Wisdom and organizational citizenship be
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Wisdom and
organizational
citizenship behavior
in leaders
By
Herman Jumba Najoli
B.Ed. (Economics and Commerce), University of Nairobi, Kenya (November 27, 2000)
MA (Organizational Leadership), Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA (December 21, 2003)
MA (Advanced Leadership Studies), Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, IN (May 1, 2010)
PowerPoint Slideshow Presentation
Doctoral Dissertation Defense
November 7, 2012
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
1
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
WISDOM AND ORGANIZATIONAL
CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR IN
LEADERS
Herman Jumba Najoli
Indiana Wesleyan University
Doctoral Program in Organizational Leadership
Advisor: Dr. Vern Ludden
Dissertation Defense
November 7, 2012
Dedication
Acknowledgements
God’s doing - Zechariah 4:6
Team Najoli:
Dissertation Committee:
Danyetta
Jumba
Diane
Dr. Vern Ludden – Chair
Members:
Dr. Harriet Rojas
Dr. Robert Thompson
Dad and Mom:
Manasseh and Joyce
Brother: Moses (1978 – 2010)
Grandpa: Daudi Najoli (1884 – 1982)
DOL Faculty and Cohort 14
Administrative Team and Library staff
Editor (Kelly B.), Prayer partner (Steve A.), Men’s group
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
2
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Abstract
Respondents (n=193) were selected from an
online panel of leaders from organizations across
America and invited to complete Ardelt’s (2003)
three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS) and
the OCB scale (Podsakoff, MacKenzie,
Moorman, & Fetter, 1990). Results indicated that
leader wisdom and leader OCB have a significant
and moderately strong positive correlation.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Rationale
• The current age requires genuine wisdom
in all forms of organizational action
wisdom (Vaill, 2007).
• “Good soldiers” engage in behavior that
goes over and above the required
minimum (Organ, 1988; Organ, Podsakoff,
& MacKenzie, 2006).
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
3
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 1: Introduction
Definition of terms
• Wisdom
Theory.
Operationalization.
• Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
Theory.
Operationalization.
Chapter 1: Introduction…cont.
Research question and hypotheses
How do self-reported measures of leader wisdom at
the individual-level correlate with measures of leaders’
organizational citizenship behavior?
• HO: No positive correlation exists between leaders’
wisdom as measured by the 3D-WS and leaders’
organizational citizenship behavior as measured by
the OCB scale.
• H A: A positive correlation exists between leaders’
wisdom as measured by the 3D-WS and leaders’
organizational citizenship behavior as measured by
the OCB scale.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
4
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 2: Literature review
Wisdom conceptualization
• Synthesis of cognitive, affective, and reflective
abilities (Ardelt, 2003).
• Complexities and challenges of bringing people
together (Küpers, 2007).
• The good of both the individual and the group
(Rooney & McKenna, 2007)
Chapter 2: Literature review…cont.
Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)
• Countless collaborative actions that keep a group
together (Podsakoff et al., 1990).
• Going beyond what is required … may not be
recognized or compensated (Organ et al., 2006).
• OCB Related Concepts.
• Five-dimension structure of OCB.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
5
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 3: Research methods
Design, Sample, and Instruments
• Quantitative
• Convenient: Online panel
• Instrumentation
The 3D-WS (Ardelt, 2003) - 39 items
The OCB scale (Podsakoff et al., 1990) - 24
items
Chapter 3: Research methods…cont.
Data collection procedures
• Self-ratings
• Zoomerang Panel
• Survey development
• Online dashboard
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
6
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 3: Research methods…cont.
