Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
FINAL REPORT
SOCIAL SECURITY FOR ELDERLY APPLE FARMERS IN MALANG:
BETWEEN SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND SURRENDER
Imam Koeswahyono,
Fidelis Sutego,
Didit Wicaksono
Kharisman Hudha
Draft Copy – not to be quoted without author’s permission
The Centre for Agrarian Law Development,
Law Faculty, Brawijaya University Malang
2004
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
A. Background
Land resources in Indonesia, like in many nations in the world, are the most
valuable asset for people, especially those who live in rural areas. Thus, in empirical
manifestations the relationship between persons and property is predominantly
expressed as relations between persons and things. In other words, property
relationship are incidents of social status. Benda-Beckmann (1979) pointed out that:
“the universal with which all societies have to cope is to regulate their member
relationships to property (material or immaterial). In each society, relation of the
property and it’s subject is transformed into socio-cultural ones and therefore is
culturally varied. Many of their legal character, are attached to these concept.
Land can be regarded as an important source of security, because people can
be used to cope with economic problems. Biezeveld (2002) said “not having land
does not automatically mean poverty, but it can nevertheless be a source of great
worry to arrange a plot of land to build a house on. Landless people are very much
dependent on rich relatives who may allow them to build a house on their land. While
pawning out of land for agricultural purposes is normally not seen as social act,
pawning to give someone access to land for housing is a way of supporting people.”
According to Niehof (1997), in Indonesia, especially in Javanese villages, “the idea
such normative rules regarding help and support
would somehow work
automatically.” Community in the Javanese villages places the elderly person being
cared with family as Keith mentioned (1992)“ places the older person, like a member
of such societies in a network relationship and access to and ownership of land
among family have to be negotiated”. Up to now there are few researches on
property relations and social security in upland regions of Java, and certainly nothing
concerning Batu, the area we focus on here. Batu, an upland region in the west of
Malang regency (kabupaten), is one of the leading apple producing areas of
Indonesia. In 1999 the small city of Batu was the centre of apple production in East
Java and contributed 4% to economic development of kabupaten Malang (Hendarto
2003). Bumiaji district, where our research site was located, has a total population of
48,380 on an area of 130 km 2 (population density 389/km 2). The elderly population
consists of 2,320 elderly men and 2,576 elderly women. According to the Agricultural
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Census 2000, the population aged 15 years and over employed on a plantation was
514. who work during the previous week in plantation refers to Agriculture Census
2000 in Bumiaji: 514 (BPS Kabupaten Malang 2001).
B. Research Questions
1.
Do apple farmers divide and transfer their property (agricultural land) to
their descendants as an effort to secure old age care and well being?
2.
How do they divide and transfer their agricultural land?
a.
Do different apple farmers divide and transfer their agricultural land
differently?
b.
How do the apple farmers and their family members negotiate the
division and transfer?
c.
What factors determine the way farmers divide and transfer their
agricultural land to their descendants ?
3.
What are the economic and legal consequences of those various ways of
dividing and transferring the agricultural land for the apple farmers and their
descendants?
4.
How are the division and transfer of agricultural land affected by specific
business risks (such as the increasing price of insecticides since 1997,
competition with import products) and general uncertainty of economic
conditions in Indonesia?
C. Methodology
This research is approached and conceptualised from the disciplines of sociology
and legal anthropology, and it uses a participatory method. Five families of apple
farmers in Bumiaji, Batu, Malang were interviewed repeatedly and in-depth on
aspects of family relationships, farming and, especially, issues surrounding the use
and transmission of property. By focusing on five families in depth, we use a case
study method which goes back to Adelman (1977, whose method was cited by J.
Nisbet & J. Watts 1994: 4): as “some research methods which focused on a specific
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
phenomenon by identifying unique characteristics from the interaction in those
phenomenon.”
Two of the cases studied represent families headed by a single
elderly parent, whereas in the other three cases the elderly generation is still
complete. The five families are chosen because they are members of the original
community of apple farmers in Bumiaji, Batu. 1 The data were collected through depth
interview with those families especially related with their property.
D. Theoretical Framework
Based on the literature study and research the following framework was
designed. The qualitative fieldwork in the village of this research project was based
on this framework:
1. The elderly and the family background of the apple farmers;
2. Strategies, objectives and forms of dividing land resources;
3. The impact of the insecticide price fluctuation since the middle of 1997 on their
property and their ability maintaining their businesses.
According to Benda-Beckmann’s (1979: 48-49) fieldwork in West Sumatra, the
property relations are transferred before the holders’ death and must be seen in the
total context of intergenerational transmission. In addition, Laura Rudkin-Miniot
(1992: 24-25) mentioned that the “level of authority as a social well-being some
research regarding level of authority has described an increase in old age and other
studies have suggested that power of autonomy decline with age. Women’s power
and resources increase as they (and their children) age and mother receive benefits
from alliances with their adult children. Older woman’s domestic authority is also
increased in situations where they directly supervise grandchildren and daughters-inlaw.” On the the nature of women’s control over property, Annelies Moors (1995: 5)
underlines that “it does not depend on the nature of the property involved so much as
on the way in which it was acquired. A woman’s ability to deal with land, may vary
depending on whether she obtained it as part of father’s estate, whether it was given
to her as widow, or whether she had bought it from her savings.” Furthermore,
according to Niehof (1997), in a bilateral kinship system like the Javanese, the
kinship network for the elderly to fall back on is not clearly bounded, and access and
1
People in Batu refer to them as the descendants of mbah [grandparent] Rohjoyo, the founding
father of Bumiaji and one of Raden Patah grandson from Demak Kingdom.
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
ownership of resources among kin are not structurally given but have to be
negotiated.
Cases and Analysis
Family of Hj. Msyh (widow, 85 years old)
Mbah Hj. Msyh is 85 years old, a widow since 1979. She has nine children,
four sons and five daughters. She used to own an apple plantation of 3 Ha (30.000
m2) which came from her husband who passed away 24 years ago. The apple land
was distributed in 1981, two years after her husband passed away. At that time their
ninth child became an adult and married through negotiation. The main reason for
dividing her land was to give capital to her children and enable them to continue the
tradition as apple farmers. When she was 69 years, she decided to stay with her
sixth son, called I Gh. He is her most talented child, a teacher and government
official in Batu, Every children gets the same portion of the apple plantation land with
the exception of one portion: this piece of land which called Tanah Gantungan (Type
A).2 This tanah gantungan will be given to Gh when she passes away as a gift in
exchange for his obligation to take care of her.
