THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER OF THE SUFFIXES {–ER}, {–IST}, AND {-AN}
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE AGENTIVE
NOMINALIZER OF THE SUFFIXES
{–ER}, {–IST}, AND {-AN}
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirement for the Degree of Sarjana Sastra in English Letters
By
KARLINA DENISTIA
Student Number: 054214009
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTEMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
2009
.
LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN
PUBLIKASI KARYA ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS
Yang bertanda tangan di bawah ini, saya mahasiswa Universitas Sanata Dharma : Nama : KARLINA DENISTIA Nomor Mahasiswa : 054214009
Demi pengembangan ilmu pengetahuan, saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma karya ilmiah saya yang berjudul :
THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE AGENTIVE NOMINALIZER OF THE SUFFIXES {- ER}, {-IST}, AND {-AN}
Dengan demikian saya memberikan kepada Perpustakaan Universitas Sanata Dharma hak untuk menyimpan, me-ngalihkan dalam bentuk media lain, mengelolanya dalam bentuk pangkalan data, mendistribusikan secara terbatas, dan mempublikasikannya di Internet atau media lain untuk kepentingan akademis tanpa perlu meminta ijin dari saya maupun memberikan royalti kepada saya selama tetap mencantumkan nama saya sebagai penulis.
Demikian pernyataan ini yang saya buat dengan sebenarnya. Dibuat di Yogyakarta Pada tanggal : 10 NOVEMBER 2009 Yang menyatakan, ( KARLINA DENISTIA)
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
I do understand that this is not such the most perfect writing, but indeed, this is the best writing I have ever written. Therefore, I would like to say my deepest thanks for Allah SWT because without the blessing, I would not be able to finish my writing.
I also would like to say my gratitude to Dr. Fr. B. Alip, M.Pd, M.A. for being my advisor, who has led and guided this writing patiently so that this writing became better than that was made at the first time and for his energy and time to have free discussions with me for the problems and questions I had. My gratitude also goes to Dra. B. Ria Lestari, M.S. for being my co-advisor, who has read and given me a lot of suggestions and corrections so my writing was well-improved in term of diction and grammar.
My family also takes a big role in my thesis writing. I thank my lovely mother, Ani Indriyanti, who has given the biggest support in my study, starting from the very beginning I decided to be in this English Letters Department until I finally finished my study for this bachelor degree. I also would like to thank my little sister, Karina Adistia, for giving me the inspiration of my topic and the cheerful moment we had during my writing. Finally, I would like to thank my father, Hudijantoro, who is in Solo right now. Although we have not met for almost two years, but I am sure that your pray will always be with me, including when I wrote this writing.
TABLE OF CONTENTS
TITLE PAGE ………………………………………………………………….17
11. Phonetic Feature …………………………………………………… 12. Phonological Rule ………………………………………………….
13. Borrowed Word …………………………………………………..
C. Theoretical Framework …………………………………………….
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9. Allomorphy …………………………………………….................
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10. Morphophonemic Process ……………………………..................
8. Meaning in Derived Words ……………………………………….
APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………………... ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………………. ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ……………………………………………………. TABLE OF CONTENTS
3
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LIST OF TABLES
……………………………………………………………… ABSTRACT ……………………………………………………………………...
ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………………….
i ii iii v vi ix x xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study …………………………………………….. B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………………... C. Objectives of the Study ……………………………………………… D. Benefits of the Study ……………………………………………… E. Definition of Terms ………………………………………………….
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7. Meaning ………………………………………………..................
5 CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review on Related Studies 1. The Characteristic of the Stem of the Suffix Studies ……………..
2. The Meaning of the Suffix Studies ……………………………….
3. The Allomorph Studies …………………………………………...
B. Review on Related Theories 1. Word Formation …………………………………………..............
2. Morpheme ………………………………………………………...
3. Derivational Suffix ……………………………………….............
4. Noun Categories ……………………………………………………
5. Verb Categories …………………………………………………… 6. Adjective Categories …………………………………………….....
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CHAPTER III METHODOLOGY A. Data of the Study ………………………………………………. B. Approach of the Study …………………………………………. C. Method of the Study
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1. Data Collection ………………………………………………… 2. Data Analysis …………………………………………………...
