BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, DENSITY, AND DISTRIBUTION OF THE ALFONSINO (Beryx splendens) IN THE INDIAN OCEAN.pdf
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INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL
Volume 14 Number 2 December 2008
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Dr. Ir. Wudianto, M.Sc.
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Dr. Ir. Setyo Budi Susilo, M.Sc. (Bogor Agriculture Institute)
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PREFACE
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal Volume 14 No.2 December 2008 is the second publising English Journal
of Research Center for Capture Fisheries in 2008. This journal is one of media for communication of fisheries
scientiest. This publication is supported by the financial budget of Research Center for Capture Fisheries, fy 2008.
This number contains six scientific papers concerning one article of inland waters, three papers of marine resources,
and two papers of post harvest technology fisheries.
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as well as development of fisheries in Indonesia.
Editor
i
ISSN 0853 - 8980
INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL
Vol.14 No.2 - December 2008
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………………………........................
i
CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………..….....………..
iii
Fish Community Structure in Relation to Water Quality of the Down Stream of Musi River, South Sumatera,
Indonesia
By: Husnah, Eko Prianto, Makri, and Hilda Z. Dahlan …………………………………….....…………..……
51-65
Demersal Fish Resources Result of MV. SEAFDEC 2 Survey in the South China Sea of Indonesia
By: Wudianto and Bambang Sumiono …………………………………………………………......…………..
67-74
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) in the Indian Ocean
Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia
By: Fayakun Satria, John Haluan, Eko Sri Wiyono, and Wudianto …………….....………………….…….
75-82
Additional Valid Record of Marbled Hawkfish, Cirrhites pinnulatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Perciformes:
Cirrhitidae) from North Sulawesi
By: Teguh Peristiwady …………………………………………………………........…………………………….
83-89
Antibacterial Potency of Chitosan Oligomer Produced by Bacillus Licheniformis MB-2 Chitosanase
By: Ekowati Chasanah, Meidina, and Maggy T. Suhartono ……………………........………………………..
91-95
Use of Aspergillus repens in the Moulding Process of Dried Fish Stick Made from Little Tuna
(Euthynnus affinis)
By: Hari Eko Irianto, Fran Santoso, Jamal Basmal, and Ninoek Indriati …….......…………………….……
97-101
iii
www.p4ksi.litbang.kkp.go.id
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution ….. Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia (Satria, F., et al.)
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, DENSITY, AND DISTRIBUTION OF
THE ALFONSINO (Beryx splendens) IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
EKSLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OF INDONESIA
Fayakun Satria1), John Haluan2), Eko Sri Wiyono2), and Wudianto1)
1)
Research Center for Capture Fisheries, Ancol-Jakarta
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor
Received October 6-2008; Received in revised form Nopember 10-2008; Accepted Nopember 20-2008
2)
ABSTRACT
Deep water fisheries resources in the Indian Ocean ekslusive economic zone of Indonesia, has
been investigated extensively in the year of 2004 to 2005. Recently a fishing operation of deep sea
bottom trawl vessel F/B. Koshin Maru 01 from January to May 2008 has been attempted at around the
Simeulue Island. One of a target fish was the Alfonsino, Beryx splendens. Based on the data obtained
from Indonesia-Japan deep sea fisheries joint exploration program and catch data of F/B. Koshin
Maru 01 the distribution, density, and biology of the Alfonsino will be analyzed. The fish was found
distribute along southern of Jawa and western of Sumatera. The stock density was 68.56 kg km-2 in
southern of Jawa and 607.79 kg km-2 in western of Sumatera with particularly abundant at western of
the Simeulue Island. The catch rate was bigger in the depth range of 500 to 700 m, while the size of
fish was bigger in the deeper part. The population of the species was dominated by male (60%) with
two age groups that represented by the length of approximately 26 and 32 cm. Female Alfonsino are
likely consisted of three age groups represented by the length groups of approximately 26, 32, and 36
cm with length of first maturity (Lm) was 33 cm. The main diet was mainly shrimps (Sergestes spp).
F/B Koshin Maru no 01 has substantially caught smaller size than Lm of the Alfonsino. This should
become a warning to the fisheries manager that the recent practice of deep sea bottom trawl will
endanger the resources.
KEYWORDS:
distribution, density, first maturity, alfonsino, Indian Ocean
INTRODUCTION
The Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) has been known
as an economic important deep sea demersal fish.
The fish was reported reach for about $4.5 per kg bulk
in Melbourne Australia fish whole market and become
one of major fisheries in New Zealand since 1988
(Clark & Richard, 2003). Recently, Indonesia-Japan
Joint exploration of deep sea fisheries resources
reported that the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) occurred
wide spread in the Indian Ocean ekslusive economic
zone of Indonesia (Anonymous, 2006). There was no
commercial fishing utilized the resources until the end
of 2007.
During January to May 2008, Indonesia
government gave permit a deep sea bottom trawl, F/B
Koshin Maru No 01 to conduct an experimental
commercial fishing to exploit the resources. The total
catch from January 8th to February 29th was about
272 tones which 49.6% of the catch was the Alfonsino
(Beryx splendens). The tissue content analysis
reported by Suseno et al. (2007) revealed the fish has
a good content for human health such as protein 23%,
fat 2%, and 17 important amino acids with leusin
(0.96%) and fenilalanin (0.97%) were dominant in
quantity. It is likely that the Alfonsino (Beryx
splendens) will become a future main target species
for the deep sea demersal fishery in the Indian Ocean
ekslusive economic zone of Indonesia.
In line with the possibility to utilize the resource it
was reported that the resilience of this species is low
with minimum population doubling time 4.5 to 14
years (K=0.10-0.18; tm=5-7.5; tmax=23;
Fec=270,000) thus the fish categorized has high to
very high vulnerability (65.28). Maximum size was
reported reach to 70.0 cm TL (male) weight: 4,000 g
with maximum age: 23 years (Maul, 1990), Thus the
utilization of the resources should be done with
precautionary approach.
The Indonesia-Japan joint exploration project within
2004 to 2005 has informed the deep sea demersal
resources in general. However there was very little
information of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens). In this
paper the distribution, density, sex ratio, maturity,
length of first mature, and the diet of Beryx splendens
from the depth of 200 to 1,000 m, especially in the
western of Aceh, Indian Ocean ekslusive economic
zone of Indonesia will be described. The distribution
of length size of the Alfonsino gathered from recent
practice of deep sea fisheries in the western of Aceh
waters (Simeulue Island) will also be presented to
know the actual practice of a commercial deep sea
bottom trawl fishing boat.