The division of land (apple garden land and rice lands [sawah]) relied on the
timing of a child’s marriage, in other words, if a child married it would be given garden
land and rice field. In addition, before the late Achmad died, starting in the year 1954,
sons 1 and 2 were given apple land (kebon apple), rice field (sawah) and dry land
(tegal). During the period when the children were still young, Musyarofah’s land grant
depended on the parents. This means that the authority over the land was still with
the parents, and decisions were made by them. Although when her husband died,
her way of allotting land was based on deliberation result of her with the child reason.
The parents’ aim in allotting land is to help children once they are married and
wanting to start a family: thus the gift (hibah) can be seen as starting capital to help a
young nuclear family. In Java, of course, it is common for a married child to leave his
or her parental home and develop a new domestic unit (it is not an extended family
system).
2
Tanah Gantungan refers to a piece of land that won’t be divided by parents among children but will
be delivered to the child staying on in the parental home, who is expected expected to look after the
parents when they reach old age (see also Niehof, 1997: 5).
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
The letter of land certificate, name still their parent is still by the parents name.
But for the land, garden and sawah of her first daughter to the sixth son, their land
existence have akta present (certificate). For the child of next still not yet akta
present, but have there part of each for her child of number 7 and rest.
The following sequence are the name of her first daughter and brothers:
1. Bu Kunj, aged 67; she lives near Bumiaji. She was given rice fields, apple
garden and dry land given to parent 2000 m 2:
2. Bu Musl, aged 63; she lives around Giripurno, a different hamlet but still within
the same administrative area. She was given only a rice field and apple
garden totalling 2000 m2, but not the tegal. This is because she does not live
in Bumiaji; instead she was given four cattle.
3. Pak Sulk, aged 59, leave Sidomulyo, age 59. Rice field, apple garden and dry
land (tegal) given 3000 M2.
4. The late Mud, countryside Bumiaji, because omitting her husband hence
ahead given the rice field, apple garden for the width of 2000 m2. for the tegal
of changed by 2 ox.
5. Sani`i, aged 50, who lives in Bumiaji and was given rice field, apple garden
and tegal totalling 3000 m2.
6. I Gh, aged 49, living in Bumiaji. He was given 3000 m2 of rice fields, apple
garden and tegal.
7. St Jub, aged 47, living in Nganjuk. She was given a rice field, apple garden
and tegal totalling 2500 m2. As she is absent from the Bumiaji, all of these
lands are managed by Gh, but the harvest is given to St.
8. Al Must, aged 44, near Bumiaji. He was given 2500 m2 of rice fields, apple
garden and tegal.
9. St Mukh, aged 41, living in Sengkaling.
She was given rice fields, apple
garden and tegal measuring 2500 m2.
At this time Mbah Musyarofah still owns as wide as 3000 m2 apple plantation.
This land represents the tanah gantungan which will later be passed on to Gh, who in
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
the meantime is managing this land for his mother.
The harvest, however, is
delivered to the mother, it is not the property of the son.
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Kin Diagram Family of Mbah Msf
1
3
21
8
4
22
5
23
6
24
7
25
8
26
9
27
10
28
2
11
29
12
13
30
14
15
31
32
16
33
17
34
18
35
19
36
20
37
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Notes on the kin diagram:
1. The late Sul Da
2. The late Sti Z
3. The late A Ch
4. The late Sf
5. The late A Mch
6. The late A Dj
7. Msf
8. Hj. Siti
9. Syafi`i
10. Subaikah
11. The late Rochib
12. The late Ab M
13. Riam
14. The late Mch
15. Mfth
16. Sfy
17. Dmhr
18. Msyk
19. Attk
20. Khj
21. Pas
22. Mslm
23. Ik Kr
24. R Slch
25. Sdt
26. The late Mud
27. Much
28. San
29. Ab Th
30. A Ghz
31. L Zuh
32. St Zub
33. K. H Prn
34. A Mst
35. St Mrt
36. A Mf
37. Sdg
Family of Pas (85 years old) & Kunj (60 years old)
Another apple farmer name Pas (80 old) and his couple Kunj (65 old) have 3
son (2 male (1 is a teacher and another has a flower shop in East Kalimantan) and 1
female (she is a teacher). They have 3000 M 2) of land which given by their parents
when they’re married in 1963. Approaching the old age Pas distributed family land’s
into 3 parts but he still has control on it and does not give over the rights of land until
he passes away. This phenomenon is called “Sangkul or Jonggolan System” 3. The
parents feel happy after they distributed the land’ because of declining of the risk in
agro industry and always supported by the children in all expenditures included if
they’re sick.
The second land owned second son of + 2000 m2. The way how they land is
same as other family does, that is by seeing at the child status, whether they have
married or not. When the child has married the land will be given as capital. The
target that child can live and manage it and does not hang to their parent anymore.
3
Sangkul system means: a piece of land which distribute to a member of kins but the parent still
have a control and do not changing status of the rights until they’re passed away but they are not
responsible for the cost of plantation. .The parents have a half of apple fruits if the situation is better.
If the apple fruit became decline the parents only have 1/3. .Automatically, transfer of rights begins
if the parent will passes away.
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
In this time land have used up allotted to her child : but although love used up
to her child, if parent crop will get the result ( remain to be given result/ give to
previous I Gh portion). Although given result of crop by its children, parent
requirements remain to the responsibility of its children. Each month her children give
the money addition to live and requirement expense. All parent expenditures, though
have been given by the additional money, all child hold responsible to manage the
expense of medication and treatment.
For the land of which have been given by parent, number child 1 and its 2 land
have at the opposite of naming in certificate. While for the child of number 3 still not
yet, ownership of land still be written by a parent name.
The following of Pas’s children are :
1. Ab M, aged 50, teacher work, lives in the Bumiaji. Parent portion of land in the
form of rice field for the width of 500 m2.
2. Ab Sy, teacher, aged 47, lives in the countryside of Sidomulyo dukuh Parent
portion in the form of land as wide as of 1000 m2 land aroused a house ( land
have from wife portion the Abdul Syukur, become to omit to rouse the house.
3. U Roch, aged 30, decorative flower business work, live in Banjarmasin, South
Kalimantan. Parent portion in the form of house which
nowadays taken
possession by the parent (portion of Pasrib) and apple lawn about house
about 400 m2.