Data entry and transformation
• Screening Excel spreadsheets and import – SPSS(20)
• Reverse items, composite variables, and Averages
Table 1: Computation of Wisdom and OCB scores
Variable
3D-WS cognitive (mean of 14)
3D-WS reflective (mean of 12)
3D-WS affective (mean of 13)
Altruism score (mean of 5 items)
Conscientiousness score (mean of 5 items)
Sportsmanship score (mean of 5 items)
Courtesy score (mean of 5 items)
Civic virtue score (mean of 4 items)
Three dimensional wisdom
Organizational citizenship behavior
Number
var00080
var00081
var00082
var00088
var00089
var00090
var00091
var00092
var00093
var00094
Name in SPSS
cognitive
reflective
affective
altruism
conscientiousness
sportsmanship
courtesy
civic_virtue
Overall_Wisdom
Overall_OCB
See Appendix L in Dissertation for expanded version of data entry and transformation table
Chapter 4: Results
Demographic Data Description
• Gender: 112 (58%) male and
81 (42%) female
• Education: 76 (39.4%)
bachelor’s degree, 47 (24.4%)
master’s degree, 33 (17.1%)
some college education…
• Race: 89.1% (158) white,
8.3% (16) Asian, 6.7% (13)
were Black…
• Level of leadership: 51.8%
(105) managers, 16.1% (31)
Senior Level Executives,
14% (27) were Directors…
Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for
Continuous Scale Variables
Mean
Age
Number of
employees
Number of
direct reports
Years of
leadership
experience
44.0829 42.0000
Standard
Deviation
13.49125
29681.53 150.00
206727.184
55.17
Median
6.00
371.633
15.4508 12.0000
11.89237
Note. For all categories, valid N = 193. Missing n = 0.
See Table 10 on p. 139 for Dissertation version
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
7
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 4: Results…cont.
3D-WS and OCB scale statistics
Table 3: Statistics for Overall
Wisdom and Overall OCB
• Means (Ardelt, 2003)
Min.
Stat.
cognitive
1.43
reflective
1.92
affective
1.69
Overall_Wisdom 2.02
altruism
1.00
conscientiousness 1.00
sportsmanship
1.00
courtesy
1.00
civic_virtue
1.00
Overall_OCB
1.75
• High scores
• Leaders tend to be
viewed as wise
(Vaill, 2007) and
therefore should
score higher than
the general
population on any
wisdom measure
Max.
Stat.
4.71
5.00
4.85
4.78
7.00
7.00
6.60
7.00
7.00
7.00
Mean
Stat.
3.25
3.59
3.18
3.34
5.62
5.84
2.80
5.70
5.50
5.57
SD
Stat.
.63
.55
.53
.50
1.04
1.09
1.44
1.15
1.03
.94
Note: Valid N = 193. Missing n=0. Min.=Minimum.
Max.=Maximum. SD=Standard Deviation..
See Tables 11 and 12 in Dissertation (pp. 143-144)
Chapter 4: Results…cont.
Tests of Assumptions
• Graphical tests
• Mathematical tests
Table 4: Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk Tests
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Statistic
df
Sig.
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic
df
Sig.
Overall_Wisdom
.086
193
.001
.983
193
.018
Overall_OCB
.085
193
.002
.942
193
.000
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
See Table 14 on p. 152 for Dissertation version of this table
• Nonparametric tests: Spearman rho correlations
• Raw scores or standardized scores?
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
8
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 4: Results…cont.
Correlation Analysis: Hypothesis testing
• Outliers in the data set.
Table 5: Correlations for Overall Wisdom and Overall OCB (Outliers included)
Overall
Overall OCB
Wisdom
Correlation Coefficient
Overall_Wisdom
1.000
.573**
.
.000
193
193
.573**
1.000
.000
.
193
193
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Spearman's rho
Correlation Coefficient
Overall_OCB
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
See Table 15 on p. 157 for Dissertation version of this table
Chapter 4: Results…cont.
Result
A moderate positive correlation was found
(ρ (191) = .573, p < .01), indicating a
significant and moderately positive
relationship between Overall Wisdom and
OCB in leaders.
.
• HO: rejected.
• H A: accepted.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
9
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 5: Discussion
Relationship to Theory
Wisdom Theory
• Extends three-dimensional approach to leader ‘s
workplace behaviors.
• Organizational leaders employ a combination of the
three wisdom dimensions while engaging in OCB.
OCB Theory
• Wisdom is a distinct and meaningful correlate to
OCB.
• Leaders may view OCB as the application of wisdom
within the organization.
Chapter 5: Discussion
Relationship to Previous Research
Wisdom Research
• Value of identifying wisdom’s correlation to OCB.
• Positive relationship between wisdom and years of
leadership experience (ρ = .352).
OCB Research
• Consistency with prior studies.
• Altruism and OCB (Organ et al., 2006)
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
10
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 5: Discussion…cont.
Conclusions from the Findings
• High value for wisdom by organizational leaders.
• Organizational leaders have higher average levels of
wisdom than lower level employees.
• Sufficiency of the three dimensions of wisdom in
assuring a higher level of OCB in leaders who
integrate them than those who do not.
Chapter 5: Discussion…cont.
