T1__BAB I Institutional Repository | Satya Wacana Christian University: An Annotated Translation of Metaphors and Similes in Richard Connell’s Short Story The Most Dangerous Game T1 BAB I
CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
One of the most important aspects of human being is language. Because it is a tool of
communication among people to support their ideas. Translation has a very important role in
solving communication problem between two different languages and one way to open the gate
in any kind of aspects such as literature world. Communication among people from different
countries might be interfered because of their language differences, but it can be solved by
translating a text in a language into another, so they can understand each other. A translator
becomes an important figure to help transferring human’s mind to make it easier in
understanding the form of certain language into another.
Sometimes, the translator finds the difficulties during the process of translation from
Source Language (SL) into Target Language (TL), for especially from English into Indonesian.
By giving commentary on several parts that become problems for the translator, she has done
annotated translation. In annotation, the problem will be analyzed and given possible reasons for
their translation. The translation from English into Indonesian is taken due to the familiarity of
the language, Indonesian. Where its language mostly known by the researcher as her native
language. When people communicate each other, they transfer a message. The message itself can
be given in direct form or in figurative expression.
The writer chooses The Most Dangerous Game by American author Richard Connell to
be translated and annotated because she thinks that the translation of The Most Dangerous Game
can increase the Indonesia’s literature book collection, so it has the potential to be published.
This story has been used in some literature and translation fields. I am going to provide the
translation of the story in Bahasa and hopefully it can be reference in Indonesia translation field
and literature book collection as well.
To support this research as well as the annotated translation, the researcher who also play
role as a translator doing some researches related to this research in figurative language. Such as
the famous Indonesian writer who influence another writer as well as Indonesian’s literature
1
world through his amazing works, Sapardi Djoko Damono. He translated one of Ernest
Hemingway’s famous work entitled The Old Man and The Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut. In
2013, Stevanus Rendy JP with Drs. A. Soerjowardhana did research about it which is deals in
related to figurative language contains in the story. Another previous research comes from Ade
Mulyanah in 2011, Translation Approach of English Metaphors into Indonesian (A Cross
Cultural Understanding Study) which more focused in one of figurative language that is
metaphor. She works consider by cultural background between the source text and target text in
Indonesian language. Another work is An Annotated Translation of “The Mutiny of The Bounty”
by D.S. Suranto.
1. Research Questions
a. What are the translation strategies that suitable for translating simile and metaphor in
the short story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell?
b.
Why does the translator choose those strategy?
2. Objective of Study
a. To analyze the strategies used in translating simile and metaphor expressions from
source language into target language.
b.
B.
To explain the reason why the translator used those strategies.
Description of The Selected Text
Given that Richard Connell is one of America’s influential writers, who does not know
Richard Connell and his works? Everybody does. The most Connell’s popular work is The Most
Dangerous Game and A Friend of Napoleon which won much acclaim. He won the O. Henry
Memorial Prize twice for his short stories. And he also nominated for an Academy Award for
another best original work story in 1942 for his film Meet John Doe. As first I know based on the
information I got and research that what I have done, besides novels and short stories, I found
out he also produces screenplays and movie scripts. Some of his works in short stories and novel
such as The Most Dangerous Game (1924), Cross-Eyed South-Paw (1929), Murder at Sea
2
(1929), The Mad Lover (1927), Playboy (1936), Centenarian (1916), etc., Those are some list of
Connell’s works that I know before and as some of his most notable works.
Richard Edward Connell was born on October 17, 1893 in Poughkeepsie, New York and
died at the age of 56 in Beverly Hills, California. He was a writer, American short-story writer
and novelist also a journalist. His Father was an editor also a reporter for the local paper just
before his political career. Because of his father’s connection in his field, Connell become an
editor by the age of 18. Then he served himself in World War I while he also wrote and edited
the camp newspaper after the death of his father. Louise Herrick Fox became his wife in 1919.
Richard Connell’s stories were published in Saturday Evening Post and Collier’s Weekly on
January 19, 1924. This story has also been adapted to film.
