Pemerintahan dan Manajemen Sektor Publik - Diponegoro University | Institutional Repository (UNDIP-IR)
Daftar lsi
Isi............
Pengantar
Bab 1
Pendahuluan: ..........
Daftar
iii
.................. ix
........
...........1.
....................1
Mengapa ada negara maiu dan ada negara miskin? .....1
B,ab 2
.........11
Peran & Instrumen Pernerintah ............................ "... L 1
Fungsi Dasar Pemerintah
.........20
Mengapa peran pemerintah dibutuirkan? .................... 23
Market failure
........25
1. Pubiic goods (benda pubiik)
.............26
2. Externalities (eksternalitas----efek berantai ke
pihak lain) ..........
........ . ... .. 26
Natural
monopoly
............27
3.
4. Imperfect information (informasi yang tidak
sempurna)
..........27
Instrunen Pemerintah
2B
1. Gorrernment Provision ............
.. . .. 29
2. Strbsidi (subsidy).
. ... ....32
3. Produksi (Production)................ .........32
4. Pengaturan (Regulation) ........."
...........33
Konsepsi Tingkat Peran Pemerintair
. 34
Tire Laissez-fajre school
. ....35
.
Tlre Welf'are State schooi
Neo-classicism
school
Neq' social democrary
school
.
.......36
........37
........38
Bab 3
Tugas Manajer dalam Teori-teori Kontemporer...... 39
The Great Man Theory
........43
The Entrepreneurship Theory
..............45
The Leader Power Theory
.....................46
The Decision Theory
..........47
The Leader Effectiveness Theory
.........52
Leader Behavioral Theory......
................53
The Vork Activity Theory
.......... .......54
Teori manajer pada institusi publik?
.....54
B,ab
4
.........5s
Konsepsi, Dimensi & Lingkungan Organisasi.......... 58
Konsepsi Dasar
.....................59
Elemen Lingkungan Organisasi
.............64
Faktor Ekonomi
.....................65
Gross National Product
.........66
Struktur Produksi (structure of production) ............. 67
Tenaga Kerja (labour).............
................67
Kapital Dalam Negeri (domestic capitai) ................ 68
Perdagangan Luar Negeri (foreign exchange) ........69
Bantuan dan Hutang Luar Negeri (foreign aid and
debt).........
...........69
(infrastructure)
Infrastruktur
.........
..........70
Teknologi (technology) ................
..........70
Kemiskinan dan Kesenjang n (poverty and
inequaliry)
...........7 7
Faktor Budaya
.......................71
Etnisitas (ethnicity)
................72
Keluarga dan Kekerabatan (family and kinship)....73
Nilai dan Norma (values and norms) ................ ....... 7 3
Gender
Sejarah (history)
....................7 4
Faktor Denrografis
................7 4
Pertumbuhan Penduduk (population growth) .........7 4
Struktur Umur (age structure) ............. ...................... 7 5
Urbanisasi dan migrasi (urbanization and
nrigration)
.........7 6
Kesehatan (health)
..............76
Faktor Politik
.......................7 6
Hubungan Negara-Rakyat (state-society relation) .. 7 7
Legitimasi (legitimary).................
..........77
Idiologi (ideology)
..............77
Elite dan kelas (elites and classes)
.......78
Hr.rbungan Internasional (international links) ..........7 B
..........78
Kelembagaan (institutions) ..........
Bab 5
Kriteria Kompetensi Manaier Publik ........................
80
...............82
Kompetensi Dasar
Managing Complexity
...83
Leadership Competence................ ..
B3
Cognitive Process skilI...........
................84
Planning skills .........
... . .......85
Relationship skills
................86
Kompetesi Manajer Publik
.................... BB
Bab 6
.........91
Perencanaan & Manaiemen Strategis
......91
Mengapa Manajemen Strategis?
.............91
Strategi dalam sektor publik
........... ......94
Komponen manajemen strategis
...........96
Visi (vision) ................
.. ... 96
Analisis lingkungan (environmental scan) ...... ......99
Sasaran (objectives) atau tuiuan dasar
(basic goals)
... 100
Misi (mission). .............
