The influence of motivation toward Rebecca`s shopping disorder as seen in Sophie Kinsella`s Confession Of A Shopaholic - USD Repository
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THE INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION TOWARD REBECCA’S
SHOPPING DISORDER AS SEEN IN SOPHIE KINSELLA’S
CONFESSION OF A SHOPAHOLIC
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
Agustina Herni Lestari
Student Number: 0542140011
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2011
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THE INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION TOWARD REBECCA’S
SHOPPING DISORDER AS SEEN IN SOPHIE KINSELLA’S
CONFESSION OF A SHOPAHOLIC
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
Agustina Herni Lestari
Student Number: 0542140011
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2011
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This thesis is dedicated to:
MY BELOVED PARENTS,
MY CUTIEST SISTA EVER, CUNONK
And
ALL MY BESTFRIENDS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for His blessing me during
this thesis writing. His love is so real for me. Thank God....thank God....
My special gratitude for my major sponsor, Elisa Dwi Wardhani, S.S., M.
Hum. Thank you for your patience in guiding me during the very long thesis
writing. Thank you for giving me some advices and inspirations. My special
gratitude also for Maria Ananta, S.S., M. Ed.. who gives me so many advices,
spirit and faithful that I must keep going on.
For my Mom and Dad, who give me all the love you've got for me. I know
I can't be your best daughter, but this thesis is the best that I can give. May God
bless you.
For my little sista, thank you so much for your support, love and praying.
"Be a good daughter, my sist".
For all my classmates, Yusi, Ika, Oca, Karlina, Ichen, Bayu Kurus, Antok,
Ben, Dee-must, Deaa, Guntur, Kak Minto, Kak Ison, Kakak Tingkat Tak Berguna
and all my classmates, thank you for the time we share together, the ups and
downs.
Next, my beloved friends, Edhit, Emah, Sinta, Adrianus Leo Leo,
Chumiezzz "Carel", Bayu "Samijo", Pitix, Mas Iko, Miaaauuuwwww, Qtang, Cita
Citul, Helena Big Mama, Deeth@, Mama Germo, Adek, Mon2, Nez Si hitam
manis, Chipoetz, "Alejandro", Arin, Adek Een, Mbak Tika, Naylis, Kakak, Iboed
(Dea's boyfriend), Tini, my "TTM", you're the best I have ever had. I'm really
proud of having you, sist...
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TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE ............................................................................................................
APPROVAL ...................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT.................................................................................
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................
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CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
Background of the Study ............................................................
Problem Formulation ..................................................................
Objective of the Study ................................................................
Definition of Terms ...................................................................
1
5
5
5
CHAPTER II: THEORERICAL REVIEW ...............................................
7
A. Review of Related Studies .........................................................
B. Review of Related Theories .......................................................
1. Theory of Character and Characterization...........................
2. Theory of Motivation ..........................................................
3. Theory of Behavior .............................................................
4. Theory of Addication...........................................................
5. Theory of Consumerism ......................................................
6. Theory of Lifestyle and Consumption Choice.....................
C. Theoretical Framework...............................................................
1
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10
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18
20
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CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .............................................................
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A. Object of the Study .....................................................................
B. Method of the Study ...................................................................
C. Approach of the Study ................................................................
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CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ..........................................................................
A. The Character of Rebecca Bloomwood .....................................
a. Shopaholic ..........................................................................
b. Ambitious ...........................................................................
c. Independent .........................................................................
B. The Factors that Influence Rebecca's Motivation as Revealed
through Her Character ................................................................
a. Shopaholic ...........................................................................
b. Ambitious ............................................................................
c. Independent..........................................................................
C. The Influence of Rebecca's Motivation toward Her Behavior ...
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION.....................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ABSTRACT
AGUSTINA HERNI LESTARI (2011). THE INFLUENCE OF
MOTIVATION TOWARD REBECCA'S SHOPPING DISORDER AS SEEN
IN SOPHIE KINSELLA'S CONFESSION OFA SHOPAHOLIC. Yogyakarta:
Departement of English Letters. Faculty of Letters. University of Sanata Dharma,
2011.
This thesis analyzes a novel entitled Confession of a Shopaholic. This
analysis is focused on the main character Rebecca Bloomwood, as the main
character who is suffering from shopping problem. There are so many factors that
influence Rebecca to be a shopaholic. To make it more specific, the writer
formulates three problems related to the topic to help the analysis understandable.
The first problem analyzes the character of Rebecca. This part analyzes
some important characteristics of Rebecca. It is the ground to deal with the second
problem which is the factors that influence Rebecca Bloomwood's motivation as
revealed through her characterization. The last problem is to reveal motivation
which influences her behavior.
Theory of motivation as the main theory is used by the writer because this
theory strongly supports the analysis of Rebecca's motivation in doing shopping.
Theory of behavior is also used to help the writer analyze Rebecca's behavior
which is influenced by her own motivation. The writer also uses a library
research: primary and secondary sources. The primary source is the novel itself
and the secondary source is some supported-books and the data from the internet.
Based on the two theories above, the writer concludes that motivation and
behavior are connected to each other. More intense behaviors are considered to be
the result of higher levels of motivation. The motivation is based on the two
combinations, external factor called incentives and internal factors called drives.
These two statements prove that Rebecca is really motivated by shopping and she
will do anything to possess some stuff. She craves for recognition and compliment
after she put some famous branded stuff she just bought on herself. She called
herself the girl in Denny and George Scarf. The background of her family and her
surrounding influence her to do more shopping. What Rebecca had done is
unlearned behavior because it is independent from training or observation. It
comes from what Rebecca has learned in the past. The fact revealed that Rebecca
uses instinct when she shops.
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ABSTRAK
Agustina Herni Lestari (2011). The Influence of Emotion and Motivation
toward Rebecca's Shopping Disorder as Seen in Sophie Kinsella's Confession
of a Shopaholic. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma.
Thesis ini menganalisis sebuah novel berjudul Confession of a Shopaholic.
Analisis ini di fokuskan ke Rebecca Bloomwood, seorang yang mengalami
masalah dengan belanja. Dalam novel, dia diceritakan sebagai seseorang yang gila
belanja. Ada banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi dia untuk menjadi seorang
penggila belanja. Untuk lebih spesifik, penulis merumuskan tiga masalah yang
berhubungan dengan topik untuk membantu analisis ini supaya bisa lebih
dipahami.
Masalah pertama menganalisis tentang karakter Rebecca. Bagian ini
menjelaskan beberapa karakteristik penting Rebecca. Ini menjadi dasar yang
berkaitan dengan masalah kedua, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi
Rebecca sebagaimana di ungkap lewat karakternya. Masalah terakhir adalah untuk
mengetahui motivasi Rebecca mempengaruhi tingkah lakunya.
Teori motivasi sebagai teori utama digunakan oleh penulis karena teori ini
sangat mendukung dalam menganalisa motivasi Rebecca dalam melakukan
belanja. Teori tingkah laku juga digunakan untuk membantu penulis menganalisa
tingkah laku Rebecca yang dipengaruhi oleh motivasinya sendiri. Penulis
menggunakan studi pustaka: sumber utama dan swmber pendukung. Sumber
utama adalah novel itu sendiri dan sumber pendukung adalah beberapa buku
pendukung dan data-data dari internet.
Berdasarkan dua teori di atas, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa motivasi dan
tingkah laku saling melengkapi satu sama lain. Semakin giat tingkah laku
dianggap sebagai hasil tingginya motivasi. Motivasi didasarkan pada dua
kombinasi, faktor luar yang dinamakan insentif dan faktor dalam yaitu dorongan
atau keinginan. Dua pernyataan ini membuktikan bahwa Rebecca sangat
termotivasi untuk belanja dan dia akan melakukan apapun untuk memiliki barangbarang itu. Dia menginginkan sebuah penghargaan dan pujian setelah dia
memakai barang-barang bermerk yang baru saja dia beli: Dia menyebut dirinya
sendiri wanita dalam selendang Denny and George. Latar belakang keluarga dan
sekitarnya mempengaruhinya untuk lebih berbelanja. Apa yang Rebecca telah
lakukan adalah tingkah laku yang tidak dia pelajari karena ini bebas dari pelatihan
dan penelitian. Ini berasal dari apa yang Rebecca alami di masa lalu. Fakta lain
mengungkapkan bahwa Rebecca menggunakan insting ketika dia berbelanja.
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
There are so many themes that can be chosen in creating a novel. There are so
many messages we receive after reading that novel. Those messages are delivered
by the character in the novel. One of the themes is about a shopaholic. It is taken
from the novel, Sophie Kinsella’s “Confession of a Shopaholic”. It is a teen lit
novel. This theme can be more interesting than the other which is talk about
triangle love, friendship, etc. The novel tells about the life of the main character,
Rebecca Bloomwood or Becky as a shopaholic. When we read this novel, we
think about someone who likes shopping very much. She spends too much money.
We could imagine her bringing a lot of shopping bags in her right and left hand.
She is satisfying herself and shopping is a part of her life. There is some kind of
satisfy feeling after they do shopping although those things they bought were not
really important. It is about prestige and lifestyle for woman, especially if she
buys a high class bag, shoes or clothes. They want to be a trendsetter between
ordinary women. But, shopaholic is more than that. There are so many
motivations behind it. It is not more than just a prestige. Becky, as the main
character, realizes that her hobby brings her into some trouble. It influences the
relationship between Becky herself and other people surround her.
