MICROBIOLOGY PPT LECTURE NOTES | Karya Tulis Ilmiah
3. Disinfection and Sterilization
Basic terms
灭菌
disinfection 消毒
Antisepsis 防腐
Bacteriostasis 抑菌
Asepsis 无菌
sterilization
sterilization 灭菌
The process of destroying all microbial
forms. A sterile object is one free of all
microbial forms, including bacterial
spores.
disinfection 消毒
The reduction or elimination of
pathogenic microorganisms in or on
materials, so they are no longer a
health hazard.
Antisepsis 防腐
Use of chemical agents on skin or
other living tissue to inhibit or
eliminate microbes; no sporicidal
( 杀芽胞的 )action is implied.
Bacteriostasis 抑菌
Inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
Asepsis 无菌
No living microorganisms exists.
Controlling Microorganisms By
Physical Agents
High Temperature
Radiation 辐射
Filtration 过滤
Low Temperature
Desiccation 干燥
High Temperature
static action
cidal action
Dry heat 干热: protein
oxidation
air sterilization 干烤
Incineration 焚化
red heat 赤热
flaming 烧灼
Hot
Moist heat 湿热: denature proteins
and melt lipids; more effective
Autoclaving: 121℃,103.4kPa, 20min
cidal for both vegetative organisms and
endospores
water 煮沸灭菌
Pasteurization 巴氏消毒法 : to kill
Boiling
particular spoilage organisms or
pathogens
flash method 瞬间法 : 71.6°C, 15s
holding method 持续法 : 62.9°C, 30 min
fractional
sterilization 间歇蒸气灭菌法
:
1) Steam heating to 100 °C for 30 min—— 常压 / 流动蒸气消毒法
Vegetative cells are destroyed but endospores survive
2) Incubate at 30 °C -37 °C overnight
Most bacterial endospores germinate
3) Second heat treatment, 100 °C, 30 min
Germinated endospores are killed.
4) Second incubation at 30°C-37 °C overnight
Remaining endospores germinate
5) Third heat treatment, 100 °C, 60 min
Last remaining germinated endospores are killed
Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation 紫外线辐射
Ionizing Radiation 电离辐射
Ultraviolet Radiation
microbicidal activity of ultraviolet (UV) light
depends on:
length
of exposure
wavelength of UV: 260 nm - 270 nm
Mechanism: thymine-thymine dimmers 胸腺
嘧啶二聚体
photoreactivation 光复活作用
strong visible light
very poor penetrating power
damage the eyes, cause burns, and cause
mutation in cells of the skin
Ionizing Radiation 电离辐射
X-rays and gamma rays
more energy and penetrating power than UV
used to sterilize pharmaceuticals and disposable
medical supplies such as syringes, surgical gloves,
catheters 导尿管 , and sutures 缝合线
used to retard spoilage in seafoods, meats, poultry,
and fruits
Filtration 过滤
sterilize solutions that
may be damaged or
denatured by high
temperatures or chemical
agents
Low Temperature
inhibits microbial growth by slowing down
microbial metabolism
Desiccation 干燥
has a static effect on microorganisms by
inhibiting the action of microbial enzymes
Using Disinfectants and Antiseptics
to Control Microorganisms
Antimicrobial modes of action for
disinfectants and antiseptics
damage the lipids and/or proteins of the
semipermeable cytoplasmic membrane of
microorganisms resulting in leakage of cellular
materials needed to sustain life
denature microbial enzymes and other proteins
by disrupting the hydrogen and disulfide bonds
Different categories of such
chemical agents
Phenol and phenol derivatives
alter
membrane permeability and denature proteins
chlorhexidine 洗必泰
ineffective against endospores
Soaps and detergents
Anionic
(negatively charged) detergents:
mechanically remove microorganisms and other
materials but are not very microbicidal.
Cationic (positively charged) detergents: alter
membrane permeability and denature proteins;
ineffective against endospores, M. tuberculosis 结
核分枝杆菌 , and P. species 假单胞菌 .