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Kin Diagram
Family of Pas
1
3
9
4
10
11
2
5
6
12
7
8
13
Notes Pas kin diagram :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pas, 80 old
Khu, 64 old
Abdul Manaf, 50 old
Siti Zulaikah, 47 old
Abdul Sukur, 47 old
6. Surachminingsih, 43 old
7. Mukardi Kasam, 33 old
8. Umi Rahmawati, 30 old
9. Lukmanul Hakim, 21 old
10. Chairul Hidayat, 19 old
11. Alfiana Kusumawati, 15 old
12. Lulut Ainul Roisyah, 21 old
13. Rachma Bagio Setyadi, 4 old
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Family of Sat (±80 tahun) dan Ngap (±60 tahun)
Refering to the data from the interview with Sat ( 80 years old) and his wife
Ngap ( 60 years old ) it was found that they have 7 children and 2000 M 2) of land in a
two different places. In a dukuh A the kin land being distributed among children, but
in B dukuh the family land haven’t been distribute to all but separated into two parts,
half parts to oldest son and a half parts became “Tanah gantungan B”4 of the
family land. The unique characteristic dividing of land based on consideration that the
oldest son has a more family burden than the other. Thus, he will has more a piece
of land.
After the parents are retired, they had transfer the risk and burden to their son
and they became breeder. It will be useful if they are sick and need to the doctor as
well as they need. If they had not enough money for the doctor or in Puskesmas 5 all
the sons will support them.
Result of interview with Sat (± 80 year) and Ngap (± 60 year). Old age both
unknown surely, because he did not remember and do not have Akta Kelahiran. The
amount of family member 8 persons. They do not know how many land they have,
but they known own land in two place. Land existence in this time have been divided
to his children. One place divided for the seven of its child people. In addition, one
land will be divided by two in other place, half part of for the child of (given to first
child) and the rest of the shares but owned by parent as Tanah Gantungan.
According to them unlike land grant as tanah Gantungan which during the time
there will be delivered to one of. Sat’s son. Tanah Gantungan will be given to last
child which not yet married. This different division according to them caused that their
first child has harder burden in economic and social responsibilities than his brother
and sister. As the consequences the first child should guarantee of big burden than
his sister’s.
Parent life after devide their land are more lighter, because parent are not
need to think farm land, they really understand it is not easy, also do not go out the
capital but non- stopped to get the result from advantage obtained by his son. In this
4
5
Tanah gantungan B is different meaning from tanah gantungan A, because this land will be
delivered to the youngest son when he/she doesn’t married.
Puskesmas means the centre of public health services in special distrct/ kecamatan.
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
time, the parent when shall no longer till the farmland, they chosen to work as
breeder of chicken and goat preserver. This goat and chicken were bought from
result of child gift, and will be sold if there is one who require and dare to bargain at
the price of more than purchasing price.
If their parents are ill, medication expenses (to doctor, drug and treatment) will
be supported by their son. Except the responsibility of parent expences it takes from
saving money or by selling chicken and goat. If experiencing of insufficiency, hence
parent will apply to the child. But which during the time is often happened by child will
together change the expense released by a parent to medicine if pain.
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Kin Diagram
Family of Mr. Stm
1
3
7
8
9
10
2
4
11
5
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
6
19
20
21
22
23
14
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Notes on the kin diagram :
1. The late Ksmd
2. The late Wsh
3. Stm, 80 age
4. Ngth, 60 old
5. The late Brm
6. The late Ngst
7. Srwt, 48 old
8. Stnt, 41 old
9. The late Jmtn
10. Hrwn, 46 old
11. St Ch, 43 old
12. Swt, 39 old
13. Mnwrh, 39 old
14. Mch, 35 old
15. Y Idrt, 34 old
16. A Chd, 33 old
17. Syt, 25 old
18. I Stw 31 old
19. Mch, 32 old
20. Ah, 29 old
21. S Nfrh, 30 old
22. N Sym 28 old
23. Idwt, 26 old
24. M, 25 old
25. L, 10 old
26. Lsmt, 7 old
27. F, 17 old
28. D, 14 old
29. F, 11 old
30. B, 13 old
31. N, 12 old
32. Mth, 7 old
33. Arf, 8 old
34. Bl, 7 old
35. Ls, 2 old
36. Sbl, 4 old
37. A 1 old
38. Fkhr, 4 old
Family of H.Lat (70 years old)
Total land owned by his family has been 10.000 M 2 since 1982 and distributed
to his fourth daughter. Nowadays he follows his oldest son. This family divided their
land by negotiated transfer of rights, although they haven’t used legal transfer of
rights. The aim of the transfer of land right is giving a capital for each son due to its
further social security if he is married. Another aim is to spread out the risk of apple
field such as: increasing of the insecticide price, unbalance cost and benefit of the
apple plantation since 1997.
This time, land owned some portion of Ltf have present newly for the width of
1500 m2. This land is presented to Sul his fourth daughter from portion of Lat. The
reason given in advance than other children because of according to portion of Ltf,
that the fourth daughter is tilling its rice field during the time and child guarantying all
family requirements. The fourth daughter, quitling school since class 4 elementary
school because she had to manage her little sister/ brothers. If he passes away,
portion of Latf will be discussed with Slt who do not continue the school utilize to
manage its sister/ brothers which still minimize. Thus, Ltf presents his land as wide
as 1500 m 2 mentioned as recompensation to his daughter.
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Meanwhile, about its land division, only the first child
until the third child
promised get hibah6. The land for the as wide as of 1700 m 2 will be passed to the
first child until the third and will be divided to flatten if he died. The fourth child and
so on will get the rest of land as inheritance.
The way of land distribution, through family negotiation. Furthermore, all child
portion of Latief will be a lland and house as live saving. Lat has delivered the house
to the first until sixth son. Unfortunately, for the seventh and eighth child haven’t
been receive their portion as well, because they’re still young. The problem of when
their father’s ill, Lat family have cost money to medicine, hence support all expense
business and medicine by the fourth daughter (Mrs. Sul). While his child dissimilar do
not follow to support the family expenses.
Affect of the increase medicine for Ltf, his family in this time family portion of
Ltf support the expenses for the medical treatment for Ltf. Result of the increasing
fertilizers price since 1997, it makes Ltf’s family depends on Juragan’s (a mid
business for apple fruits) financial assistance. Furthermore, his family has to sell the
apple friuts to Juragan and he rules
the price, athough they feel that it is not
appropriate.
6
Hibah means delivery of a piece of land or object remain to be other to child contain or lift when its
parent above the ground according to Customary Law.