Implications for Practice
• Impact of developing wisdom in the organization.
• Need for systems and operational models that
facilitate the application of wisdom.
• Action is a much-needed component for overall
effective functioning of the organizational leader.
• Advancing beyond the three-dimensional concept.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
11
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 5: Discussion…cont.
Limitations
Based on the method
Based on the sample
• Self-selection.
• Web-based survey.
• Cross-sectional data.
• Convenience.
• Restrictions.
Based on the measures
• Inconclusiveness of the 3D-WS.
• Existence of other wisdom constructs.
Chapter 5: Discussion…cont.
Suggestions for Future Research
At the individual level of analysis
• Examination using other instruments.
• Foolishness and anti-citizenship behaviors.
At the unit (team or group) level of analysis
• Leader wisdom and subordinate treatment.
• Wisdom and unit performance and/or group OCB.
At the organizational level of analysis
• Organizational-level wisdom and OCB.
• Impact of a climate of wise leadership.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
12
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
References
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on
Aging, 25(3), 275-324.
Clayton, V. P. & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life span: A
reexamination of an ancient topic. Life-Span Development and Behavior, 3, 103-135.
Küpers, W. (2007). Phenomenology and integral pheno-practice of wisdom in leadership
and organization. Social Epistemology, 21(2), 169-193. doi:10.1080/02691720701393509
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington,
MA: Lexington Books
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. R. (2006). Organizational citizenship
behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990).
Transformational leader behaviors, and their effects on followers’ trust in leader,
satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
Rooney, D., & McKenna, B. (2007). Wisdom in organizations: Whence and whither. Social
Epistemology, 21(2), 113–138.
Vaill, P. B. (2007). Organizational epistemology – Interpersonal relations in organizations
and the emergence of wisdom. In E. H. Kessler, & J. R. Bailey (Eds.), Handbook of
organizational and managerial wisdom. (pp. 327-355). Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Discussion
Questions
Comments
Fuata mto uone bahari (Swahili proverb).
Follow the river to find the sea. If you follow the
river you will eventually see the sea or the lake.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
13
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
ABOUT
Herman Jumba Najoli was born in Kisumu, Kenya and attended Kakamega High School in
Western Province, Kenya. In 1996 he entered The University of Nairobi’s Kikuyu Campus
where he earned the Bachelor of Education (Arts) degree in December 2000.
Najoli left Kenya for the United States in August 2001, He served with a youth ministry, Teen
Mania, for a year before enrolling at Regent University in Virginia Beach, VA in May 2002. He
graduated from Regent University in May 2004 with a Master of Arts degree in Organizational
Leadership. It was at Regent that he met his wife, Ms. L. Danyetta Dawson. The two made a life
in Nashville, TN where they were married. After working for community-based organizations,
Herman moved his family to Omaha, NE in December 2005 to work at the nationally-recognized
Girls and Boys Town.
The Najolis moved to Cincinnati, OH in 2007 where Herman was employed as an adjunct
instructor at Indiana Wesleyan University (IWU). Herman taught several business management
courses including, Global Issues and International Business at three locations. In 2008, he
entered IWU’s graduate school, earning the Master of Arts degree in Advanced Leadership
Studies in May, 2010. He proceeded with his studies and earned the Doctor of Education degree
in Organizational Leadership in December 2012.
Najoli’s public service includes volunteering in the education department at Cincinnati Museum
Center and character coaching at Carson school through Winners Walk Tall, a youth
development organization that serves the Greater Cincinnati region.