The short story entitled The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell introduces
characters who takes role play in the story, such as General Zaroff, Rainsford, etc. “The Most
Dangerous Game” is a story about adventure, especially hunting. Rainsford is a man who loves
hunting animals. One day he shipwrecks and lands on an island called "Ship-Trap Island". On
the island, he meets a general named general Zaroff. The general is very rich and like hunting
too, but the general has a weird brand of hunting. He’s prefer hunts a real man instead of
animals. The general lures scumbags to his island and gives them a head start, then hunts them.
Rainsford is really shocked that the General does this thing. Rainsford argues that it is okay to
hunt animals, but not men. General Zaroff thinks that the men have no purpose on this earth and
it is okay to kill them. Then Rainsford refuses to hunt with the General, so the General makes
Rainsford the hunted. He either has to be the hunted or be subjected to torture by a guy named
Ivan. So, Rainsford runs, hides and tries to use animal instincts to survive. Then he makes his
way to the Generals bedroom and kills him.
Richard Connell is a famous writer who get awards for his novels, short-stories, movie
scripts and screenplays. His writing that telling his experiences of his life become his stronger
characteristic in his stories. His characteristic in making characters often expressing himself in
his stories and become one of his unique as a writer. He becomes one of most important and
influences person on the development of short story and novel in the fiction world of America.
He helped to influence many writers and interest of readers around the world.
3
The translation of The Most Dangerous Game is delivered for young adults to
adults. So, the translation of this story will be translated into language especially Bahasa that
easy to understand and still tells the message of the story. The translator should keep the message
and the meaning of the source text to the target text, so it will not change the content of the
source text, especially the figurative language.
C.
Theoretical Framework
Newmark (1988, p. 5) Translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text”. So, the idea is that translation is the
process of transferring the message or meaning from one language into another which means it
has a transfer process of a source text (ST) into target text (TT) with the same message in it. To
transfer the message from ST into TT is not an easy thing for the translator, so the translator
requires the methodologies for supporting it by using Newmark’s theory about translation
methods. There are 8 translations methods:
a. Word for Word Translation
b. Literal Translation
c. Faithful Translation
d. Semantic Translation
e. Adaptation
f. Free Translation
g. Idiomatic Translation
h. Communicative Translation
Based on Newmark’s theory, the translator decided to use semantic translation method for
translating the text. As Newmark said, this method is emphasized on how the aesthetic value (the
beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that
no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version.
In figurative expression (figurative language), they are intended to show certain
meaning by giving comparison. In literary texts, the figurativeness of the language is always
become the part of the text as a literary piece. Since modern thinking of translation in translating
source language, the translator is required to maintain rather than to improve or reduce the
4
meaning of figurative language in target language. There are some examples of figurative
language such as simile, metaphor, personification, symbol, alliteration, onomatopoeia,
hyperbole, idioms, clichés, etc.
1.
Metaphor and Its Translation
Metaphor is considered as a figurative expression which compares two different
things, such as a person or object by referring it with something that is considered to have similar
characteristic with them. While simile almost same with metaphor, compares two unlike things
using “as” or “like”. “Metaphors may be “single” (one-word) or “extended” (a collocation, an
idiom, a sentence, a proverb, an allegory, a complete imaginative text).”
This study tries to offer further explanation about problems dealing with translating
metaphors. In translating metaphor from source language (SL) in English into target language
(TL) in Indonesian, people get difficulties to translate it in the right way so that the meaning in
target language still have connection with its meaning in source language.
By analyzing the translation procedure that used in translating metaphor, some studies
which dealing with translation procedure such as (Newmark:1984) defines the way translating
metaphor in seven procedures:
(a) The same image is reproduced in TL, provided the image has comparable
frequency and currency in the appropriate register. This procedure is common for one-word
metaphors.
(b) SL image can be replaced with a standard TL image , provided that it is
culturally compatible in TL (like most stock metaphors, proverbs, etc) and may by one person
and diffused through popular speech, writing and the media. it does not clash with the TL
culture.
(c) The metaphor can be translated as a simile while retaining the image , it
modifies the shock of a metaphor, particularly if the TL text is not emotive in character. It can be
used to modify any type of word, as well as original complex metaphors.
