PENGELOLAAN LIMBAH TERNAK SAPI MENJADI BIOGAS DI DESA GOGIK KECAMATAN UNGARAN BARAT - Diponegoro University | Institutional Repository (UNDIP-IR) DAFTAR ISI DRAFT
DAFTAR ISI
HALAMAN JUDUL ...................................................................................... i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ........................................................................ ii
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. viii
DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xiii
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... xiv
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................... xv
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah ............................................................................ 1
1.2. Perumusan Masalah................................................................................... 7
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................... 7
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian..................................................................................... 8
1.5. Orisinalitas Penelitian................................................................................ 8
BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1. Pengelolaan Lingkungan ........................................................................... 14
2.2. Desa Mandiri Energi ................................................................................. 17
2.3. Limbah Ternak .......................................................................................... 19
2.4. Pengertian Biogas ...................................................................................... 20
2.4.1. Bahan Baku Biogas.......................................................................... 21
2.4.2. Komposisi Biogas ............................................................................ 22
2.4.3. Proses Biologis Terbentuknya Biogas .............................................. 24
2.4.4. Proses Pembuatan Biogas ................................................................ 26
2.4.5. Unit Pembuatan Biogas atau Digester .............................................. 27
2.4.5.1. Pertimbangan dalam Pembuatan Digester ............................. 28
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2.4.5.2. Kondisi Biodigester yang Baik ............................................. 33
2.4.6. Pemeliharaan dan Perawatan Instalasi Biogas .................................. 34
2.4.7. Hasil Samping dari Digester Biogas ................................................. 35
2.5. Biogas dan Aplikasinya ............................................................................. 37
2.6. Konsep Zero Waste ................................................................................... 40
2.7. Persepsi, Perilaku dan Partisipasi Masyarakat ............................................ 41
2.7.1. Pengertian Persepsi Masyarakat ....................................................... 41
2.7.2. Perilaku .......................................................................................... 43
2.7.2.1. Pengertian Perilaku ............................................................... 43
2.7.2.2. Perilaku Manusia Terhadap Lingkungan ............................... 43
2.7.3. Partisipasi Masyarakat ..................................................................... 44
2.7.3.1. Pengertian Partisipasi Masyarakat ......................................... 44
2.7.3.2. Bentuk-bentuk Partisipasi Masyarakat ................................... 45
2.7.3.3. Faktor Internal yang Mempengaruhi ...................................... 46
Partisipasi Masyarakat ........................................................... 46
2.8. Hasil Penelitian ......................................................................................... 47
BAB III
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
3.1. Pendekatan Penelitian ................................................................................ 48
3.2. Lokasi Penelitian ....................................................................................... 49
3.3. Waktu Penelitian ....................................................................................... 49
3.4. Fokus Penelitian ........................................................................................ 49
3.5. Fenomena Penelitian ................................................................................. 49
3.6. Teknik Pengumpulan Data......................................................................... 51
3.6.1. Data Primer ...................................................................................... 51
3.6.2. Data Sekunder .................................................................................. 52
3.7. Analisa Data .............................................................................................. 53
3.8. Alur Penelitian .......................................................................................... 56
BAB IV
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1. Gambaran Umum Wilayah ........................................................................ 58
ix
4.1.1. Kondisi Geografis ............................................................................. 58
4.1.2. Luas dan Letak Wilayah.................................................................... 58
4.1.3. Iklim ................................................................................................. 60