Corresponding author:
Jl. Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur-Jakarta 14430, E-mail: rccf_office@indo.net.id
75
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.14 No.2 December-2008: 75-82
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Biological Measurement
The data of this species were originated from
research vessel Baruna Jaya IV cruises conducted
during 2nd of July 2005 to 3rd of September 2005 in the
framework of the Indonesia-Japan deep sea fisheries
resources joint exploration marine research. Deep sea
trawl used as a sample gear in the survey was
described as head rope = 36 m, ground rope 38 m,
headline height of 3.5 to 4 m, wings tip spread of 24
m, and was fished with a 40 mm liner in the cod end,
and heavy rubber bobbin ground gear exploratory
fishing covered the depth range of 200 to 1,000 m,
while data analyses in this paper was limited to the
biological aspects, density, and distribution of the
Alfonsino (Beryx splendens). Additional catch data of
the fish were obtained from the fishing operation of F/
B. Koshin Maru 01 in the western of Simeulue Island
from January to May 2008. The data were analyzed
to show the length size distribution of the Alfonsino
caught by the fishing boat.
Biological information i.e. length size distribution,
sex ratio, gonad weight, and stomach content were
based on sampled of the Alfonsino that examined on
board during the cruise. Length of first maturity was
calculated following Udupa (1986) in Badrudin et al.
(2007) as presented in Table 2. The stages of maturity
were classified into four stages with visual method
i.e. mature (with globules and transparent of eggs on
the gonad with bright in color), maturing (very few
globules and white in color), immature (no globules,
small in size and weight) and spent (the gonad of
membrane appear distract) (Anonymous 2006).
Breeding proportion index was the proportion of total
number of gonad to the number of mature gonad.
Gonad somatic index was the percentage of the
proportion of gonad weight to the body weight.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Species
Analyses of Distribution and Density
Based on catch rate data, estimation of stock
density was calculated by using swept area method.
The models were based on the trawled area, speed,
towing time, net opening, and the catches (Sparre &
Venema, 1992) i.e:
a.n=txvxhxex1,852x0,001 ……………………... (1
D=(1/a.n)x(c/f) ………………..………………….. (2
di mana:
a.n
c
D
e
=
=
=
=
f
h
t
1,852
V
0,001
=
=
=
=
=
=
the length of net track line (km)
catches (kg per hours)
stock density
constanta of net opening (Shindo, 1973
with e = 0,66)
escapment factor’ (=0,5)
the length of head rope (= 28,5 m)
towing period (hours)
mil conversion to km
the average of towing speed (knot)
conversion meter to kilometer
The mean catch rate will figured by depth range
while the estimation of stock density will plotted to
the map in order to gain insight of the spatial
distribution of the fish.
76
In the field of systematic ichthyology Beryx
splendens was classified in the family of Berycidae.
In the family of berycidae there are four species that
is Centroberyx druzhinini, Beryx decadactylus, Beryx
mollis, and Beryx splendens. The morphology of
Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) (Figure 1) is dorsal spines
(total): 4 to 4; dorsal soft rays (total): 13 to 16; anal
spines: 4; Anal soft rays: 26 to 30; P1 16 to 18 ; P2 I,
9 to 11 ; LL 65 to 73. First infraorbital bone with a
spine projecting laterally on anterior end. Lateral line
extends to caudal fin. A fleshy disk on inner face of
exposed area of scale. In young fishes, the 2nd dorsal
ray is elongate, notes pectoral fins with one spine
and 17 soft rays (Nakabo, 2000).
Distribution and Density
Beryx splendens was found distribute along
southern of Jawa and western of Sumatera. The fish
was caught in 15 of a total of 102 trawls in the study
area (14.7%). There was a concentration of relatively
big catches in the station no 067 for about 77 kg (n =
147) located west of Simeulue Island at depth 519 m
and station no 020 for about 3.87kg (n = 102) kg located
west of Barung Island at depth 335 m. The catches
from individual stations are plotted with symbol size
proportional to the numbers in the catch in Figure 2.
The populations were not found as shift to the West
starting from 108° E until Enggano Island. Beryx
splendens was also occurred around Enggano waters
in relatively small quantity and small body size.
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution ….. Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia (Satria, F., et al.)
Figure 1.
The Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) (TL = 36.5 cm; W = 510 g).
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Horizontal distribution of Beryx splendens.
The average of catch rate on the basis of depth strata.
In term of vertical distribution the catches were
higher in the depth from 500 to 700 m. At the depth
ranges of 200 to 300 m and 700 to 900 m the catch
relatively small in quantity. For the depth 700 to 900
m Beryx splendens caught have bigger average in
body size than those from 200 to 300 m (Figure 3).
The biggest catch at station no.067 (519 m) contained
147 individuals. This suggested that Beryx splendens
has a habitat preferences that might be due to physical
factors i.e. temperature, sea bed type, or food
availability.
77
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.14 No.2 December-2008: 75-82
The evidence that Beryx splendens seems likely
to inhabit the area that attributes specific habitat
proved by the fish finder that showed the schooling
commonly clumped close to the rough seabed, hills,
or seamount tips.
Table 1.
Stock size of Beryx splendens on the surveyed area
Parameters
Total catch rate (kg km-2)
Average (kg km-2)
Swept area (km2)
Stock density (kg km-2)
area (km2)
Biomass (tones)
Fishing potency (tones per year)
Figure 4.
Southern of Jawa
Western of Aceh
12.34
2.06
0.06
68.56
11019
755.41
377.71
127.635
18.23
0.06
607.79
9865.00
5995.81
2997.90
Length frequency distribution of the Alsfonsino (Beryx splendens).
Length Distribution
From a total of 130 sampled fish consisted of 51
females and 79 males. The species has one strong
mode (Figure 4). The total trend of the population
representing a relatively similar pattern to the
slimeheads (H. crassispinus) reported by Badrudin
et al. (2007). How ever the cohorts of female Alfonsino
are likely consited of three age groups that
represented by the length groups of approximately
26, 32, and 36 cm. While male Alfonsino are likely
consisted of two cohorts that represented by the
length of approximately 26 and 32 cm.