B. Analysis of the Meaning of the Suffixes ……………………………...
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41 CHAPTER IV ANALYSIS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION A. Part of Speech of the Stem Attached to the Suffixes…………………
1. The Suffix {-er} …………………………………………………… a. Verb Stem …………………………………………………………….
b. Adjective Stem ………………………………………...…………….
c. Noun Stem …………………..……………………………………….
2. The Suffix {-ist} …………………………………………………….
a. Verb Stem ………………………………………..…………………..
b. Adjective Stem …………………………………………....................
c. Noun Stem …………………………………………………...............
3. The Suffix {-an} …………………………………………………….
a. Adjective Stem ……………………………………………………… b. Noun Stem ………………………………………………….............
1. The Suffix {-er} ……………………………………………………..
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a. Verb Stem ……………………………………………………………
b. Adjective Stem ……………………………………………………… c. Noun Stem …………………………………………………..............
2. The Suffix {-ist} ……………………………………………………..
a. Verb Stem ……………………………………………………………
b. Adjective Stem ……………………………………………………… c. Noun Stem …………………………………………………..............
3. The Suffix {-an} ……………………………………………………..
a. Adjective Stem ……………………………………………………… b. Noun Stem ………………………………………………….............
C. Analysis of the Allomorph of the Suffixes …………………………..
1. Allomorph of the Suffix {-er} ……………………………………….
a. The Suffix –or ………………………………………………...............
b. The Suffix –eer and –ier as Pronounced /ɪər/ ………...……………… 2. Allomorph of the Suffix {-an} ………………………………………...
a. The Suffix –ian as Pronounced /ʃn/ …………………………………..
b. The Suffix –ian and –ean as Pronounced /ɪən/ ……………………….
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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION ………………………………………………….. 103
.………………………………………………………….. 106
BIBLIOGRAPHY APPENDICES
1) Data Collection of the Suffix {-er}
a) 108 Noun as the Stems ………………………………………………….
b) 109 Verb as the Stems …………………………………………………..
c) 111 Adjective as the Stems ……………………………………………..
2) Data Collection of the Suffix {-ist}
a) 111 Noun as the Stems ………………………………………………….
b) 113 Verb as the Stems …………………………………………………..
c) 113 Adjective as the Stems ……………………………………………..
3) Data Collection of the Suffix {-an}
a) 113 Noun as the Stems ………………………………………………….
b) 115 Adjective as the Stems ……………………………………………..
4) Data Collection of the Entailment between –graphy and the Suffix {-er} 115 5) Data Collection of the Entailment between –ology and the Suffix {-ist} 115 6) Data Collection of the Entailment between –ism and the Suffix {-ist} 116 7) Data Collection of Words Ready-Made Borrowed to English 117
LIST OF TABLES
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Table 1. Words Consisting Morpheme(s) ………………………………………… Table 2. Example of Finite and Nonfinite Verbs ………………………………….. Table 3. Suffixes and its Function ………………………………………………... Table 4. Phonetic Feature for Vowels ……………………………………………… Table 5. Phonetic Feature for Consonants ………………………………………… Table 6. Data Analysis ……………………………………………………………. Table 7. Data Collection of All Suffixes …………………………………………… Table 8. Stem of the Suffix {-er} …………………………………………………... Table 9. Stems of the Suffix {-ist} …………………………………………………. Table 10. Stem of the Suffix {-an} ………………………………………………... Table 11. General Meaning of a Verb +{-er} ……………………………………... Table 12. Other Meanings of a Verb +{-er} ………………………………………. Table 13. General Meaning of an Adjective +{-er} ………………………………. Table 14. Other Meanings of an Adjective +{-er} ………………………………. Table 15. Meaning of a Noun +{-er} ……………………………………………... Table 16. General Meaning of a Verb + {-ist} ……………………………………. Table 17. Other Meaning of a Verb +{-ist} ……………………………………….. Table 18. General Meaning of an Adjective + {-ist} …………………………….. Table 19. Other Meaning of an Adjective +{-ist} ………………………………... Table 20. General Meanings of a Noun +{-ist} ……………………………………. Table 21. Other Meanings of a Noun +{-ist} ……………………………………… Table 22. General Meaning of an Adjective +{-an} ……………………………… Table 23. Other Meanings of an Adjective +{-an} ……………………………….. Table 24. General Meaning of a Noun +{-an} ……………………………………. Table 25. Other Meanings of a Noun +{-an} ………………………………………
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ABSTRACT
KARLINA DENISTIA (2009). The Distribution of the Agentive Nominalizer of the Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty Suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an}. of Letters, Sanata Dharma University.