Alcohols
denature
membranes
70% solutions of ethyl or isopropyl alcohol 乙醇
或异丙醇
ineffective against endospores and non-enveloped
viruses
Acids and alkalies
alter membrane permeability and denature proteins
and other molecules
Salts of organic acids: food preservatives
Undecylenic acid 十一烯酸 : dermatophyte 皮肤
真菌 infections
Heavy metals
denature proteins
Mercury compounds (mercurochrome 红汞 ,
merthiolate 硫柳汞 ) : bacteriostatic, ineffective
against endospores
Silver nitrate 硝酸银 (1%) : put in the eyes of
newborns to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia 淋菌
性眼炎
Chlorine
reacts with water to form hypochlorite 次氯酸盐
ions, which in turn denature microbial enzymes
Iodine and iodophores
denatures
microbial proteins
effective against some endospores
Aldehydes 醛
denature microbial proteins
Formalin 福尔马林 (37% aqueous solution of
formaldehyde gas)
glutaraldehyde 戊二醛 : kill vegetative bacteria in
10-30 minutes and endospores in about 4 hours
Factors Influencing Antimicrobial
Activity
The concentration and kind of a chemical agent used;
The intensity and nature of a physical agent used;
The length of exposure to the agent;
The temperature at which the agent is used;
The number of microorganisms present;
The species or strain of microorganism;
The nature of the material bearing the microorganism;
The presence of organic or other interfering substances.
常用的化学消毒剂
类别
酚类
作用机制
常用种类
蛋白变性,细胞膜损伤 洗必泰
酸碱类
破坏细胞膜、细胞壁, 十一烯酸
蛋白变性
醇类
卤素
重金属盐
醛类
表面活性剂
染料
去除脂类,蛋白变性
乙醇
氯气、碘酊 、碘伏
蛋白变性
红汞、硫柳汞、硝酸银
蛋白变性
福尔马林、戊二醛
蛋白变性
蛋白变性,细胞膜损伤 新洁而灭
干扰氧化、抑制繁殖
龙胆紫
1. 杀灭芽胞最常用和最有效的方法是: ____________ 。
a. 紫外线照射
b. 煮沸 5min
c. 巴氏消毒法
d. 流通蒸气灭菌法
e. 高压蒸气灭菌法
2. 灭菌方法错误的是 ____________ 。
a. 手术室空气 - 紫外线
b. 排泄物 - 漂白粉
c. 饮水 - 氯气
d. 含血清培养基 - 高压蒸气灭菌
e. 温度计 -75% 酒精
3. 下述不可能杀灭细菌芽胞的方法是: ____________ 。
a. 煮沸法
b. 巴氏消毒法
c. 间歇灭菌法
d. 干热灭菌法
e. 高压蒸气灭菌法
4. 关于紫外线,说法错误的是 ____________ 。 ( 第 03 章 )
a. 其杀菌作用与波长有关
b. 可损坏细菌的 DNA 构型
c.260-270nm 杀菌作用最强
d. 其穿透力弱,故对人体无损害
e. 紫外线适用空气和物体表面的消毒
5. ____________ 常用于空气或物体表面的消毒。 ( 第 03 章 )
a. 高压蒸气灭菌法
b. 紫外线照射法
c. 滤过除菌法
d. 巴氏消毒法
e. 干烤法
6. ____________ 常用于基础培养基灭菌。 ( 第 03 章 )
a. 高压蒸气灭菌法
b. 紫外线照射法
c. 滤过除菌法
d. 巴氏消毒法
e. 干烤法
7. 常用于手术器械的灭菌 ____________ 。
a. 高压蒸气灭菌法
b. 紫外线照射法
c. 滤过除菌法
d. 巴氏消毒法
e. 干烤法
8. 常用于血清的除菌 ____________ 。
a. 高压蒸气灭菌法
b. 滤过除菌法
c. 紫外线照射法
d. 巴氏消毒法
e. 干烤法
9. 将牛奶加热 62℃30 分钟的目的是 ____________ 。
a. 使牛奶中的蛋白质变性,易于吸收
b. 杀灭牛奶中的所有微生物
c. 杀死牛奶中的病原菌
d. 使牛奶不含活菌
e. 防止或抑制微生物在牛奶中生长和繁殖
10. 乙醇消毒剂常用的浓度是: ____________ 。
a.100 % b.95 % c.75 % d.50 % e.30 %
Basic terms
灭菌
disinfection 消毒
Antisepsis 防腐
Bacteriostasis 抑菌
Asepsis 无菌
sterilization
sterilization 灭菌
The process of destroying all microbial
forms. A sterile object is one free of all
microbial forms, including bacterial
spores.
disinfection 消毒
The reduction or elimination of
pathogenic microorganisms in or on
materials, so they are no longer a
health hazard.