4.1.4. Hidrologi .......................................................................................... 61
4.1.5. Kependudukan .................................................................................. 61
4.1.6. Kondisi Perekonomian ...................................................................... 62
4.1.7. Sarana dan Prasarana ........................................................................ 63
4.2. Gambar Umum Lokasi Penelitian .............................................................. 64
4.2.1. Letak Administrasi............................................................................ 64
4.2.2. Keadaan Penduduk ........................................................................... 66
4.2.3. Keadaan Iklim dan Topografi............................................................ 66
4.2.4. Pemukiman ....................................................................................... 67
4.2.5. Kondisi Pendidikan, Kesehatan dan Keagamaan ............................... 68
4.2.6. Kondisi Pertanian dan Peternakan ..................................................... 71
4.2.7. Kondisi Pariwisata ............................................................................ 72
4.3. Analisis Pengelolaan Lingkungan dengan Biogas di Desa Gogik .............. 73
4.3.1. Persepsi Masyarakat.......................................................................... 73
4.3.1.1. Pengetahuan Masyarakat tentang Teknologi Biogas .............. 73
4.3.1.2. Pandangan Masyarakat tentang Teknologi Biogas ................. 75
4.3.1.3. Pemahaman Masyarakat tentang Manfaat Biogas .................. 76
4.3.2. Perilaku Masyarakat.......................................................................... 78
4.3.2.1. Proses Pelaksanaan Teknologi Biogas oleh Masyarakat ........ 78
4.3.2.2. Keikutsertaan Masyarakat dalam Pelaksanaan ....................... 81
4.4. Analisis Aspek-aspek yang Mempengaruhi Pelaksanaan ........................... 82
4.4.1. Analisa Teknis .................................................................................. 82
4.4.1.1. Ketersediaan Ternak ............................................................ 83
4.4.1.2. Pemeliharaan Ternak............................................................ 85
4.4.1.3. Jarak (Kandang-Biogas-Dapur) ............................................ 87
4.4.1.4. Ketersediaan Energi Lain ..................................................... 88
4.4.1.5. Peralatan dan Sarana ............................................................ 90
4.4.1.6. Alih Teknologi..................................................................... 97
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4.4.2. Analisa Sosial .................................................................................. 98
4.4.2.1. Kesesuaian Terhadap Budaya/Kebiasaan.............................. 98
4.4.2.2. Persepsi Dan Minat Menggunakan Biogas ........................... 100
4.4.2.3. Partisipasi Masyarakat ......................................................... 102
4.4.2.4. Ketersediaan Tenaga Kerja .................................................. 104
4.4.2.5. Potensi Konflik Antar Masyarakat ....................................... 105
4.4.3. Analisa Lingkungan ......................................................................... 105
4.4.3.1. Dampak Terhadap Lingkungan ............................................ 105
4.4.3.2. Zero Waste .......................................................................... 108
4.4.4. Analisa Ekonomi ............................................................................. 109
4.4.4.1. Pengaruh Biogas Terhadap Kebutuhan Masyarakat .............. 109
4.4.4.2. Meningkatkan Pendapatan Masyarakat................................. 110
4.4.5. Analisa Manajemen ......................................................................... 112
4.4.5.1. Manajemen Pengelolaan Instalasi.......................................... 112
4.4.6. Asumsi Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi dalam Pelaksanaan ......... 115
Teknologi Biogas di Desa Gogik
BAB V
PENUTUP
5.1. Kesimpulan ............................................................................................... 119
5.2. Rekomendasi ............................................................................................. 123
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 126
LAMPIRAN................................................................................................... 130
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DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1. Orisinalitas Penelitian............................................................................. 10
Tabel 2. Produksi Kotoran Ternak........................................................................ 21
Tabel 3. Potensi Produksi Gas .............................................................................. 22
Tabel 4. Komponen Penyusun Biogas .................................................................. 23
Tabel 5. Nilai Kesetaraan Biogas dan Energi ....................................................... 23
yang dihasilkan
Tabel 6. Jenis Bakteri Methanogenik.................................................................... 26
Tabel 7. Ukuran Digester dan Kuantitas bahan .................................................... 29
yang dibutuhkan per hari
Tabel 8. Kelemahan dan Kelebihan Jenis Digester .............................................. 32