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Kin Diagram
Mr. Ltf
1
2
14
3
10
11
4
12
5
13
6
7
8
9
30
15
16
17
18
25
26
27
28
Notes of Ltf’s kin diagram :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The late Mr. J
The late Ms. S
The late Mr. K
The late Ms. M
The late Mr. K
The late Ms. S
The late Mr. S
The late Ms. T
19
29
20
9. The late Mr. H. K
10. The late Ms. S
11. The late Mr. B
12. The late Ms. M
13. Mr. Ltf, 85 years old
14. The late Ms. J
15. Mr. S, 55 years
21
22
23
24
16. Ms. S, aged 51
17. Mr. J, 47
18. Ms. M, 45
19. Mr. J, 44
20. Ms. M, 42
21. Mr. S, 44
22. Ms. S, 41
23. Mr. P, 38
24. M
25. M
26. M
27. M
28. M
29. M
30. M
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Family of Maft (50 old, widow)
After her husband as head of railway station in Turen Malang passed away in
1991 she had 6000 M2 apple fields and Rp.275.000,- pension per month as widow of
the government officer. Mft has 3 sons who are married. Her second and third sons
live in another village in Batu. Her family distributed those 6000 M 2 to the 3 sons,
each son received 2000 M2 land which having at least 57 apple tree on it. Nowadays,
she live with her oldest son who is recognized as a Uztads 7 in those dukuh. The aim
to divide their land is to divide the risk of plantation’s management to her of sons.
Chart of division rice field is seen by gender. A son get one share, while a
daughter gets 2 shares. The responsibility of the son is to take care of the heavier
family. The son as head of the family takes care of them. The portion of the rice field
based on whether/what the child has married or not. If the child has married the child
will be given the rice field for the capital of live. After given the capital hence child will
do it no longer supported by the parent. Nowadays, all children have married, so all
child have got the shares. Each land given to the son is not given certificate except in
Petok D.
The land for the child was distributed to:
1. Mif Mu, aged 33, living in Bumiaji, rice field apple for the width of 4000 m2
land.
2. Mifd Hus, aged 30, live in the Banaran RW 5 RT 2 countryside Bumiaji, rice
field, apple plantation for the width of 2500 m2 land.
3. Mas Ul, aged 27, Jl. Raya Selekta countryside of dukuh Sumber Gono, rice
field of parent gift for the width of 2500 m2 land.
The requirements of mbah Msf’s. daily expenses depends on the first child.
Nowadays Msf. still owns the tanah gantungan as wide as (about 500 m 2), and to
date also Msf not yet had in heart to this land whom will be given.
7
Uztads: guru ngaji/ a men who teach Islamic religion in a school or specific forum name Miftahul
Jannah
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Kin Diagram
Ms. Maft
1
3
4
2
5
6
7
8
Notes on kin diagram :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Makali, the late
Maftuhah, 50 old
Miftahul Munir, 34 old
Sri Pudji Astuti, 31 old
Hadi Sutrisno, 32 old
Miftahul Husna, 30 old
Mahsanah Ulfah, 27 old
Joko Sujono, 28 old
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Economic and legal consequences of those various ways to divide and transfer the
agricultural land on the apple farmer and their descendants
The result of this research find that the economic consequences of those
various ways of dividing their land are to divide the risk of plantation management to
her of sons. The elderly apple farmers builds the economic security by dividing their
land among the kin if they are retired and stayed on in the son compound as well as
they choose;
The self esteem may cause the elderly parent will stay in a nucleus home
Although she/ he became alone but they won’t be isolated and not being looked after.
Furthermore, according to the Javanese norm that elderly should be taken care for
by their children and they should be supported by them or taken care by them when
they are sick.
So the legal status of land hasn’t been changed, since they use “Traditional law/
Adat law. Thus, the transfer of rights hasn’t been registered by land office, which
contradiction with article 19 paragraph 2 Basic Agrarian Law 1960 “ the registration
mentioned in paragraph 1 of this article covers: “the registration of the rights on land
transfer of these rights”. It can also said that ipso facto the land being occupied by
son, but ipso iure it still being owned by parents.
Impact of the insecticide fluctuation price since in the mid of 1997 to their property
and maintaining their businesses
Most of the respondent (97%) say that they had economic turning points, as the
impact of the national economic crisis in the mid 1997 which caused insecticide
increased as many as 250-300%. Those factors make farmers depends more on
Juragan (mid business apple) to lend them some money. Imported apples from
Australia, Canada, China, United Sates also cause negative factor to the economic
sustainability of apple farmer in Bumiaji, because imported fruits are cheaper and
have better quality than local ones.
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
E. Conclusion
Based on those 5 families cases which are above lead to the following conclusions:
1. The elderly apple farmers build the economic security by dividing they land
among the kin if they are retired and stayed on in the son compound as well
as they choose. The self esteem may cause the elderly parents stay in a
nucleus home although she/ he is became alone but won’t be isolated and not
being looked after.
2. Factors determining the way the farmers divide and transfer their agricultural
land to their descendants ? ( are influenced by some factors such as: family
composition/ number of children-grandchildren, marital status of the farmers,
the health state of the farmer, family relationship, the acreage of land
possessed.
3. The Monetary crisis in Indonesia (Krismon) had caused a negative impact for
apple farmers e.g. chemical insecticide price which has increased since 1997
for the other apple farmers viewed it as sceptic, that increasing of insecticide
are taken for granted. On the other hand, they depend on juragan to get
financial support in the form of some credit lending. Thus, the farmers refused
to change chemical insecticide to bio insecticide because it was not effective
in wet season. The consequences of the increasing of insecticide cost i
compared with apple price make 89% of apple farmers being depended on
mid business apple (Pedagang perantara/ Juragan). Each family has
relationship
with
mid
business
apple
who
had
important
financial
consequences for its further social security.
21
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
REFERENCES
Basic Agrarian Law 1960 No.5.
Biezeveld, Renzke, 2002, Between Individualisme and Mutual Help, Social Security
and natural Resources in Minangkabau Village,Dissertation, Uitgeverij Eburon,
Amsterdam, The Netherlands pp. 252-253
Biro Pusat Statistik Kabupaten Malang & BAPEKO Batu, 2001, Kota Batu Dalam
Angka (Batu City In Figures), Batu, Malang.
Government Regulation 1997 No.24 Concerning Land Registration.
Hendarto, Totok 2003, Conservation of Critical Land Impact With Apple Commodity
To Farmer, Social Welfare and Regional Development in Administrative City of
Batu, Unpublished Paper submitted to Postgraduate Studies Institute
Pertanian Bogor.www.google.com
Hugo, Graeme, 2000, Lansia-Elderly People in Indonesia At The Turn of The
Century, in Phillips D.R., Ageing In The Asia Pacific Region: Issues, Policies
and Future Trends, Routledge, London, pp.299 – 321.
Keasberry, Iris N., 2002, Elderly Care, Old-Age Security and Social Change in Rural
Yogyakarta, Indonesia, Dissertation, Wageningen University, The
Netherlands.
Moors, Annelies,1995, Women, Property and Islam: Palestinian Experiences 19201990. Cambridge University Press.
Niehof, Anke, 1995, Ageing and the Elderly in Indonesia Identifying Key Issues in
Journal of the Royal Institute of Linguistics and Anthropology, KITLV Press,
Deel.151, 3 e Aflevering, Leiden pp.423-427.