From a total of 583 fish sampled from different
depth the fork length size of the Alfonsino, Beryx
splendens was ranged from 12 to 34 cm (Figure 5).
The distribution of this species with respect to the
78
The estimation of stock density of Beryx splendes
in the southern of jawa was 68.6 kg km-2 tonnes while
in the western of Aceh is 607.8 kg km-2 and 5995.81
tones (Table 1). Compare to the total catch (11,813.4
kg) Beryx splendens was about 141.5 kg. This revealed
the species contributes a small quantity in the entire
catches for 1.9%.
depth and size revealed that the large size of Beryx
splendens were likely to found in the depth stratum
of 400 to 500 m while the small size were likely inhabit
and found in shallower water column i.e. 300 to 400
m. Fish with length size of 25 cm was likely to found at deeper water
column 400 to 600 m (Figure 5). If size related to the
age this pattern might indicates that there was a
shifting behaviour or physiology of the species when
they reached a certain size and age.
Sex Ratio and Maturity
Data on sex ratio were recorded from 130 samples.
There were 51 samples females (39.23%) while 79
samples males (60.77%) revealed the population was
dominated by male (Figure 6).
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution ….. Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia (Satria, F., et al.)
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Length distribution by depth of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens).
(A) sex ratio and (B) gonad maturity of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens).
The maturity stages of females were recorded for
51 females i. e. 39.2% mature, 37.3% maturing,
23.5% immature, and no gonads were found in the
stage of spent (Figure 7).
The average weight of maturing gonad was 2.4 gram
while the mature gonad was 4.4 g. There were 20
samples of mature gonad out of 51 samples giving a
moderate breeding proportion index i.e. 0.39 (BP =
Total number of gonad, 51/ number of mature gonad,
20). Average of gonado somatic index for female was
2.8% (0.3 to 7.4%).
Length of First Maturity
Identification of length of first maturity was based
on female Alfonsino and defined as length group or
class at which 50% of the fish in the group is already
mature. From a number of 51 females of fish sampled,
there were 12 immature, 19 maturing, and 20 mature
(Table 2).
It was found that the length of first maturity of the
Alfonsino was Lm = 33 cm, with 95% confidence limits
of 31.2 to 34.9 cm total length. The estimation might
be considered by the manager of the fishery, that the
Alfonsino would be caught bigger than the size of Lm,
to ensure the sustainability of the fish stock.
Diet
A total of 40 stomachs were examined for food.
There were more than 75% the stomach of the
Alfonsino, Beryx splendens in western of Aceh found
filled and up to 25% (18) empty (Figure 8).
The most common food items in the Alfonsino
stomach were shrimps and small fish and small
79
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.14 No.2 December-2008: 75-82
is a carnivore fish that mainly prey shrimps and
Myctophids. Since the preys were mobile
benthopelagic fish might suggested that the Alfonsino,
Beryx splendens could be an active and relatively
mobile species to search food.
squids. Shrimps occurred in 60% of the stomachs,
followed by small fishes (Myctophidae, Nemichthys)
29% and squids 11%. Sergestidae, Sergestes spp.
was common species of the shrimps while
commonspecies of the small fishes was C. sloani
and Diaphus sp. This suggested that Beryx splendens
Figure 7.
Gonad weight in relation to gonad maturity stages (IM = Immature; MT = Maturing; M =
mature).
Table 2.
The estimation of length at first maturity of Alfonsino, Beryx splendens (Udupa, 1986 in
Badrudin et al., 2007)
Length
group
23-25
25-27
27-29
29-31
31-33
33-35
35-37
37-39
39-41
41-43
No.
Log.
Mid
Mid length sample
length
(Ni)
(Xi)
24
1.3802
2
26
1.4150
3
28
1.4472
1
30
1.4771
11
32
1.5051
14
34
1.5315
7
36
1.5563
8
38
1.5798
3
40
1.6021
1
42
1.6232
1
51
Immature
Maturing
Prop.
Fully
fully mature
mature
(ri)
2
3
3
3
1
1
5
7
3
3
12
19
3
4
3
5
3
1
1
20
Xi+1Xi=X
(pi)
0.2727
0.2857
0.4286
0.6250
1.0000
0.0348
0.0322
0.0300
0.0280
0.0263
0.0248
0.0235
2.6120
0.0285
qi=
1-pi
(pi.qi)/
(ni-1)
0.7273
0.7143
0.5714
0.3750
0.0198
0.0157
0.0408
0.0335
0.1098
Remarks:
Underlined Æ Last log size at wich 100% fully mature
m = 1.5798+(0,0285/2)-(0.0285*2.612); m = 1.5196; Antilog (1.5196)=33.03 cm Æ Lm = 33; 95% Confidence limit;Upper limit:
Antilog (1.5196+2.612 Sqrt (0.02852*0.1098))=34.9 cm; Lower Limit: Antilog (1.5196+2.612 Sqrt (0.02852*0.1098))=31.2 cm
Commercial Fishing Using Deep Sea Bottom
Trawl (the Recent Practice)
Commercial fishing of the deep sea demersal fish
resources has been conducted during January to May
2008 by F/B Koshin Maru 01. The fishing operation
80
was focused at around western of Simeulu Island.
The catch retained in the fish hold is Alfonsino and
there were about 49% of the total catches was this
species. The length size of Alfonsino caught was
range from 10 to 40 cm. The length distribution of the
catch revealed that the Alfonsino has four age groups
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution ….. Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia (Satria, F., et al.)
represented by the length of groups of approximately
13, 17, 24, and 32 cm (Figure 9). The trend showed a
more wide range of the species length size and gave
more cohorts. The figure informed that a substantial
decline occurred to the caught of the Alfonsino, Beryx
splendens for the second and the third trips.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
The recent practice of deep sea demersal fishes
resources by F/B Koshin Maru showed that the gears
caught substantial number of small fish of the
Alfonsino with length of size smaller than Lm (33 cm).
This should become a warning to the fisheries manager
that the recent fishing by deep sea bottom trawler
will potentially endanger the resources.
Stomach content of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens).
Length distribution of the Alfonsino caught using F/B Koshin Maru 01 during January to
May 2008.