(d) The metaphor can be translated as simile along with its sense , this procedure has
the advantage of combining communicative and semantic translation in addressing itself both to
the layman and the expert if there is a risk that the simple transfer of the metaphor will not be
understood by most readers (only the informed reader has a chance of experiencing equivalent-
5
effect through a semantic translation). The main focus here is the ‘gloss’ rather than the
equivalent-effect.
(e) The metaphor can be converted into sense, this is preferred when SL to TL image
replacement is extra broad in terms of sense or register and can be applied in any type of text
and. To perform this procedure, the sense of metaphor should be analyzed componential because
image is ’pludri-dimensional’.
(f) Deletion , its along with sense component if it is redundant. A caution is that SL
text should not be ‘authoritative’ or ‘expression’ of writer’s personality. The translator should
make decision after weighing what is more important in the text. An empirical justification of
such deletion comes if metaphor’s function is being fulfilled elsewhere in the text.
(g) Sense metaphor combined with sense , when a translator wants to make sure if
readers will be understood the image properly, they can add gloss. E.g “The tongue is a fire”
translated “A fire ruins things”. Besides it can be useful when metaphor is repeated, suggest lack
of confidence in metaphor’s power and clarity.
2.
Simile and Its Translation
Simile is considered as comparison figures of speech as same as metaphor. The
difference is simile used and always have the word like or as. It means comparing things that
is essentially unlike.
In translating simile, we try to analyze the point of similarity in the texts between the
object/topic with the image. To analyze similes, here are steps in analyzing similes based on
(Larson:272)’s theory:
Object/topic
: The topic of the first proposition (the thing really being talked about)
Image
: The topic of the second proposition (what is being compared with)
Point of Similarity: The similiarity found between the object and the image
D. Methodology of Annotated Translation
Based on Oxford Dictionary, method means “a particular procedure for accomplishing or
approaching something, especially a systematic or established one.” From its definition, we can
6
conclude that a method is how to do something. And in this context, how to do something is how
to translate.
1. Steps to Translate
The process of this translation will adapt Larson’s procedures as follows:
(1) Reading the source text thoroughly to understand the content. (2) Then, the
translator translates the source text (in English) into target text (in Indonesian) and
marks down or drafting the similes and metaphors that become an object/problem in the
process of translating the text at the same time. After translating the text, (3) the
translator checking both the source text and the target text then consult it to lecturer as
the translator’s supervisor for discuss and asking correction and suggestion regularly (4)
Revising the text. (5) Reviewing the translated text by asking the readers to read with
their opinions and suggestions about the translated text. When its done, the translator
evaluating the feedback and correcting the translated text. (6) The final manuscript.
2. Steps to Annotate
According to Oxford online dictionary, annotation is a note by way of explanation or
comment added to a text or diagram. At the same way, Merriam-Webster online dictionary also
said that annotation is a note added to a text, book, drawing, etc. as a comment or an explanation.
In other words, annotation is done within the translation of the text to make the result of the
translated text clear enough. And the annotation will be done with the analysis of some figurative
languages that found in the text. The writer will figure out the figurative language that appear in
the source text (ST) and compare it in the Target Text (TT) within the explanation why the
translator translates those figurative languages using particular procedures needed. While in
other words, Andrew Chesterman and Jenny Williams “an annotated translation which is also
called as a translation with commentary is a form of introspective and retrospective research
where you yourself translate a text and at the same time, write a commentary on your own
translation process.” This commentary will discuss any kinds of translation problem we found
which is related to our process during the translation of a text.
7
The process of this annotation will be as follows:
(1) Identifying the similes and metaphors from the source text. (2) Then, identifying its
translation in target text. (3) After collecting the similes and metaphors in the text, then the
translator selecting 7 metaphors and 8 similes from the text to be analyzed. (4) Annotating the
similes and metaphors by understanding and finding the similes and metaphors meaning in the
source text. Next, finding its equivalence in the target text. When look at the target text, the
translator exploring about the metaphors and similes and compare its translation by close
reading. Then, when the data was completed, the translator analyze the strategies used of both
metaphors and similes based on the theory.
8
INTRODUCTION
A.