Language is a living thing thus it always changes. One of the examples of language development is borrowing and the other are compounding, new word coinage, acronym, blending, functional shift, morphological misanalysis, back formation, clipping, and affixation. The most common process used by human being is affixation from which most of the new words are created. There are three kinds of affixes: prefixes, suffixes, and infixes.
This study focuses on the suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an} because these suffixes are the most commonly used suffixes in daily life and thus really productive. In order to get a deeper analysis and to limit the scope of the study, the present researcher formulates three problems for this topic as followed: (1) What are the characteristics of stems receiving suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an}? (2) What meanings are introduced by suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {–an}? (3) What are the distributions of the allomorphs of suffixes {–er} and {-an}? In the third problem, the suffix {-ist} is not included because of the absence of the data for its allomorph.
The data of this study are morphemes and affixes. Hornby’s Oxford Advanced is used. The present researcher chose a stratified
Learner’s Dictionary (year of 2000)
random sampling to be conducted in this study by taking eighty words for each suffixes with certain stem based on their occurrence in the dictionary. Therefore, only the first eighty words were taken for the data for certain stem attached to the suffixes. At the end of the collection, there were approximately seven hundred and twenty words are collected. After the data had been collected, the present researcher had six classifications of the data based on its stem, meaning, and phonemic transcription to answer the problem formulated. At the end of the data collection process, the present researcher has three hundred and fifty three words for the data to analyze.
Finally, the present researcher found that the suffix {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an} are derivational suffixes to form an agentive nominalization. All of them are attached to certain verbs, adjectives, and nouns, except for the suffix {-an}. The suffix {-er} is mostly attached to transitive verbs to create three possibilities of meanings. There is only one meaning of the suffix {–er} when it is attached to adjective, and eight meanings of the suffix {–er} when it is attached to certain nouns. In the suffix {–ist}, it is attached to certain verbs to create three meanings and adjectives to create two meanings. Finally, when the suffix {–ist} is attached to nouns, there are seven meanings created. For suffix {-an}, there are three meanings when it is attached to adjectives and five meanings when it is attached to nouns. There are two meanings of the suffix {-an} when it is attached to nouns. The allomorph of the suffix {-er} are –or, -eer /ɪər/, and
/ɪər/, while the allomorph of the suffix {-an} are –ian /ʃn/, -ian /ɪən/, and –ean
- –ier /ɪən/.
ABSTRAK
KARLINA DENISTIA (2009). The Distribution of the Agentive Nominalizer of the Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty of Suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an}. Letters, Sanata Dharma University.
Bahasa adalah suatu hal yang selalu berubah seiring berkembangnya waktu. Salah satu contoh dari perkembangan bahasa adalah adanya kata serapan. Faktor lain yang mempengaruhi perkembangan bahasa antara lain compounding, new word akronim, blending, functional shift, morphological misanalysis, back
coinage,
dan imbuhan. Proses pembentukan kata yang paling sering
formation, clipping, digunakan adalah proses imbuhan yang terdiri dari awalan, akhiran, dan sisipan.
Akhiran {–er}, {–ist}, dan {-an} merupakan objek utama dari penelitian ini karena akhiran ini tergolong produktif dalam penggunaannya di kehidupan sehari-hari. Ada tiga pokok permasalahan yang telah dibuat agar penelitian ini menjadi lebih focus dalam analisisnya: (1) Apa saja karakteristik kata dasar dari akhiran {–er}, {–ist}, dan {-an}? (2) Apa saja arti dari akhiran {–er}, {–ist}, dan {-an}? (3) Apa saja alomorf dari akhiran {–er} dan {-an}? Dalam rumusan masalah yang ketiga, akhiran {-ist} tidak disertakan karena ketiadaan data mengenai alomorf dari akhiran tersebut.