CONCLUSION
Stock density of the Alfonsino, Beryx splendens
in average occurred in West Aceh waters for 607.79
kg km-2 while in South Jawa 68.56 kg km-2. The
species were more abundant in the depth range of
400 to 500 m. The fish indicate a shifting behaviour to
choose deeper part (>300 m) as grow bigger (>25
cm). The length of first maturity of the Alfonsino was
Lm = 33 cm, with 95% confidence limits of 31.2 to
34.9 cm of total length. The most common food items
in the Alfonsino stomach were shrimps (60%) and
small fish (29%) and small squids (11%). Beryx
splendens is an active carnivore fish to search foods
with main prey of shrimps (Sergestes spp.),
mycthopids, and squids. The maturity stages of
females were recorded for 51 females i.e. 39.2%
mature, 37.3% maturing, 23.5% immature and no
81
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.14 No.2 December-2008: 75-82
gonads were found in the stage of spent. Female
Alfonsino are likely consisted of three age groups
that represented by the length groups of approximately
26, 32, and 36 cm. While male Alfonsino are likely
consisted of two cohorts that represented by the
length of approximately 26 and 32 cm. From the
commercial catch it is revealed that the length size
range of the Alfonsino is 10 to 40 cm and likely has
four age groups represented by the length of groups
of approximately 13, 17, 24, and 32 cm. The recent
practice of deep sea demersal fishes resources
utilization by F/B. Koshin Maru 01 showed that the
deep sea trawler also caught in substantial number
small size of the Alfonsino that much lower from the
Lm size of the Alfonsino (Lm 33 cm). This should
become a warning to the fisheries manager that the
recent operation of deep sea bottom trawler could
threaten the resources and should manage with a very
careful precautionary approach.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is part of the Indonesia-Japan joint
exploration project of the deep sea fisheries resources
funded by Overseas Fishery Cooperation FoundationJapan and Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research
year 2005; The commercial fishing trial on the deep
sea fisheries resources in the Indian Ocean funded
by The Japan Deep Sea Trawl Association and Fishing
Technology Development Center year 2008.
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required for the references list in the following style:
Sunarno, M.T.D., A. Wibowo & Subagja. 2007. Identifikasi tiga kelompok ikan belida (Chitala lopis) di Sungai Tulang Bawang,
Kampar dan Kapuas dengan pendekatan biometrik. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia. 13 (3): 1-14.
Sadhotomo, B. 2006. Review of environmental features of the Java Sea. Indonesia Fisheries Research Journal. 12 (2): 129-157.
Collins, A. 1977. Process in acquiring knowledge. In Anderson, R.C., Spiro, R.J. and Montaque, W.E. (eds.). Schooling and the
Acquisition of Knowledge. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey. p.339-363
Bose, A.N., Ghosh, S.N., Yang, C.T. and Mitra, A. 1991. Coastal Aquaculture Engineering. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Prt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 365 pp.
Smith, T.I.J. and Sandifer, P.O. 1983. Development of prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergil) farms in temperate climates:
Prospects and problems in the United States. In Roger, G.L., Day, D. and Um, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Warm Water Aquaculture - Crustacea. Brigham Young University, Laie, Hawaii, USA. p 109-126.
Unpublished materials should not be used, except for thesis which is cited as follows:
Simpson, B.K. 1984. Isolation, Characterization and Some Applications of Trypsin from Greenland Cod (Gadus morhua).
PhD Thesis. Memorial University of New Foundland, St. John’s, New Foundland, Canada. 179 pp.
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ISSN 0853 - 8980
INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL
Volume 14 Number 2 December 2008
Acreditation Number: 101/Akred-LIPI/P2MBI/10/2007
(Period: November 2007-November 2010)
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is the English edition of
fisheries research journal. The first published in 1994 with publishing frequently is
once a year. Since 2005, this journal published twice on JUNE and DECEMBER.
Head of Editor Board:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Endi Setiadi Kartamihardja, M.Sc.
Members of Editor Board:
Prof. Dr. John Haluan
Dr. Ir. Subhat Nurhakim, M.S.
Dr. Ir. Wudianto, M.Sc.
Dr. Ir. Indra Jaya
Refrees for this Number:
Prof. Dr. Ir. Ari Purbayanto, M.Sc. (Bogor Agriculture Institute)
Dr. Ir. Setyo Budi Susilo, M.Sc. (Bogor Agriculture Institute)
Dr. Ir. Augy Syahailatua (Research Center for Oceanography-Indonesian Institute for of Science)
Managing Editors:
Dra. Endang Sriyati
Arvy Herdianto Firmansyah
Published by:
Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research
Manuscript send to the publisher:
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal
Research Center for Capture Fisheries
Jl. Pasir Putih I Ancol Timur Jakarta 14430 Indonesia
Phone (021) 64711940
Fax: (021) 6402640
Email: rccf_office@indo.net.id
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal is published by Research Center for Capture
Fisheries. Budgeting F.Y. 2008.
PREFACE
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal Volume 14 No.2 December 2008 is the second publising English Journal
of Research Center for Capture Fisheries in 2008. This journal is one of media for communication of fisheries
scientiest. This publication is supported by the financial budget of Research Center for Capture Fisheries, fy 2008.
This number contains six scientific papers concerning one article of inland waters, three papers of marine resources,
and two papers of post harvest technology fisheries.
We deeply thank to the editorial boards for their highly contribution in evaluating the papers before published.
Their effort had increased the quality of the journal. Finally, we hope this journal would contribute to fisheries science
as well as development of fisheries in Indonesia.
Editor
i
ISSN 0853 - 8980
INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL
Vol.14 No.2 - December 2008
CONTENTS
Page
PREFACE ………………………………………………………………………………………........................
i
CONTENTS ………………………………………………………………………………………..….....………..
iii
Fish Community Structure in Relation to Water Quality of the Down Stream of Musi River, South Sumatera,
Indonesia
By: Husnah, Eko Prianto, Makri, and Hilda Z. Dahlan …………………………………….....…………..……
51-65
Demersal Fish Resources Result of MV. SEAFDEC 2 Survey in the South China Sea of Indonesia
By: Wudianto and Bambang Sumiono …………………………………………………………......…………..