There are many motivations for a shopaholic to go shopping, According to
Kalish (1983: 30) one of the most common measure assumes that the more
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motivated a person is, the harder he/ she will work to satisfy his/ her desire. This
statement is suitable with the main character’s behavior, Becky. She does
everything in order to get the high class clothes or scarf, etc, sometimes in a
strange way, she also receives whatever the consequences. The more she wants,
the more she makes an effort in order to get those things. It does not make sense
that she buys a lot of clothes, bags, and accessories at the same time, and it seems
impossible for us to do that. She spends more money just for the things that she
does not really want to have. The shopaholic may think that it also does not make
sense for them but they feel addicted of shopping. They feel obsessed with the
expensive bag, shoes, scarf, etc. Obsession is an unconscious situation and it does
not make sense. It is difficult to get out of this situation. In fact, a person who is
obsessed to something, in reality they don’t want to be obsessed to something and
they can not avoid this situation. They know that it does not make sense. For
easier explanation we can take an example of drug addiction (e.g. alcoholism),
video game addiction, work addiction, compulsive overeating, problem gambling,
computer addiction, nicotine addiction, pornography addiction, etc. the term
“addicted” refers to an obsession, compulsion, or excessive psychological
dependence. Addicted sometimes applied to compulsions that are not substancerelated, such as problem gambling and computer addiction. In these kinds of
common usages, the term addiction is used to describe a recurring compulsion by
an individual to engage in some specific activity, despite harmful consequences,
as deemed by the user himself to his or her individual health, mental state or
social life. For additer, they realize that they fall into the addicted situation but
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they also confuse why they can’t overcome this situation. They feel pain if they
want to get out of this situation. They obsess to drugs, video game, nicotine,
pornography, etc.
All behavior is affected by three broad classes of stimuli. These three classes
are: (1) the stimuli being immediately attended to; (2) all other stimuli present at
the time which serve as a context for the first type of stimuli, and (3) all other
determinations of behavior such as past experience and organism factors, which
interact with the current stimulation. The pooled effect of these classes of stimuli
constitutes what Helson calls the “adaptation level” for the organism which is uses
as reference point for making discriminations and judgment concerning its
immediate environment.
This novel could be analyzed in many points of view. In this thesis, the writer
analyzes the influence of emotion and motivation toward Rebecca’s shopping
disorder behavior.
According to Kalish (1973) many people like to believe that they always
understand their own motives and those they never do anything without knowing
why. The idea of unconscious motivation implies that they are not in full control
of their own behavior. Rebecca can not control her hobby, window shopping. She
will do something strange to get the things that she wants in a unique way. She
knows and realizes that her hobby will lead her into a bad condition but she thinks
that by doing that, her willingness of shopping will be met. This novel tries to
describe the situation of the main character. A window shopper is caused by
psychological factor such as motivation and emotion. Emotion brings us to do
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something good or even bad. Emotion influences someone’s behavior. Acoording
to Jung (1978:4) motivation is about causes and reasons underlying behavior. Our
behavior is a response to someone’s behavior or situation, because we will always
response in order to adapt, to against or to show our feeling toward it. If we feel
hungry, we will eat or we will do something to get some food. Our emotion rise
when we find some delicious food. We want to eat more and more. It is the same
meaning with a shopaholic. The emotion will rise after she finds something new
and interesting, although it is very expensive. She has to have it.
McClland (1985: 128) also stated that emotion is an important part of the
motivational system and amplifies its effect on behavior. Emotion influences
someone’s motivation to do something that is revealed in his/ her behavior as the
result of his/ her emotion. His/ her behavior (as a result of his emotion) might be
directed toward someone else or something. Therefore, someone’s behavior may
increase our emotion and we will be motivated by our emotion to react in our
behavior as a response toward his/ her behavior to us.
The writer chooses to analyse “Confession of a Shopaholic” written by
Sophie Kinsella. There are some reasons that support the writer to analyze it. The
story involves feeling of emotion of the main character. There are some reasons
that base the writer to analyze the contribution of emotion and motivation toward
Becky’s behavior. The motivation is observed through Becky’s behavior. In
addition, all the people’s behavior cannot be separated from emotional and
motivation. Therefore, the writer is interested in analyzing how the motivation
influence Becky’s behavior.
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The writer will limit the discussion in emotion and motivation that influence
Becky’s behavior and also the influence of emotion and motivation toward
Becky’s behavior.
B. Problem Formulation
1. How is Rebecca Bloowood characterized in Confession of a Shopaholic?
2. What are the factors that influence Rebecca Bloomwood’s motivation as
revealed through her characteristics?
3. How does Rebecca’s motivation influence her behavior?
C. Objective of the Study
The objectives of this study are to answer the questions formulated in
problem formulation. Firstly, the writer has to find out how Rebecca Bloomwood
is characterized. Secondly, the writer wants to find the factors that influence
Becky’s emotion and motivation. And the last is to know how the influence of
emotion and motivation toward Becky’s behavior.
D. Definition of Terms
Here are the terms that the writer wants to explain about:
1. “Motivation”
Petri stated that motivation is the concept we use when we describe the
forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior.
More intense behaviors are considered to be the result of higher levels of
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motivation. Additionally, we often use the concept of motivation to
indicate the direction of behavior. When you are hungry, you direct your
behavior in ways to get food. Our thought, feelings, and attitudes can
motivate us. (Petri, 1981: 4).
2. “Confession” means a statement that a person makes, statement admitting
or embarrassed about. (A.S. Hornby, 2000: 256).
3. “Shopaholic” means a compulsive shopper. (Jewell., J Elizabeth and Frank
Abate, 2005: 1568).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Confession of a Shopaholic was published in 2003 by Sophie Kinsella.
After publishing the novel, it makes Kinsella the bestselling author by the New
York Times version. In fact, she got a lot praises after publishing the novel. USA
Today stated that this novel is a hilarious tale, hijinks worthy of classic I Love
Lucy episodes, too good too pass up. The PEOPLE stated that Kinsella’s
Bloomwood is plucky and funny. You won’t have to shop around to find a more
winning protagonist. Sophie Kinsella wrote a romantic comedy about a
shopaholic, mixing the emotions that a shopping addict feels with the distraction
of a blossoming love. Sophie Kinsella is the author of the bestselling Shopaholic
series, they are Shopaholic Takes Manhanttan, Shopaholic Ties the Knot,
Shopaholic and Sister and the last is Can You Keep a Secret? (Shopaholic Series
by Sophie Kinsella, 2001)
The earlier novels in the series, Confession of a Shopaholic, received a
generally positive reception from some critics. It is interesting that Kinsella begins
each chapter with an ominous letter to Becky from her bank. Readers seemed to
like Becky, care about what was happening to her, as if for a friend. When it
comes to reviewing this book, many readers agree that Sophie Kinsella has
managed to combine two essential ingredients that make for favorite among
readers: abundant flashes of humor and a sense of humor. Woman identified with
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the character and her situation. This book was considered better than the later
books which appeared to have excessively quickly, although they would still
satisfy those already faithful to the series.
Astrid Khairunnisa in her Undergraduate Thesis “Satirical Representation
of the Late 20th Century Cosmopolitan London Woman Seen Through Rebecca to
Reveal Criticism on Consumptive Lifestyle in Kisella’s Confession of a
Shopaholic” proved that Rebecca Bloomwood is the representation of the late 20th
century cosmopolitan London woman. Khairunisa found that one of the
characteristic of Rebecca is shopaholic. The story mostly tell the readers about the
purchase activities which have done by Rebecca, the major characteristic who has
strong desire and obsession of shopping. Shopping is her hobby and true addiction
for her. Rebecca has a great desire for shopping. Rebecca is also impressed by the
word “sale”. Her emotion is getting rise when she sees the word “sale” in front of
the shop window. For her, shopping is no longer an activity but it is a highly
pleasurable moment.
Sophie Kinsella had hypnotized many readers through her novels. Roberta
O'Hara thinks that CONFESSION OF A SHOPAHOLIC will make you a Sophieholic. You will be addicted and continue to read the next shopaholic series:
SHOPAHOLIC TAKES MANHATTAN and SHOPAHOLIC TIES THE KNOT.
Sophie Kinsella wrote a romantic comedy about a shopaholic, mixing the
emotions that a shopping addict feels with the distraction of a blossoming love.
Kinsella always maintain the quality of her books so that her loyal fans have never
pass to read her novels. Kinsella is apparently like a magic for them.
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After launching “Confession of a Shopaholic”, there are a lot of media and
journalists who wants to interview her. One of them was Carol Fitzgerald from
Bookreporter.com Co-Founder. This is the interview between Fitzgerald and
Kinsella:
BRC:
Why
do
you
think
that
readers
love
Becky?
SK: I think there is a bit of Becky in all of us. People love to laugh at their
own flaws --- and who hasn't bought some totally useless item because it
was half-price? She is in some ways shallow and silly, but she is also
incredibly warm, loving and feisty --- and always resourceful. The
interview
held
on
November
14,
2003.
(http://www.bookreporter.com/authors/au-kinsella-sophie.asp).
From the interview above, Kinsella writes a novel based on the real situation in
life. She writes about what people always do in the real life. She tries to make sure
that there are some messages after reading the novel. Rebecca’s turning point was
the interesting point of the novel. Rebecca was not a well-managed person at the
beginning of the story, she could not cover her financial problem and it was
ruining her life. At last, she could get out of her problem and she turn to be a
better person.