Tabel 9. Persyaratan Pengembangan Biogas ........................................................ 39
Tabel 10. Klasifikasi Data Menurut Jenis Data .................................................... 53
Tabel 11. Curah Hujan Desa Gogik 2001-2011 .................................................... 67
Tabel 12. Jumlah dan Kondisi Perumahan Desa Gogik ........................................ 68
Tabel 13. Kondisi Pendidikan Desa Gogik ........................................................... 69
Tabel 14. Lahan Pertanian Desa Gogik ................................................................ 71
Tabel 15. Daftar Anggota Masyarakat Pengguna Biogas ...................................... 81
di Desa Gogik
Tabel 16. Asumsi Faktor yang Mempengaruhi dalam Pelaksanaan ...................... 117
Teknologi Biogas di Desa Gogik
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DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. Digester jenis kubah tetap (fixed dome) .............................................. 30
Gambar 2. Digester jenis kubah apung (floating dome) ........................................ 31
Gambar 3. Alur Penelitian.................................................................................... 57
Gambar 4. Peta Administrasi Kabupaten Semarang .............................................. 59
Gambar 5. Peta Administrasi Kecamatan Ungaran Barat ...................................... 60
Gambar 6. Peta Administrasi Desa Gogik ............................................................ 65
Gambar 7. Diagram Mata Pencaharian Desa Gogik Tahun 2012 .......................... 66
Gambar 8. Kondisi Perumahan Desa Gogik ......................................................... 68
Gambar 9. Sekolah Dasar Gogik 01 ..................................................................... 69
Gambar 10. Bak Penampung Sumber Mata Air .................................................... 70
Gambar 11. Tempat Ibadah Mushola.................................................................... 70
Gambar 12. Obyek Wisata Air Terjun Semirang .................................................. 72
Gambar 13. Ketersediaan Ternak ......................................................................... 85
Gambar 14. Kondisi Sapi yang dikandingkan dan ............................................... 87
Lantai Kandang yang sudah diplester
Gambar 15. Digester Utama Jenis Kubah Tetap ................................................... 92
Gambar 16. Kondisi Instalasi dan Peralatan yang terbengkalai ............................. 96
Gambar 17. Kotoran Tetnak Sapi yang Menumpuk ............................................. 107
Gambar 18. Hasil Keluaran Biogas Pupuk Padat Organik ................................... 111
Gambar 19. Kerusakan Pada pipa mengakibatkan ledakan kecil .......................... 114
xiii
HALAMAN JUDUL ...................................................................................... i
HALAMAN PENGESAHAN ........................................................................ ii
KATA PENGANTAR .................................................................................... vi
DAFTAR ISI .................................................................................................. viii
DAFTAR TABEL .......................................................................................... xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR ...................................................................................... xiii
ABSTRAK ...................................................................................................... xiv
ABSTRACT.................................................................................................... xv
BAB I
PENDAHULUAN
1.1. Latar Belakang Masalah ............................................................................ 1
1.2. Perumusan Masalah................................................................................... 7
1.3. Tujuan Penelitian ...................................................................................... 7
1.4. Manfaat Penelitian..................................................................................... 8
1.5. Orisinalitas Penelitian................................................................................ 8
BAB II
TINJAUAN PUSTAKA
2.1. Pengelolaan Lingkungan ........................................................................... 14
2.2. Desa Mandiri Energi ................................................................................. 17
2.3. Limbah Ternak .......................................................................................... 19
2.4. Pengertian Biogas ...................................................................................... 20
2.4.1. Bahan Baku Biogas.......................................................................... 21
2.4.2. Komposisi Biogas ............................................................................ 22
2.4.3. Proses Biologis Terbentuknya Biogas .............................................. 24
2.4.4. Proses Pembuatan Biogas ................................................................ 26
2.4.5. Unit Pembuatan Biogas atau Digester .............................................. 27
2.4.5.1. Pertimbangan dalam Pembuatan Digester ............................. 28
viii
2.4.5.2. Kondisi Biodigester yang Baik ............................................. 33
2.4.6. Pemeliharaan dan Perawatan Instalasi Biogas .................................. 34
2.4.7. Hasil Samping dari Digester Biogas ................................................. 35