67-74
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) in the Indian Ocean
Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia
By: Fayakun Satria, John Haluan, Eko Sri Wiyono, and Wudianto …………….....………………….…….
75-82
Additional Valid Record of Marbled Hawkfish, Cirrhites pinnulatus (Bloch & Schneider, 1801) (Perciformes:
Cirrhitidae) from North Sulawesi
By: Teguh Peristiwady …………………………………………………………........…………………………….
83-89
Antibacterial Potency of Chitosan Oligomer Produced by Bacillus Licheniformis MB-2 Chitosanase
By: Ekowati Chasanah, Meidina, and Maggy T. Suhartono ……………………........………………………..
91-95
Use of Aspergillus repens in the Moulding Process of Dried Fish Stick Made from Little Tuna
(Euthynnus affinis)
By: Hari Eko Irianto, Fran Santoso, Jamal Basmal, and Ninoek Indriati …….......…………………….……
97-101
iii
www.p4ksi.litbang.kkp.go.id
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution ….. Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia (Satria, F., et al.)
BIOLOGICAL ASPECTS, DENSITY, AND DISTRIBUTION OF
THE ALFONSINO (Beryx splendens) IN THE INDIAN OCEAN
EKSLUSIVE ECONOMIC ZONE OF INDONESIA
Fayakun Satria1), John Haluan2), Eko Sri Wiyono2), and Wudianto1)
1)
Research Center for Capture Fisheries, Ancol-Jakarta
Faculty of Fisheries and Marine Science, Bogor Agricultural University, Bogor
Received October 6-2008; Received in revised form Nopember 10-2008; Accepted Nopember 20-2008
2)
ABSTRACT
Deep water fisheries resources in the Indian Ocean ekslusive economic zone of Indonesia, has
been investigated extensively in the year of 2004 to 2005. Recently a fishing operation of deep sea
bottom trawl vessel F/B. Koshin Maru 01 from January to May 2008 has been attempted at around the
Simeulue Island. One of a target fish was the Alfonsino, Beryx splendens. Based on the data obtained
from Indonesia-Japan deep sea fisheries joint exploration program and catch data of F/B. Koshin
Maru 01 the distribution, density, and biology of the Alfonsino will be analyzed. The fish was found
distribute along southern of Jawa and western of Sumatera. The stock density was 68.56 kg km-2 in
southern of Jawa and 607.79 kg km-2 in western of Sumatera with particularly abundant at western of
the Simeulue Island. The catch rate was bigger in the depth range of 500 to 700 m, while the size of
fish was bigger in the deeper part. The population of the species was dominated by male (60%) with
two age groups that represented by the length of approximately 26 and 32 cm. Female Alfonsino are
likely consisted of three age groups represented by the length groups of approximately 26, 32, and 36
cm with length of first maturity (Lm) was 33 cm. The main diet was mainly shrimps (Sergestes spp).
F/B Koshin Maru no 01 has substantially caught smaller size than Lm of the Alfonsino. This should
become a warning to the fisheries manager that the recent practice of deep sea bottom trawl will
endanger the resources.
KEYWORDS:
distribution, density, first maturity, alfonsino, Indian Ocean
INTRODUCTION
The Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) has been known
as an economic important deep sea demersal fish.
The fish was reported reach for about $4.5 per kg bulk
in Melbourne Australia fish whole market and become
one of major fisheries in New Zealand since 1988
(Clark & Richard, 2003). Recently, Indonesia-Japan
Joint exploration of deep sea fisheries resources
reported that the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) occurred
wide spread in the Indian Ocean ekslusive economic
zone of Indonesia (Anonymous, 2006). There was no
commercial fishing utilized the resources until the end
of 2007.
During January to May 2008, Indonesia
government gave permit a deep sea bottom trawl, F/B
Koshin Maru No 01 to conduct an experimental
commercial fishing to exploit the resources. The total
catch from January 8th to February 29th was about
272 tones which 49.6% of the catch was the Alfonsino
(Beryx splendens). The tissue content analysis
reported by Suseno et al. (2007) revealed the fish has
a good content for human health such as protein 23%,
fat 2%, and 17 important amino acids with leusin
(0.96%) and fenilalanin (0.97%) were dominant in
quantity. It is likely that the Alfonsino (Beryx
splendens) will become a future main target species
for the deep sea demersal fishery in the Indian Ocean
ekslusive economic zone of Indonesia.
In line with the possibility to utilize the resource it
was reported that the resilience of this species is low
with minimum population doubling time 4.5 to 14
years (K=0.10-0.18; tm=5-7.5; tmax=23;
Fec=270,000) thus the fish categorized has high to
very high vulnerability (65.28). Maximum size was
reported reach to 70.0 cm TL (male) weight: 4,000 g
with maximum age: 23 years (Maul, 1990), Thus the
utilization of the resources should be done with
precautionary approach.
The Indonesia-Japan joint exploration project within
2004 to 2005 has informed the deep sea demersal
resources in general. However there was very little
information of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens). In this
paper the distribution, density, sex ratio, maturity,
length of first mature, and the diet of Beryx splendens
from the depth of 200 to 1,000 m, especially in the
western of Aceh, Indian Ocean ekslusive economic
zone of Indonesia will be described. The distribution
of length size of the Alfonsino gathered from recent
practice of deep sea fisheries in the western of Aceh
waters (Simeulue Island) will also be presented to
know the actual practice of a commercial deep sea
bottom trawl fishing boat.
Corresponding author:
Jl. Pasir Putih I, Ancol Timur-Jakarta 14430, E-mail: rccf_office@indo.net.id
75
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.14 No.2 December-2008: 75-82
MATERIALS AND METHODS
Biological Measurement
The data of this species were originated from
research vessel Baruna Jaya IV cruises conducted
during 2nd of July 2005 to 3rd of September 2005 in the
framework of the Indonesia-Japan deep sea fisheries
resources joint exploration marine research. Deep sea
trawl used as a sample gear in the survey was
described as head rope = 36 m, ground rope 38 m,
headline height of 3.5 to 4 m, wings tip spread of 24
m, and was fished with a 40 mm liner in the cod end,
and heavy rubber bobbin ground gear exploratory
fishing covered the depth range of 200 to 1,000 m,
while data analyses in this paper was limited to the
biological aspects, density, and distribution of the
Alfonsino (Beryx splendens). Additional catch data of
the fish were obtained from the fishing operation of F/
B. Koshin Maru 01 in the western of Simeulue Island
from January to May 2008. The data were analyzed
to show the length size distribution of the Alfonsino
caught by the fishing boat.