The similar ideas between Khairunnisa, O’Hara and Fitzgerald are about
the life of a shopaholic, although each of us uses different topic to be analyzed.
The writer uses Confession of a Shopaholic, the same novel that is used by
Khairunissa. From her thesis, the writer knows that Rebecca Bloomwood is the
representation of the Late 20th Century Cosmopolitan London Woman, and try to
reveal what factors influence Rebecca’s emotion and motivation through her
characteristics and how Rebecca’s emotion and motivation shapes to her behavior.
As the main character, Rebecca is described as a shopping addict. The glamorous
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lifestyle makes her become a shopaholic which is leading her to the shopping
addict. That’s the example of factors that influence her emotion and motivation
which is reflected through her characterization.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Characters are the most important part of literary works especially in a
novel, short stories and play. There are two kinds of characters, they are round
characters (complex in temperament, difficult to describe with any adequate as a
person in a real life and capable of surprising us) and a flat characters which is
presented without much individualizing detail. M.H. Abram in A Glossary of
Literary Terms shares the idea about character:
“Characters are the person presented in dramatic or
narrative works that are interpreted by the reader as being endowed
with moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from
what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it -the
dialogue- and from they do –the action-. The grounds of the
character’s temperament, desires and moral nature of their speech
and actions are called their motivation. A character may remain
essentially “stable” or “unchanged” in outlook and disposition,
from the beginning until the end of the work, or may undergo a
radical change, either through a gradual process of development.”
(Abram, 1999: 33).
In Aspect of the Novel, E. M. Forster introduced popular new terms for an
old distinction by discriminating between flat and round characters. A flat
character is built around “a single idea or quality” and is presented without much
individualizing detail and therefore can be fairly described in a single phrase or
sentence. A round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is
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represented with subtle particularity; such as a character therefore is as difficult to
describe with any adequacy as a person in a real life and like real person, is
capable of surprising us. (Forster, 1927: 33).
In her other book, E. M. Forster explain more detail about the definition of
the character. Forster divided character into two categories; they are flat and
round characters. Flat character has only one outstanding trait or feature, or at
most a few distinguishing marks, and tend to stay the same throughout a story.
Round characters present us with more facets, greater depth in their portrait,
more generous detail and often change – learn or becoming enlightened, grow or
deteriorate. Round character may appear to us only as he appears to the other
characters in the story. (Forster, 1927: 61).
Other expert says that most stories consist of a central character, which is
relevant to every event in the story, usually the events cause some change in him
or in our attitude toward him. The character’s reason for behaving in certain way
is called motivation. His specific motivation is his reason, perhaps unconscious,
for any particular speech or act. His basic motivation can show his character, it
can be found throughout the story. His dialogue, speech, action and behavior can
also show his character. Through our knowledge of the character, we can
understand their actions; through their actions, we understand the characters.
(Stanton, 1965: 17-18).
Characters must have characterization. Characterization is divided into two
categories, showing and telling. Showing (also called dramatic method) means
the author simply presents the characters talking and acting and leaves the reader
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to infer the motives and dispositions that lie behind what they say and do. The
author may show not only external speech and actions; but also character’s inner
thoughts, feelings, responsiveness to events. Telling means the author intervenes
authoritatively in order to describe and often to evaluate the motive and the
dispositional qualities of the characters. (Abrams, 1999:34)
Boggs, in his book, Art of Watching Films, stated that there are eight
basic ways in analyzing the characterization. They are:
1. Characterization by appearance
The characterization device deals with the description of
character’s appearance and clothes, facial, expression, and manner.
2. Characterization by the reactions of other characters
The character can be explained through the others character’s
opinion in the novel. The way other characters view a person often serves
as an excellent means of characterization (Boggs, 1978: 47).
3. Characterization by speech
We can understand the characterization of the character through
what he/she says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in
conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is
giving us some clue to his/ her character.
4. Characterization by past life
We can understand the characterization of the character by
knowing something about his or her events in the past life. Through the
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events in the past of the character, we can catch the clue to events that
shape the person’s character.
5. Characterization by reactions
Knowing the reactions of each situation is the way to understand
the person’s characterization.
6. Characterization by choice of name
An important method of characterization is the use of name
possessing qualities of meaning or connotation to help describe the
character. For example: a name Dick Tracy is rather clear and has
connotation meaning. Dick is a slang word for detective and Tracy is the
fact that detectives “trace” the criminal case (Boggs, 1978: 50).
2.
Theory of Motivation
A simple but accurate definition of motivation is not easy. It must be able
to include terms that refer to such diverse states as desires, wishes, plans, goals,
intents, impulses and purposes.
Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or
within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. The concept of motivation is
also used to explain differences in the intensity of behavior. More intense
behaviors are considered to be the result of higher levels of motivation.
Additionally, motivation indicates the direction of behavior. For example: when
you are hungry, you direct your behavior in ways to get some food. Motivation
leads us to understand the characteristic of different goals and directing our
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behavior appropriately. Our thoughts, feelings, and attitudes can motivate us. For
example: we believe that we want to be successful at a task, we work harder and
more diligent in order to get the best mark of the task. We live socially. We are
socially motivated. We interact with others, and these interactions motivate our
behavior. (Petri, 1981: 3-4). Our social situation has a large influence on our
behavior because the presence of others alters our motivation (Petri, 1981: 6). Our
interactions with others can also be motivating. Research in social psychology has
pointed to the power of the group in motivating us to conform and to the power of
authority figures in motivating us to obey. Also, social situations have a large
influence on our behavior because the presence of others alters our motivation.
(Petri: 6).
The theory of motivation is also proposed by Jay Braun (1938: 359). He
stated that something that is more than a simple external stimulus is needed to
evoke goal-directed behavior. The psychological concept of motivation is based
on the combination of external motivational stimuli, called incentives and the
internal motivational factors, or we may call it as drives. The internal drive
activates and result some goals and the external drive is the goal itself. The idea of
incentives is a reward “work backward” to “strengthen” responses in some sense.
The rewards are the effective determinant of behavior. Incentives are often said to
energize behavior, but are described as “pulling” rather than “pushing”.
Other theory about incentives motivation said that it illustrated by the
story below. Bob drove the highway looking both right and left at the restaurant
signs. It was almost noon and he had not had anything except coffee since lunch
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yesterday. He had worked all night, on a new advertising promotion for the bank
and just moment before, finished it. The position of senior advertising analyst had
recently opened up and he thought that it was a good chance for him. It was
something he had worked toward for the last 3 years and his promotion now
hinged on this one project. Incentives are also described as some object that
motivates us. Incentives, then, are generally important for us either to reach or to
avoid. Incentives motivate behavior. This can be seen in Bob’s story. A strong
motivation existed in him to gain the promotion to senior advertising analyst.
It influences his behavior for several years. Another point to observe in Bob’s
story is incentives are not wired but are learned. The concept of incentives as
motivators of behavior has been useful tool in attempting to explain why people
do the things they do. Its use in theory recognizes the objects or events can modify
and influence our behavior and above physical needs. Motivation learns why the
people behave in a certain way. So, our motivation determines our behavior.
Most of our behavior are generally evaluated or judged against some of
quality or excellence of performance. We are not content merely to perform tasks,
but rather we strive for certain standards of mastery, accomplishment and
achievement in doing them. The musician, just like the athlete or craftsman,
practices in order to attain some ideal state of perfection. Some of the incentives
for the dedicated pursuit of achievement come from social factors such as
prestige, and the recognition and admiration of other people. It should be noted
that such admiration frequently comes from other people who themselves value
and might wish to achieve equal feats. In addition to social factors, achievement is
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also rewarded by motivators such as money and other material benefits. (
Petri:135)
3.
Theory of Behavior
In fact, our behavior is instinctive. It is based on McDougall’s
book which stated:
All behavior is instinctive. Instincts are more than just disposition to react
in a particular way. Every instinct was seen as consisting of three
components: the cognitive, the affective, and the conative (McDougall,
1970).
The cognitive aspect of the instinct is the “knowing” of an object that can
satisfy the instinct. The affective component is the feeling (i.e emotion) that the
object can arise in the organism. The conative aspect of the instinct is a striving
toward or away from the object. What is meant by cognitive is the understanding
of the process we use when we interpret information in order to understand the
motivation of behavior. The affective is about the feeling that object can ignite
instinct. The conative is the decision whether or not someone or something come
or leave the object. Therefore, every behavior consists of thought concerning
those goals that will satisfy the motive, subjective emotions that are aroused by
the behavior and purposive striving aimed at reaching the goal.
4.
Theory of Addiction
a.
Theory of Shopping Addiction
The conventional view of “addiction” is as impaired control over a reward-
seeking (usually drug taking) behaviour from which harm ensues. It is all-or-none,
but matter of degree. Its severity can be assessed, amongst other thing, by a
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frequency or intensity of behavior that is causing harm and failure of serious
attempts to limit or cease the activity. If the user lose the drugs, the absence of the
drug leads to phsysiology dysfucntion which make the user suffer from. An addict
is someone who needed to take a drug in order to maintain normal physiological
functioning. With this mind, it seems obvious that addiction needs to be based on
a theory of motivation: addiction is a disorder of motivation. The theory is based
on theory motivation that focuses on the moment-to-moment control of actions
through causal pathways of varying lengths and levels of complexity from simple
reflexes, through impulses and inhibitory forces, then desires, drives and
emotional states, to evaluations and plans, the brain has evolved to be inherently
unstable. It emphasises the fact that any element to influence behavior, it must do
so through impulses and inhibitory forces operating at the time. Addiction can be
usefully viewed as a symthom rather than as a unitary disorder. Addiction
involves a chronic condition of the motivational system (the system of forces that
energise and direct our actions) ( West, 2006: 3-6).