2.5. Biogas dan Aplikasinya ............................................................................. 37
2.6. Konsep Zero Waste ................................................................................... 40
2.7. Persepsi, Perilaku dan Partisipasi Masyarakat ............................................ 41
2.7.1. Pengertian Persepsi Masyarakat ....................................................... 41
2.7.2. Perilaku .......................................................................................... 43
2.7.2.1. Pengertian Perilaku ............................................................... 43
2.7.2.2. Perilaku Manusia Terhadap Lingkungan ............................... 43
2.7.3. Partisipasi Masyarakat ..................................................................... 44
2.7.3.1. Pengertian Partisipasi Masyarakat ......................................... 44
2.7.3.2. Bentuk-bentuk Partisipasi Masyarakat ................................... 45
2.7.3.3. Faktor Internal yang Mempengaruhi ...................................... 46
Partisipasi Masyarakat ........................................................... 46
2.8. Hasil Penelitian ......................................................................................... 47
BAB III
METODOLOGI PENELITIAN
3.1. Pendekatan Penelitian ................................................................................ 48
3.2. Lokasi Penelitian ....................................................................................... 49
3.3. Waktu Penelitian ....................................................................................... 49
3.4. Fokus Penelitian ........................................................................................ 49
3.5. Fenomena Penelitian ................................................................................. 49
3.6. Teknik Pengumpulan Data......................................................................... 51
3.6.1. Data Primer ...................................................................................... 51
3.6.2. Data Sekunder .................................................................................. 52
3.7. Analisa Data .............................................................................................. 53
3.8. Alur Penelitian .......................................................................................... 56
BAB IV
HASIL DAN PEMBAHASAN
4.1. Gambaran Umum Wilayah ........................................................................ 58
ix
4.1.1. Kondisi Geografis ............................................................................. 58
4.1.2. Luas dan Letak Wilayah.................................................................... 58
4.1.3. Iklim ................................................................................................. 60
4.1.4. Hidrologi .......................................................................................... 61
4.1.5. Kependudukan .................................................................................. 61
4.1.6. Kondisi Perekonomian ...................................................................... 62
4.1.7. Sarana dan Prasarana ........................................................................ 63
4.2. Gambar Umum Lokasi Penelitian .............................................................. 64
4.2.1. Letak Administrasi............................................................................ 64
4.2.2. Keadaan Penduduk ........................................................................... 66
4.2.3. Keadaan Iklim dan Topografi............................................................ 66
4.2.4. Pemukiman ....................................................................................... 67
4.2.5. Kondisi Pendidikan, Kesehatan dan Keagamaan ............................... 68
4.2.6. Kondisi Pertanian dan Peternakan ..................................................... 71
4.2.7. Kondisi Pariwisata ............................................................................ 72
4.3. Analisis Pengelolaan Lingkungan dengan Biogas di Desa Gogik .............. 73
4.3.1. Persepsi Masyarakat.......................................................................... 73
4.3.1.1. Pengetahuan Masyarakat tentang Teknologi Biogas .............. 73
4.3.1.2. Pandangan Masyarakat tentang Teknologi Biogas ................. 75
4.3.1.3. Pemahaman Masyarakat tentang Manfaat Biogas .................. 76
4.3.2. Perilaku Masyarakat.......................................................................... 78
4.3.2.1. Proses Pelaksanaan Teknologi Biogas oleh Masyarakat ........ 78
4.3.2.2. Keikutsertaan Masyarakat dalam Pelaksanaan ....................... 81
4.4. Analisis Aspek-aspek yang Mempengaruhi Pelaksanaan ........................... 82
4.4.1. Analisa Teknis .................................................................................. 82
4.4.1.1. Ketersediaan Ternak ............................................................ 83
4.4.1.2. Pemeliharaan Ternak............................................................ 85
4.4.1.3. Jarak (Kandang-Biogas-Dapur) ............................................ 87
4.4.1.4. Ketersediaan Energi Lain ..................................................... 88
4.4.1.5. Peralatan dan Sarana ............................................................ 90
4.4.1.6. Alih Teknologi..................................................................... 97