Biological information i.e. length size distribution,
sex ratio, gonad weight, and stomach content were
based on sampled of the Alfonsino that examined on
board during the cruise. Length of first maturity was
calculated following Udupa (1986) in Badrudin et al.
(2007) as presented in Table 2. The stages of maturity
were classified into four stages with visual method
i.e. mature (with globules and transparent of eggs on
the gonad with bright in color), maturing (very few
globules and white in color), immature (no globules,
small in size and weight) and spent (the gonad of
membrane appear distract) (Anonymous 2006).
Breeding proportion index was the proportion of total
number of gonad to the number of mature gonad.
Gonad somatic index was the percentage of the
proportion of gonad weight to the body weight.
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
The Species
Analyses of Distribution and Density
Based on catch rate data, estimation of stock
density was calculated by using swept area method.
The models were based on the trawled area, speed,
towing time, net opening, and the catches (Sparre &
Venema, 1992) i.e:
a.n=txvxhxex1,852x0,001 ……………………... (1
D=(1/a.n)x(c/f) ………………..………………….. (2
di mana:
a.n
c
D
e
=
=
=
=
f
h
t
1,852
V
0,001
=
=
=
=
=
=
the length of net track line (km)
catches (kg per hours)
stock density
constanta of net opening (Shindo, 1973
with e = 0,66)
escapment factor’ (=0,5)
the length of head rope (= 28,5 m)
towing period (hours)
mil conversion to km
the average of towing speed (knot)
conversion meter to kilometer
The mean catch rate will figured by depth range
while the estimation of stock density will plotted to
the map in order to gain insight of the spatial
distribution of the fish.
76
In the field of systematic ichthyology Beryx
splendens was classified in the family of Berycidae.
In the family of berycidae there are four species that
is Centroberyx druzhinini, Beryx decadactylus, Beryx
mollis, and Beryx splendens. The morphology of
Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) (Figure 1) is dorsal spines
(total): 4 to 4; dorsal soft rays (total): 13 to 16; anal
spines: 4; Anal soft rays: 26 to 30; P1 16 to 18 ; P2 I,
9 to 11 ; LL 65 to 73. First infraorbital bone with a
spine projecting laterally on anterior end. Lateral line
extends to caudal fin. A fleshy disk on inner face of
exposed area of scale. In young fishes, the 2nd dorsal
ray is elongate, notes pectoral fins with one spine
and 17 soft rays (Nakabo, 2000).
Distribution and Density
Beryx splendens was found distribute along
southern of Jawa and western of Sumatera. The fish
was caught in 15 of a total of 102 trawls in the study
area (14.7%). There was a concentration of relatively
big catches in the station no 067 for about 77 kg (n =
147) located west of Simeulue Island at depth 519 m
and station no 020 for about 3.87kg (n = 102) kg located
west of Barung Island at depth 335 m. The catches
from individual stations are plotted with symbol size
proportional to the numbers in the catch in Figure 2.
The populations were not found as shift to the West
starting from 108° E until Enggano Island. Beryx
splendens was also occurred around Enggano waters
in relatively small quantity and small body size.
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution ….. Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia (Satria, F., et al.)
Figure 1.
The Alfonsino (Beryx splendens) (TL = 36.5 cm; W = 510 g).
Figure 2.
Figure 3.
Horizontal distribution of Beryx splendens.
The average of catch rate on the basis of depth strata.
In term of vertical distribution the catches were
higher in the depth from 500 to 700 m. At the depth
ranges of 200 to 300 m and 700 to 900 m the catch
relatively small in quantity. For the depth 700 to 900
m Beryx splendens caught have bigger average in
body size than those from 200 to 300 m (Figure 3).
The biggest catch at station no.067 (519 m) contained
147 individuals. This suggested that Beryx splendens
has a habitat preferences that might be due to physical
factors i.e. temperature, sea bed type, or food
availability.
77
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.14 No.2 December-2008: 75-82
The evidence that Beryx splendens seems likely
to inhabit the area that attributes specific habitat
proved by the fish finder that showed the schooling
commonly clumped close to the rough seabed, hills,
or seamount tips.
Table 1.
Stock size of Beryx splendens on the surveyed area
Parameters
Total catch rate (kg km-2)
Average (kg km-2)
Swept area (km2)
Stock density (kg km-2)
area (km2)
Biomass (tones)
Fishing potency (tones per year)
Figure 4.
Southern of Jawa
Western of Aceh
12.34
2.06
0.06
68.56
11019
755.41
377.71
127.635
18.23
0.06
607.79
9865.00
5995.81
2997.90
Length frequency distribution of the Alsfonsino (Beryx splendens).
Length Distribution
From a total of 130 sampled fish consisted of 51
females and 79 males. The species has one strong
mode (Figure 4). The total trend of the population
representing a relatively similar pattern to the
slimeheads (H. crassispinus) reported by Badrudin
et al. (2007). How ever the cohorts of female Alfonsino
are likely consited of three age groups that
represented by the length groups of approximately
26, 32, and 36 cm. While male Alfonsino are likely
consisted of two cohorts that represented by the
length of approximately 26 and 32 cm.
From a total of 583 fish sampled from different
depth the fork length size of the Alfonsino, Beryx
splendens was ranged from 12 to 34 cm (Figure 5).
The distribution of this species with respect to the
78
The estimation of stock density of Beryx splendes
in the southern of jawa was 68.6 kg km-2 tonnes while
in the western of Aceh is 607.8 kg km-2 and 5995.81
tones (Table 1). Compare to the total catch (11,813.4
kg) Beryx splendens was about 141.5 kg. This revealed
the species contributes a small quantity in the entire
catches for 1.9%.
depth and size revealed that the large size of Beryx
splendens were likely to found in the depth stratum
of 400 to 500 m while the small size were likely inhabit
and found in shallower water column i.e. 300 to 400
m. Fish with length size of 25 cm was likely to found at deeper water
column 400 to 600 m (Figure 5). If size related to the
age this pattern might indicates that there was a
shifting behaviour or physiology of the species when
they reached a certain size and age.