Background of the Study
One of the most important aspects of human being is language. Because it is a tool of
communication among people to support their ideas. Translation has a very important role in
solving communication problem between two different languages and one way to open the gate
in any kind of aspects such as literature world. Communication among people from different
countries might be interfered because of their language differences, but it can be solved by
translating a text in a language into another, so they can understand each other. A translator
becomes an important figure to help transferring human’s mind to make it easier in
understanding the form of certain language into another.
Sometimes, the translator finds the difficulties during the process of translation from
Source Language (SL) into Target Language (TL), for especially from English into Indonesian.
By giving commentary on several parts that become problems for the translator, she has done
annotated translation. In annotation, the problem will be analyzed and given possible reasons for
their translation. The translation from English into Indonesian is taken due to the familiarity of
the language, Indonesian. Where its language mostly known by the researcher as her native
language. When people communicate each other, they transfer a message. The message itself can
be given in direct form or in figurative expression.
The writer chooses The Most Dangerous Game by American author Richard Connell to
be translated and annotated because she thinks that the translation of The Most Dangerous Game
can increase the Indonesia’s literature book collection, so it has the potential to be published.
This story has been used in some literature and translation fields. I am going to provide the
translation of the story in Bahasa and hopefully it can be reference in Indonesia translation field
and literature book collection as well.
To support this research as well as the annotated translation, the researcher who also play
role as a translator doing some researches related to this research in figurative language. Such as
the famous Indonesian writer who influence another writer as well as Indonesian’s literature
1
world through his amazing works, Sapardi Djoko Damono. He translated one of Ernest
Hemingway’s famous work entitled The Old Man and The Sea into Lelaki Tua dan Laut. In
2013, Stevanus Rendy JP with Drs. A. Soerjowardhana did research about it which is deals in
related to figurative language contains in the story. Another previous research comes from Ade
Mulyanah in 2011, Translation Approach of English Metaphors into Indonesian (A Cross
Cultural Understanding Study) which more focused in one of figurative language that is
metaphor. She works consider by cultural background between the source text and target text in
Indonesian language. Another work is An Annotated Translation of “The Mutiny of The Bounty”
by D.S. Suranto.
1. Research Questions
a. What are the translation strategies that suitable for translating simile and metaphor in
the short story The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell?
b.
Why does the translator choose those strategy?
2. Objective of Study
a. To analyze the strategies used in translating simile and metaphor expressions from
source language into target language.
b.
B.
To explain the reason why the translator used those strategies.
Description of The Selected Text
Given that Richard Connell is one of America’s influential writers, who does not know
Richard Connell and his works? Everybody does. The most Connell’s popular work is The Most
Dangerous Game and A Friend of Napoleon which won much acclaim. He won the O. Henry
Memorial Prize twice for his short stories. And he also nominated for an Academy Award for
another best original work story in 1942 for his film Meet John Doe. As first I know based on the
information I got and research that what I have done, besides novels and short stories, I found
out he also produces screenplays and movie scripts. Some of his works in short stories and novel
such as The Most Dangerous Game (1924), Cross-Eyed South-Paw (1929), Murder at Sea
2
(1929), The Mad Lover (1927), Playboy (1936), Centenarian (1916), etc., Those are some list of
Connell’s works that I know before and as some of his most notable works.
Richard Edward Connell was born on October 17, 1893 in Poughkeepsie, New York and
died at the age of 56 in Beverly Hills, California. He was a writer, American short-story writer
and novelist also a journalist. His Father was an editor also a reporter for the local paper just
before his political career. Because of his father’s connection in his field, Connell become an
editor by the age of 18. Then he served himself in World War I while he also wrote and edited
the camp newspaper after the death of his father. Louise Herrick Fox became his wife in 1919.
Richard Connell’s stories were published in Saturday Evening Post and Collier’s Weekly on
January 19, 1924. This story has also been adapted to film.