Niehof, Anke,1997, Kinship Networks and Safety Nets for Elderly, Paper on Social
Security and Social Policy in Java, Population Studies Centre Gadjah Mada
Univ & Univ.of Nijmegen the Netherlands, mimeo.
Nisbet J. & J. Watt,1994, Case Study A Practical Guide, translated by L.Wilardjo,
Satyawacana University Press and PT.Gramedia Widiasarana Indonesia,
Jakarta, pp., pp. 4-7
Rudkin-Miniot, Laura,1992, Gender Differences in Well-being Among the Elderly of
Java Indonesia, PhD Dissertation, Princeton University.
von Benda-Beckmann, Franz et al., 2001, Sumber Daya Alam dan Jaminan Sosial,
Cetakan Pertama, Pustaka Pelajar, Yogyakarta.
von Benda-Beckmann, Franz, 1979, Property in Social Continuity, Continuity and
Change in the Maintenance of Property Relationships Through Time in
Minangkabau, West Sumatera, Verhandelingen van het KITLV Vol..86, The
Hague-Martinus Nijhoff.
22
FINAL REPORT
SOCIAL SECURITY FOR ELDERLY APPLE FARMERS IN MALANG:
BETWEEN SELF-SUFFICIENCY AND SURRENDER
Imam Koeswahyono,
Fidelis Sutego,
Didit Wicaksono
Kharisman Hudha
Draft Copy – not to be quoted without author’s permission
The Centre for Agrarian Law Development,
Law Faculty, Brawijaya University Malang
2004
1
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
A. Background
Land resources in Indonesia, like in many nations in the world, are the most
valuable asset for people, especially those who live in rural areas. Thus, in empirical
manifestations the relationship between persons and property is predominantly
expressed as relations between persons and things. In other words, property
relationship are incidents of social status. Benda-Beckmann (1979) pointed out that:
“the universal with which all societies have to cope is to regulate their member
relationships to property (material or immaterial). In each society, relation of the
property and it’s subject is transformed into socio-cultural ones and therefore is
culturally varied. Many of their legal character, are attached to these concept.
Land can be regarded as an important source of security, because people can
be used to cope with economic problems. Biezeveld (2002) said “not having land
does not automatically mean poverty, but it can nevertheless be a source of great
worry to arrange a plot of land to build a house on. Landless people are very much
dependent on rich relatives who may allow them to build a house on their land. While
pawning out of land for agricultural purposes is normally not seen as social act,
pawning to give someone access to land for housing is a way of supporting people.”
According to Niehof (1997), in Indonesia, especially in Javanese villages, “the idea
such normative rules regarding help and support
would somehow work
automatically.” Community in the Javanese villages places the elderly person being
cared with family as Keith mentioned (1992)“ places the older person, like a member
of such societies in a network relationship and access to and ownership of land
among family have to be negotiated”. Up to now there are few researches on
property relations and social security in upland regions of Java, and certainly nothing
concerning Batu, the area we focus on here. Batu, an upland region in the west of
Malang regency (kabupaten), is one of the leading apple producing areas of
Indonesia. In 1999 the small city of Batu was the centre of apple production in East
Java and contributed 4% to economic development of kabupaten Malang (Hendarto
2003). Bumiaji district, where our research site was located, has a total population of
48,380 on an area of 130 km 2 (population density 389/km 2). The elderly population
consists of 2,320 elderly men and 2,576 elderly women. According to the Agricultural
2
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Census 2000, the population aged 15 years and over employed on a plantation was
514. who work during the previous week in plantation refers to Agriculture Census
2000 in Bumiaji: 514 (BPS Kabupaten Malang 2001).
B. Research Questions
1.
Do apple farmers divide and transfer their property (agricultural land) to
their descendants as an effort to secure old age care and well being?
2.
How do they divide and transfer their agricultural land?
a.
Do different apple farmers divide and transfer their agricultural land
differently?
b.
How do the apple farmers and their family members negotiate the
division and transfer?
c.
What factors determine the way farmers divide and transfer their
agricultural land to their descendants ?
3.
What are the economic and legal consequences of those various ways of
dividing and transferring the agricultural land for the apple farmers and their
descendants?
4.
How are the division and transfer of agricultural land affected by specific
business risks (such as the increasing price of insecticides since 1997,
competition with import products) and general uncertainty of economic
conditions in Indonesia?
C. Methodology
This research is approached and conceptualised from the disciplines of sociology
and legal anthropology, and it uses a participatory method. Five families of apple
farmers in Bumiaji, Batu, Malang were interviewed repeatedly and in-depth on
aspects of family relationships, farming and, especially, issues surrounding the use
and transmission of property. By focusing on five families in depth, we use a case
study method which goes back to Adelman (1977, whose method was cited by J.
Nisbet & J. Watts 1994: 4): as “some research methods which focused on a specific
3
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
phenomenon by identifying unique characteristics from the interaction in those
phenomenon.”
Two of the cases studied represent families headed by a single
elderly parent, whereas in the other three cases the elderly generation is still
complete. The five families are chosen because they are members of the original
community of apple farmers in Bumiaji, Batu. 1 The data were collected through depth
interview with those families especially related with their property.
D. Theoretical Framework
Based on the literature study and research the following framework was
designed. The qualitative fieldwork in the village of this research project was based
on this framework:
1. The elderly and the family background of the apple farmers;
2. Strategies, objectives and forms of dividing land resources;
3. The impact of the insecticide price fluctuation since the middle of 1997 on their
property and their ability maintaining their businesses.
According to Benda-Beckmann’s (1979: 48-49) fieldwork in West Sumatra, the
property relations are transferred before the holders’ death and must be seen in the
total context of intergenerational transmission. In addition, Laura Rudkin-Miniot
(1992: 24-25) mentioned that the “level of authority as a social well-being some
research regarding level of authority has described an increase in old age and other
studies have suggested that power of autonomy decline with age. Women’s power
and resources increase as they (and their children) age and mother receive benefits
from alliances with their adult children. Older woman’s domestic authority is also
increased in situations where they directly supervise grandchildren and daughters-inlaw.” On the the nature of women’s control over property, Annelies Moors (1995: 5)
underlines that “it does not depend on the nature of the property involved so much as
on the way in which it was acquired. A woman’s ability to deal with land, may vary
depending on whether she obtained it as part of father’s estate, whether it was given
to her as widow, or whether she had bought it from her savings.” Furthermore,
according to Niehof (1997), in a bilateral kinship system like the Javanese, the
kinship network for the elderly to fall back on is not clearly bounded, and access and
1
People in Batu refer to them as the descendants of mbah [grandparent] Rohjoyo, the founding
father of Bumiaji and one of Raden Patah grandson from Demak Kingdom.