Sex Ratio and Maturity
Data on sex ratio were recorded from 130 samples.
There were 51 samples females (39.23%) while 79
samples males (60.77%) revealed the population was
dominated by male (Figure 6).
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution ….. Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia (Satria, F., et al.)
Figure 5.
Figure 6.
Length distribution by depth of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens).
(A) sex ratio and (B) gonad maturity of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens).
The maturity stages of females were recorded for
51 females i. e. 39.2% mature, 37.3% maturing,
23.5% immature, and no gonads were found in the
stage of spent (Figure 7).
The average weight of maturing gonad was 2.4 gram
while the mature gonad was 4.4 g. There were 20
samples of mature gonad out of 51 samples giving a
moderate breeding proportion index i.e. 0.39 (BP =
Total number of gonad, 51/ number of mature gonad,
20). Average of gonado somatic index for female was
2.8% (0.3 to 7.4%).
Length of First Maturity
Identification of length of first maturity was based
on female Alfonsino and defined as length group or
class at which 50% of the fish in the group is already
mature. From a number of 51 females of fish sampled,
there were 12 immature, 19 maturing, and 20 mature
(Table 2).
It was found that the length of first maturity of the
Alfonsino was Lm = 33 cm, with 95% confidence limits
of 31.2 to 34.9 cm total length. The estimation might
be considered by the manager of the fishery, that the
Alfonsino would be caught bigger than the size of Lm,
to ensure the sustainability of the fish stock.
Diet
A total of 40 stomachs were examined for food.
There were more than 75% the stomach of the
Alfonsino, Beryx splendens in western of Aceh found
filled and up to 25% (18) empty (Figure 8).
The most common food items in the Alfonsino
stomach were shrimps and small fish and small
79
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.14 No.2 December-2008: 75-82
is a carnivore fish that mainly prey shrimps and
Myctophids. Since the preys were mobile
benthopelagic fish might suggested that the Alfonsino,
Beryx splendens could be an active and relatively
mobile species to search food.
squids. Shrimps occurred in 60% of the stomachs,
followed by small fishes (Myctophidae, Nemichthys)
29% and squids 11%. Sergestidae, Sergestes spp.
was common species of the shrimps while
commonspecies of the small fishes was C. sloani
and Diaphus sp. This suggested that Beryx splendens
Figure 7.
Gonad weight in relation to gonad maturity stages (IM = Immature; MT = Maturing; M =
mature).
Table 2.
The estimation of length at first maturity of Alfonsino, Beryx splendens (Udupa, 1986 in
Badrudin et al., 2007)
Length
group
23-25
25-27
27-29
29-31
31-33
33-35
35-37
37-39
39-41
41-43
No.
Log.
Mid
Mid length sample
length
(Ni)
(Xi)
24
1.3802
2
26
1.4150
3
28
1.4472
1
30
1.4771
11
32
1.5051
14
34
1.5315
7
36
1.5563
8
38
1.5798
3
40
1.6021
1
42
1.6232
1
51
Immature
Maturing
Prop.
Fully
fully mature
mature
(ri)
2
3
3
3
1
1
5
7
3
3
12
19
3
4
3
5
3
1
1
20
Xi+1Xi=X
(pi)
0.2727
0.2857
0.4286
0.6250
1.0000
0.0348
0.0322
0.0300
0.0280
0.0263
0.0248
0.0235
2.6120
0.0285
qi=
1-pi
(pi.qi)/
(ni-1)
0.7273
0.7143
0.5714
0.3750
0.0198
0.0157
0.0408
0.0335
0.1098
Remarks:
Underlined Æ Last log size at wich 100% fully mature
m = 1.5798+(0,0285/2)-(0.0285*2.612); m = 1.5196; Antilog (1.5196)=33.03 cm Æ Lm = 33; 95% Confidence limit;Upper limit:
Antilog (1.5196+2.612 Sqrt (0.02852*0.1098))=34.9 cm; Lower Limit: Antilog (1.5196+2.612 Sqrt (0.02852*0.1098))=31.2 cm
Commercial Fishing Using Deep Sea Bottom
Trawl (the Recent Practice)
Commercial fishing of the deep sea demersal fish
resources has been conducted during January to May
2008 by F/B Koshin Maru 01. The fishing operation
80
was focused at around western of Simeulu Island.
The catch retained in the fish hold is Alfonsino and
there were about 49% of the total catches was this
species. The length size of Alfonsino caught was
range from 10 to 40 cm. The length distribution of the
catch revealed that the Alfonsino has four age groups
Biological Aspects, Density, and Distribution ….. Ekslusive Economic Zone of Indonesia (Satria, F., et al.)
represented by the length of groups of approximately
13, 17, 24, and 32 cm (Figure 9). The trend showed a
more wide range of the species length size and gave
more cohorts. The figure informed that a substantial
decline occurred to the caught of the Alfonsino, Beryx
splendens for the second and the third trips.
Figure 8.
Figure 9.
The recent practice of deep sea demersal fishes
resources by F/B Koshin Maru showed that the gears
caught substantial number of small fish of the
Alfonsino with length of size smaller than Lm (33 cm).
This should become a warning to the fisheries manager
that the recent fishing by deep sea bottom trawler
will potentially endanger the resources.
Stomach content of the Alfonsino (Beryx splendens).
Length distribution of the Alfonsino caught using F/B Koshin Maru 01 during January to
May 2008.