Data dari penelitian ini berupa morfem dan akhiran yang diambil dari Oxford yang disusun oleh Hornby. Metodologi
Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (year of 2000)
dari penelitian ini adalah stratified random sampling. Secara sistematis, objek penelitian ini berasal dari delapan puluh kata pertama berakhiran {–er}, {–ist}, dan {-an} yang muncul di Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary (year of 2000). Pada akhir pengumpulan data, akan ada kurang lebih tujuh ratus dua puluh kata. Setelah semua data terkumpul, mereka akan dikelompokkan berdasarkan kata dasarnya, artinya, dan cara pengucapannya untuk menjawab pokok permasalahan yang telah dibuat sebelumnya. Akhirnya terkumpul tiga ratus lima puluh tiga kata untuk menjadi objek penelitian ini.
Kesimpulan dari penelitian ini adalah bahwa akhiran {–er}, {–ist}, dan {-an} merupakan akhiran yang merubah arti dan atau bentuk kata dasarnya. Semua akhiran itu dapat menempel pada kata kerja, kata sifat, dan kata benda, kecuali untuk akhiran {-an}. Pada umumnya, akhiran {-er} menempel pada kata kerja transitif dan memiliki tiga arti. Akhiran {-er} memiliki satu arti ketika melekat pada kata sifat, dan delapan arti ketika melekat pada kata benda. Ketika akhiran {-ist} melekat pada kata sifat, akhiran tersebut memiliki dua arti, ketika akhiran {-ist} melekat pada kata kerja, akhiran tersebut memiliki tiga arti. Akhiran {-ist} yang melekat pada kata benda memiliki tujuh arti. Pada umumnya, akhiran {-an} menempel pada kata benda dan memiliki tujuh arti. Ketika akhiran {-an} melekat pada kata sifat, akhiran tersebut memiliki tiga arti, jika akhiran {-an} melekat pada kata benda, akhiran tersebut memiliki lima arti. Alomorf dari akhiran {-er} adalah –or, -eer /ɪər/, dan –ier /ɪər/ dan allomorf dari akhiran {-an} adalah –ian /ʃn/, -ian /ɪən/, dan –ean /ɪən/.
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the present researcher gives some explanation to introduce the
topic chosen. There are five main parts of this chapter: background of the study, problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms which will be discussed further on the subtitle below.
A. BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY
Language is a living thing thus always changes. Especially in English language, the present researcher finds that its development is growing rapidly.
One example of language development is borrowing, which means that English borrows some words derived from other countries such as Latin, Greek, and France.
Other factors causing language development that was mentioned by the past researcher were compounding, new word coinage, acronym, blending, functional shift, morphological misanalysis, back formation, clipping, and affixation. In addition, the most common process used by human being is affixation because most of the new words are created by using affixation. This is what also Bauer said in his book “affixation in the most frequent process to form words” (Bauer,1988:19). There are three kinds of affixes: prefixes which are affixes put before the base such as en- in en + suffixes which are affixes put after the base such as –ive in educate + ive, and
danger,
infixes which are affixes put either between or inside the base such as –o- in
In this case, the present researcher is interested in discussing speed + o + meter. suffixes more that prefixes or infixes because of its most common occurrence than the other forms of affixes.
The present researcher believes that without the existence of suffixes, words will be stagnant because people will only have one free morpheme, with no variation. For example, people have art as the noun then it becomes artist as a person studying art,
artistic to indicate that something has the characteristic of art, and artistically to
describe the way person doing something that is characterized by the characteristic of art. Suffixes also play an important role in linguistic competence enrichment so people are able to create a new understandable word using certain pattern to communicate what they want to say. For example, when people have the idea that –ly is attached to certain adjectives to create adverb, so with their lexicon ability, they will say artistically instead of *artly.
