Significances from the use of adverbs ending with-ly modifying verbs of speaking in Sophie Kinsella`s Confession of A Shopaholic - USD Repository

  SIGNI WITH K

  IFICANC –LY MO KINSELL

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  J ENG DE CES FRO ODIFYING LA’S CON AN UND

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  E NG HIE PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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  1 ADVERB EAKING SHOPAH ESIS

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  ON OF A S UATE THE

  

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USE OF A S OF SPE

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  GLISH LET EPARTME FACU SANATA Y M THE U G VERBS NFESSIO ERGRADU

  Stude

  JONATHAN

  Letters

TTERS STU ENT OF EN ULTY OF DHARMA YOGYAKA

  

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A child educated only at school is an

uneducated child.

  

~George Santayana

It's so hard when I have to, and so easy when I want to. ~Annie Gottlier

  Follow your inner moonlight.

  ~A. Ginsberg I don’t know what the key to success is, but

the key to failure is trying to please everyone. ~Bill Cosby TO  MY  PARENTS  FOR 

  THEIR  LOVE 

  IN  MY EVERY  STEP  

  

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  Beyond my inner power, there must be Jesus Christ who always be with me and gives more faith in every decision I make. Therefore, a thank to Christ for accompanying me finishing this study so splendidly that I hope this study will not only enrich people’s knowledge academically but also enrich people’s humanism.

  Very much thanks I have to say to my advisor, Adventina Putranti, S.S, M. Hum. who does not only care about my thesis but motivates me a lot as well. Also for Elisa Dwi Wardhani, S.S, M. Hum. who has been patient to guide me in study until I arrive at this point. For Harris H. Setiadjid, S.S, M. Hum., thanks for your helpful hand in revising my thesis.

  The greatest thanks are for my family, to my mother, Fransis Samitri, who always supports me with love and care. I admit that sometimes I do not hear you, but my heart is always belongs to you and wherever you are, there is my home. My father, Max Jonathan, I thank you for your advice so that I can be who I am now. Also, to my sister, Sinta Dewi, S.E., who makes me realize that I am not alone in this world. I thanks for every supports that all of you give to me. It will be the precious treasure for the rest of my life.

  Big thanks I also present to Christiansent Panggabean as the one who has always been there when I need answer for everything (if he could not answer, I would ask Google), a shoulder to cry (seems like an old song, right? But it is true), and as somebody to share with in every situation. For my two fabulous girls, Antonia Rahayu, S.S. and Yovita Aurelia, thanks for being my friends since the very beginning of our time in this campus. It has been lovely time spent with you all. For Florentinus Agus, Widiana Martiningsih, S.S. and the rest of ‘baby-guys’ in Warung Kopi Lidah Ibu, thanks for your attention, encouragement, time, and space for me to do my thesis.

  Jonathan, Irene SartikaDewi PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  TABLE OF CONTENTS TITLE PAGE …………………………………………………………… i APPROVAL PAGE …………………………………………………….. ii ACCEPTANCE PAGE …………………………………………………. iii MOTTO PAGE …………………………………………………………. iv DEDICATION PAGE ………………………………………………….. v LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI KARYA

  ILMIAH UNTUK KEPENTINGAN AKADEMIS ……………………. vi ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………….. vii TABLE OF CONTENTS …………………………………………….…. viii LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS …………………………………..……… x LIST OF TABLES ……………………………………………………… xi LIST OF APPENDICES ………………………………………………... xii ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………….. xiii ABSTRAK ……………………………………………………………… xiv

  CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION ……………………………………….. 1 A. Background of the Study ……………………………………

  1 B. Problem Formulation ………………………………………..

  3 C. Objective of the Study ………………………………………

  4 D. Definition of Terms …………………………………………. 4

  CHAPTER II : THEORETICAL REVIEW …………………………….. 5 A. Review of Related Studies …………………………………… 5 B. Review of Related Theories …………………………………. 6