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4.4.2. Analisa Sosial .................................................................................. 98
4.4.2.1. Kesesuaian Terhadap Budaya/Kebiasaan.............................. 98
4.4.2.2. Persepsi Dan Minat Menggunakan Biogas ........................... 100
4.4.2.3. Partisipasi Masyarakat ......................................................... 102
4.4.2.4. Ketersediaan Tenaga Kerja .................................................. 104
4.4.2.5. Potensi Konflik Antar Masyarakat ....................................... 105
4.4.3. Analisa Lingkungan ......................................................................... 105
4.4.3.1. Dampak Terhadap Lingkungan ............................................ 105
4.4.3.2. Zero Waste .......................................................................... 108
4.4.4. Analisa Ekonomi ............................................................................. 109
4.4.4.1. Pengaruh Biogas Terhadap Kebutuhan Masyarakat .............. 109
4.4.4.2. Meningkatkan Pendapatan Masyarakat................................. 110
4.4.5. Analisa Manajemen ......................................................................... 112
4.4.5.1. Manajemen Pengelolaan Instalasi.......................................... 112
4.4.6. Asumsi Faktor-faktor yang Mempengaruhi dalam Pelaksanaan ......... 115
Teknologi Biogas di Desa Gogik
BAB V
PENUTUP
5.1. Kesimpulan ............................................................................................... 119
5.2. Rekomendasi ............................................................................................. 123
DAFTAR PUSTAKA ..................................................................................... 126
LAMPIRAN................................................................................................... 130
xi
DAFTAR TABEL
Tabel 1. Orisinalitas Penelitian............................................................................. 10
Tabel 2. Produksi Kotoran Ternak........................................................................ 21
Tabel 3. Potensi Produksi Gas .............................................................................. 22
Tabel 4. Komponen Penyusun Biogas .................................................................. 23
Tabel 5. Nilai Kesetaraan Biogas dan Energi ....................................................... 23
yang dihasilkan
Tabel 6. Jenis Bakteri Methanogenik.................................................................... 26
Tabel 7. Ukuran Digester dan Kuantitas bahan .................................................... 29
yang dibutuhkan per hari
Tabel 8. Kelemahan dan Kelebihan Jenis Digester .............................................. 32
Tabel 9. Persyaratan Pengembangan Biogas ........................................................ 39
Tabel 10. Klasifikasi Data Menurut Jenis Data .................................................... 53
Tabel 11. Curah Hujan Desa Gogik 2001-2011 .................................................... 67
Tabel 12. Jumlah dan Kondisi Perumahan Desa Gogik ........................................ 68
Tabel 13. Kondisi Pendidikan Desa Gogik ........................................................... 69
Tabel 14. Lahan Pertanian Desa Gogik ................................................................ 71
Tabel 15. Daftar Anggota Masyarakat Pengguna Biogas ...................................... 81
di Desa Gogik
Tabel 16. Asumsi Faktor yang Mempengaruhi dalam Pelaksanaan ...................... 117
Teknologi Biogas di Desa Gogik
xii
DAFTAR GAMBAR
Gambar 1. Digester jenis kubah tetap (fixed dome) .............................................. 30
Gambar 2. Digester jenis kubah apung (floating dome) ........................................ 31
Gambar 3. Alur Penelitian.................................................................................... 57
Gambar 4. Peta Administrasi Kabupaten Semarang .............................................. 59
Gambar 5. Peta Administrasi Kecamatan Ungaran Barat ...................................... 60
Gambar 6. Peta Administrasi Desa Gogik ............................................................ 65
Gambar 7. Diagram Mata Pencaharian Desa Gogik Tahun 2012 .......................... 66
Gambar 8. Kondisi Perumahan Desa Gogik ......................................................... 68
Gambar 9. Sekolah Dasar Gogik 01 ..................................................................... 69
Gambar 10. Bak Penampung Sumber Mata Air .................................................... 70
Gambar 11. Tempat Ibadah Mushola.................................................................... 70
Gambar 12. Obyek Wisata Air Terjun Semirang .................................................. 72
Gambar 13. Ketersediaan Ternak ......................................................................... 85
Gambar 14. Kondisi Sapi yang dikandingkan dan ............................................... 87
Lantai Kandang yang sudah diplester
Gambar 15. Digester Utama Jenis Kubah Tetap ................................................... 92
Gambar 16. Kondisi Instalasi dan Peralatan yang terbengkalai ............................. 96
Gambar 17. Kotoran Tetnak Sapi yang Menumpuk ............................................. 107
Gambar 18. Hasil Keluaran Biogas Pupuk Padat Organik ................................... 111
Gambar 19. Kerusakan Pada pipa mengakibatkan ledakan kecil .......................... 114
xiii