MICROBIOLOGY PPT LECTURE NOTES | Karya Tulis Ilmiah

Bacterial Physiology

Bacterial chemical
components

 Water: free water and compound water.


Inorganic salt: phosphus, potassium

magnesium, calcium, nitrium,etc.
 Protein: 50%-80% of dry weight according
bacterial kinds and age.
 Sugar: mainly distributing in cell wall and
capsule.
 Lipids: composed of lipid, fatty acid, wax, etc.
 Nucleic acid: RNA and DNA.

Environmental factors affecting
growth of bacteria
 1.

Nutrients
 2. Temperature
 3. hydrogen ion concentration ( pH )
 4. Oxygen Requirements: 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 5. Osmotic pressure 氧氧氧

Bacterial Nutrition and Growth
 Classification

based on their source of

carbon
 根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根根

Autotrophs 氧氧氧
 2. Heterotrophs 氧氧氧 :saprophytes 根根根 ;
parasites 根根根
 1.

Nutrient requirements of
bacterial growth:
 1.

Water
 2. Carbon source
 3. Nitrogen source 氧氧
 4. Minerals 氧氧氧
 5. Growth factors 氧氧氧氧氧 that a cell must have for
growth but cannot synthesize itself. Such as amino
acids, purines 氧氧 , pyrimidines 氧氧 , and vitamins
氧氧氧氧氧氧

X 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
V 氧氧氧氧氧Ⅰ氧Ⅱ氧

Temperature
 Psychrophilic

forms 氧氧氧 (15-20℃)

forms 氧氧氧氧 30-37℃ 氧 include all
human pathogens and opportunists.

 Mesophilic

 Thermophilic

forms 氧氧氧氧 50-60℃ 氧

pH


Neutrophiles 根根根根根 5 to 8 根



Acidophiles 根根根根根 below 5.5 根



Alkaliphiles 根根根根根 above 8.5 根

Gas Requirements

Obligate anaerobes 氧氧氧氧氧
 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧 catalase 氧氧 ,

peroxidase 氧氧氧氧氧 , superoxide dismutase
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

2O2- + 2H+
2H2O2

氧氧

H O +AH

SOD

H2O2+O2

2H2O +O2
氧氧氧氧氧

2H O+A

CO2
 N.

meningitidis
 N. gonorrhoeae

Bacterial Growth
 Bacteria

multiply by binary fission 氧氧氧

time 氧氧氧 the time it takes for
a population of bacteria to double in
number

 Generation

common bacteria 根 20~60 min
 most common pathogens in the body 根 5-10
hours
 many

Population dynamics 氧氧氧氧氧 --the
growth curve 氧氧氧氧
Lag Phase 氧氧氧 (A)
 b. The Exponential Phase 氧氧氧 (C)
 c. The Maximum Stationary Phase 氧氧氧
(E)
 d. The Death or decline Phase 氧氧氧 (F)
 a. The

growth curve
9.0
8.5
8.0
7.5
7.0
6.5
6.0
5.5
0

氧氧氧
根根根
根根根
根根根

氧氧氧

根根根

5

10

15

氧氧

20

25

30

Microbial Metabolism
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

Energy Metabolism
 Medical Important Metabolic Products
1. anabolic processes 根根根根

2. catabolic processes 根根根根


Energy Metabolism
 1.Cellular respiration

is the process cells use to
convert the energy in the chemical bonds of
nutrients to ATP energy. 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧 ATP 氧氧氧氧
 Aerobic respiration 氧氧氧氧
 Anaerobic respiration 氧氧氧氧
 2. Fermentation 氧氧

Metabolic Products and Biochemical
Testing
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 a.

Carbohydrate Fermentation Tests 氧氧氧氧氧

b. Methyl Red (MR) Test 氧氧氧氧氧
 氧氧氧→氧氧氧→氧氧氧氧氧氧
 氧氧氧→氧氧氧

氧氧氧氧氧
氧氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧 氧氧氧 +

c. Voges-Proskauer (VP) Test
氧氧氧→氧氧氧→氧氧氧氧氧氧 →氧氧氧→氧氧氧氧氧

+
氧氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧→氧氧氧

氧氧氧氧氧
氧氧氧氧氧

根

d.Citrate Utilization Test 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
氧
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧氧氧
氧氧氧氧氧

+
-

e. Indole Test 氧氧氧氧
 氧氧氧→氧氧→氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧氧氧
氧氧氧氧氧

Indol test

Methyl test

VP test

Citrate utilization test

I M Vi C 氧氧
根根根根根根根根根根

I
根根根根
根根根根

+
—

M
+
—

Vi

C

—
+

—
+

 f.

Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S ) Production 氧氧氧氧

氧
 g. Urease Test 氧氧氧氧氧

Synthetic Products
a. Pyrogen 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 This

is a fever-producing substance synthesized by
bacteria. 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
LPS/ 氧氧氧 / 氧氧氧氧氧 250℃ 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧 / 氧氧氧氧氧
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

b. Toxins and Invasive Enzyme
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 Exotoxin
 Invasive

Enzyme 氧氧氧氧氧 根

c. Pigments 氧氧
 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧
e. Bactericin 氧氧氧
f. Vitamins 氧氧氧
d. Antibiotics

Artificial Cultivation of Bacteria
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 Medium

氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

Classification according to basic
ingredients
 a.

Minimal essential growth medium 氧氧氧氧

氧
 b. Enrichment medium 氧氧氧氧氧
 c. Selective medium 氧氧氧氧氧
 d. Differential medium 氧氧氧氧氧

Classification according to
physical condition:
氧 liquid medium
 b 氧 solid medium
 C 氧 semisolid medium
a

Phenomena of bacterial growth
 In

liquid medium

 On

plate

 Semisolid

medium

氧氧氧

氧氧氧

Purposes of bacterial artificial
cultivation
 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 氧氧氧氧氧

designated by a Latin binominal
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
 Staphylococcus

(genus) aureus (species)

Bacterial Classification
氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧
氧 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧氧

氧 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧氧

氧 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧氧氧

氧 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧氧氧
3氧

氧 氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧氧

氧氧氧
氧氧氧

Some of the features
that have been used to
classify
bacteria


Gram stain (cell wall structure)
Mole percent G+C in the genome
Growth temperature
Ability to form heat stable spores
Electron acceptors for respiration (if any)
Photosynthetic ability
Motility
Cell shape
Ability to use various carbon and nitrogen sources
Special nutritional requirements (e.g., vitamins)