Antisepsis 防腐
Use of chemical agents on skin or
other living tissue to inhibit or
eliminate microbes; no sporicidal
( 杀芽胞的 )action is implied.
Bacteriostasis 抑菌
Inhibits the growth of microorganisms.
Asepsis 无菌
No living microorganisms exists.
Controlling Microorganisms By
Physical Agents
High Temperature
Radiation 辐射
Filtration 过滤
Low Temperature
Desiccation 干燥
High Temperature
static action
cidal action
Dry heat 干热: protein
oxidation
air sterilization 干烤
Incineration 焚化
red heat 赤热
flaming 烧灼
Hot
Moist heat 湿热: denature proteins
and melt lipids; more effective
Autoclaving: 121℃,103.4kPa, 20min
cidal for both vegetative organisms and
endospores
water 煮沸灭菌
Pasteurization 巴氏消毒法 : to kill
Boiling
particular spoilage organisms or
pathogens
flash method 瞬间法 : 71.6°C, 15s
holding method 持续法 : 62.9°C, 30 min
fractional
sterilization 间歇蒸气灭菌法
:
1) Steam heating to 100 °C for 30 min—— 常压 / 流动蒸气消毒法
Vegetative cells are destroyed but endospores survive
2) Incubate at 30 °C -37 °C overnight
Most bacterial endospores germinate
3) Second heat treatment, 100 °C, 30 min
Germinated endospores are killed.
4) Second incubation at 30°C-37 °C overnight
Remaining endospores germinate
5) Third heat treatment, 100 °C, 60 min
Last remaining germinated endospores are killed
Radiation
Ultraviolet Radiation 紫外线辐射
Ionizing Radiation 电离辐射
Ultraviolet Radiation
microbicidal activity of ultraviolet (UV) light
depends on:
length
of exposure
wavelength of UV: 260 nm - 270 nm
Mechanism: thymine-thymine dimmers 胸腺
嘧啶二聚体
photoreactivation 光复活作用
strong visible light
very poor penetrating power
damage the eyes, cause burns, and cause
mutation in cells of the skin
Ionizing Radiation 电离辐射
X-rays and gamma rays
more energy and penetrating power than UV
used to sterilize pharmaceuticals and disposable
medical supplies such as syringes, surgical gloves,
catheters 导尿管 , and sutures 缝合线
used to retard spoilage in seafoods, meats, poultry,
and fruits
Filtration 过滤
sterilize solutions that
may be damaged or
denatured by high
temperatures or chemical
agents
Low Temperature
inhibits microbial growth by slowing down
microbial metabolism
Desiccation 干燥
has a static effect on microorganisms by
inhibiting the action of microbial enzymes
Using Disinfectants and Antiseptics
to Control Microorganisms
Antimicrobial modes of action for
disinfectants and antiseptics
damage the lipids and/or proteins of the
semipermeable cytoplasmic membrane of
microorganisms resulting in leakage of cellular
materials needed to sustain life
denature microbial enzymes and other proteins
by disrupting the hydrogen and disulfide bonds
Different categories of such
chemical agents
Phenol and phenol derivatives
alter
membrane permeability and denature proteins
chlorhexidine 洗必泰
ineffective against endospores
Soaps and detergents
Anionic
(negatively charged) detergents:
mechanically remove microorganisms and other
materials but are not very microbicidal.
Cationic (positively charged) detergents: alter
membrane permeability and denature proteins;
ineffective against endospores, M. tuberculosis 结
核分枝杆菌 , and P. species 假单胞菌 .