  1. Semantic Roles of Adverbials ……………………………. 6

  2. Grammatical Functions of Adverbials ……………………. 7

  3. Verbs of Speaking ………………………………………… 15

  4. Stylistics ………………………………………………….. 17

  C. Theoretical Framework ………………………………………. 19

  CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY ……………………………………… 20 A. Object of the Study ………………………………………….. 20 B. Method of the Study ………………………….……………… 21 C. Research Procedure …………………………………………. 22

  1. Kind of Data ……………………………………………… 22

  2. Data Collection …………………………………………… 22

  3. Data Analysis …………………………………………….. 22

  CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS………………………………………………. 23 A. The use of Adverbs ending with –ly modifying verbs of speaking……………………………………………………….. 23

  1. Position of Adverbs ending with –ly Modifying Verbs of Speaking …………………………………………………………….. 23 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  Verbs of Speaking ………………...…………...…………. 26

  3. Types of Adverbs ending with –ly Modifying Verbs of Speaking as They Used in Three Positions of occurrence ……..………. 29

  B. Significances Emphasized by the Author from the Use of Adverbs ending with –ly Modifying Verbs of Speaking to the Story in the Confession of a Shopaholic …………………………………. 30

  1. Narrator’s Point of View …………………………....……. 31

  2. Truth Value of Narrator’s point of view ……..….…..……. 35

  3. Contradiction between Narrator’s Actions and Thoughts …………………………………………..……… 37

  4. Conformity between Narrator’s Actions and Thoughts …………………………………….……………. 40

  5. Narrator’s Comment on the Content of saying …………… 45

  CHAPTER V : CONCLUSION ………………………………………… 50 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………. 52 APPENDICES …………………………………………………………… 53 APPENDIX 1 ……………………………………………………. 53 APPENDIX 2 ……………………………………………………. 79 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

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  LIST OF ABBREVIATION EP : End Positionoccurrence of adverbs ended with –ly modifying verb of speaking in the speech

  IP: Initial Position occurrence of adverbs ended with –ly modifying verb of speaking in the speech MP: Middle Position occurrence of adverbs ended with –ly modifying verb of speaking in the speech PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  LIST OF TABLE TABLE 1: SAMPLE OF THE OCCURRENCE OF ADVERBS ENDING

  WITH –LY IN ONE SPEECH.......................................................25 TABLE 2: GRAMMATICAL FUNCTIONS AND SEMANTIC ROLES OF

  ADVERB ENDING WITH –LY MODIFYING VERBS OF SPEAKING IN THE CONFESSION OF A SHOPAHOLIC IN AMOUNT.......................................................................................28

  TABLE 3: TYPES OF ADVERBS ENDING WITH –LY AS THEY ARE USED IN THREE POSITIONS OF OCCURENCES ..................29 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

  LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX 1: Categorization of the adverbs ending with –ly modifying verbs od speaking ................................................................................... 53 APPENDIX 2: The literal meaning of the verbs od speaking and the adverbs which modify them .....................................................................79 PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRACT

  JONATHAN, IRENE SARTIKA DEWI. Significances from the Use of Adverbs

  

Ending With –Ly Modifying Verbs of Speaking in Sophie Kinsella’s

Confession of a Shopaholic. Yogyakarta: Department of English Letters, Faculty

of Letters. Sanata Dharma University, 2011.

  Confession of a Shopaholic is one of bestselling popular novels in year

  2000 written by a British author, Sophie Kinsella. It tells the story of British woman in her twenties named Becky and her complication because of money spending and bank statements. Kinsella descriptively exposes Becky’s experience and charms the reader to see the world from a shopaholic point of view. In this thesis, the author’s way to describe the story which uses adverbs ending with –ly to modify verb of speaking is analyzed to find its significances.