An addiction is something we can’t stop doing without some kind of
intervention; but then so are breathing and compulsive behaviors, perhaps
there’s a lack of rational justification for the addiction and some sense that
the addiction itself continues to “make us do it” (and the judgment that the
addiction is “bad”). Addiction is something you don’t need to do (not
something connected to survival) but you can’t stop yourself doing (not
without help/ suffering/ effort). (West, 2006: 13).
Addiction work because both our mind and the physiological systems
force us to do something that make us inherently unstable and require constants
balancing input to avoid unwanted results. Addiction need our powerful energy to
escape from some feeling bad or sad. To fulfill the addiction, it needs a system
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which is called motivational system. The motivational system is the system of
forces that energise and direct our actions. It consists of motives and plans.
Motives operates through impulses and inhibitions and evaluation operates
through motives. Plans influence actions through impulses, motives or evaluation.
The strength of a given motive derives from the strength of associated emotions
and drives. The direction of the motives derives from the nature of the drives and
wheter the emotions are positive or negative. ( West, 2006: 7).
5.
Theory of Consumerism
An expert, Willis, said that consumption became deeply implicated in
discussions of the construction of subjectivity, most especially the construction of
self and identity (Willis 1991; Nava 1992). Consumption is continuing concern
with space and place. In particular, space and place are seen as crucial elements of
consumer identities (Mort 1996: 204-5). Consumption is the study of consumer
behavior. It is the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups
select, purchase, use or dispose of product, services, ideas, or experiences to
satisfy needs and desire. Consumers take many forms, ranging from an eight-yearold begging her mother for Gummy Bears to an executive in a large corporation
deciding on a multi-million-dollar computer system. The objects that are
consumed can include anything from canned peas, a massage, democracy, or rap
music, to other people (e.g., the images of rock stars). Needs and desires to be
satisfied range from hunger and thirst to love, status, or even spiritual fulfillment.
A consumer is generally thought as a person who identifies a need or desire, make
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purchase, and then dispose of the product during the three stages in the
consumption process. In many cases, however, different people may be involved
in the process. Another person or thing may act as an influencer, providing
recommendations for or against certain product without actually buying or using
them. Finally, consumers may be organizations or groups, in which one person
may make the decisions involved in purchasing products that will be used.
(Solomon, 1994: 8).
There is motivation when people do shopping. Motivation is the process
that causes people to behave as they do. It occurs when a need is aroused that the
consumer wishes to satisfy. Once a need has been activated, a state of tension
exists that drives the consumer to attempt to reduce or eliminate the need. The
desired end state is the consumer’s goal. A basic need can be satisfy any number
of ways, and the specific path a person chooses is influenced by his or her unique
set of experiences, cultural upbringing, and so on. These factors combine to create
a want, which is one manifestation of a need. For example, hunger is a basic need
that must be satisfied by all; the lack of food creates a tension state that can be
reduced by intake of such cheeseburgers, double fudge Oreo cookies, raw fish or
bean sprout. Once the goal is attained, tension is reduced and motivation recedes
(for the time being). Motivation can be described in terms of strength, or the pull
it exerts on the consumer, and its directions, or the particular way the consumer
attempts to reduce motivational tension. (Solomon, 1994: 81-82).
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6.
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Theory of Lifestyle and Consumption Choices
In a modern society, people are freer to select the set of products, services,
and activities that define themselves and, in turn, create a social identity that is
communicated to others. One’s choice of goods and services indeed makes a
statement about which one is and about the types of people with which one desires
to identify (Solomon, 1994: 438).
Lifestyle can be described in terms of shared values or tastes, especially as
these are reflected in consumption patterns. Consumers often choose products,
services, and activities over others because they are associated with certain
lifestyle. They sort themselves into groups on the basis of the things they like to
do, how they like to spend their leisure time, and how they choose to spend their
disposal income. One’s lifestyle represent the way one has selected to allocate
income, both in terms of relative allocations to different products and services and
to specific alternatives within these categories. (Solomon, 1994: 438-439).
C. Theoretical Framework
Some theories are used in order to support the writer in answering the
problem formulation. The theories are theory of character and characterization,
motivation and behavior and theory of consumerism.
Theory of character and characterization is used to exploring the
characteristic of Rebecca Bloomwood as the main character. The writer finds that
Rebecca is a shopaholic. She addicted to go shopping and buys some branded
bags and outfits. Based on the Abram’s theory which is stated that they are two
types of character, round (unstable or “change”) and flat character (stable or
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“unchanged”), the writer found that Rebecca’s character turned to be a better side.
It is called round character.
Theory of motivation and behavior are used to examine Rebecca’s
emotion and motivation that leads her to behavior. There are some aspects that
base the emotion and motivation of her.
Theory of consumerism relate to the Rebecca’s lifestyle. She makes a
purchase based on her emotion and motivation she fell at that time. Shopping
becomes her hobby. She can not avoid the ‘sale’ board in front of the shop. The
influence of her environment motivates her to go shopping. She looks for her own
identity by purchasing a lot branded outfits. A true shopaholic, like Rebecca will
only stick to brand names such as Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Prada, Armani, Versace
(http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Shopaholic/45117). Rebecca was not shown to
experience any of the negative emotions associated with the addictive cycle. She
was shown to experience excitement and ecstasy during her shopping trips, but
she did not seem to have any negative feelings about it, such as disappointment,
which usually occur in shopping addiction after a purchase has been made. The
negative consequences were mostly limited to other people's reactions to her lies
and debt.
(http://addictions.about.com/od/lesserknownaddictions/tp/shopaholic.htm).
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this thesis is one of Sophie Kinsella’s shopaholic series,
Confession of a Shopaholic, a Brit chic-lit novel. This novel is one of
Kinsella’s famous works and it is her first novel. It won a lot of prizes from
her fans and some magazines and editors. New York Times awarded her as
Bestseller Author. This novel was published in New York in 2001 by Bantam
Dell and consists of 348 pages.
Sophie Kinsella wrote a romantic comedy about a shopaholic, mixing the
emotions that a shopping addict feels with the distraction of a blossoming
love. The interesting thing is when she puts the VISA Bill letter in the first
page of the novel. Rebecca Bloomwood, as the main character, 25 years old
woman living in a fabulous flat in London's trendiest neighborhood. She lives
with Suze, her glamorous socialite friends. The only trouble is that she can't
actually afford her hobby, shopping. She is a true shopaholic. Her job writing
at Successful Savings don’t help her to get out of her financial problem. Becky
has been chased by dismal letters from Visa and the Endwich Bank, the letters
with large red sums she can't bear to read. She tries cutting back; she even
tries making more money, but none of her efforts succeeds. The pages of the
book tell about her career and her hobby and the last pages tell about her way
to get out from her financial problem.
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B. Method of the Study
This study is a library research. There were two kinds of sources, primary
and secondary sources. The primary source is the main source for this thesis.
The primary source is the novel itself, Confession of a Shopaholic by Shopie
Kinsella. The secondary sources are all the sources that support the analysis.
They are the reviews, the theories, the approach, and some data from the
Internet.
The writer takes some steps to analyze the novel. The first step was
reading the novel many times. The writer wants to have the deeper
understanding about the novel before going to the next step. The second step
formulate some problems arouse in the story and then put them in the problem
formulation. The next step was collecting all the supporting data about
Kinsella’s Confession of a Shopaholic. The data were taken from library and
internet. The writer gathered some theories to support the analysis. The writer
found the theory of emotion, motivation and behavior from Psychology Today
written by Petri’s, Roger’s, Maslow’s, Jay Braun’s and Paul. T. Young. This
book was used to see the relation between emotion, motivation and behavior.
Theory of Consumption was also needed to support the analysis. This theory
was taken from Consumer Behaviour by Michael. R. Solomon. The writer
moves to the next step, which is applying those theories to analyze the
problem. And the last step was drawing the conclusion.
C. Approach of the Study
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Rene Wellek in his book, theory of Literature said that the term
psychological literature has four possible understanding. The first is the study
of psychology of the author as an individual, the second is t
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THE INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION TOWARD REBECCA’S
SHOPPING DISORDER AS SEEN IN SOPHIE KINSELLA’S
CONFESSION OF A SHOPAHOLIC
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
Agustina Herni Lestari
Student Number: 0542140011
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2011
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THE INFLUENCE OF MOTIVATION TOWARD REBECCA’S
SHOPPING DISORDER AS SEEN IN SOPHIE KINSELLA’S
CONFESSION OF A SHOPAHOLIC
AN UNDERGRADUATE THESIS
Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements
For the Degree of Sarjana Sastra
In English Letters
By
Agustina Herni Lestari
Student Number: 0542140011
ENGLISH LETTERS STUDY PROGRAMME
DEPARTMENT OF ENGLISH LETTERS
FACULTY OF LETTERS
SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY
YOGYAKARTA
2011
i
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This thesis is dedicated to:
MY BELOVED PARENTS,
MY CUTIEST SISTA EVER, CUNONK
And
ALL MY BESTFRIENDS
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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS
First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ for His blessing me during
this thesis writing. His love is so real for me. Thank God....thank God....