.......101
Strategi (strategy)
..............1l.2
Pen)'usunan manajemen strategis
... .. .103
Kritik dan Dilema
... ..........106
B,ab
7
.......110
......110
Budgeting & Financial Management
.................
, Apa itu budget?
111
......179
Model-model Budgeting. ..... . .
Model Tradisional (increnental budgeting) .......... 1 19
Planning Programming Budgeting (PPB) .............. 127
..............1,22
Zero based budgeting (ZBB)
(OBB)
.........I23
Output based budgeting
......724
Pen)'usunan Anggaran
Bab
8
Manajemen
Personil
Refornrasi manajemen
Bab
.......126
...............126
personil
..............735
..........
.......13S
...............139
9
Organizational Learning
Model Siklus Pen-rbelajaran Organisasi ............. ......... 1. 41
Penrbelajaran Politik (political learning rycle) ......... 142
Penrbelajaran Teknis (technical learning rycle) ......143
............144
Instrunents ................
(1) Policy analysis
.............144
(2) Performance neasurement......
......747
(3) Program Evaluation
......149
(4) Cost-effectiveness (auditing) analysis ............. 151
....................153
Analisis rnanfaat
. ............756
Analisis 8iaya.........
Bab
L0
Korporasi Publik Dan Privatisasi
.....157
.......... ......... "........ 157
publik
.................,.. i61
korporasi
Jenis-jenis
.....-...... 161
1. Public Utilities
...163
2. Land transport and postal system
l. Enterprises in competitive environment ..........163
.......764
4. Regulatory authorities ..............
.............164
Privatisasi
(1) Alasan pragmaiis
.........169
(2) Alasan icliologis
...........170
(3) Alasan komersiil
...........777
(4) Alasan populis
.............177
......172
Variasi model privatisasi
.......771
Strategi privatisasi korporasi publik
ri
Bab 11
Etika.............:...
.............. L7g
Posisi Akuntabilitas dalam Manajemen .................. 1 g7
^{kuntabilitas &
Akuntabilitas dan erika .........
Prinsip erika insrirusi publik
Infrasrruktur erika
...............1gg
...... .........190
...............191
Bab L2
.....194
Manaiemen Publik di Negara Berkembang:
Agenda & Dinamika Masalah ...............;................... 194
Penganrar
.............194
Agenda reform
...19g
(1) Personnel Reform
........1g9
(2) Privatizarion.........
........20I
(3) Fiscal Reform
...............202
(4) Institutional/Adminisrrarive Comperence ........202
(5) Regulatory Reform
......203
(6) Accountabilicy and public participation ........... 204
(7) Combat on Corruption ............
.......205
Bagairnana dengan Indonesia?
................205
referensi
Riwayat Penulis
Daftar
......20g
......214
r.ii
Pengantar
Buku ini diterbitkan atas biaya dari Program Publikasi
Ilmiah Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan Universitas Diponegoro
Semarang, dengan tuiuan untuk memberikan sumbang saran
kepada negara supaya lebih cepat mencapai cita-cita luhur
kemerdekaan.
Dalam kesempatan ini, saya ingin menyampaikan
terima kasih kepada Ketua Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan
Universitas Diponegoro, Drs. Priyatno Harsasto, MA yang
memberikan dorongan luar biasa bagi terselesaikannya buku
ini. Terima kasih juga kepada semua rekan-rekan dosen di
UNDIP.
Saya juga berhutang
budi kepada mahasiswa saya di
Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan maupun Magister Ilmu Politik
Universitas Diponegoro yang berkenan untuk bertukar
pikiran terhadap isi buku ini, sehingg saya juga perlu
menyampaikan terima kasih yang mendalam. Juga kepada
Aya dan Toha di MIP UNDIP ,y^trgselalu membantu berbagai
keperluan perkuliahan dan penulisan buku ini.
Untuk keluarga besar saya, Ibu, Bapak, Yudhi, Arief,
Dayat, dan Sufi, istri saya Afi dan anak-anakku Addiya dan
Adelina, saya juga mengucapkan banyak sekali terima kasih
atas semua yang tidak bisa saya sebutkan.