  There are two problems formulated in this thesis. The first is the use of adverb end with –ly modifying verbs of speaking in the Confession of a

  

Shopaholic . The second is the significances that are emphasized by the author

  from the use of the adverbs ending with –ly modifying verbs of speaking to the story in the Confession of a Shopaholic.

  In this study, library research is used to find any source related to the style of writing. The writer uses syntactic and stylistics approach to answer the problem formulations.

  Findings from the first part of the analysis include position, grammatical functions and semantic roles. Adverbs ending with –ly modifying verbs of speaking occur 4 times in the initial position (IP), 103 times in the middle position (MP), and 198 times in the end position (EP). Grammatical functions and semantic roles of the adverbs are Content disjunct + Adverb of manner (occurs 31 times), Manner Adjucnt + Adverb of manner (occurs 268 times), and Style disjunct + Adverb of manner (occurs 6 times). Content disjunct + Adverb of manner occurs once in IP, 17 times in MP, and 3 times in EP. Manner Adjunct + Adverb of manner occurs once in IP, 181 times in MP, and 86 times in EP. Style disjunct + Adverb of manner never occurs in IP but 4 times in MP and twice in EP. Aspects that are succesfully delivered by the author by the use of adverbs ending with –ly modifying verbs of speaking are narrator’s comments on the content of saying, narrator’s point of view, the truth from main character’s point of view, contradiction between narrator’s sayings and thoughts, and conformity between narrator’s sayings and thoughts. All of these aspects help author also to develop characters’ personalization, characters’ expression and tone in speaking, characters’ manner management in speaking, and reader’s emotion engagement to the story from major character’s point of view. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

ABSTRAK

  JONATHAN, IRENE SARTIKA DEWI. Significance from the Use of Adverbs

  

Ending With –Ly Modifying Verb of Speaking in Sophie Kinsella’s

Confession of a Shopaholic. Yogyakarta: Program StudiSastraInggris,

FakultasSastra. UniversitasSanata Dharma, 2011.

  Confession of a Shopaholic adalah salah satu novel popular terlaris di

  tahun 2000 oleh pengarang berkebangsaan Inggris, Sophie Kinsella. Novel ini menceritakan kisah wanita berumur dua-puluhan bernama Becky dan kesulitannya karena pemborosan dan tagihan-tagihan dari bank. Kinsella secara apik menggambarkan pengalaman-pengalaman Becky dan berhasil memukau pembaca untuk dapat melihat dunia dari sudut pandang seseorang yang gila belanja. Dalam tesisi ni, cara pengarang untuk mendeskripsikan ceritanya dengan menggunakan kata keterangan berakhiran –ly untuk memodifikasi kata kerja bicara dianalisa untuk mengetahui signifikansinya.

  Rumusan masalah pertama dalam tesis ini adalah cara penggunaan kata keterangan berakhiran –ly untuk memodifikasi kata kerja bicara dalam Confession

  

of a Shopaholic . Yang kedua adalah signifikansi yang ditekankan oleh pengarang

  dari penggunaan keterangan berakhiran –ly untuk memodifikasi kata kerja bicara pada cerita dalam novel.

  Dalam tesis ini, kajian pustaka digunakan untuk memenuhi segala sumber mengenai gaya penulisan. Penulis menggunakan pendekatan sintaksis dan stilistika untuk menjawab rumusan masalah.