My special gratitude for my major sponsor, Elisa Dwi Wardhani, S.S., M.
Hum. Thank you for your patience in guiding me during the very long thesis
writing. Thank you for giving me some advices and inspirations. My special
gratitude also for Maria Ananta, S.S., M. Ed.. who gives me so many advices,
spirit and faithful that I must keep going on.
For my Mom and Dad, who give me all the love you've got for me. I know
I can't be your best daughter, but this thesis is the best that I can give. May God
bless you.
For my little sista, thank you so much for your support, love and praying.
"Be a good daughter, my sist".
For all my classmates, Yusi, Ika, Oca, Karlina, Ichen, Bayu Kurus, Antok,
Ben, Dee-must, Deaa, Guntur, Kak Minto, Kak Ison, Kakak Tingkat Tak Berguna
and all my classmates, thank you for the time we share together, the ups and
downs.
Next, my beloved friends, Edhit, Emah, Sinta, Adrianus Leo Leo,
Chumiezzz "Carel", Bayu "Samijo", Pitix, Mas Iko, Miaaauuuwwww, Qtang, Cita
Citul, Helena Big Mama, Deeth@, Mama Germo, Adek, Mon2, Nez Si hitam
manis, Chipoetz, "Alejandro", Arin, Adek Een, Mbak Tika, Naylis, Kakak, Iboed
(Dea's boyfriend), Tini, my "TTM", you're the best I have ever had. I'm really
proud of having you, sist...
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TABLE OF CONTENT
TITLE ............................................................................................................
APPROVAL ...................................................................................................
ACKNOWLEDGMENTS ............................................................................
TABLE OF CONTENT.................................................................................
ABSTRACT .................................................................................................
ABSTRAK .................................................................................................
i
ii
iv
v
vii
viii
CHAPTER I: INTRODUCTION .................................................................
1
A.
B.
C.
D.
Background of the Study ............................................................
Problem Formulation ..................................................................
Objective of the Study ................................................................
Definition of Terms ...................................................................
1
5
5
5
CHAPTER II: THEORERICAL REVIEW ...............................................
7
A. Review of Related Studies .........................................................
B. Review of Related Theories .......................................................
1. Theory of Character and Characterization...........................
2. Theory of Motivation ..........................................................
3. Theory of Behavior .............................................................
4. Theory of Addication...........................................................
5. Theory of Consumerism ......................................................
6. Theory of Lifestyle and Consumption Choice.....................
C. Theoretical Framework...............................................................
1
10
10
13
16
17
18
20
20
CHAPTER III: METHODOLOGY .............................................................
22
A. Object of the Study .....................................................................
B. Method of the Study ...................................................................
C. Approach of the Study ................................................................
22
23
24
CHAPTER IV: ANALYSIS ..........................................................................
A. The Character of Rebecca Bloomwood .....................................
a. Shopaholic ..........................................................................
b. Ambitious ...........................................................................
c. Independent .........................................................................
B. The Factors that Influence Rebecca's Motivation as Revealed
through Her Character ................................................................
a. Shopaholic ...........................................................................
b. Ambitious ............................................................................
c. Independent..........................................................................
C. The Influence of Rebecca's Motivation toward Her Behavior ...
25
26
26
30
31
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32
33
45
46
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CHAPTER V: CONCLUSION.....................................................................
BIBLIOGRAPHY
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ABSTRACT
AGUSTINA HERNI LESTARI (2011). THE INFLUENCE OF
MOTIVATION TOWARD REBECCA'S SHOPPING DISORDER AS SEEN
IN SOPHIE KINSELLA'S CONFESSION OFA SHOPAHOLIC. Yogyakarta:
Departement of English Letters. Faculty of Letters. University of Sanata Dharma,
2011.
This thesis analyzes a novel entitled Confession of a Shopaholic. This
analysis is focused on the main character Rebecca Bloomwood, as the main
character who is suffering from shopping problem. There are so many factors that
influence Rebecca to be a shopaholic. To make it more specific, the writer
formulates three problems related to the topic to help the analysis understandable.
The first problem analyzes the character of Rebecca. This part analyzes
some important characteristics of Rebecca. It is the ground to deal with the second
problem which is the factors that influence Rebecca Bloomwood's motivation as
revealed through her characterization. The last problem is to reveal motivation
which influences her behavior.
Theory of motivation as the main theory is used by the writer because this
theory strongly supports the analysis of Rebecca's motivation in doing shopping.
Theory of behavior is also used to help the writer analyze Rebecca's behavior
which is influenced by her own motivation. The writer also uses a library
research: primary and secondary sources. The primary source is the novel itself
and the secondary source is some supported-books and the data from the internet.
Based on the two theories above, the writer concludes that motivation and
behavior are connected to each other. More intense behaviors are considered to be
the result of higher levels of motivation. The motivation is based on the two
combinations, external factor called incentives and internal factors called drives.
These two statements prove that Rebecca is really motivated by shopping and she
will do anything to possess some stuff. She craves for recognition and compliment
after she put some famous branded stuff she just bought on herself. She called
herself the girl in Denny and George Scarf. The background of her family and her
surrounding influence her to do more shopping. What Rebecca had done is
unlearned behavior because it is independent from training or observation. It
comes from what Rebecca has learned in the past. The fact revealed that Rebecca
uses instinct when she shops.
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ABSTRAK
Agustina Herni Lestari (2011). The Influence of Emotion and Motivation
toward Rebecca's Shopping Disorder as Seen in Sophie Kinsella's Confession
of a Shopaholic. Yogyakarta: Jurusan Sastra Inggris, Fakultas Sastra, Universitas
Sanata Dharma.
Thesis ini menganalisis sebuah novel berjudul Confession of a Shopaholic.
Analisis ini di fokuskan ke Rebecca Bloomwood, seorang yang mengalami
masalah dengan belanja. Dalam novel, dia diceritakan sebagai seseorang yang gila
belanja. Ada banyak faktor yang mempengaruhi dia untuk menjadi seorang
penggila belanja. Untuk lebih spesifik, penulis merumuskan tiga masalah yang
berhubungan dengan topik untuk membantu analisis ini supaya bisa lebih
dipahami.
Masalah pertama menganalisis tentang karakter Rebecca. Bagian ini
menjelaskan beberapa karakteristik penting Rebecca. Ini menjadi dasar yang
berkaitan dengan masalah kedua, faktor-faktor yang mempengaruhi motivasi
Rebecca sebagaimana di ungkap lewat karakternya. Masalah terakhir adalah untuk
mengetahui motivasi Rebecca mempengaruhi tingkah lakunya.
Teori motivasi sebagai teori utama digunakan oleh penulis karena teori ini
sangat mendukung dalam menganalisa motivasi Rebecca dalam melakukan
belanja. Teori tingkah laku juga digunakan untuk membantu penulis menganalisa
tingkah laku Rebecca yang dipengaruhi oleh motivasinya sendiri. Penulis
menggunakan studi pustaka: sumber utama dan swmber pendukung. Sumber
utama adalah novel itu sendiri dan sumber pendukung adalah beberapa buku
pendukung dan data-data dari internet.
Berdasarkan dua teori di atas, penulis menyimpulkan bahwa motivasi dan
tingkah laku saling melengkapi satu sama lain. Semakin giat tingkah laku
dianggap sebagai hasil tingginya motivasi. Motivasi didasarkan pada dua
kombinasi, faktor luar yang dinamakan insentif dan faktor dalam yaitu dorongan
atau keinginan. Dua pernyataan ini membuktikan bahwa Rebecca sangat
termotivasi untuk belanja dan dia akan melakukan apapun untuk memiliki barangbarang itu. Dia menginginkan sebuah penghargaan dan pujian setelah dia
memakai barang-barang bermerk yang baru saja dia beli: Dia menyebut dirinya
sendiri wanita dalam selendang Denny and George. Latar belakang keluarga dan
sekitarnya mempengaruhinya untuk lebih berbelanja. Apa yang Rebecca telah
lakukan adalah tingkah laku yang tidak dia pelajari karena ini bebas dari pelatihan
dan penelitian. Ini berasal dari apa yang Rebecca alami di masa lalu. Fakta lain
mengungkapkan bahwa Rebecca menggunakan insting ketika dia berbelanja.
xi
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CHAPTER I
INTRODUCTION
A. Background of the Study
There are so many themes that can be chosen in creating a novel. There are so
many messages we receive after reading that novel. Those messages are delivered
by the character in the novel. One of the themes is about a shopaholic. It is taken
from the novel, Sophie Kinsella’s “Confession of a Shopaholic”. It is a teen lit
novel. This theme can be more interesting than the other which is talk about
triangle love, friendship, etc. The novel tells about the life of the main character,
Rebecca Bloomwood or Becky as a shopaholic. When we read this novel, we
think about someone who likes shopping very much. She spends too much money.
We could imagine her bringing a lot of shopping bags in her right and left hand.