Jayalah bangsaku, jayalah negeriku, segera tegaklah
tinggi dengan bangsa_bangsa iralu diil;i;.
lay.sejajarsama
Takkan kubiarkan kau rerseret oleh kenistaan perilaku
anak
bangsa yangnakal, apatah lagi oleh oleh durjan
a d,ari.r.g..i
seberang.
.
Senrarang, Januari 2007
Budi Setiyono
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Pemeintahan dan Manajemen Sektor Publik
-
213
Riwayat Penulis
Budi Setiyono, lahir di Banyumas Jawa Tengah p.:-,
tanggal 11 Oktober 1971.Putra dari pasangan Bapak Eni::- dan Ibu Muhriyah ini lulus S-1 jurusan Ilmu Pemerintai-::,
FISIP Universitas Diponegoro tahun 7994 dan lulus progr:r:rPasca- Sarjana di Flinders University of South Australia pa:-,
tahun 2004 untuk jurusan Policy and Administration. Pa:,.
saat bLrku ini ditulis, dia sedang meniadi urahasiss'a Pi: l
pada bidang political science di Curtin Universitr- ,,.
Technology, Perth, Australia.
Protesi penulis adalah dosen di iurusan Ilrnu Penterintahan dan Magister Ilmu Politik Universitas Diponegoro.
Dia nrenganlpu nata kuliah Birokrasi Indonesia, Manajemen
Publik, Nlanajemen Politik, dan Pemikiran Politik Indonesia
Disamping itlr, Budi juga menjadi tenaga peneliti untr-rk
Pusat Kajian Ekonomi Politik, serta Pusat Kajian Otonouli
Daerah dan Kebilakan Publik Universitas Drponegoro.
Disamping menjadi asisten dosen, pentilis irtga pernali
bekerja n'renladi konsultan pada beberapa lembaga asing
seperti Bank Dunia (2003-2005), UNDP (2000, dan Asir
Foundation (2006).
Berbagai tulisannya ntuncr.tl cli beberapa ltarian lokal
dan nasional, serta beberapa majalah iln-riah.
214
-
Bdi
5'eti1'ono
Isi............
Pengantar
Bab 1
Pendahuluan: ..........
Daftar
iii
.................. ix
........
...........1.
....................1
Mengapa ada negara maiu dan ada negara miskin? .....1
B,ab 2
.........11
Peran & Instrumen Pernerintah ............................ "... L 1
Fungsi Dasar Pemerintah
.........20
Mengapa peran pemerintah dibutuirkan? .................... 23
Market failure
........25
1. Pubiic goods (benda pubiik)
.............26
2. Externalities (eksternalitas----efek berantai ke
pihak lain) ..........
........ . ... .. 26
Natural
monopoly
............27
3.
4. Imperfect information (informasi yang tidak
sempurna)
..........27
Instrunen Pemerintah
2B
1. Gorrernment Provision ............
.. . .. 29
2. Strbsidi (subsidy).
. ... ....32
3. Produksi (Production)................ .........32
4. Pengaturan (Regulation) ........."
...........33
Konsepsi Tingkat Peran Pemerintair
. 34
Tire Laissez-fajre school
. ....35
.
Tlre Welf'are State schooi
Neo-classicism
school
Neq' social democrary
school
.
.......36
........37
........38
Bab 3
Tugas Manajer dalam Teori-teori Kontemporer...... 39
The Great Man Theory
........43
The Entrepreneurship Theory
..............45
The Leader Power Theory
.....................46
The Decision Theory
..........47
The Leader Effectiveness Theory
.........52
Leader Behavioral Theory......
................53
The Vork Activity Theory
.......... .......54
Teori manajer pada institusi publik?
.....54
B,ab
4
.........5s
Konsepsi, Dimensi & Lingkungan Organisasi.......... 58
Konsepsi Dasar
.....................59
Elemen Lingkungan Organisasi
.............64
Faktor Ekonomi
.....................65
Gross National Product
.........66
Struktur Produksi (structure of production) ............. 67
Tenaga Kerja (labour).............