  Temuan di bagian pertama dalam analisis meliputi posisi, fungsi tata bahasa, dan fungsi semantik. Kata keterangan berakhiran –ly yang memodifikasi kata kerja bicara muncul 4 kali di posisi depan, 103 kali di tengah, dan 198 kali di posisi akhir. Fungsi tata bahasa dan semantic dari kata keterangan adalah konten terpisah + keterangan cara (muncul 32 kali), caratambahan + keterangan cara (268 kali), dan gaya terpisah + keterangan cara (6 kali). Konten terpisah + keterangan cara muncul satu kali di posisi awal, 17 kali di tengah, dan 3 kali di posisi akhir. Cara tambahan + keterangan cara muncul sekali di posisi awal, 181 kali di tengah, dan 86 kali di posisi akhir. Gaya terpisah + keterangan cara tidak pernah muncul di posisi awal tetapi muncul 4 kali di tengah dan dua kali di posisi akhir. Aspek yang sukses disajikan oleh pengarang dengan penggunaan kata keterangan ini adalah, komentar narator pada isi permbicaraan, sudut pandang narator, kebenaran isi pembicaraan menurut tokoh utama, kontradiksi antara pembicaraan dan pikiran narator kesesuaian antara keduanya. Semua aspek ini, membantu pengarang mengembangkan personalisasi karakter, ekspresi dan nada bicara karakter, pengaturan cara bicara karakter, dan keterlibatan emosi pembaca pada cerita dengan sudut pandang tokoh utama. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study Language is primarily spoken. In fact, we also engage to written language. Talking about written language, we might refer to certain form of text or any things that contain text such as newspaper, beverages menu, recipe, or novel. There must be something in a text that makes us able to denote a text type and

  also give name on it. Conversely, we can also make one of those types by choosing any use of language in a particular context which we can say as language variety. Language variety is a particular set of distinctive linguistic feature, representing a category of text given by a situation (Crystal, 1995: 290).

  Talking about choices in language use, we will arrive at one of the linguistics fields that studies style, called stylistics (Leech, 1981: 13). “We study a style because we want to explain something, and in general, literary stylistics has, implicitly and explicitly, the goal of explaining the relationship between language and artistic function”. In Beginning Theory: An introduction to literary and

  nd

cultural theory 2 edition , Barry says that stylistics is a critical approach using

  the methods and findings science of linguistic in the analysis of a literary text (2002: 203). In other words, stylistics obtains any linguistic matters that appear in the literary works or scientifically examines on the language structures and its contribution to overall meanings and effects. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI  

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  The focus of this study is the style in novel. Novel is one of literary works which uses a great number of linguistic aspects. Just like poetry, novel deals with large number of language applications, not only to construct its body but also to deliver its content or message esthetically. This study tries to describe the significance of some lexical choice that is used by the author.

  Sophie Kinsella’s Confession of Shopaholic is used in this discussion because this popular novel shows some characteristics in its use of language. The focus is on its use of adverb because the application of adverb in this novel is considerable in number and variation. Moreover, not like the verb which is an obligatory component of a clause, the use of adverb is optional in building a sentence. It is worthy to reckon how it builds the meaningfulness of the story by modifying the verbs. The adverbs will be observed by its semantic and syntactical class in which they perform as in page 19 in the novel at which I notice the various use of adverbs,

  I’ve always slightly uneasy around him. (1) It said that his IQ was phenomenally high and he had a photographical memory. (2) … I’m staring up at some boring graph, nodding intelligently… (3) I say, equally coolly. (4) “I know you journalists are terribly busy.” (5) In sentence (1) the semantic class of adverb slightly is as a diminisher subjunct to modify adjective. Different classes applied for the phenomenally in sentence (2) is as courtesy subjunct and terribly is as booster subjunct in (5) to PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI  

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  modify adjective. In sentence (3) adverb intelligently functions as a manner adjunct which modifies verb. Later, in sentence (4), the adverb equally modifies other adverb that is coolly which modifies the verbal process verb (say) and functions as a manner adjunct but equally itself functions as Equative conjunct.

  The author might not choose to use the adverb, but the character’s way and point of view in making utterances would not as clear and communicative as when she uses the adverb ending with –ly.

  This sort of examples derives my curiosity to the rest pattern of the use of adverbs in this novel and how it creates dynamic impression while reading it.

  Thus, this study is worthy because it adds reader’s understanding about English adverb through its various application in crafting an artistic literary work, especially in a novel. In the same way, this study adds a better understanding of a novel to the readers by recognizing one of the applied language features, which is adverb ending with –ly.