4
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
ownership of resources among kin are not structurally given but have to be
negotiated.
Cases and Analysis
Family of Hj. Msyh (widow, 85 years old)
Mbah Hj. Msyh is 85 years old, a widow since 1979. She has nine children,
four sons and five daughters. She used to own an apple plantation of 3 Ha (30.000
m2) which came from her husband who passed away 24 years ago. The apple land
was distributed in 1981, two years after her husband passed away. At that time their
ninth child became an adult and married through negotiation. The main reason for
dividing her land was to give capital to her children and enable them to continue the
tradition as apple farmers. When she was 69 years, she decided to stay with her
sixth son, called I Gh. He is her most talented child, a teacher and government
official in Batu, Every children gets the same portion of the apple plantation land with
the exception of one portion: this piece of land which called Tanah Gantungan (Type
A).2 This tanah gantungan will be given to Gh when she passes away as a gift in
exchange for his obligation to take care of her.
The division of land (apple garden land and rice lands [sawah]) relied on the
timing of a child’s marriage, in other words, if a child married it would be given garden
land and rice field. In addition, before the late Achmad died, starting in the year 1954,
sons 1 and 2 were given apple land (kebon apple), rice field (sawah) and dry land
(tegal). During the period when the children were still young, Musyarofah’s land grant
depended on the parents. This means that the authority over the land was still with
the parents, and decisions were made by them. Although when her husband died,
her way of allotting land was based on deliberation result of her with the child reason.
The parents’ aim in allotting land is to help children once they are married and
wanting to start a family: thus the gift (hibah) can be seen as starting capital to help a
young nuclear family. In Java, of course, it is common for a married child to leave his
or her parental home and develop a new domestic unit (it is not an extended family
system).
2
Tanah Gantungan refers to a piece of land that won’t be divided by parents among children but will
be delivered to the child staying on in the parental home, who is expected expected to look after the
parents when they reach old age (see also Niehof, 1997: 5).
5
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
The letter of land certificate, name still their parent is still by the parents name.
But for the land, garden and sawah of her first daughter to the sixth son, their land
existence have akta present (certificate). For the child of next still not yet akta
present, but have there part of each for her child of number 7 and rest.
The following sequence are the name of her first daughter and brothers:
1. Bu Kunj, aged 67; she lives near Bumiaji. She was given rice fields, apple
garden and dry land given to parent 2000 m 2:
2. Bu Musl, aged 63; she lives around Giripurno, a different hamlet but still within
the same administrative area. She was given only a rice field and apple
garden totalling 2000 m2, but not the tegal. This is because she does not live
in Bumiaji; instead she was given four cattle.
3. Pak Sulk, aged 59, leave Sidomulyo, age 59. Rice field, apple garden and dry
land (tegal) given 3000 M2.
4. The late Mud, countryside Bumiaji, because omitting her husband hence
ahead given the rice field, apple garden for the width of 2000 m2. for the tegal
of changed by 2 ox.
5. Sani`i, aged 50, who lives in Bumiaji and was given rice field, apple garden
and tegal totalling 3000 m2.
6. I Gh, aged 49, living in Bumiaji. He was given 3000 m2 of rice fields, apple
garden and tegal.
7. St Jub, aged 47, living in Nganjuk. She was given a rice field, apple garden
and tegal totalling 2500 m2. As she is absent from the Bumiaji, all of these
lands are managed by Gh, but the harvest is given to St.
8. Al Must, aged 44, near Bumiaji. He was given 2500 m2 of rice fields, apple
garden and tegal.
9. St Mukh, aged 41, living in Sengkaling.
She was given rice fields, apple
garden and tegal measuring 2500 m2.
At this time Mbah Musyarofah still owns as wide as 3000 m2 apple plantation.
This land represents the tanah gantungan which will later be passed on to Gh, who in
6
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
the meantime is managing this land for his mother.
The harvest, however, is
delivered to the mother, it is not the property of the son.
7
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Kin Diagram Family of Mbah Msf
1
3
21
8
4
22
5
23
6
24
7
25
8
26
9
27
10
28
2
11
29
12
13
30
14
15
31
32
16
33
17
34
18
35
19
36
20
37
38
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Notes on the kin diagram:
1. The late Sul Da
2. The late Sti Z
3. The late A Ch
4. The late Sf
5. The late A Mch
6. The late A Dj
7. Msf
8. Hj. Siti
9. Syafi`i
10. Subaikah
11. The late Rochib
12. The late Ab M
13. Riam
14. The late Mch
15. Mfth
16. Sfy
17. Dmhr
18. Msyk
19. Attk
20. Khj
21. Pas
22. Mslm
23. Ik Kr
24. R Slch
25. Sdt
26. The late Mud
27. Much
28. San
29. Ab Th
30. A Ghz
31. L Zuh
32. St Zub
33. K. H Prn
34. A Mst
35. St Mrt
36. A Mf
37. Sdg
Family of Pas (85 years old) & Kunj (60 years old)
Another apple farmer name Pas (80 old) and his couple Kunj (65 old) have 3
son (2 male (1 is a teacher and another has a flower shop in East Kalimantan) and 1
female (she is a teacher). They have 3000 M 2) of land which given by their parents
when they’re married in 1963. Approaching the old age Pas distributed family land’s
into 3 parts but he still has control on it and does not give over the rights of land until
he passes away. This phenomenon is called “Sangkul or Jonggolan System” 3. The
parents feel happy after they distributed the land’ because of declining of the risk in
agro industry and always supported by the children in all expenditures included if
they’re sick.
The second land owned second son of + 2000 m2. The way how they land is
same as other family does, that is by seeing at the child status, whether they have
married or not. When the child has married the land will be given as capital. The
target that child can live and manage it and does not hang to their parent anymore.
3
Sangkul system means: a piece of land which distribute to a member of kins but the parent still
have a control and do not changing status of the rights until they’re passed away but they are not
responsible for the cost of plantation. .The parents have a half of apple fruits if the situation is better.
If the apple fruit became decline the parents only have 1/3. .Automatically, transfer of rights begins
if the parent will passes away.
9
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
In this time land have used up allotted to her child : but although love used up
to her child, if parent crop will get the result ( remain to be given result/ give to
previous I Gh portion). Although given result of crop by its children, parent
requirements remain to the responsibility of its children. Each month her children give
the money addition to live and requirement expense. All parent expenditures, though
have been given by the additional money, all child hold responsible to manage the
expense of medication and treatment.