................67
Kapital Dalam Negeri (domestic capitai) ................ 68
Perdagangan Luar Negeri (foreign exchange) ........69
Bantuan dan Hutang Luar Negeri (foreign aid and
debt).........
...........69
(infrastructure)
Infrastruktur
.........
..........70
Teknologi (technology) ................
..........70
Kemiskinan dan Kesenjang n (poverty and
inequaliry)
...........7 7
Faktor Budaya
.......................71
Etnisitas (ethnicity)
................72
Keluarga dan Kekerabatan (family and kinship)....73
Nilai dan Norma (values and norms) ................ ....... 7 3
Gender
Sejarah (history)
....................7 4
Faktor Denrografis
................7 4
Pertumbuhan Penduduk (population growth) .........7 4
Struktur Umur (age structure) ............. ...................... 7 5
Urbanisasi dan migrasi (urbanization and
nrigration)
.........7 6
Kesehatan (health)
..............76
Faktor Politik
.......................7 6
Hubungan Negara-Rakyat (state-society relation) .. 7 7
Legitimasi (legitimary).................
..........77
Idiologi (ideology)
..............77
Elite dan kelas (elites and classes)
.......78
Hr.rbungan Internasional (international links) ..........7 B
..........78
Kelembagaan (institutions) ..........
Bab 5
Kriteria Kompetensi Manaier Publik ........................
80
...............82
Kompetensi Dasar
Managing Complexity
...83
Leadership Competence................ ..
B3
Cognitive Process skilI...........
................84
Planning skills .........
... . .......85
Relationship skills
................86
Kompetesi Manajer Publik
.................... BB
Bab 6
.........91
Perencanaan & Manaiemen Strategis
......91
Mengapa Manajemen Strategis?
.............91
Strategi dalam sektor publik
........... ......94
Komponen manajemen strategis
...........96
Visi (vision) ................
.. ... 96
Analisis lingkungan (environmental scan) ...... ......99
Sasaran (objectives) atau tuiuan dasar
(basic goals)
... 100
Misi (mission). .............
.......101
Strategi (strategy)
..............1l.2
Pen)'usunan manajemen strategis
... .. .103
Kritik dan Dilema
... ..........106
B,ab
7
.......110
......110
Budgeting & Financial Management
.................
, Apa itu budget?
111
......179
Model-model Budgeting. ..... . .
Model Tradisional (increnental budgeting) .......... 1 19
Planning Programming Budgeting (PPB) .............. 127
..............1,22
Zero based budgeting (ZBB)
(OBB)
.........I23
Output based budgeting
......724
Pen)'usunan Anggaran
Bab
8
Manajemen
Personil
Refornrasi manajemen
Bab
.......126
...............126
personil
..............735
..........
.......13S
...............139
9
Organizational Learning
Model Siklus Pen-rbelajaran Organisasi ............. ......... 1. 41
Penrbelajaran Politik (political learning rycle) ......... 142
Penrbelajaran Teknis (technical learning rycle) ......143
............144
Instrunents ................
(1) Policy analysis
.............144
(2) Performance neasurement......
......747
(3) Program Evaluation
......149
(4) Cost-effectiveness (auditing) analysis ............. 151
....................153
Analisis rnanfaat
. ............756
Analisis 8iaya.........
Bab
L0
Korporasi Publik Dan Privatisasi
.....157
.......... ......... "........ 157
publik
.................,.. i61
korporasi
Jenis-jenis
.....-...... 161
1. Public Utilities
...163
2. Land transport and postal system
l. Enterprises in competitive environment ..........163
.......764
4. Regulatory authorities ..............
.............164
Privatisasi
(1) Alasan pragmaiis
.........169
(2) Alasan icliologis
...........170
(3) Alasan komersiil
...........777
(4) Alasan populis
.............177
......172
Variasi model privatisasi
.......771
Strategi privatisasi korporasi publik
ri
Bab 11
Etika.............:...
.............. L7g
Posisi Akuntabilitas dalam Manajemen .................. 1 g7
^{kuntabilitas &
Akuntabilitas dan erika .........