In this study, the present researcher focuses on the suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an} because the present researcher realizes that it is impossible to analyze all of the suffixation. The present researcher thinks that this research is important because the suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an} as an agentive nominalizer belong to basic suffixes people are learning from their childhood. Meaning to say, these suffixes are the most commonly used suffixes in our daily life and thus really productive. This is also what Quirk argued that agentive nominalizations have the status of ““full productivity”, that they have possibility to be either ‘permanent’ or ‘temporary’ agential noun” (Quirk,
1980:436). Therefore, the present researcher is interested to discuss this topic because people are familiar with these suffixes.
According to the function, the suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an} are categorized into derivational suffixes to create an agentive nominalization. Besides, the present researcher hopes that by having this topic, people can minimize their misuse such as by not saying *drumist for the person who plays a drum when people try to make analogies of that word into keyboardist, guitarist, and bassist. One way to anticipate that case is by analyzing the distribution of these suffixes.
B. PROBLEM FORMULATION
In order to get a deeper analysis and to limit the scope of the study, the present researcher formulates the problem for this topic as followed:
1. What are the characteristics of stems receiving the suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an}?
2. What meanings are introduced by the suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {–an}?
3. What are the distributions of the allomorphs of the suffixes {–er} and {-an}?
C. OBJECTIVES OF THE STUDY
Based on three problems formulated, the present researcher expects that there will be three objectives to be achieved at the end of this study:
1. People know that the attachment of the suffix {–er} commonly occurs after the verbs, and all noun can be attached to either the suffixes {–ist} or {-an}.
However, the present researcher finds that somehow people are too over generalizing and taking for granted that all verbs can be nominalized by adding the suffix {–er} at the end of the words, and just add either the suffixes {–ist} or {–an} to all noun if they want to make a word formation for ‘a person who X-s’.
By doing this study, the present researcher analyzes the specific characteristics of the stem for each suffix so people will be able to distinguish which verbs can be attached to the suffix {–er}, and which noun can be attached to the suffixes {–ist} and {–an}.
2. Knowing the characteristic of each stem for each suffix is not enough to be the base of people’s lexicon to rely on. Hence, the present researcher tries to analyze the meaning of the suffixes {–er}, {-ist}, and {–an} so people will be able to make a considerable decision to choose the suffix whether the form they apply is meaningful or not. The present researcher finds that although they belong to the same agentive nominalization, there have different meanings. In addition, the present researcher realizes that there is a relation between form and meaning which cannot be separated.
3. The third problem is formulated for the sake of knowing the allomorphs. This study is conducted to find the phonological process and to describe the phenomenon in it, but it is not to explain why certain phonological phenomenon occur in a certain word. This is also useful for the present researcher to know the allomorphs of each suffix so the present researcher will have a broader knowledge about the condition where the allomorphs occur.
D. BENEFITS OF THE STUDY
Theoretically, it is expected that this research can be a starting point for those who want to study more about affixation. And for the long term benefit is that hopefully, this finding will contribute more to the study of word formation so this could be an input for those who will study more about word formation.
Practically, the benefit of this study is not to create a certain formula of the distribution in the suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an}. Hopefully, by doing the analysis on this topic, people will be able to enrich their linguistic competence to determine under what condition the suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an} are used. Therefore, at least there will be two items to be examined when people want to produce certain agentive nominalization using the suffixes {–er}, {–ist}, and {-an}. First is by remembering the characteristics of the stem if it is acceptable, and second is by relating the new word into the meaning if it makes sense.
E. DEFINITION OF TERMS
In order to create the same perception about the concept and the terminologies used frequently in this study, the present researcher defines these following terms:
1. Definition of Morpheme
A morpheme is “the minimal unit of language. It is thus an arbitrary union of a sound and a meaning that cannot be further analyzed” (Fromkin et al., 2003:76). A morpheme is the smallest unit of language because it carries information about meaning and function. A morpheme cannot be further analyzed.
2. Definition of Derivational Suffix
A derivational suffix is a suffix that “when they are added to a root morpheme or stem, a new word with new meaning is derived” (Fromkin, 2003:83). Therefore, a derivational suffix is a suffix that changes the word class and or the meaning of the root or stem.
3. Definition of Agentive Nominalization
An agentive nominalization is nominalizations which are “traditionally referred to as Names of Agents formed in English very productively” (Szymanek, 1989:174). From the quotation, an agent means the actor or the person.