The short story entitled The Most Dangerous Game by Richard Connell introduces
characters who takes role play in the story, such as General Zaroff, Rainsford, etc. “The Most
Dangerous Game” is a story about adventure, especially hunting. Rainsford is a man who loves
hunting animals. One day he shipwrecks and lands on an island called "Ship-Trap Island". On
the island, he meets a general named general Zaroff. The general is very rich and like hunting
too, but the general has a weird brand of hunting. He’s prefer hunts a real man instead of
animals. The general lures scumbags to his island and gives them a head start, then hunts them.
Rainsford is really shocked that the General does this thing. Rainsford argues that it is okay to
hunt animals, but not men. General Zaroff thinks that the men have no purpose on this earth and
it is okay to kill them. Then Rainsford refuses to hunt with the General, so the General makes
Rainsford the hunted. He either has to be the hunted or be subjected to torture by a guy named
Ivan. So, Rainsford runs, hides and tries to use animal instincts to survive. Then he makes his
way to the Generals bedroom and kills him.
Richard Connell is a famous writer who get awards for his novels, short-stories, movie
scripts and screenplays. His writing that telling his experiences of his life become his stronger
characteristic in his stories. His characteristic in making characters often expressing himself in
his stories and become one of his unique as a writer. He becomes one of most important and
influences person on the development of short story and novel in the fiction world of America.
He helped to influence many writers and interest of readers around the world.
3
The translation of The Most Dangerous Game is delivered for young adults to
adults. So, the translation of this story will be translated into language especially Bahasa that
easy to understand and still tells the message of the story. The translator should keep the message
and the meaning of the source text to the target text, so it will not change the content of the
source text, especially the figurative language.
C.
Theoretical Framework
Newmark (1988, p. 5) Translation as “rendering the meaning of a text into another
language in the way that the author intended the text”. So, the idea is that translation is the
process of transferring the message or meaning from one language into another which means it
has a transfer process of a source text (ST) into target text (TT) with the same message in it. To
transfer the message from ST into TT is not an easy thing for the translator, so the translator
requires the methodologies for supporting it by using Newmark’s theory about translation
methods. There are 8 translations methods:
a. Word for Word Translation
b. Literal Translation
c. Faithful Translation
d. Semantic Translation
e. Adaptation
f. Free Translation
g. Idiomatic Translation
h. Communicative Translation
Based on Newmark’s theory, the translator decided to use semantic translation method for
translating the text. As Newmark said, this method is emphasized on how the aesthetic value (the
beautiful and natural sound) of the SL text, compromising on meaning where appropriate so that
no assonance, word-play or repetition jars in the finished version.
In figurative expression (figurative language), they are intended to show certain
meaning by giving comparison. In literary texts, the figurativeness of the language is always
become the part of the text as a literary piece. Since modern thinking of translation in translating
source language, the translator is required to maintain rather than to improve or reduce the
4
meaning of figurative language in target language. There are some examples of figurative
language such as simile, metaphor, personification, symbol, alliteration, onomatopoeia,
hyperbole, idioms, clichés, etc.
1.
Metaphor and Its Translation
Metaphor is considered as a figurative expression which compares two different
things, such as a person or object by referring it with something that is considered to have similar
characteristic with them. While simile almost same with metaphor, compares two unlike things
using “as” or “like”. “Metaphors may be “single” (one-word) or “extended” (a collocation, an
idiom, a sentence, a proverb, an allegory, a complete imaginative text).”
This study tries to offer further explanation about problems dealing with translating
metaphors. In translating metaphor from source language (SL) in English into target language
(TL) in Indonesian, people get difficulties to translate it in the right way so that the meaning in
target language still have connection with its meaning in source language.
By analyzing the translation procedure that used in translating metaphor, some studies
which dealing with translation procedure such as (Newmark:1984) defines the way translating
metaphor in seven procedures:
(a) The same image is reproduced in TL, provided the image has comparable
frequency and currency in the appropriate register. This procedure is common for one-word
metaphors.
(b) SL image can be replaced with a standard TL image , provided that it is
culturally compatible in TL (like most stock metaphors, proverbs, etc) and may by one person
and diffused through popular speech, writing and the media. it does not clash with the TL
culture.
(c) The metaphor can be translated as a simile while retaining the image , it
modifies the shock of a metaphor, particularly if the TL text is not emotive in character. It can be
used to modify any type of word, as well as original complex metaphors.