She is satisfying herself and shopping is a part of her life. There is some kind of
satisfy feeling after they do shopping although those things they bought were not
really important. It is about prestige and lifestyle for woman, especially if she
buys a high class bag, shoes or clothes. They want to be a trendsetter between
ordinary women. But, shopaholic is more than that. There are so many
motivations behind it. It is not more than just a prestige. Becky, as the main
character, realizes that her hobby brings her into some trouble. It influences the
relationship between Becky herself and other people surround her.
There are many motivations for a shopaholic to go shopping, According to
Kalish (1983: 30) one of the most common measure assumes that the more
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motivated a person is, the harder he/ she will work to satisfy his/ her desire. This
statement is suitable with the main character’s behavior, Becky. She does
everything in order to get the high class clothes or scarf, etc, sometimes in a
strange way, she also receives whatever the consequences. The more she wants,
the more she makes an effort in order to get those things. It does not make sense
that she buys a lot of clothes, bags, and accessories at the same time, and it seems
impossible for us to do that. She spends more money just for the things that she
does not really want to have. The shopaholic may think that it also does not make
sense for them but they feel addicted of shopping. They feel obsessed with the
expensive bag, shoes, scarf, etc. Obsession is an unconscious situation and it does
not make sense. It is difficult to get out of this situation. In fact, a person who is
obsessed to something, in reality they don’t want to be obsessed to something and
they can not avoid this situation. They know that it does not make sense. For
easier explanation we can take an example of drug addiction (e.g. alcoholism),
video game addiction, work addiction, compulsive overeating, problem gambling,
computer addiction, nicotine addiction, pornography addiction, etc. the term
“addicted” refers to an obsession, compulsion, or excessive psychological
dependence. Addicted sometimes applied to compulsions that are not substancerelated, such as problem gambling and computer addiction. In these kinds of
common usages, the term addiction is used to describe a recurring compulsion by
an individual to engage in some specific activity, despite harmful consequences,
as deemed by the user himself to his or her individual health, mental state or
social life. For additer, they realize that they fall into the addicted situation but
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they also confuse why they can’t overcome this situation. They feel pain if they
want to get out of this situation. They obsess to drugs, video game, nicotine,
pornography, etc.
All behavior is affected by three broad classes of stimuli. These three classes
are: (1) the stimuli being immediately attended to; (2) all other stimuli present at
the time which serve as a context for the first type of stimuli, and (3) all other
determinations of behavior such as past experience and organism factors, which
interact with the current stimulation. The pooled effect of these classes of stimuli
constitutes what Helson calls the “adaptation level” for the organism which is uses
as reference point for making discriminations and judgment concerning its
immediate environment.
This novel could be analyzed in many points of view. In this thesis, the writer
analyzes the influence of emotion and motivation toward Rebecca’s shopping
disorder behavior.
According to Kalish (1973) many people like to believe that they always
understand their own motives and those they never do anything without knowing
why. The idea of unconscious motivation implies that they are not in full control
of their own behavior. Rebecca can not control her hobby, window shopping. She
will do something strange to get the things that she wants in a unique way. She
knows and realizes that her hobby will lead her into a bad condition but she thinks
that by doing that, her willingness of shopping will be met. This novel tries to
describe the situation of the main character. A window shopper is caused by
psychological factor such as motivation and emotion. Emotion brings us to do
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something good or even bad. Emotion influences someone’s behavior. Acoording
to Jung (1978:4) motivation is about causes and reasons underlying behavior. Our
behavior is a response to someone’s behavior or situation, because we will always
response in order to adapt, to against or to show our feeling toward it. If we feel
hungry, we will eat or we will do something to get some food. Our emotion rise
when we find some delicious food. We want to eat more and more. It is the same
meaning with a shopaholic. The emotion will rise after she finds something new
and interesting, although it is very expensive. She has to have it.
McClland (1985: 128) also stated that emotion is an important part of the
motivational system and amplifies its effect on behavior. Emotion influences
someone’s motivation to do something that is revealed in his/ her behavior as the
result of his/ her emotion. His/ her behavior (as a result of his emotion) might be
directed toward someone else or something. Therefore, someone’s behavior may
increase our emotion and we will be motivated by our emotion to react in our
behavior as a response toward his/ her behavior to us.
The writer chooses to analyse “Confession of a Shopaholic” written by
Sophie Kinsella. There are some reasons that support the writer to analyze it. The
story involves feeling of emotion of the main character. There are some reasons
that base the writer to analyze the contribution of emotion and motivation toward
Becky’s behavior. The motivation is observed through Becky’s behavior. In
addition, all the people’s behavior cannot be separated from emotional and
motivation. Therefore, the writer is interested in analyzing how the motivation
influence Becky’s behavior.
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The writer will limit the discussion in emotion and motivation that influence
Becky’s behavior and also the influence of emotion and motivation toward
Becky’s behavior.
B. Problem Formulation
1. How is Rebecca Bloowood characterized in Confession of a Shopaholic?
2. What are the factors that influence Rebecca Bloomwood’s motivation as
revealed through her characteristics?
3. How does Rebecca’s motivation influence her behavior?
C. Objective of the Study
The objectives of this study are to answer the questions formulated in
problem formulation. Firstly, the writer has to find out how Rebecca Bloomwood
is characterized. Secondly, the writer wants to find the factors that influence
Becky’s emotion and motivation. And the last is to know how the influence of
emotion and motivation toward Becky’s behavior.
D. Definition of Terms
Here are the terms that the writer wants to explain about:
1. “Motivation”
Petri stated that motivation is the concept we use when we describe the
forces acting on or within an organism to initiate and direct behavior.
More intense behaviors are considered to be the result of higher levels of
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motivation. Additionally, we often use the concept of motivation to
indicate the direction of behavior. When you are hungry, you direct your
behavior in ways to get food. Our thought, feelings, and attitudes can
motivate us. (Petri, 1981: 4).
2. “Confession” means a statement that a person makes, statement admitting
or embarrassed about. (A.S. Hornby, 2000: 256).
3. “Shopaholic” means a compulsive shopper. (Jewell., J Elizabeth and Frank
Abate, 2005: 1568).
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CHAPTER II
THEORETICAL REVIEW
A. Review of Related Studies
Confession of a Shopaholic was published in 2003 by Sophie Kinsella.
After publishing the novel, it makes Kinsella the bestselling author by the New
York Times version. In fact, she got a lot praises after publishing the novel. USA
Today stated that this novel is a hilarious tale, hijinks worthy of classic I Love
Lucy episodes, too good too pass up. The PEOPLE stated that Kinsella’s
Bloomwood is plucky and funny. You won’t have to shop around to find a more
winning protagonist. Sophie Kinsella wrote a romantic comedy about a
shopaholic, mixing the emotions that a shopping addict feels with the distraction
of a blossoming love. Sophie Kinsella is the author of the bestselling Shopaholic
series, they are Shopaholic Takes Manhanttan, Shopaholic Ties the Knot,
Shopaholic and Sister and the last is Can You Keep a Secret? (Shopaholic Series
by Sophie Kinsella, 2001)
The earlier novels in the series, Confession of a Shopaholic, received a
generally positive reception from some critics. It is interesting that Kinsella begins
each chapter with an ominous letter to Becky from her bank. Readers seemed to
like Becky, care about what was happening to her, as if for a friend. When it
comes to reviewing this book, many readers agree that Sophie Kinsella has
managed to combine two essential ingredients that make for favorite among
readers: abundant flashes of humor and a sense of humor. Woman identified with
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the character and her situation. This book was considered better than the later
books which appeared to have excessively quickly, although they would still
satisfy those already faithful to the series.
Astrid Khairunnisa in her Undergraduate Thesis “Satirical Representation
of the Late 20th Century Cosmopolitan London Woman Seen Through Rebecca to
Reveal Criticism on Consumptive Lifestyle in Kisella’s Confession of a
Shopaholic” proved that Rebecca Bloomwood is the representation of the late 20th
century cosmopolitan London woman. Khairunisa found that one of the
characteristic of Rebecca is shopaholic. The story mostly tell the readers about the
purchase activities which have done by Rebecca, the major characteristic who has
strong desire and obsession of shopping. Shopping is her hobby and true addiction
for her. Rebecca has a great desire for shopping. Rebecca is also impressed by the
word “sale”. Her emotion is getting rise when she sees the word “sale” in front of
the shop window. For her, shopping is no longer an activity but it is a highly
pleasurable moment.
Sophie Kinsella had hypnotized many readers through her novels. Roberta
O'Hara thinks that CONFESSION OF A SHOPAHOLIC will make you a Sophieholic. You will be addicted and continue to read the next shopaholic series:
SHOPAHOLIC TAKES MANHATTAN and SHOPAHOLIC TIES THE KNOT.
Sophie Kinsella wrote a romantic comedy about a shopaholic, mixing the
emotions that a shopping addict feels with the distraction of a blossoming love.
Kinsella always maintain the quality of her books so that her loyal fans have never
pass to read her novels. Kinsella is apparently like a magic for them.
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After launching “Confession of a Shopaholic”, there are a lot of media and
journalists who wants to interview her. One of them was Carol Fitzgerald from
Bookreporter.com Co-Founder. This is the interview between Fitzgerald and
Kinsella:
BRC:
Why
do
you
think
that
readers
love
Becky?
SK: I think there is a bit of Becky in all of us. People love to laugh at their
own flaws --- and who hasn't bought some totally useless item because it
was half-price? She is in some ways shallow and silly, but she is also
incredibly warm, loving and feisty --- and always resourceful. The
interview
held
on
November
14,
2003.