Najoli’s intermediate goal is to exercise wisdom in organizational leadership as he pursues his
call in the United States. His long-term goal is to return to Kenya and train leaders. His
permanent physical address in Kenya is Wamage Village, Stand Kisa-Khumusalaba Rd, Viyalo
Sub-location, Maragoli 50300, Western Province, Kenya. His permanent online address is
www.hermanjnajoli.com
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
2
November 7, 2012
Wisdom and
organizational
citizenship behavior
in leaders
By
Herman Jumba Najoli
B.Ed. (Economics and Commerce), University of Nairobi, Kenya (November 27, 2000)
MA (Organizational Leadership), Regent University, Virginia Beach, VA (December 21, 2003)
MA (Advanced Leadership Studies), Indiana Wesleyan University, Marion, IN (May 1, 2010)
PowerPoint Slideshow Presentation
Doctoral Dissertation Defense
November 7, 2012
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
1
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
WISDOM AND ORGANIZATIONAL
CITIZENSHIP BEHAVIOR IN
LEADERS
Herman Jumba Najoli
Indiana Wesleyan University
Doctoral Program in Organizational Leadership
Advisor: Dr. Vern Ludden
Dissertation Defense
November 7, 2012
Dedication
Acknowledgements
God’s doing - Zechariah 4:6
Team Najoli:
Dissertation Committee:
Danyetta
Jumba
Diane
Dr. Vern Ludden – Chair
Members:
Dr. Harriet Rojas
Dr. Robert Thompson
Dad and Mom:
Manasseh and Joyce
Brother: Moses (1978 – 2010)
Grandpa: Daudi Najoli (1884 – 1982)
DOL Faculty and Cohort 14
Administrative Team and Library staff
Editor (Kelly B.), Prayer partner (Steve A.), Men’s group
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
2
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Abstract
Respondents (n=193) were selected from an
online panel of leaders from organizations across
America and invited to complete Ardelt’s (2003)
three-dimensional wisdom scale (3D-WS) and
the OCB scale (Podsakoff, MacKenzie,
Moorman, & Fetter, 1990). Results indicated that
leader wisdom and leader OCB have a significant
and moderately strong positive correlation.
Chapter 1: Introduction
Rationale
• The current age requires genuine wisdom
in all forms of organizational action
wisdom (Vaill, 2007).
• “Good soldiers” engage in behavior that
goes over and above the required
minimum (Organ, 1988; Organ, Podsakoff,
& MacKenzie, 2006).
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
3
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 1: Introduction
Definition of terms
• Wisdom
Theory.
Operationalization.
• Organizational Citizenship Behavior (OCB)
Theory.
Operationalization.
Chapter 1: Introduction…cont.
Research question and hypotheses
How do self-reported measures of leader wisdom at
the individual-level correlate with measures of leaders’
organizational citizenship behavior?
• HO: No positive correlation exists between leaders’
wisdom as measured by the 3D-WS and leaders’
organizational citizenship behavior as measured by
the OCB scale.
• H A: A positive correlation exists between leaders’
wisdom as measured by the 3D-WS and leaders’
organizational citizenship behavior as measured by
the OCB scale.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
4
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 2: Literature review
Wisdom conceptualization
• Synthesis of cognitive, affective, and reflective
abilities (Ardelt, 2003).
• Complexities and challenges of bringing people
together (Küpers, 2007).
• The good of both the individual and the group
(Rooney & McKenna, 2007)
Chapter 2: Literature review…cont.
Organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)
• Countless collaborative actions that keep a group
together (Podsakoff et al., 1990).
• Going beyond what is required … may not be
recognized or compensated (Organ et al., 2006).
• OCB Related Concepts.
• Five-dimension structure of OCB.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
5
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 3: Research methods
Design, Sample, and Instruments
• Quantitative
• Convenient: Online panel
• Instrumentation
The 3D-WS (Ardelt, 2003) - 39 items
The OCB scale (Podsakoff et al., 1990) - 24
items
Chapter 3: Research methods…cont.
Data collection procedures
• Self-ratings
• Zoomerang Panel
• Survey development
• Online dashboard
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
6
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 3: Research methods…cont.
Data entry and transformation
• Screening Excel spreadsheets and import – SPSS(20)
• Reverse items, composite variables, and Averages
Table 1: Computation of Wisdom and OCB scores
Variable
3D-WS cognitive (mean of 14)
3D-WS reflective (mean of 12)
3D-WS affective (mean of 13)
Altruism score (mean of 5 items)
Conscientiousness score (mean of 5 items)
Sportsmanship score (mean of 5 items)
Courtesy score (mean of 5 items)
Civic virtue score (mean of 4 items)
Three dimensional wisdom
Organizational citizenship behavior
Number
var00080
var00081
var00082
var00088
var00089
var00090
var00091
var00092
var00093
var00094
Name in SPSS
cognitive
reflective
affective
altruism
conscientiousness
sportsmanship
courtesy
civic_virtue
Overall_Wisdom
Overall_OCB
See Appendix L in Dissertation for expanded version of data entry and transformation table
Chapter 4: Results
Demographic Data Description
• Gender: 112 (58%) male and
81 (42%) female
• Education: 76 (39.4%)
bachelor’s degree, 47 (24.4%)
master’s degree, 33 (17.1%)
some college education…
• Race: 89.1% (158) white,
8.3% (16) Asian, 6.7% (13)
were Black…
• Level of leadership: 51.8%
(105) managers, 16.1% (31)
Senior Level Executives,
14% (27) were Directors…
Table 2: Descriptive Statistics for
Continuous Scale Variables
Mean
Age
Number of
employees
Number of
direct reports
Years of
leadership
experience
44.0829 42.0000
Standard
Deviation
13.49125
29681.53 150.00
206727.184
55.17
Median
6.00
371.633
15.4508 12.0000
11.89237
Note. For all categories, valid N = 193. Missing n = 0.