(d) The metaphor can be translated as simile along with its sense , this procedure has
the advantage of combining communicative and semantic translation in addressing itself both to
the layman and the expert if there is a risk that the simple transfer of the metaphor will not be
understood by most readers (only the informed reader has a chance of experiencing equivalent-
5
effect through a semantic translation). The main focus here is the ‘gloss’ rather than the
equivalent-effect.
(e) The metaphor can be converted into sense, this is preferred when SL to TL image
replacement is extra broad in terms of sense or register and can be applied in any type of text
and. To perform this procedure, the sense of metaphor should be analyzed componential because
image is ’pludri-dimensional’.
(f) Deletion , its along with sense component if it is redundant. A caution is that SL
text should not be ‘authoritative’ or ‘expression’ of writer’s personality. The translator should
make decision after weighing what is more important in the text. An empirical justification of
such deletion comes if metaphor’s function is being fulfilled elsewhere in the text.
(g) Sense metaphor combined with sense , when a translator wants to make sure if
readers will be understood the image properly, they can add gloss. E.g “The tongue is a fire”
translated “A fire ruins things”. Besides it can be useful when metaphor is repeated, suggest lack
of confidence in metaphor’s power and clarity.
2.
Simile and Its Translation
Simile is considered as comparison figures of speech as same as metaphor. The
difference is simile used and always have the word like or as. It means comparing things that
is essentially unlike.
In translating simile, we try to analyze the point of similarity in the texts between the
object/topic with the image. To analyze similes, here are steps in analyzing similes based on
(Larson:272)’s theory:
Object/topic
: The topic of the first proposition (the thing really being talked about)
Image
: The topic of the second proposition (what is being compared with)
Point of Similarity: The similiarity found between the object and the image
D. Methodology of Annotated Translation
Based on Oxford Dictionary, method means “a particular procedure for accomplishing or
approaching something, especially a systematic or established one.” From its definition, we can
6
conclude that a method is how to do something. And in this context, how to do something is how
to translate.
1. Steps to Translate
The process of this translation will adapt Larson’s procedures as follows:
(1) Reading the source text thoroughly to understand the content. (2) Then, the
translator translates the source text (in English) into target text (in Indonesian) and
marks down or drafting the similes and metaphors that become an object/problem in the
process of translating the text at the same time. After translating the text, (3) the
translator checking both the source text and the target text then consult it to lecturer as
the translator’s supervisor for discuss and asking correction and suggestion regularly (4)
Revising the text. (5) Reviewing the translated text by asking the readers to read with
their opinions and suggestions about the translated text. When its done, the translator
evaluating the feedback and correcting the translated text. (6) The final manuscript.
2. Steps to Annotate
According to Oxford online dictionary, annotation is a note by way of explanation or
comment added to a text or diagram. At the same way, Merriam-Webster online dictionary also
said that annotation is a note added to a text, book, drawing, etc. as a comment or an explanation.
In other words, annotation is done within the translation of the text to make the result of the
translated text clear enough. And the annotation will be done with the analysis of some figurative
languages that found in the text. The writer will figure out the figurative language that appear in
the source text (ST) and compare it in the Target Text (TT) within the explanation why the
translator translates those figurative languages using particular procedures needed. While in
other words, Andrew Chesterman and Jenny Williams “an annotated translation which is also
called as a translation with commentary is a form of introspective and retrospective research
where you yourself translate a text and at the same time, write a commentary on your own
translation process.” This commentary will discuss any kinds of translation problem we found
which is related to our process during the translation of a text.
7
The process of this annotation will be as follows:
(1) Identifying the similes and metaphors from the source text. (2) Then, identifying its
translation in target text. (3) After collecting the similes and metaphors in the text, then the
translator selecting 7 metaphors and 8 similes from the text to be analyzed. (4) Annotating the
similes and metaphors by understanding and finding the similes and metaphors meaning in the
source text. Next, finding its equivalence in the target text. When look at the target text, the
translator exploring about the metaphors and similes and compare its translation by close
reading. Then, when the data was completed, the translator analyze the strategies used of both
metaphors and similes based on the theory.
8