Prinsip erika insrirusi publik
Infrasrruktur erika
...............1gg
...... .........190
...............191
Bab L2
.....194
Manaiemen Publik di Negara Berkembang:
Agenda & Dinamika Masalah ...............;................... 194
Penganrar
.............194
Agenda reform
...19g
(1) Personnel Reform
........1g9
(2) Privatizarion.........
........20I
(3) Fiscal Reform
...............202
(4) Institutional/Adminisrrarive Comperence ........202
(5) Regulatory Reform
......203
(6) Accountabilicy and public participation ........... 204
(7) Combat on Corruption ............
.......205
Bagairnana dengan Indonesia?
................205
referensi
Riwayat Penulis
Daftar
......20g
......214
r.ii
Pengantar
Buku ini diterbitkan atas biaya dari Program Publikasi
Ilmiah Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan Universitas Diponegoro
Semarang, dengan tuiuan untuk memberikan sumbang saran
kepada negara supaya lebih cepat mencapai cita-cita luhur
kemerdekaan.
Dalam kesempatan ini, saya ingin menyampaikan
terima kasih kepada Ketua Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan
Universitas Diponegoro, Drs. Priyatno Harsasto, MA yang
memberikan dorongan luar biasa bagi terselesaikannya buku
ini. Terima kasih juga kepada semua rekan-rekan dosen di
UNDIP.
Saya juga berhutang
budi kepada mahasiswa saya di
Jurusan Ilmu Pemerintahan maupun Magister Ilmu Politik
Universitas Diponegoro yang berkenan untuk bertukar
pikiran terhadap isi buku ini, sehingg saya juga perlu
menyampaikan terima kasih yang mendalam. Juga kepada
Aya dan Toha di MIP UNDIP ,y^trgselalu membantu berbagai
keperluan perkuliahan dan penulisan buku ini.
Untuk keluarga besar saya, Ibu, Bapak, Yudhi, Arief,
Dayat, dan Sufi, istri saya Afi dan anak-anakku Addiya dan
Adelina, saya juga mengucapkan banyak sekali terima kasih
atas semua yang tidak bisa saya sebutkan.
Jayalah bangsaku, jayalah negeriku, segera tegaklah
tinggi dengan bangsa_bangsa iralu diil;i;.
lay.sejajarsama
Takkan kubiarkan kau rerseret oleh kenistaan perilaku
anak
bangsa yangnakal, apatah lagi oleh oleh durjan
a d,ari.r.g..i
seberang.
.
Senrarang, Januari 2007
Budi Setiyono
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Pemeintahan dan Manajemen Sektor Publik
-
213
Riwayat Penulis
Budi Setiyono, lahir di Banyumas Jawa Tengah p.:-,
tanggal 11 Oktober 1971.Putra dari pasangan Bapak Eni::- dan Ibu Muhriyah ini lulus S-1 jurusan Ilmu Pemerintai-::,
FISIP Universitas Diponegoro tahun 7994 dan lulus progr:r:rPasca- Sarjana di Flinders University of South Australia pa:-,
tahun 2004 untuk jurusan Policy and Administration. Pa:,.
saat bLrku ini ditulis, dia sedang meniadi urahasiss'a Pi: l
pada bidang political science di Curtin Universitr- ,,.
Technology, Perth, Australia.
Protesi penulis adalah dosen di iurusan Ilrnu Penterintahan dan Magister Ilmu Politik Universitas Diponegoro.
Dia nrenganlpu nata kuliah Birokrasi Indonesia, Manajemen
Publik, Nlanajemen Politik, dan Pemikiran Politik Indonesia
Disamping itlr, Budi juga menjadi tenaga peneliti untr-rk
Pusat Kajian Ekonomi Politik, serta Pusat Kajian Otonouli
Daerah dan Kebilakan Publik Universitas Drponegoro.
Disamping menjadi asisten dosen, pentilis irtga pernali
bekerja n'renladi konsultan pada beberapa lembaga asing
seperti Bank Dunia (2003-2005), UNDP (2000, dan Asir
Foundation (2006).
Berbagai tulisannya ntuncr.tl cli beberapa ltarian lokal
dan nasional, serta beberapa majalah iln-riah.
214
-
Bdi
5'eti1'ono