writer uses the theory related to critical approach to help the writer in analyzing the novel. Second, the theory of character and characterization and the theory of personality are used to support the analysis of Saeki, one of the major characters of Murakami’s Kafka on the Shore. The writer uses both theories to answer the first problem formulation. Third, the theory of motivation and the theory of love are used to answer the second problem formulation which deals with Saeki’s motivation to act as the personality she has and her love to her sweetheart.