For the land of which have been given by parent, number child 1 and its 2 land
have at the opposite of naming in certificate. While for the child of number 3 still not
yet, ownership of land still be written by a parent name.
The following of Pas’s children are :
1. Ab M, aged 50, teacher work, lives in the Bumiaji. Parent portion of land in the
form of rice field for the width of 500 m2.
2. Ab Sy, teacher, aged 47, lives in the countryside of Sidomulyo dukuh Parent
portion in the form of land as wide as of 1000 m2 land aroused a house ( land
have from wife portion the Abdul Syukur, become to omit to rouse the house.
3. U Roch, aged 30, decorative flower business work, live in Banjarmasin, South
Kalimantan. Parent portion in the form of house which
nowadays taken
possession by the parent (portion of Pasrib) and apple lawn about house
about 400 m2.
10
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Kin Diagram
Family of Pas
1
3
9
4
10
11
2
5
6
12
7
8
13
Notes Pas kin diagram :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
Pas, 80 old
Khu, 64 old
Abdul Manaf, 50 old
Siti Zulaikah, 47 old
Abdul Sukur, 47 old
6. Surachminingsih, 43 old
7. Mukardi Kasam, 33 old
8. Umi Rahmawati, 30 old
9. Lukmanul Hakim, 21 old
10. Chairul Hidayat, 19 old
11. Alfiana Kusumawati, 15 old
12. Lulut Ainul Roisyah, 21 old
13. Rachma Bagio Setyadi, 4 old
11
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Family of Sat (±80 tahun) dan Ngap (±60 tahun)
Refering to the data from the interview with Sat ( 80 years old) and his wife
Ngap ( 60 years old ) it was found that they have 7 children and 2000 M 2) of land in a
two different places. In a dukuh A the kin land being distributed among children, but
in B dukuh the family land haven’t been distribute to all but separated into two parts,
half parts to oldest son and a half parts became “Tanah gantungan B”4 of the
family land. The unique characteristic dividing of land based on consideration that the
oldest son has a more family burden than the other. Thus, he will has more a piece
of land.
After the parents are retired, they had transfer the risk and burden to their son
and they became breeder. It will be useful if they are sick and need to the doctor as
well as they need. If they had not enough money for the doctor or in Puskesmas 5 all
the sons will support them.
Result of interview with Sat (± 80 year) and Ngap (± 60 year). Old age both
unknown surely, because he did not remember and do not have Akta Kelahiran. The
amount of family member 8 persons. They do not know how many land they have,
but they known own land in two place. Land existence in this time have been divided
to his children. One place divided for the seven of its child people. In addition, one
land will be divided by two in other place, half part of for the child of (given to first
child) and the rest of the shares but owned by parent as Tanah Gantungan.
According to them unlike land grant as tanah Gantungan which during the time
there will be delivered to one of. Sat’s son. Tanah Gantungan will be given to last
child which not yet married. This different division according to them caused that their
first child has harder burden in economic and social responsibilities than his brother
and sister. As the consequences the first child should guarantee of big burden than
his sister’s.
Parent life after devide their land are more lighter, because parent are not
need to think farm land, they really understand it is not easy, also do not go out the
capital but non- stopped to get the result from advantage obtained by his son. In this
4
5
Tanah gantungan B is different meaning from tanah gantungan A, because this land will be
delivered to the youngest son when he/she doesn’t married.
Puskesmas means the centre of public health services in special distrct/ kecamatan.
12
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
time, the parent when shall no longer till the farmland, they chosen to work as
breeder of chicken and goat preserver. This goat and chicken were bought from
result of child gift, and will be sold if there is one who require and dare to bargain at
the price of more than purchasing price.
If their parents are ill, medication expenses (to doctor, drug and treatment) will
be supported by their son. Except the responsibility of parent expences it takes from
saving money or by selling chicken and goat. If experiencing of insufficiency, hence
parent will apply to the child. But which during the time is often happened by child will
together change the expense released by a parent to medicine if pain.
13
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Kin Diagram
Family of Mr. Stm
1
3
7
8
9
10
2
4
11
5
12
13
14
15
16
17
18
6
19
20
21
22
23
14
24
25
26
27
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Notes on the kin diagram :
1. The late Ksmd
2. The late Wsh
3. Stm, 80 age
4. Ngth, 60 old
5. The late Brm
6. The late Ngst
7. Srwt, 48 old
8. Stnt, 41 old
9. The late Jmtn
10. Hrwn, 46 old
11. St Ch, 43 old
12. Swt, 39 old
13. Mnwrh, 39 old
14. Mch, 35 old
15. Y Idrt, 34 old
16. A Chd, 33 old
17. Syt, 25 old
18. I Stw 31 old
19. Mch, 32 old
20. Ah, 29 old
21. S Nfrh, 30 old
22. N Sym 28 old
23. Idwt, 26 old
24. M, 25 old
25. L, 10 old
26. Lsmt, 7 old
27. F, 17 old
28. D, 14 old
29. F, 11 old
30. B, 13 old
31. N, 12 old
32. Mth, 7 old
33. Arf, 8 old
34. Bl, 7 old
35. Ls, 2 old
36. Sbl, 4 old
37. A 1 old
38. Fkhr, 4 old
Family of H.Lat (70 years old)
Total land owned by his family has been 10.000 M 2 since 1982 and distributed
to his fourth daughter. Nowadays he follows his oldest son. This family divided their
land by negotiated transfer of rights, although they haven’t used legal transfer of
rights. The aim of the transfer of land right is giving a capital for each son due to its
further social security if he is married. Another aim is to spread out the risk of apple
field such as: increasing of the insecticide price, unbalance cost and benefit of the
apple plantation since 1997.
This time, land owned some portion of Ltf have present newly for the width of
1500 m2. This land is presented to Sul his fourth daughter from portion of Lat. The
reason given in advance than other children because of according to portion of Ltf,
that the fourth daughter is tilling its rice field during the time and child guarantying all
family requirements. The fourth daughter, quitling school since class 4 elementary
school because she had to manage her little sister/ brothers. If he passes away,
portion of Latf will be discussed with Slt who do not continue the school utilize to
manage its sister/ brothers which still minimize. Thus, Ltf presents his land as wide
as 1500 m 2 mentioned as recompensation to his daughter.
15
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Meanwhile, about its land division, only the first child
until the third child
promised get hibah6. The land for the as wide as of 1700 m 2 will be passed to the
first child until the third and will be divided to flatten if he died. The fourth child and
so on will get the rest of land as inheritance.
The way of land distribution, through family negotiation. Furthermore, all child
portion of Latief will be a lland and house as live saving. Lat has delivered the house
to the first until sixth son. Unfortunately, for the seventh and eighth child haven’t
been receive their portion as well, because they’re still young. The problem of when
their father’s ill, Lat family have cost money to medicine, hence support all expense
business and medicine by the fourth daughter (Mrs. Sul). While his child dissimilar do
not follow to support the family expenses.