CONCLUSION
Stock density of the Alfonsino, Beryx splendens
in average occurred in West Aceh waters for 607.79
kg km-2 while in South Jawa 68.56 kg km-2. The
species were more abundant in the depth range of
400 to 500 m. The fish indicate a shifting behaviour to
choose deeper part (>300 m) as grow bigger (>25
cm). The length of first maturity of the Alfonsino was
Lm = 33 cm, with 95% confidence limits of 31.2 to
34.9 cm of total length. The most common food items
in the Alfonsino stomach were shrimps (60%) and
small fish (29%) and small squids (11%). Beryx
splendens is an active carnivore fish to search foods
with main prey of shrimps (Sergestes spp.),
mycthopids, and squids. The maturity stages of
females were recorded for 51 females i.e. 39.2%
mature, 37.3% maturing, 23.5% immature and no
81
Ind.Fish Res.J. Vol.14 No.2 December-2008: 75-82
gonads were found in the stage of spent. Female
Alfonsino are likely consisted of three age groups
that represented by the length groups of approximately
26, 32, and 36 cm. While male Alfonsino are likely
consisted of two cohorts that represented by the
length of approximately 26 and 32 cm. From the
commercial catch it is revealed that the length size
range of the Alfonsino is 10 to 40 cm and likely has
four age groups represented by the length of groups
of approximately 13, 17, 24, and 32 cm. The recent
practice of deep sea demersal fishes resources
utilization by F/B. Koshin Maru 01 showed that the
deep sea trawler also caught in substantial number
small size of the Alfonsino that much lower from the
Lm size of the Alfonsino (Lm 33 cm). This should
become a warning to the fisheries manager that the
recent operation of deep sea bottom trawler could
threaten the resources and should manage with a very
careful precautionary approach.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
This paper is part of the Indonesia-Japan joint
exploration project of the deep sea fisheries resources
funded by Overseas Fishery Cooperation FoundationJapan and Agency for Marine and Fisheries Research
year 2005; The commercial fishing trial on the deep
sea fisheries resources in the Indian Ocean funded
by The Japan Deep Sea Trawl Association and Fishing
Technology Development Center year 2008.
REFERENCES
Anonymous. 2006. The Japan-Indonesia deep sea
fishery resources joint exploration project (report
of 2005 field survey). Overseas Fishery
82
Cooperation Foundation-Research Institute for
Marine Fisheries.
Badrudin, A. Suman, & Awwaludin. 2007. Size
distribution and maturity of the slimeheads
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around Simeulu Island. Western Sumatera.
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and aspects of their impact on seamount habitat
in New Zealand. Journal Northw. Atl. Science.
Vol.31. 441-458.
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Nakabo, T. 2000. Fishes of Japan with pectoral keys
to the species. Second Edition. Tokai University
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INDONESIAN FISHERIES RESEARCH JOURNAL
Instructions for Authors
Scope
Indonesian Fisheries Research Journal publishes research results on resources, oceanography and limnology for fisheries,
fisheries biology, management, socio-economic and enhancement, resource utilization, aquaculture, post harvest, of marine,
coastal and inland waters.
Manuscripts submission
Manuscripts submitted to the Journal must be original with clear definition of objective, materials used and methods applied and
should not have been published of offered for publication elsewhere. The manuscripts should be written in English, in doublespaced typing on one side A4-size white papers. Three copies of the manuscripts and a disk containing the manuscript file (s)
produced using MS Word must be submitted to the Managing Editor, Jl. Pasir Putih I Ancol Timur, Jakarta 14430, Indonesia,
E-mail: rccf_office@indo.net.id. There are no page charges for the manuscripts accepted for publications, unless otherwise
indicated below.
Manuscripts preparation
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A title page should be provided which shows the title and the name(s) of the author(s). The author(s)’ position and affiliation
should be written as footnotes at the bottom of the title page.
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Title should not be more than 15 words.
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Abstract summarizes the study is not more than 250 words. Keywords (3-5) must be provided and conform with Agrovocs.
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Introduction should concisely establish the relate to which the article concerns, the purpose and the importance of the work.
Do not use any sub-headings.
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Materials and Methods should clearly and concisely describe the experiment with sufficient detail for independent repetition.
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Results are presented with optimum clarity with unnecessary detail. No same results should be presented in both tables and
figures. Tables (double spaced, same font size with text, no vertical line, lower case supercript letters to indicate, footnotes),
and illustration/figures should be printed on separate sheets and given arabic number consecutively. illustration/figures
should be submitted in original (1) and copied (2) forms and be sufficiently sharp for reproduction. 1 Photographs are
preferably black and white on glossy papers with good contrast. Color photographs of good quality are acceptable but the
cost of reproduction must be paid for by the author(s). Exemption for bearing the cost can be sought from the publisher by
written request.
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Conclusion should be short with regard to the title, objectives, and discussion of results.
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Acknowledgement, if necessary, should be kept minimum (less than 40 words).
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References should be cited in the text by the author(s)’ family or last name and date in one or two forms: Wang (1985) or
(Wang, 1985). For references with more than two authors, cite the first author plus et al. Full citation in alphabetical order is
required for the references list in the following style:
Sunarno, M.T.D., A. Wibowo & Subagja. 2007. Identifikasi tiga kelompok ikan belida (Chitala lopis) di Sungai Tulang Bawang,
Kampar dan Kapuas dengan pendekatan biometrik. Jurnal Penelitian Perikanan Indonesia. 13 (3): 1-14.
Sadhotomo, B. 2006. Review of environmental features of the Java Sea. Indonesia Fisheries Research Journal. 12 (2): 129-157.
Collins, A. 1977. Process in acquiring knowledge. In Anderson, R.C., Spiro, R.J. and Montaque, W.E. (eds.). Schooling and the
Acquisition of Knowledge. Lawrence Erlbaum, Hillsdale, New Jersey. p.339-363
Bose, A.N., Ghosh, S.N., Yang, C.T. and Mitra, A. 1991. Coastal Aquaculture Engineering. Oxford & IBH Pub. Co. Prt. Ltd., New
Delhi. 365 pp.
Smith, T.I.J. and Sandifer, P.O. 1983. Development of prawn (Macrobrachium rosenbergil) farms in temperate climates:
Prospects and problems in the United States. In Roger, G.L., Day, D. and Um, A. (eds.) Proceedings of the First International
Conference on Warm Water Aquaculture - Crustacea. Brigham Young University, Laie, Hawaii, USA. p 109-126.
Unpublished materials should not be used, except for thesis which is cited as follows:
Simpson, B.K. 1984. Isolation, Characterization and Some Applications of Trypsin from Greenland Cod (Gadus morhua).
PhD Thesis. Memorial University of New Foundland, St. John’s, New Foundland, Canada. 179 pp.
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Acronyms or uncommon abbreviations must be given in full with the first mentions; new abbreviations should be coined
only for unwieldy name and should not be used at all unless the names occur frequently.
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Latin name and family of the species should be given besides its common name at first mention in the manuscript, and the
common name only for the next mentions.
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SI Systems should be used for all measurements.
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Reprint: A free reprint of the journal issue in which the paper is published will be sent to the author.