B. Problem Formulation

  According to the background mentioned above, two problems which are tried to be answered are formulated as follows:

  1. How are adverbs ending with –ly modifying verbs of speaking used in the

  Confession of a Shopaholic ?

  2. What significances are emphasized by the author from the use of the adverbs ending with –ly modifying verbs of speaking to the story in the

  Confession of a Shopaholic ? PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI  

PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI C.

   Objectives of the Study

  According to the problem formulations, this study attempts to observe the use of the adverbs ending with –ly modifying verbs of speaking in a literature work entitled Confession of a Shopaholic. The first to be identified is how the adverbs ending with –ly modifying verbs of speaking occur in the novel. The identification of their occurrence includes their positions and types. By noticing that, some given purposes from the author can be elicited. Aspects which are performed by the adverbs to the verbs of speaking will be recognized by their semantic roles and the grammatical function. The last is to discover the significances projected by the author from the use of adverbs ending with –ly modifying.

D. Definition of Terms

  In order to avoid misinterpreting in analyzing the data of this study, it is important to have understanding in several definitions of linguistics terminology and especially the terms in the stylistic field itself.

  1. Adverb ending with –ly: adverb built derivationally by adding suffix –ly to the adjective, usually will mean in …. manner or in … way with the adjective fill the vacant position.

  2. Verb of speaking: any verb which has some semantic properties related to the semantic properties of word ‘speak’ which are done by producing sound or using words, containing information or expressing a need of information.

   

  information about what is happening. They constitute a good case study of how temporal information gets shared in the common ground by triangulation between communicating agents in the world. Aspectual adverbs are often used in temporal reasoning, where premises affect the contextually determined reference time, shifting it at times to a later one during the interpretation of the premises.

  ( www.cssp.cnrs.fr/eiss5/ter-meulen/ter-meulen-eiss5.pdf ) Meulen’s study is relevant to this study because we will see the various kinds of English adverbs and observe the function of those adverbs in developing the story a novel. This is worthy every word because it shows how significant the role of the English adverb is in the written language as seen in the aim of this study. Meulen’s study is more or less aiming the same purposes with my study that is to evaluate adverbs to see the information that be shared by the adverb. But, the difference of this study and Meulen’s is that this study focuses only in the case of adverbs which occur with the verbs of speaking which based on the work’s prominence feature.

  Another similar thing is discussed in the “External Temporal Specification in English Verbs of Motion” by Nad ěžda Kudrnáčová.

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL REVIEW A. Review of Related Studies The former study relates to the application of English adverb is “The Dynamic Semantics of Aspectual Adverbs”. It is logically guaranteed to be veridical and directly referential, since it is caused by privileged access to the speaker’s private information state. Clauses with aspectual adverbs effectively combine factual and subjective

   

  It is interesting to note, however, that the adverb quickly in combination with telic motion verbs yields two semantic readings. With verbs of ‘directed motion’ (such as come back and arrive) which express ‘an achieved location’ (cf. Rappaport Hovav and Levin 1998:102), the adverb

  quickly may either mean that the act itself was performed quickly, or that

  the event occurred very soon – consider the sentence He quickly came

  back . That is, quickly with these verbs either marks short duration of

  movement (in the sense ‘temporal sum total of individual kinetic quanta’), or expresses the notion ‘without delay’. In the latter meaning, quickly not only refers to the movement as occurring soon after some other event, but also refers to the state of mind of the actor. In the light of this, quickly in this sense functions also as a subject-oriented adverb in that it expresses the quality demonstrated by the subject in carrying out the action.

  ( www.phil.muni.cz/angl/thepes/thepes_01_05.pdf ) Although the study above focuses of the motion verb, but in its examination also consider the use of adverbs that significantly contribute certain sense of meaning and functions and also the state of mind of the actor. This point of observe also be noticed in my study to discover semantic class and the grammatical function in order to determine the emphasizing idea which is shown by language behavior of the writer that patterned in the work of literature.