See Table 10 on p. 139 for Dissertation version
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
7
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 4: Results…cont.
3D-WS and OCB scale statistics
Table 3: Statistics for Overall
Wisdom and Overall OCB
• Means (Ardelt, 2003)
Min.
Stat.
cognitive
1.43
reflective
1.92
affective
1.69
Overall_Wisdom 2.02
altruism
1.00
conscientiousness 1.00
sportsmanship
1.00
courtesy
1.00
civic_virtue
1.00
Overall_OCB
1.75
• High scores
• Leaders tend to be
viewed as wise
(Vaill, 2007) and
therefore should
score higher than
the general
population on any
wisdom measure
Max.
Stat.
4.71
5.00
4.85
4.78
7.00
7.00
6.60
7.00
7.00
7.00
Mean
Stat.
3.25
3.59
3.18
3.34
5.62
5.84
2.80
5.70
5.50
5.57
SD
Stat.
.63
.55
.53
.50
1.04
1.09
1.44
1.15
1.03
.94
Note: Valid N = 193. Missing n=0. Min.=Minimum.
Max.=Maximum. SD=Standard Deviation..
See Tables 11 and 12 in Dissertation (pp. 143-144)
Chapter 4: Results…cont.
Tests of Assumptions
• Graphical tests
• Mathematical tests
Table 4: Kolmogorov-Smirnov and Shapiro-Wilk Tests
Kolmogorov-Smirnova
Statistic
df
Sig.
Shapiro-Wilk
Statistic
df
Sig.
Overall_Wisdom
.086
193
.001
.983
193
.018
Overall_OCB
.085
193
.002
.942
193
.000
a. Lilliefors Significance Correction
See Table 14 on p. 152 for Dissertation version of this table
• Nonparametric tests: Spearman rho correlations
• Raw scores or standardized scores?
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
8
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 4: Results…cont.
Correlation Analysis: Hypothesis testing
• Outliers in the data set.
Table 5: Correlations for Overall Wisdom and Overall OCB (Outliers included)
Overall
Overall OCB
Wisdom
Correlation Coefficient
Overall_Wisdom
1.000
.573**
.
.000
193
193
.573**
1.000
.000
.
193
193
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
Spearman's rho
Correlation Coefficient
Overall_OCB
Sig. (2-tailed)
N
**. Correlation is significant at the 0.01 level (2-tailed).
See Table 15 on p. 157 for Dissertation version of this table
Chapter 4: Results…cont.
Result
A moderate positive correlation was found
(ρ (191) = .573, p < .01), indicating a
significant and moderately positive
relationship between Overall Wisdom and
OCB in leaders.
.
• HO: rejected.
• H A: accepted.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
9
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 5: Discussion
Relationship to Theory
Wisdom Theory
• Extends three-dimensional approach to leader ‘s
workplace behaviors.
• Organizational leaders employ a combination of the
three wisdom dimensions while engaging in OCB.
OCB Theory
• Wisdom is a distinct and meaningful correlate to
OCB.
• Leaders may view OCB as the application of wisdom
within the organization.
Chapter 5: Discussion
Relationship to Previous Research
Wisdom Research
• Value of identifying wisdom’s correlation to OCB.
• Positive relationship between wisdom and years of
leadership experience (ρ = .352).
OCB Research
• Consistency with prior studies.
• Altruism and OCB (Organ et al., 2006)
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
10
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 5: Discussion…cont.
Conclusions from the Findings
• High value for wisdom by organizational leaders.
• Organizational leaders have higher average levels of
wisdom than lower level employees.
• Sufficiency of the three dimensions of wisdom in
assuring a higher level of OCB in leaders who
integrate them than those who do not.
Chapter 5: Discussion…cont.