(http://www.bookreporter.com/authors/au-kinsella-sophie.asp).
From the interview above, Kinsella writes a novel based on the real situation in
life. She writes about what people always do in the real life. She tries to make sure
that there are some messages after reading the novel. Rebecca’s turning point was
the interesting point of the novel. Rebecca was not a well-managed person at the
beginning of the story, she could not cover her financial problem and it was
ruining her life. At last, she could get out of her problem and she turn to be a
better person.
The similar ideas between Khairunnisa, O’Hara and Fitzgerald are about
the life of a shopaholic, although each of us uses different topic to be analyzed.
The writer uses Confession of a Shopaholic, the same novel that is used by
Khairunissa. From her thesis, the writer knows that Rebecca Bloomwood is the
representation of the Late 20th Century Cosmopolitan London Woman, and try to
reveal what factors influence Rebecca’s emotion and motivation through her
characteristics and how Rebecca’s emotion and motivation shapes to her behavior.
As the main character, Rebecca is described as a shopping addict. The glamorous
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lifestyle makes her become a shopaholic which is leading her to the shopping
addict. That’s the example of factors that influence her emotion and motivation
which is reflected through her characterization.
B. Review of Related Theories
1. Theory of Character and Characterization
Characters are the most important part of literary works especially in a
novel, short stories and play. There are two kinds of characters, they are round
characters (complex in temperament, difficult to describe with any adequate as a
person in a real life and capable of surprising us) and a flat characters which is
presented without much individualizing detail. M.H. Abram in A Glossary of
Literary Terms shares the idea about character:
“Characters are the person presented in dramatic or
narrative works that are interpreted by the reader as being endowed
with moral, intellectual, and emotional qualities by inferences from
what the persons say and their distinctive ways of saying it -the
dialogue- and from they do –the action-. The grounds of the
character’s temperament, desires and moral nature of their speech
and actions are called their motivation. A character may remain
essentially “stable” or “unchanged” in outlook and disposition,
from the beginning until the end of the work, or may undergo a
radical change, either through a gradual process of development.”
(Abram, 1999: 33).
In Aspect of the Novel, E. M. Forster introduced popular new terms for an
old distinction by discriminating between flat and round characters. A flat
character is built around “a single idea or quality” and is presented without much
individualizing detail and therefore can be fairly described in a single phrase or
sentence. A round character is complex in temperament and motivation and is
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represented with subtle particularity; such as a character therefore is as difficult to
describe with any adequacy as a person in a real life and like real person, is
capable of surprising us. (Forster, 1927: 33).
In her other book, E. M. Forster explain more detail about the definition of
the character. Forster divided character into two categories; they are flat and
round characters. Flat character has only one outstanding trait or feature, or at
most a few distinguishing marks, and tend to stay the same throughout a story.
Round characters present us with more facets, greater depth in their portrait,
more generous detail and often change – learn or becoming enlightened, grow or
deteriorate. Round character may appear to us only as he appears to the other
characters in the story. (Forster, 1927: 61).
Other expert says that most stories consist of a central character, which is
relevant to every event in the story, usually the events cause some change in him
or in our attitude toward him. The character’s reason for behaving in certain way
is called motivation. His specific motivation is his reason, perhaps unconscious,
for any particular speech or act. His basic motivation can show his character, it
can be found throughout the story. His dialogue, speech, action and behavior can
also show his character. Through our knowledge of the character, we can
understand their actions; through their actions, we understand the characters.
(Stanton, 1965: 17-18).
Characters must have characterization. Characterization is divided into two
categories, showing and telling. Showing (also called dramatic method) means
the author simply presents the characters talking and acting and leaves the reader
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to infer the motives and dispositions that lie behind what they say and do. The
author may show not only external speech and actions; but also character’s inner
thoughts, feelings, responsiveness to events. Telling means the author intervenes
authoritatively in order to describe and often to evaluate the motive and the
dispositional qualities of the characters. (Abrams, 1999:34)
Boggs, in his book, Art of Watching Films, stated that there are eight
basic ways in analyzing the characterization. They are:
1. Characterization by appearance
The characterization device deals with the description of
character’s appearance and clothes, facial, expression, and manner.
2. Characterization by the reactions of other characters
The character can be explained through the others character’s
opinion in the novel. The way other characters view a person often serves
as an excellent means of characterization (Boggs, 1978: 47).
3. Characterization by speech
We can understand the characterization of the character through
what he/she says. Whenever a person speaks, whenever he is in
conversation with another, whenever he puts forward an opinion, he is
giving us some clue to his/ her character.
4. Characterization by past life
We can understand the characterization of the character by
knowing something about his or her events in the past life. Through the
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events in the past of the character, we can catch the clue to events that
shape the person’s character.
5. Characterization by reactions
Knowing the reactions of each situation is the way to understand
the person’s characterization.
6. Characterization by choice of name
An important method of characterization is the use of name
possessing qualities of meaning or connotation to help describe the
character. For example: a name Dick Tracy is rather clear and has
connotation meaning. Dick is a slang word for detective and Tracy is the
fact that detectives “trace” the criminal case (Boggs, 1978: 50).
2.
Theory of Motivation
A simple but accurate definition of motivation is not easy. It must be able
to include terms that refer to such diverse states as desires, wishes, plans, goals,
intents, impulses and purposes.
Motivation is the concept we use when we describe the forces acting on or
within an organism to initiate and direct behavior. The concept of motivation is
also used to explain differences in the intensity of behavior. More intense
behaviors are considered to be the result of higher levels of motivation.
Additionally, motivation indicates the direction of behavior. For example: when
you are hungry, you direct your behavior in ways to get some food. Motivation
leads us to understand the characteristic of different goals and directing our
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behavior appropriately. Our thoughts, feelings, and attitudes can motivate us. For
example: we believe that we want to be successful at a task, we work harder and
more diligent in order to get the best mark of the task. We live socially. We are
socially motivated. We interact with others, and these interactions motivate our
behavior. (Petri, 1981: 3-4). Our social situation has a large influence on our
behavior because the presence of others alters our motivation (Petri, 1981: 6). Our
interactions with others can also be motivating. Research in social psychology has
pointed to the power of the group in motivating us to conform and to the power of
authority figures in motivating us to obey. Also, social situations have a large
influence on our behavior because the presence of others alters our motivation.
(Petri: 6).
The theory of motivation is also proposed by Jay Braun (1938: 359). He
stated that something that is more than a simple external stimulus is needed to
evoke goal-directed behavior. The psychological concept of motivation is based
on the combination of external motivational stimuli, called incentives and the
internal motivational factors, or we may call it as drives. The internal drive
activates and result some goals and the external drive is the goal itself. The idea of
incentives is a reward “work backward” to “strengthen” responses in some sense.
The rewards are the effective determinant of behavior. Incentives are often said to
energize behavior, but are described as “pulling” rather than “pushing”.
Other theory about incentives motivation said that it illustrated by the
story below. Bob drove the highway looking both right and left at the restaurant
signs. It was almost noon and he had not had anything except coffee since lunch
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yesterday. He had worked all night, on a new advertising promotion for the bank
and just moment before, finished it. The position of senior advertising analyst had
recently opened up and he thought that it was a good chance for him. It was
something he had worked toward for the last 3 years and his promotion now
hinged on this one project. Incentives are also described as some object that
motivates us. Incentives, then, are generally important for us either to reach or to
avoid. Incentives motivate behavior. This can be seen in Bob’s story. A strong
motivation existed in him to gain the promotion to senior advertising analyst.
It influences his behavior for several years. Another point to observe in Bob’s
story is incentives are not wired but are learned. The concept of incentives as
motivators of behavior has been useful tool in attempting to explain why people
do the things they do. Its use in theory recognizes the objects or events can modify
and influence our behavior and above physical needs. Motivation learns why the
people behave in a certain way. So, our motivation determines our behavior.
Most of our behavior are generally evaluated or judged against some of
quality or excellence of performance. We are not content merely to perform tasks,
but rather we strive for certain standards of mastery, accomplishment and
achievement in doing them. The musician, just like the athlete or craftsman,
practices in order to attain some ideal state of perfection. Some of the incentives
for the dedicated pursuit of achievement come from social factors such as
prestige, and the recognition and admiration of other people. It should be noted
that such admiration frequently comes from other people who themselves value
and might wish to achieve equal feats. In addition to social factors, achievement is
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also rewarded by motivators such as money and other material benefits. (
Petri:135)
3.
Theory of Behavior
In fact, our behavior is instinctive. It is based on McDougall’s
book which stated:
All behavior is instinctive. Instincts are more than just disposition to react
in a particular way. Every instinct was seen as consisting of three
components: the cognitive, the affective, and the conative (McDougall,
1970).
The cognitive aspect of the instinct is the “knowing” of an object that can
satisfy the instinct. The affective component is the feeling (i.e emotion) that the
object can arise in the organism. The conative aspect of the instinct is a striving
toward or away from the object. What is meant by cognitive is the understanding
of the process we use when we interpret information in order to understand the
motivation of behavior. The affective is about the feeling that object can ignite
instinct. The conative is the decision whether or not someone or something come
or leave the object. Therefore, every behavior consists of thought concerning
those goals that will satisfy the motive, subjective emotions that are aroused by
the behavior and purposive striving aimed at reaching the goal.
4.
Theory of Addiction
a.