  Both of these studies shows that the English adverb, in this case adverbs ending with –ly, are researchable since the use of them is optional but has its own significance.

  Here are the adverbials categorized by their semantic role taken from A

  

Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language by Randolph Quirk. Adverbial

  roles as Space, this category has three aspects they are Position and Direction

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B. Review of Related Theories 1. Semantic roles of adverbials

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  Position and Duration (forward span [until] and backward span [since]), Frequency and Relationship. Adverbial roles as Process, they are Manner (casually, slowly), Means (in Math, by bus), Instrument (with a fork, using dictionary), Agentive (by John Æ Passive voice). Adverbial as Respect is to identify a relevant point in respect which the clause concerned derives its truth value. Adverbials roles as Contingency, they are to clarify Cause, Reason, Purpose, Result, Condition, and Concession. Adverbials roles as Modality: the three aspects of modality are to emphasize the positive or negative poles of statement. Adverbial roles as Degree are Amplification, which is concerned with asserting a generalized high degree and Diminution as its opposition.

2. Grammatical functions of adverbials

  There are four main division of grammatical function of adverbials.They are Adjunct, Subjunct, Disjunct, and Conjunct.

a. Adjunct

  Adjunct in sentence is only adverbial which complete sentence elements like Subject, Complement, and Object. Adjunct can also be the focus of cleft sentence. Adverb as adjunct generally has greater freedom position in the clause than other elements. Adjunct is further divided into two categories, they are: Predication (Obligatory and Optional) and Sentence. And here are the realizations of the semantic roles: PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI  

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i. Adjunct of space

  Adjunct of space has two groups relate to space or place. They are Position and Direction. Where verbs like be, live, and put take an obligatory predication adjunct, these verbs will be completed with the explanation of Position (on, in, at) or Direction (ahead, west, locally, here).

ii. Adjunct of time

  Adjunct of time is the adverb that explains any matter which is related to time. Some aspects are explain by the adjunct of time are position, duration/span, and frequency. The use of this adverb is markedly with the use of noun phrase or prepositional phrase for example: in 2000, at 10 o’clock. Further, the time position is divided into two modes of orientation. They are to denote a point or period of time (e.g. now ‘at this time’, simultaneously ‘at the same time’) and to give additional implication to another period of time (e.g. later ‘afterwards’ eventually ‘in the end’).

  The time duration/span adjunct is the adverb to give explanation relates to time as linear dimension. There are three types of this adjunct. First is forward span (e.g. until, till). Second is backward span (e.g. since, so far, and lately). Third is duration adjunct. Duration adjunct is divided into Definite Frequency and Indefinite frequency. Definite frequency is the times by which frequency is measured and if it is not measured, it is called indefinite frequency. Period frequency (e.g. daily, annually) and occasion frequency (e.g. twice, three times) belong to definite frequency. While indefinite frequency has usual occurrence PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI  

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  (e.g. commonly, usually), continuous (e.g. always, continually), high frequency (e.g. frequently, often), and low frequency (e.g. seldom, rarely)

iii. Process adjunct

  All four semantic types of process adjunct can be realized by prepositional

  

phrase . First is, Manner Adjunct which is performed by derivational adjective +

  suffix -ly usually can be paraphrased by in a … manner or in a … way where the adjective fill the blank position. It also serves the response to a How question. It is because how is only expected to elicit manner adjunct. Second is Means Adjunct: e.g. I go to mall by Taxi. The third is Instrument Adjunct: e.g. The Corruptor was killed by a knife. And the fourth is Agentive Adjunct: The royal wedding was seen by millions in television.

  iv. Respect Adjunct and Contingency Adjunct

  Respect adjunct is adverb that explains the content of sentence in its association with certain adjective as the related point. For example legally in this sentence, ‘She’s advising them legally.’ Legally means ‘with respect to law’. Meanwhile, Contingency Adjunct is realized by the prepositional phrases e.g.