Implications for Practice
• Impact of developing wisdom in the organization.
• Need for systems and operational models that
facilitate the application of wisdom.
• Action is a much-needed component for overall
effective functioning of the organizational leader.
• Advancing beyond the three-dimensional concept.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
11
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
Chapter 5: Discussion…cont.
Limitations
Based on the method
Based on the sample
• Self-selection.
• Web-based survey.
• Cross-sectional data.
• Convenience.
• Restrictions.
Based on the measures
• Inconclusiveness of the 3D-WS.
• Existence of other wisdom constructs.
Chapter 5: Discussion…cont.
Suggestions for Future Research
At the individual level of analysis
• Examination using other instruments.
• Foolishness and anti-citizenship behaviors.
At the unit (team or group) level of analysis
• Leader wisdom and subordinate treatment.
• Wisdom and unit performance and/or group OCB.
At the organizational level of analysis
• Organizational-level wisdom and OCB.
• Impact of a climate of wise leadership.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
12
Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
References
Ardelt, M. (2003). Empirical assessment of a three-dimensional wisdom scale. Research on
Aging, 25(3), 275-324.
Clayton, V. P. & Birren, J. E. (1980). The development of wisdom across the life span: A
reexamination of an ancient topic. Life-Span Development and Behavior, 3, 103-135.
Küpers, W. (2007). Phenomenology and integral pheno-practice of wisdom in leadership
and organization. Social Epistemology, 21(2), 169-193. doi:10.1080/02691720701393509
Organ, D. W. (1988). Organizational citizenship behavior: The good soldier syndrome. Lexington,
MA: Lexington Books
Organ, D. W., Podsakoff, P. M., & MacKenzie, S. R. (2006). Organizational citizenship
behavior: Its nature, antecedents, and consequences. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
Podsakoff, P. M., MacKenzie, S. B., Moorman, R. H., & Fetter, R. (1990).
Transformational leader behaviors, and their effects on followers’ trust in leader,
satisfaction, and organizational citizenship behaviors. Leadership Quarterly, 1(2), 107-142.
Rooney, D., & McKenna, B. (2007). Wisdom in organizations: Whence and whither. Social
Epistemology, 21(2), 113–138.
Vaill, P. B. (2007). Organizational epistemology – Interpersonal relations in organizations
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Discussion
Questions
Comments
Fuata mto uone bahari (Swahili proverb).
Follow the river to find the sea. If you follow the
river you will eventually see the sea or the lake.
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
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Wisdom and organizational citizenship behavior in leaders
November 7, 2012
ABOUT
Herman Jumba Najoli was born in Kisumu, Kenya and attended Kakamega High School in
Western Province, Kenya. In 1996 he entered The University of Nairobi’s Kikuyu Campus
where he earned the Bachelor of Education (Arts) degree in December 2000.
Najoli left Kenya for the United States in August 2001, He served with a youth ministry, Teen
Mania, for a year before enrolling at Regent University in Virginia Beach, VA in May 2002. He
graduated from Regent University in May 2004 with a Master of Arts degree in Organizational
Leadership. It was at Regent that he met his wife, Ms. L. Danyetta Dawson. The two made a life
in Nashville, TN where they were married. After working for community-based organizations,
Herman moved his family to Omaha, NE in December 2005 to work at the nationally-recognized
Girls and Boys Town.
The Najolis moved to Cincinnati, OH in 2007 where Herman was employed as an adjunct
instructor at Indiana Wesleyan University (IWU). Herman taught several business management
courses including, Global Issues and International Business at three locations. In 2008, he
entered IWU’s graduate school, earning the Master of Arts degree in Advanced Leadership
Studies in May, 2010. He proceeded with his studies and earned the Doctor of Education degree
in Organizational Leadership in December 2012.
Najoli’s public service includes volunteering in the education department at Cincinnati Museum
Center and character coaching at Carson school through Winners Walk Tall, a youth
development organization that serves the Greater Cincinnati region.
Najoli’s intermediate goal is to exercise wisdom in organizational leadership as he pursues his
call in the United States. His long-term goal is to return to Kenya and train leaders. His
permanent physical address in Kenya is Wamage Village, Stand Kisa-Khumusalaba Rd, Viyalo
Sub-location, Maragoli 50300, Western Province, Kenya. His permanent online address is
www.hermanjnajoli.com
Doctoral Dissertation Defense at IWU AGS Room 120
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