Affect of the increase medicine for Ltf, his family in this time family portion of
Ltf support the expenses for the medical treatment for Ltf. Result of the increasing
fertilizers price since 1997, it makes Ltf’s family depends on Juragan’s (a mid
business for apple fruits) financial assistance. Furthermore, his family has to sell the
apple friuts to Juragan and he rules
the price, athough they feel that it is not
appropriate.
6
Hibah means delivery of a piece of land or object remain to be other to child contain or lift when its
parent above the ground according to Customary Law.
16
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Kin Diagram
Mr. Ltf
1
2
14
3
10
11
4
12
5
13
6
7
8
9
30
15
16
17
18
25
26
27
28
Notes of Ltf’s kin diagram :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
The late Mr. J
The late Ms. S
The late Mr. K
The late Ms. M
The late Mr. K
The late Ms. S
The late Mr. S
The late Ms. T
19
29
20
9. The late Mr. H. K
10. The late Ms. S
11. The late Mr. B
12. The late Ms. M
13. Mr. Ltf, 85 years old
14. The late Ms. J
15. Mr. S, 55 years
21
22
23
24
16. Ms. S, aged 51
17. Mr. J, 47
18. Ms. M, 45
19. Mr. J, 44
20. Ms. M, 42
21. Mr. S, 44
22. Ms. S, 41
23. Mr. P, 38
24. M
25. M
26. M
27. M
28. M
29. M
30. M
17
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Family of Maft (50 old, widow)
After her husband as head of railway station in Turen Malang passed away in
1991 she had 6000 M2 apple fields and Rp.275.000,- pension per month as widow of
the government officer. Mft has 3 sons who are married. Her second and third sons
live in another village in Batu. Her family distributed those 6000 M 2 to the 3 sons,
each son received 2000 M2 land which having at least 57 apple tree on it. Nowadays,
she live with her oldest son who is recognized as a Uztads 7 in those dukuh. The aim
to divide their land is to divide the risk of plantation’s management to her of sons.
Chart of division rice field is seen by gender. A son get one share, while a
daughter gets 2 shares. The responsibility of the son is to take care of the heavier
family. The son as head of the family takes care of them. The portion of the rice field
based on whether/what the child has married or not. If the child has married the child
will be given the rice field for the capital of live. After given the capital hence child will
do it no longer supported by the parent. Nowadays, all children have married, so all
child have got the shares. Each land given to the son is not given certificate except in
Petok D.
The land for the child was distributed to:
1. Mif Mu, aged 33, living in Bumiaji, rice field apple for the width of 4000 m2
land.
2. Mifd Hus, aged 30, live in the Banaran RW 5 RT 2 countryside Bumiaji, rice
field, apple plantation for the width of 2500 m2 land.
3. Mas Ul, aged 27, Jl. Raya Selekta countryside of dukuh Sumber Gono, rice
field of parent gift for the width of 2500 m2 land.
The requirements of mbah Msf’s. daily expenses depends on the first child.
Nowadays Msf. still owns the tanah gantungan as wide as (about 500 m 2), and to
date also Msf not yet had in heart to this land whom will be given.
7
Uztads: guru ngaji/ a men who teach Islamic religion in a school or specific forum name Miftahul
Jannah
18
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Kin Diagram
Ms. Maft
1
3
4
2
5
6
7
8
Notes on kin diagram :
1.
2.
3.
4.
5.
6.
7.
8.
Makali, the late
Maftuhah, 50 old
Miftahul Munir, 34 old
Sri Pudji Astuti, 31 old
Hadi Sutrisno, 32 old
Miftahul Husna, 30 old
Mahsanah Ulfah, 27 old
Joko Sujono, 28 old
19
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
Economic and legal consequences of those various ways to divide and transfer the
agricultural land on the apple farmer and their descendants
The result of this research find that the economic consequences of those
various ways of dividing their land are to divide the risk of plantation management to
her of sons. The elderly apple farmers builds the economic security by dividing their
land among the kin if they are retired and stayed on in the son compound as well as
they choose;
The self esteem may cause the elderly parent will stay in a nucleus home
Although she/ he became alone but they won’t be isolated and not being looked after.
Furthermore, according to the Javanese norm that elderly should be taken care for
by their children and they should be supported by them or taken care by them when
they are sick.
So the legal status of land hasn’t been changed, since they use “Traditional law/
Adat law. Thus, the transfer of rights hasn’t been registered by land office, which
contradiction with article 19 paragraph 2 Basic Agrarian Law 1960 “ the registration
mentioned in paragraph 1 of this article covers: “the registration of the rights on land
transfer of these rights”. It can also said that ipso facto the land being occupied by
son, but ipso iure it still being owned by parents.
Impact of the insecticide fluctuation price since in the mid of 1997 to their property
and maintaining their businesses
Most of the respondent (97%) say that they had economic turning points, as the
impact of the national economic crisis in the mid 1997 which caused insecticide
increased as many as 250-300%. Those factors make farmers depends more on
Juragan (mid business apple) to lend them some money. Imported apples from
Australia, Canada, China, United Sates also cause negative factor to the economic
sustainability of apple farmer in Bumiaji, because imported fruits are cheaper and
have better quality than local ones.
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Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
E. Conclusion
Based on those 5 families cases which are above lead to the following conclusions:
1. The elderly apple farmers build the economic security by dividing they land
among the kin if they are retired and stayed on in the son compound as well
as they choose. The self esteem may cause the elderly parents stay in a
nucleus home although she/ he is became alone but won’t be isolated and not
being looked after.
2. Factors determining the way the farmers divide and transfer their agricultural
land to their descendants ? ( are influenced by some factors such as: family
composition/ number of children-grandchildren, marital status of the farmers,
the health state of the farmer, family relationship, the acreage of land
possessed.
3. The Monetary crisis in Indonesia (Krismon) had caused a negative impact for
apple farmers e.g. chemical insecticide price which has increased since 1997
for the other apple farmers viewed it as sceptic, that increasing of insecticide
are taken for granted. On the other hand, they depend on juragan to get
financial support in the form of some credit lending. Thus, the farmers refused
to change chemical insecticide to bio insecticide because it was not effective
in wet season. The consequences of the increasing of insecticide cost i
compared with apple price make 89% of apple farmers being depended on
mid business apple (Pedagang perantara/ Juragan). Each family has
relationship
with
mid
business
apple
who
had
important
financial
consequences for its further social security.
21
Old-Age Vulnerabilities: Asian and European Perspectives
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