Theory of Shopping Addiction
The conventional view of “addiction” is as impaired control over a reward-
seeking (usually drug taking) behaviour from which harm ensues. It is all-or-none,
but matter of degree. Its severity can be assessed, amongst other thing, by a
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frequency or intensity of behavior that is causing harm and failure of serious
attempts to limit or cease the activity. If the user lose the drugs, the absence of the
drug leads to phsysiology dysfucntion which make the user suffer from. An addict
is someone who needed to take a drug in order to maintain normal physiological
functioning. With this mind, it seems obvious that addiction needs to be based on
a theory of motivation: addiction is a disorder of motivation. The theory is based
on theory motivation that focuses on the moment-to-moment control of actions
through causal pathways of varying lengths and levels of complexity from simple
reflexes, through impulses and inhibitory forces, then desires, drives and
emotional states, to evaluations and plans, the brain has evolved to be inherently
unstable. It emphasises the fact that any element to influence behavior, it must do
so through impulses and inhibitory forces operating at the time. Addiction can be
usefully viewed as a symthom rather than as a unitary disorder. Addiction
involves a chronic condition of the motivational system (the system of forces that
energise and direct our actions) ( West, 2006: 3-6).
An addiction is something we can’t stop doing without some kind of
intervention; but then so are breathing and compulsive behaviors, perhaps
there’s a lack of rational justification for the addiction and some sense that
the addiction itself continues to “make us do it” (and the judgment that the
addiction is “bad”). Addiction is something you don’t need to do (not
something connected to survival) but you can’t stop yourself doing (not
without help/ suffering/ effort). (West, 2006: 13).
Addiction work because both our mind and the physiological systems
force us to do something that make us inherently unstable and require constants
balancing input to avoid unwanted results. Addiction need our powerful energy to
escape from some feeling bad or sad. To fulfill the addiction, it needs a system
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which is called motivational system. The motivational system is the system of
forces that energise and direct our actions. It consists of motives and plans.
Motives operates through impulses and inhibitions and evaluation operates
through motives. Plans influence actions through impulses, motives or evaluation.
The strength of a given motive derives from the strength of associated emotions
and drives. The direction of the motives derives from the nature of the drives and
wheter the emotions are positive or negative. ( West, 2006: 7).
5.
Theory of Consumerism
An expert, Willis, said that consumption became deeply implicated in
discussions of the construction of subjectivity, most especially the construction of
self and identity (Willis 1991; Nava 1992). Consumption is continuing concern
with space and place. In particular, space and place are seen as crucial elements of
consumer identities (Mort 1996: 204-5). Consumption is the study of consumer
behavior. It is the study of the processes involved when individuals or groups
select, purchase, use or dispose of product, services, ideas, or experiences to
satisfy needs and desire. Consumers take many forms, ranging from an eight-yearold begging her mother for Gummy Bears to an executive in a large corporation
deciding on a multi-million-dollar computer system. The objects that are
consumed can include anything from canned peas, a massage, democracy, or rap
music, to other people (e.g., the images of rock stars). Needs and desires to be
satisfied range from hunger and thirst to love, status, or even spiritual fulfillment.
A consumer is generally thought as a person who identifies a need or desire, make
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purchase, and then dispose of the product during the three stages in the
consumption process. In many cases, however, different people may be involved
in the process. Another person or thing may act as an influencer, providing
recommendations for or against certain product without actually buying or using
them. Finally, consumers may be organizations or groups, in which one person
may make the decisions involved in purchasing products that will be used.
(Solomon, 1994: 8).
There is motivation when people do shopping. Motivation is the process
that causes people to behave as they do. It occurs when a need is aroused that the
consumer wishes to satisfy. Once a need has been activated, a state of tension
exists that drives the consumer to attempt to reduce or eliminate the need. The
desired end state is the consumer’s goal. A basic need can be satisfy any number
of ways, and the specific path a person chooses is influenced by his or her unique
set of experiences, cultural upbringing, and so on. These factors combine to create
a want, which is one manifestation of a need. For example, hunger is a basic need
that must be satisfied by all; the lack of food creates a tension state that can be
reduced by intake of such cheeseburgers, double fudge Oreo cookies, raw fish or
bean sprout. Once the goal is attained, tension is reduced and motivation recedes
(for the time being). Motivation can be described in terms of strength, or the pull
it exerts on the consumer, and its directions, or the particular way the consumer
attempts to reduce motivational tension. (Solomon, 1994: 81-82).
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6.
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Theory of Lifestyle and Consumption Choices
In a modern society, people are freer to select the set of products, services,
and activities that define themselves and, in turn, create a social identity that is
communicated to others. One’s choice of goods and services indeed makes a
statement about which one is and about the types of people with which one desires
to identify (Solomon, 1994: 438).
Lifestyle can be described in terms of shared values or tastes, especially as
these are reflected in consumption patterns. Consumers often choose products,
services, and activities over others because they are associated with certain
lifestyle. They sort themselves into groups on the basis of the things they like to
do, how they like to spend their leisure time, and how they choose to spend their
disposal income. One’s lifestyle represent the way one has selected to allocate
income, both in terms of relative allocations to different products and services and
to specific alternatives within these categories. (Solomon, 1994: 438-439).
C. Theoretical Framework
Some theories are used in order to support the writer in answering the
problem formulation. The theories are theory of character and characterization,
motivation and behavior and theory of consumerism.
Theory of character and characterization is used to exploring the
characteristic of Rebecca Bloomwood as the main character. The writer finds that
Rebecca is a shopaholic. She addicted to go shopping and buys some branded
bags and outfits. Based on the Abram’s theory which is stated that they are two
types of character, round (unstable or “change”) and flat character (stable or
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“unchanged”), the writer found that Rebecca’s character turned to be a better side.
It is called round character.
Theory of motivation and behavior are used to examine Rebecca’s
emotion and motivation that leads her to behavior. There are some aspects that
base the emotion and motivation of her.
Theory of consumerism relate to the Rebecca’s lifestyle. She makes a
purchase based on her emotion and motivation she fell at that time. Shopping
becomes her hobby. She can not avoid the ‘sale’ board in front of the shop. The
influence of her environment motivates her to go shopping. She looks for her own
identity by purchasing a lot branded outfits. A true shopaholic, like Rebecca will
only stick to brand names such as Louis Vuitton, Gucci, Prada, Armani, Versace
(http://www.oppapers.com/essays/Shopaholic/45117). Rebecca was not shown to
experience any of the negative emotions associated with the addictive cycle. She
was shown to experience excitement and ecstasy during her shopping trips, but
she did not seem to have any negative feelings about it, such as disappointment,
which usually occur in shopping addiction after a purchase has been made. The
negative consequences were mostly limited to other people's reactions to her lies
and debt.
(http://addictions.about.com/od/lesserknownaddictions/tp/shopaholic.htm).
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CHAPTER III
METHODOLOGY
A. Object of the Study
The object of this thesis is one of Sophie Kinsella’s shopaholic series,
Confession of a Shopaholic, a Brit chic-lit novel. This novel is one of
Kinsella’s famous works and it is her first novel. It won a lot of prizes from
her fans and some magazines and editors. New York Times awarded her as
Bestseller Author. This novel was published in New York in 2001 by Bantam
Dell and consists of 348 pages.
Sophie Kinsella wrote a romantic comedy about a shopaholic, mixing the
emotions that a shopping addict feels with the distraction of a blossoming
love. The interesting thing is when she puts the VISA Bill letter in the first
page of the novel. Rebecca Bloomwood, as the main character, 25 years old
woman living in a fabulous flat in London's trendiest neighborhood. She lives
with Suze, her glamorous socialite friends. The only trouble is that she can't
actually afford her hobby, shopping. She is a true shopaholic. Her job writing
at Successful Savings don’t help her to get out of her financial problem. Becky
has been chased by dismal letters from Visa and the Endwich Bank, the letters
with large red sums she can't bear to read. She tries cutting back; she even
tries making more money, but none of her efforts succeeds. The pages of the
book tell about her career and her hobby and the last pages tell about her way
to get out from her financial problem.
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B. Method of the Study
This study is a library research. There were two kinds of sources, primary
and secondary sources. The primary source is the main source for this thesis.
The primary source is the novel itself, Confession of a Shopaholic by Shopie
Kinsella. The secondary sources are all the sources that support the analysis.
They are the reviews, the theories, the approach, and some data from the
Internet.
The writer takes some steps to analyze the novel. The first step was
reading the novel many times. The writer wants to have the deeper
understanding about the novel before going to the next step. The second step
formulate some problems arouse in the story and then put them in the problem
formulation. The next step was collecting all the supporting data about
Kinsella’s Confession of a Shopaholic. The data were taken from library and
internet. The writer gathered some theories to support the analysis. The writer
found the theory of emotion, motivation and behavior from Psychology Today
written by Petri’s, Roger’s, Maslow’s, Jay Braun’s and Paul. T. Young. This
book was used to see the relation between emotion, motivation and behavior.
Theory of Consumption was also needed to support the analysis. This theory
was taken from Consumer Behaviour by Michael. R. Solomon. The writer
moves to the next step, which is applying those theories to analyze the
problem. And the last step was drawing the conclusion.
C. Approach of the Study
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Rene Wellek in his book, theory of Literature said that the term
psychological literature has four possible understanding. The first is the study
of psychology of the author as an individual, the second is t