4. Definition of Stem
A stem is “the base to which one or more affixes are attached to create a more complex form that may be another stem or a word” (Fromkin, 2003: 595). In other word, a stem is a word that can be combined with other bound morpheme to create another word. It can be either consists of only a free morpheme or a free morpheme that has been attached to a bound morpheme.
5. Definition of Allomorph
An allomorph is “a variant of a morpheme which occurs in a certain definable environment” (Gleason, 1961:61). It means that an allomorph is the variation of a morpheme which is more on the phonemic transcription. A definable environment means that the occurrence of an allomorph is predictable.
6. Definition of Morphophonemic Process
A morphophonemic process is “the describable morphological and phonological changes of the stem and root under certain condition” (O’Grady et al., 2005:116). It can be concluded that a morphophonemic process is a process to describe the changes of the phonemic transcription of the stem and root.
7. Definition of Homophonous Suffix
“Homophony occurs when two morphemes (or other units, such as words, phrases, or sentences) are identical in sound but not in sense” (Napoli, 1996: 180). This quotation means that the characteristic of homophonous suffixes is that they have the same orthography but their meanings are absolutely different.
8. Definition of Gemmination
Fromkin et al. defined the term gemmination as “a sequence of two identical sounds: a long vowel or long consonant denotated either by writing the phonetic symbol twice or by using of colon” (Fromkin et al., 2003: 582). This quotation explains that consonant germination occurs when there is a double consonant in a word and the condition where it occurs is predictable.
9. Definition of Double Coining
Peters proposed a term “coining” in his book, The Cambridge Guide to English
Usage. He stated, “-ist attaches itself to both nouns and adjectives, and this sometimes
results in double coining” (Peters, 2004: 295). It means that in some cases, the suffix is possible to have two forms for its agent. It is like two sides of a coin when the
{-ist} words form are different but they are actually the same (double coining).
CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW In this chapter, the present researcher reviews on related studies and theories in
order to get a deeper understanding. There are three main parts of this chapter: review on related studies, review on related theories, and a theoretical framework. In the review on related studies, the present researcher reviews on other studies previously done by other researcher on the slightly similar topic. In the review on related studies, the present researcher reviews on certain studies that have been conducted by several students and experts. In the review on related theories, the present researcher reviews on certain theories which are relevant to the topic and applied those reviews in this study. The review is divided into three parts, based on the formulated problems. In the theoretical framework, the present researcher explains the contribution of the compiled theories in study: why the theories are needed and how they are applied in this study.
A. REVIEW OF RELATED STUDIES
1. REVIEW OF THE CHARACTERISTICS OF THE SUFFIX STUDIES
Basically, the present researcher believes that especially the suffix {-er}, {-ist}, and {-an} belong to productive suffixes. For example, most of the verbs can be attached to the suffix {-er} as far as it can create the meaning of agent. As what Akmajian et al. found the fact that “suppose that a new verb enters the English language, such as the verb to Xerox native speaker of English will automatically know that this verb can be converted into an agentive noun, Xeroxer” (Akmajian et al., 1979: 117). According to the quotation, it can be concluded that the suffix {-er} is generally attached directly to verb to form its agent.
For the stems characteristics for the suffix {-ist}, “the longer (adjective-based) forms are preferred in all varieties of English for constitutionalist and
conversationalist ” (Peters, 2004: 295). This quotation explains that the suffix {-ist}
usually takes a longer adjective-based form. Proper nouns also can be the base of this suffix. This is also what Peters said, “proper nouns as well as common names can provide the base” (Peters, 2004: 295). This quotation explains that not only concrete and abstract nouns that can be the stems of this suffix, but also proper names can be the stems of this suffix.
For the stems characteristics of the stem for the suffix {-an}, proper names can be the stem of this suffix, especially for geographical proper names. “This common suffix generates adjectives from proper names, both personal and geographical” (Peters, 2004: 36). This quotation explains that mostly, proper names related to geographical names can be the stems of this suffix.
2. REVIEW OF THE MEANING OF THE SUFFIX STUDIES
The present researcher reviews on a thesis done by a previous researcher, Dalan Mehuli Perangin-Angin. The previous researcher analyzed on A Morphological Study of