  

because of , on account of (reason), for (purpose), if (condition), though

(concession).

b. Subjunct

  Subjunct as adverbial has criteria to explain a greater or lesser extent of a sentence where the adverb takes place. This category is divided to two big aspects; they are wide orientation and narrow orientation. Each of them is then divided to some further aspects. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI  

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i. Wide orientation

  Wide orientation is adverbial that explain a point of reference to be the superordinate of the whole clause in where the subjunct performs. This adverb is divided into two aspects; they are Viewpoint subjunct and Courtesy subjunct.

  

Viewpoint subjunct is roughly paraphrased by ‘if we consider what we are

  saying from an [adjective] point of view’ or ‘if we consider what we are saying from the point of view of [noun phrase]. View point subjunct is most commonly derived from adjectives by the addition of –ly suffix. For example: ‘architecturally, it is a magnificent conception’ means ‘from the architectural point of view, it is a magnificent conception’. Courtesy subjunct is chiefly by a small group of adverbs used in rather accepted expression of politeness and propriety. Courtesy subjunct require the active subject of the passive agent to be of personal reference. For example: ‘He kindly offered me a ride.’ ‘He’ is the active subject, ‘me’ is the passive agent’, and ‘kindly’ is the courtesy subjunct that expresses the filled requirement of politeness and propriety.

ii. Narrow Orientation

  Narrow Orientation is information about point of reference relates to individual clause element. This subjunct is divided into four aspects, they are: Item subjunct, Emphasizers, Intensifiers, and Focusing. Item subjunct effects a characterization of the referent of the element of clause. Item subjunct is distinguished into Subject Orientation (has a special relations with the Subject, e.g. ‘Casually, Leslie greeted the Stranger’ means ‘Leslie was casual’) and predication subjunct (has a special relation with the Verb, e.g. ‘She is really an PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI  

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  intelligent child’ here ‘really’ is part of the verb). Subject orientation is distinguished into General group and Volitional group. General group appears to be an open class. E.g. ‘For once, they have frankly admitted their mistakes.’

  

Volitional group has subject oriented adverb. E.g. deliberately, reluctantly,

purposely.

  Emphasizers Subjunct is concerned with expressing the semantic role of

  modality which has a underlining effect on the truth value of the clause part of the clause to which they apply. Most Emphasizers normally precede the item they emphasize. As subjunct, Emphasizers differ from adjuncts in several ways. 1. They cannot be contrasted with one another in alternative interrogation or alternative negation. 2. They cannot be the focus of focusing subjunct or a cleft sentence. 3. Cannot be the focus of clause comparison. 4. Cannot be premodified by however, how, and so. However, it sometimes can be premodified by quite or

  

very . This subjunct has two distinct groups: (A) actually, certainly, indeed,

plainly, surely (they are expressing the comment that what is said is true and seem

  to be free to co-occur with any verb or predication). (B) Frankly, honestly, simply,

  

fairly (they are conveying the speaker’s assertion that his words are the

  unvarnished truth. The addition of the comment or assertion in no way alters but merely emphasizes the truth of communication. This aspect is seemed to be limited.

  Intensifier Subjunct is generally concerned with the semantic category of

  Degree. An intensifying subjunct signifies the point on an abstractly conceived intensity scale and the point indicated may be relatively low or relatively high. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI  

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  extent’. They are Negative: barely, hardly, little, scarcely and Nonassertive: in the least, at all, a bit.