Alcohols
denature
membranes
70% solutions of ethyl or isopropyl alcohol 乙醇
或异丙醇
ineffective against endospores and non-enveloped
viruses
Acids and alkalies
alter membrane permeability and denature proteins
and other molecules
Salts of organic acids: food preservatives
Undecylenic acid 十一烯酸 : dermatophyte 皮肤
真菌 infections
Heavy metals
denature proteins
Mercury compounds (mercurochrome 红汞 ,
merthiolate 硫柳汞 ) : bacteriostatic, ineffective
against endospores
Silver nitrate 硝酸银 (1%) : put in the eyes of
newborns to prevent gonococcal ophthalmia 淋菌
性眼炎
Chlorine
reacts with water to form hypochlorite 次氯酸盐
ions, which in turn denature microbial enzymes
Iodine and iodophores
denatures
microbial proteins
effective against some endospores
Aldehydes 醛
denature microbial proteins
Formalin 福尔马林 (37% aqueous solution of
formaldehyde gas)
glutaraldehyde 戊二醛 : kill vegetative bacteria in
10-30 minutes and endospores in about 4 hours
Factors Influencing Antimicrobial
Activity
The concentration and kind of a chemical agent used;
The intensity and nature of a physical agent used;
The length of exposure to the agent;
The temperature at which the agent is used;
The number of microorganisms present;
The species or strain of microorganism;
The nature of the material bearing the microorganism;
The presence of organic or other interfering substances.
常用的化学消毒剂
类别
酚类
作用机制
常用种类
蛋白变性,细胞膜损伤 洗必泰
酸碱类
破坏细胞膜、细胞壁, 十一烯酸
蛋白变性
醇类
卤素
重金属盐
醛类
表面活性剂
染料
去除脂类,蛋白变性
乙醇
氯气、碘酊 、碘伏
蛋白变性
红汞、硫柳汞、硝酸银
蛋白变性
福尔马林、戊二醛
蛋白变性
蛋白变性,细胞膜损伤 新洁而灭
干扰氧化、抑制繁殖
龙胆紫
1. 杀灭芽胞最常用和最有效的方法是: ____________ 。
a. 紫外线照射
b. 煮沸 5min
c. 巴氏消毒法
d. 流通蒸气灭菌法
e. 高压蒸气灭菌法
2. 灭菌方法错误的是 ____________ 。
a. 手术室空气 - 紫外线
b. 排泄物 - 漂白粉
c. 饮水 - 氯气
d. 含血清培养基 - 高压蒸气灭菌
e. 温度计 -75% 酒精
3. 下述不可能杀灭细菌芽胞的方法是: ____________ 。
a. 煮沸法
b. 巴氏消毒法
c. 间歇灭菌法
d. 干热灭菌法
e. 高压蒸气灭菌法
4. 关于紫外线,说法错误的是 ____________ 。 ( 第 03 章 )
a. 其杀菌作用与波长有关
b. 可损坏细菌的 DNA 构型
c.260-270nm 杀菌作用最强
d. 其穿透力弱,故对人体无损害
e. 紫外线适用空气和物体表面的消毒
5. ____________ 常用于空气或物体表面的消毒。 ( 第 03 章 )
a. 高压蒸气灭菌法
b. 紫外线照射法
c. 滤过除菌法
d. 巴氏消毒法
e. 干烤法
6. ____________ 常用于基础培养基灭菌。 ( 第 03 章 )
a. 高压蒸气灭菌法
b. 紫外线照射法
c. 滤过除菌法
d. 巴氏消毒法
e. 干烤法
7. 常用于手术器械的灭菌 ____________ 。
a. 高压蒸气灭菌法
b. 紫外线照射法
c. 滤过除菌法
d. 巴氏消毒法
e. 干烤法
8. 常用于血清的除菌 ____________ 。
a. 高压蒸气灭菌法
b. 滤过除菌法
c. 紫外线照射法
d. 巴氏消毒法
e. 干烤法
9. 将牛奶加热 62℃30 分钟的目的是 ____________ 。
a. 使牛奶中的蛋白质变性,易于吸收
b. 杀灭牛奶中的所有微生物
c. 杀死牛奶中的病原菌
d. 使牛奶不含活菌
e. 防止或抑制微生物在牛奶中生长和繁殖
10. 乙醇消毒剂常用的浓度是: ____________ 。
a.100 % b.95 % c.75 % d.50 % e.30 %