  Focusing Subjunct can draw attention to a part of sentence as wide as the

  predication or as narrow as a single constituent of an element. This subjunct can be Restrictive and Additive. Restrictive Subjunct which indicates that the utterance concerned is true in respect of the part focused has Exclusives that restrict the application of the utterance exclusively to the part focused: alone,

  

exactly, exclusively, merely , etc and Particularizers that restrict the application of

  the utterance predominantly to the part focused: chiefly, especially, largely,

  

mainly, purely, etc . Additive Subjunct indicates that the utterance concerned is

additionally true in respect of the part focused: again, also, either, equally, even,

similarly , etc.

c. Disjunct

  Disjunct has a superior role as compared with the sentence element. They are syntactically more detached and in some respect ‘superordinate’, in that way seem to have a scope that extent over the sentences as whole. Disjunct is divided into two subclasses. First is Style disjunct (conveying the speaker’s comment).

  The relationship between a style disjunct and the clause to which it is attached can be often the same formal item as the style disjunct is a process adjunct, with a verb of speaking, the subject of which is ‘I’. It draws attention not only to what is said by but to how it is said, it is often an implicit comment on language itself.

  Style disjunct is divided into Modality and Manner (e.g. truthfully, bluntly, if I PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI  

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  may say so, honestly, seriously, truly, briefly, blankly, etc.) and Respect (e.g. in broad terms, personally, generally, figuratively, literally, strictly, etc.) Second is Content disjunct which is divided Degree of truth and Value

  Judgment. Degree of truth is disjunct which presents a comment on the truth value of what it is said, expressing the extent to which, and condition under which speaker believes that what he is saying is true. This disjunct has three main groups: Group 1 express conviction, either as direct claim (undeniable) or as an appeal to general perception (evidently). E.g. admittedly, certainly, decidedly,

surely, undoubtedly, plainly, etc. Group 2 express some degree of doubt. E.g.

  

arguably, apparently, likely, maybe, perhaps, possibly, seemingly. Supposedly ,

etc.

  Value judgment expresses some evaluation of or attitude towards what is

  said. There are two main groups: Group 1 express judgment on what is being said as a whole and they formally apply the same judgment simultaneously to the subject of the clause. E.g. correctly, incorrectly, justly, wrongly, etc. Group 2 the judgment carries no implication that it applies to the subject of the clause. E.g.

  

amazingly, astonishingly, curiously, strangely, funnily, oddly (judge that what is

  said is strange or unexpected), appropriately, inevitably, naturally, predictably,

  

understandably (what is said is judged to be appropriate or expected), annoyingly,

disappointingly, pleasingly, delightfully (what is said is judge to be cause

  satisfaction or the reverse), unfortunately, fortunately, happily, unhappily, sadly (what is said is judge to be fortunate or unfortunate), amusingly, hopefully, mercifully, thankfully. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI   PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI d.

   Conjunct

  Conjunct is more like disjunct than adjunct in having a relatively detached and ‘superordinate’ role as compared with the other clause element. But it is unlike disjunct in not typically filling the semantic roles characteristic of adjunct. It has function as conjoining independingent units rather than one of contributing another facet of information to a single integrated unit. It is distinguished clearly in six subdivisions: Listing (first, second, correspondingly, equally, likewise, again, also, further, moreover), Summative (altogether, overall, then, therefore, thus, in sum), Appositive (namely, thus, in other, for instance, etc.) Resultive (accordingly, hence, now, so, therefore, as a result, etc.) Inferential (else, otherwise, in that case, etc.) Contrastive (better, rather, alternatively, again, better, worse, on the other hand, contrariwise, conversely, instead, anyhow, anyway, incidentally, by the way, meantime, meanwhile, originally)

3. Verb of Speaking

  Verb of speaking is to call any verb which has some semantic properties related to the semantic properties of word ‘speak’ which are done by producing sound or using words, contain information or express a need of information. The meanings of the verbs of speaking that are collected from the novel are manually searched in the Oxford Dictionary for Advance Learner. They are: a. Add: to say something more to make a further remark.

  b. Admit: to say that you have done something wrong or illegal.

  c. Agree: to say that you have the same opinion. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI