THE THIRD WORLD FEMINISM REVEALED IN THE ACTIONS OF JASVINDER AGAINST WOMEN’S FORCED MARRIAGES AS SEEN IN JASVINDER SANGHERA’S DAUGHTERS OF SHAME A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendid

  

THE THIRD WORLD FEMINISM REVEALED IN THE ACTIONS

OF JASVINDER AGAINST WOMEN’S FORCED MARRIAGES AS SEEN

  

IN JASVINDER SANGHERA’S DAUGHTERS OF SHAME

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  By Levyn Gracia Hanardi

  Student Number: 081214022

  

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  

THE THIRD WORLD FEMINISM REVEALED IN THE ACTIONS

OF JASVINDER AGAINST WOMEN’S FORCED MARRIAGES AS SEEN

  

IN JASVINDER SANGHERA’S DAUGHTERS OF SHAME

A SARJANA PENDIDIKAN THESIS

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  By Levyn Gracia Hanardi

  Student Number: 081214022

  

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

  

ABSTRACT

  Hanardi, Levyn Gracia. 2012. The Third World Feminism Revealed in The

  Actions of Jasvinder Against Women’s Forced Marriages as Seen in Jasvinder

Sanghera’s Daughters of Shame. Yogyakarta: English Language Education

  Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This thesis analyzes the Third World Feminism revealed in the actions of Jasvinder against women‟s forced marriages as seen in Jasvinder Sanghera‟s

  

Daughters of Shame. The novel Daughters of Shame is based on true events of the

  main character‟s own experience. It consists of thirty two chapters. The novel tells about Jasvinder Sanghera‟s actions to help South Asian women against forced marriages.

  The problems that I discussed in this study are: The kinds of actions Jasvinder take to fight forced marriages and

  Jasvinder‟s efforts to fight forced marriages as a reflection of the Third World Feminism. Based on the problem, the aims of the study are to identify the actions that Jasvinder Sanghera takes to fight forced marriages and to reveal how the Third World Feminism is reflected in the actions of Jasvinder Sanghera‟s Daughters of Shame.

  I used the feminism approach and the ideas of Third World Feminism in order to answer the problem. In this study, I conducted library research. Jasvinder Sanghera‟s Daughters of Shame is the primary source of this study. There are some secondary sources which are used in order to support the topic discussed, among others are the books related to the theories, articles and online journals. I also included the review of women in Pakistan and India.

  From the analysis, it can be concluded that Jasvinder‟s actions in fighting against forced marriage clearly show the ideas of Third World Feminism. First, she opposes gender inequality faced by women in the Third World countries. She fights against patriarchal power and domestic abuse. Second, she builds a sisterhood between First World and Third World countries. Third, she becomes a women activist by building a charity named Karma Nirvana, choosing to work rather than taking a Ph.D degree, comforting the victims of forced marriage, doing preventive actions against forced marriage in schools, campaigning against forced marriage in public, being a s peaker at Women‟s International Conference, changing her „daughters‟‟ life and hope, and inviting others to continue her actions in fighting forced marriages.

  Keywords: forced marriage, third world feminism, Jasvinder’s actions

  

ABSTRAK

  Hanardi, Levyn Gracia. 2012. The Third World Feminism Revealed in The

  

Actions of Jasvinder Against Women’s Forced Marriages as Seen in Jasvinder

Sanghera’s Daughters of Shame. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa

  Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Pendidikan dan Ilmu Keguruan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Skrispi ini menganalisis Feminisme Dunia Ketiga yang terungkap dalam tindakan Jasvinder Sanghera menentang kawin paksa yang terlihat dalam novel

  

Daughters of Shame . Novel Daughters of Shame ini berdasarkan kisah nyata

  pengalaman pribadi penulisnya. Novel ini terdiri dari tiga puluh dua bab. Novel ini mengisahkan tindakan Jasvinder Sanghera dalam membantu para wanita Asian Selatan untuk menentang kawin paksa.

  Permasalahan yang saya diskusikan di dalam studi ini adalah: Berbagai macam tindakan yang Jasvinder lakukan untuk menentang kawin paksa dan bagaimana perjuangan Jasvinder tersebut terefleksi dalam Feminisme Dunia Ketiga. Berdasarkan permasalahan tersebut, tujuan dari studi ini adalah untuk mengidentifikasi tindakan Jasvinder dalam menentang kawin paksa dan menyatakan bagaimana Feminisme Dunia Ketiga terefleksikan dalam aksi Jasvinder Sanghera.

  Saya menggunakan pendekatan feminisme dan gagasan Feminisme Dunia Ketiga untuk menjawab permasalahan tersebut. Dalam studi ini, saya menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Novel Daughters of Shame menjadi sumber utama dalam studi ini. Ada beberapa sumber tambahan yang digunakan untuk mendukung topik yang dibahas, antara lain adalah buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan teori-teori, beberapa artikel dan jurnal on line. Saya juga mencantumkan ulasan tentang keadaan wanita di Pakistan dan India.

  Hasil dari analisis tersebut dapat disimpulkan bahwa tindakan Jasvinder dalam menentang kawin paksa menunjukan gagasan dari Feminisme Dunia Ketiga dengan jelas. Pertama, dia menentang ketidaksetaraan gender yang dihadapi para wanita di negara Dunia Ketiga. Jasvinder melawan kekuasaan patriarkhal dan Kekerasan Dalan Rumah Tangga. Kedua, Jasvinder membangun hubungan antara negara-negara Dunia Pertama dan Dunia Ketiga. Ketiga, Jasvinder menjadi aktivis wanita dengan: membangun sebuah yayasan bernama Karma Nirvana, memilih bekerja daripada mengambil gelar Ph.D, menghibur para korban kawin paksa, melakukan tindakan preventif dalam menentang kawin paksa di beberapa sekolah, mengkampanyekan perlawanan terhadap kawin paksa, menjadi pembicara dalam Konferensi Internasional Wanita, mengubah kehidupan dan pengharapan “anak-anak perempuannya”, dan mengajak para penerusnya untuk melanjutkan aksinya dalam menentang kawin paksa.

  Kata kunci: kawin paksa, feminisme dunia ketiga, tindakan Jasvinder

  

DEDICATION PAGE

I dedicate this thesis to:

Jesus Christ, My Best Friend

Theofilus Hanardi Wiyanto, My Superhero Daddy

  

Herlina Ros Sumiati, My Great Mommy

Kristiyan Adi Nugroho, My Beloved Man

Everyone who stays in my heart

  

“For His mercy and loving-kindness are great

toward us, and the truth and faithfulness of the

Lord endure forever. Praise the Lord! Hallelujah!”

(Psalms 117: 2)

  

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First and foremost, I would like to express my deepest gratitude to Jesus

  

Christ, my Savior, my Lord and my Best Friend. He always gives me strengths,

  blessing and guidance during the process of writing my thesis. I realize that He is always on my side. Without Him, I will not be able to finish my thesis successfully.

  I am also indebted to my advisor, Ibu Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., for all guidance, advice, encouragement, patience, valuable times from the beginning until the accomplishment of this thesis. My gratitude also goes to all my PBI lectures for transfering their knowledge, giving wonderful lessons and teaching me a lot of things.

  I would also like thank Sr. Margaret O Donohue FCJ, Bp. Hendra

  

Kurniawan, S.S, and Bp. Peter Bambang Siswanto, S.Pd, who have given their

  time to read and correct my thesis. I thank them for the helpful comments in the process of writing my thesis.

  I would like to thank all the people I love. My deepest gratitude goes to my father, Theofilus Hanardi Wiyanto, S.Pd and my mother, Eoudia Herlina

  

Ros Sumiati, AMK., who always pray for my success. I thank them for their

  support, prayers, trust and unlimited love. No words can ever be good enough to describe how much I love and respect them.

  I also thank my boyfriend, Kristiyan Adi Nugroho, who never stops loving me. He always encourages me when I give up. I thank him for his care when I am really down. He is so meaningful for me.

  I must thank Irine Puji Telisadewi, Monika Asri Lestari, and Kresentia

  

Yosta Dhinda Aprillia for being my great friends forever. They are really my

unforgettable best friends. I love them.

  Special thanks go to my friends, Nieza, Mila, Adi, Dimas, Yuanita, Ayu

  

Ganjar for being my friends during the first until the last semester in Sanata

Dharma University.

  Last but not least, I thank those who have supported and encouraged me to finish my thesis. God always be with us.

  Levyn Gracia Hanardi

  TABLE OF CONTENTS

  Page TITLE PAGE.................................................................................................. i APPROVAL PAGES..................................................................................... ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY.............................................. iv

  PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI ............................................... v

  ABSTRACT................................................................................................... vi

  

ABSTRAK....................................................................................................... vii

  DEDICATION PAGE................................................................................... viii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS........................................................................... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS............................................................................... xi LIST OF APPENDICES................................................................................ xiv

  CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study......................................................................... 1 B. Problem Formulation................................................................................ 4 C. Objectives of the Study........................................................................... 4 D. Benefits of the Study.............................................................................. 4 E. Definition of Terms................................................................................. 5 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theories.................................................................. 8 1. Feminism Approach......................................................................... 8

  a.

  Feminism in General................................................................. 10 b.

  Third World Feminism............................................................. 13 B. Review on Women’s Life in Pakistan and India in 2000s ............... 17 1.

  Women in Pakistan....................................................................... 17 2. Women in India........................................................................... 19 C. Theoretical Framework ..................................................................... 22

  CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Object of the Study............................................................................. 24 B. Approach of the Study....................................................................... 25 C. Method of the Study.......................................................................... 26 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. The Actions done by Jasvinder to Fight Forced Marriage.............. 28 1. Building a Charity named Karma Nirvana.............................. 28 2. Choosing to Work rather thanTaking a PhD Degree ................ 30 3. Comforting the Victims of Forced Marriage............................. 32 4. Doing Preventive Actions against Forced Marriage

  in Schools................................................................................. 33 5. Campaigning against Forced Marriage in Public .................... 35 6.

  Being a Speaker in Women International Conference............ 36 7. Changing Her ‘Daughters’s’ Life and Hope............................ 37 8. Inviting Others to Continue Her Actions in Fighting

  Forced Marriage......................................................................... 39 B.

  Jasvinder’s Actions in Fighting Forced Marriage as a Reflection of Third World Feminism................................... 40

  1. Opposing Gender Inequality faced by Women in the Third World Countries.................................... 40 a.

  Fighting against Patriarchal Power..................................... 41 b.

  Fighting against Domestic Abuse........................................ 44 2. Building A Sisterhood between First World and

  Third World Groups ................................................................ 45 3. Being a Women Activist......................................................... 49

  

CHAPTER V. CONCLUSIONS, IMPLICATIONS AND SUGGESTIONS

A. Conclusions......................................................................................... 50 B. Implications for Education.................................................................. 55 C. Suggestions for Future Research......................................................... 59

LIST OF APPENDICES

  Page APPENDIX 1 Summary............................................................... 66 APPENDIX 2 Biography of Jasvinder Sanghera......................... 68 APPENDIX 3 Pictures................................................................. 70 APPENDIX 4 Testimonial From One Of

  Karma Nirvana’s Survivors.................................. 75

CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION This chapter consists of five parts. They are background of the study,

  problem formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms. In the first part, I state the reason why the novel Daughters of Shame is chosen. Then, two research problems are formulated. Third, the goals of this study are stated as objectives of the study. Fourth, the benefit of this study that contributes the conducted study for the development of knowledge is stated. The last is the definition of terms that explains some important terms used in this study.

A. Background of the Study

  There are a lot of examples in literary works, such as novels, poems, essays and plays. In this study, I decide to work on a novel because it is interesting and it can describe about certain situations, period, setting and events that occur in the novel. The novel is a reflection of the writer‟s life. Through the series of events experienced by the characters, the reader will be involved in the situation that the characters feel. The reader will feel, think about the problem, understand the points of view and begin to solve the conflicts that occur in the novel. At the end, the reader can obtain the message or values that are revealed in the novel.

  Feminism is an interesting issue to be discussed because it concerns the movement to achieve the equal position between men and women, the freedom of women and women‟s rights in the world. It states about women‟s struggle to be independent in regulating herself.

  The movement to reach women‟s freedom is not an easy thing to do but it needs hard struggles and commitments. Humm (1992) stated that the feminist movement came from France in the 1960s and 1970s. It began when women felt constrained. At that time, when people heard about the word „woman‟ they would think about a person who worked in a kitchen, took care of her children and husband. Besides, a woman would not have any good position in the workplace, education and politics. Those conditions confirm that fact that women were not treated fairly in the society. It arouses a strong tendency from many people that women are weak creature.

  Based on Jasvinder Sanghera‟s Daughters of Shame, I can see that there are some cases that indicate the inequality between men and women. The story happened in the last decade. All parts of the novel tell about the story of women who have bitter experiences in forced marriage. Most of the victims of discrimination, inequality, and sexual harrasment are always women. According to German (2003), in 2000, there were many feminists who worked for women‟s freedom. Some of their struggles could be successfully achieved but the rest was the responsibility of the next generation.

  The setting of Jasvinder Sanghera‟s Daughter of Shame took place in Derby but the origin of the forced marriage‟s victim are from South Asian countries such as India and Pakistan. Robinson (1988) stated The South Asian region such as India, Pakistan, Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Nepal, Bhutan and Maldives were counted in the Third World countries. Humm (1994) stated

  T he term “Third World” is frequently applied both to geographical entities and to oppressed „underdeveloped‟ peoples. At the 1987 annual NWSA (National Women‟s Studies Association), to be Third World means the country have been de-centered from any point of power in order to be used as the negative pole against which the dominant power can then define themselves. Third World feminism focuses on three major issues: on the politics of universalism; on cultural controls and misinterpretations; and on the homogeneity of the canon (p.256).

  Sanghera has produced a good work about feminism. She does not only write about the fiction story but also a real story based on her own experience.

  The real story tells about her struggle to help other women. Jasvinder has posed an unrevealed problem that really happens in her life and some women around her. The atmosphere of feminism is very strong because I really can imagine the struggle of Sanghera. Although women are posed to be weak creatures in one side, I can also feel that women are strong human beings. Women can survive in bad things which happen in their life. By looking at Sanghera‟s Daughters of

  

Shame , I highlight the feminism which attempts to prove that male and female

  have to be equal in marriage and household. This novel inspires me to dig a deeper understanding about the Third World feminism.

  Based on the facts above, the exploration of the deepest meaning of feminism especially the Third World feminism can be found in Jasvinder Sanghera‟s Daughters of Shame. I investigate the kinds of actions that the character takes to help other women free from unexpected forced marriages.

  B. Problem Formulation

  Looking at the background of the study, I can clearly see that this study poses two problems that can reveal the Third World Feminism movement. The two research problems are formulated as below 1.

  What kinds of actions does Jasvinder take to fight forced marriages? 2. How does Jasvinder‟s efforts to fight forced marriages reflect the Third World

  Feminism?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  This study has two objectives. The first objective focuses on identifying the actions that Jasvinder Sanghera does to fight forced marriages. The second is to reveal how the Third World Feminism is reflected in the movements of Jasvinder Sanghera ‟s Daughters of Shame.

  D. Benefits of the Study

  The content of this novel is full of moral values and knowledge for all readers. Therefore, this study is able to give beneficial contribution for the readers and especially for the students of English Education Study Program. For the readers, it is expected that it can give some characteristics of the Third World Feminism as reflected in Jasvinder Sanghera‟s actions to fight forced marriages in South Asian. The reader will appreciate that the actions in reaching women‟s freedom needs hard work and tears because it is not an easy thing to do. For the students, it will inspire the students who want to conduct a research by using the novel like Daughter of Shame in the other points of views. Besides, this novel can be applied in teaching English.

E. Definition of Terms

  This part provides definitions of meaning of the terms which are frequently used in the entire parts of this study. The terms are feminism, the Third World and forced marriage. The explanations are:

1. Feminism

  In this study, I present feminism as a way to gain equal rights as a woman to obtain her freedom in thinking, acting and living. According to Humm (1992:1) the word

  “feminism” can stand for a belief in sexual equality combined with a commitment to eradicate sexist domination and to transform society. Feminism is women‟s assertion of their equality with men and their demand for access of those roles and positions of public life traditionally regarded as the province of men (Davies, 1996). Feminism can be described as a belief and a commitment to equal rights and opportunities (Terrey, 1989).

  Humm in The Dictionary of Feminist Theory states that feminism incorporates both doctrines of equal rights of women ( the organized movement to attain women‟s right) and an ideology of socail transformation which aim to create a world for women beyond simple social equality (Humm 74). It means that there is social transformation fow women to gain social equality. She also states that certain terms in contemporary theory such as work, family, patriarchy, and sexuality, are used to sum up the basis experiences of women. (as cited in Setyorini, 2009 p.5)

  2. The Third World

  In this study, Kurian (1982) states the Third World is defined as the politically non aligned and economically developing and less industrialized nations of the world.

  The emergence of the Third World has been one of the most significant phenomena of the post-World War II world. Forty of these countries are the poorest in the world and nearly 1.2 billion of its inhabitants- 60% of the Third World‟s population – subsist in chronic poverty. The economic and social indicator show in stark and frightful numbers the condition of this quarter of the planet‟s population. Many Third World countries have become closed societies from which little reliable information is permitted to filter out to the West. (p.237) Kurian (1982) states many Third World countries are located in Africa,

  Latin America, and South Asia. They are often nations that were colonized by another nation in the past. The populations of third world countries are generally very poor but with high birth rates. In general they are not as industrialized or technologically advanced as the first world. The majority of the countries in the world fit this classification (p.239)

  3. Third World Feminism

  In this study, Third World Feminism takes place in South Asian countries, India and Pakistan. According to Bruno (2006), the ideas of Third World Feminism are expressed in the World Conferences in the 1990s. The ideas are: a) Sex inequality constitute the main problem faced by women in the Third World,

  b) Patriarchal power takes priority in the analysis of women status, c) Other analytical categories such as race, class or position in national structures are less important than gender, d) A sisterhood between First World and Third World groups is an effective tool to advance sex equality e) Women activism and feminist mobilization is an effective tool to promote changes in the sphere of women‟s rights. The principal struggle of Third World women should be centered around the satisfaction of basic needs, understood as basic rights (as cited in Bruno, 2006, p.7).

4. Forced Marriage

  According to Jain (2008) Forced marriage is a marriage in which the bride, groom or both do not want to get married but are forced to by others, usually their families. People forced into marriage may be tricked into going abroad, physically threatened and/or emotionally blackmailed to do so. In this study, forced marriage

  Unlike forced marriages, in an arranged marriage both the bride and groom choose whether or not they want to marry the person suggested to them by their families. In a forced marriage there is no freedom of choice.

  Jain (2008) states a forced marriage is considered to be domestic violence. Victims of forced marriages often experience physical violence, rape, abduction, torture, false imprisonment and enslavement, sexual abuse, mental and emotional abuse, and at times, murder.

CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter explains some theories related to the study. Review of related

  literature covers three parts. The first part is the review of related theories. The second part is the review of women in Pakistan and India in 2000s. The last part explains the theoretical framework.

  In this chapter, I explain theories related to the topic of the Third World feminism as seen in the actions of Jasvinder Sanghera in the novel Daughters of

  

Shame. The theories are the theory of feminism which consists of feminism in

  general, the Third World feminism ideas and review of women in Pakistan and India.

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Feminism Approach

  Rohberger and Woods say that literature is one of the works of art that has aesthetic values. Literature is written by human as expression of particular personalities and from all sorts of motives. Literature are works that are merely potential until they are read and understood by the readers. In their book entitled

  

An Introduction to Poetry , Kennedy and Gioia state that literary criticism is more

  than a discussion about literature. It is not an abstract or an intellectual problem; it is a natural human response to literature. Literary criticism just tries to help readers better understand literary works (as cited in Palupi, 2010 p.7)

  In this study, I use feminist criticism to support the critical approaches. Humm (1992) states feminist criticism gives more adequate attention to women writers, a space to the women critic, and space to the idea of women theorists.

  According to Humm, feminist criticism shares three basic assumptions. The first means that gender influences the writing style and the ideology of each gender can be seen from a literary work. The style shows the ideology of each gender. For this reason, feminist criticism needs to include general interpretations of the cultural theory or ideology of each individual writer (p. 6-7). The second major assumption is that there are sex-related writing strategies. Men and women use language in different ways on writing their literary work. They use different vocabularies and different kinds of sentences (p. 7-8). The last assumption is that even if some male critics acknowledge the first two criticism above, the continuing traditions of which it is a part, uses male norms to exclude or undervalue female writing and scholarship (p.8).

  Feminist theory critics or feminist approaches attempt to explain how men and women imbalance, due to gender, are reflected in literature text. In its diversity, feminism is concerned with the position of women in a secondary position, where women do not gain equal position with men. According to Goodman in Literature and Gender, feminist literary criticism is an academic approach to the study of literature which applies feminist thought to the analysis of literary texts and the contexts of their production and reception. It has developed in recent years into a fascinating and highly specialized field with a language, set of theories and a vocabulary all its own (as cited in Setyorini, 2009 p.9)

2. Feminism

a. Feminism in general

  Montagu (1958) says that in the society there is a conditioned norm, which states what women can do and cannot do. In almost every society there is a belief that men are superior and women are inferior, women also think that belief is right, because it believes as what really happens (p.23). They are not given the chances to develop their intelligence and skills and they have different opportunities from men (p.38). The statement means that women are conditioned as weak creatures

  . Women‟s position is always under men‟s position in every aspect of life.

  According to Montagu people believe that women do not have abilities to do the work better than men. Therefore, feminism believes that women and men‟s position in society is the result of social factors, not natural or biological factors. Feminism tries to see women to be equal to men. Feminism theory reveals the importance of women‟s individual and shares experiences and women struggles.

  Women struggle for equal opportunities and for equal rights. Women try to fight against unfair condition and strive for their rights (p.40).

  Harley states men from one generation to the next generation exploit women. Gender discrimination is a great burden for women, because they have to face the idea of gender discrimination and men‟s attitude toward women, which is conditioned from time to time. Women are not only physically oppressed but also mentally oppressed (as cited in Setyorini,2009 p.15) Fakih (1996) explains about the feminist struggle. The most important thing about feminist struggle is finding out the equality, dignity and freedom. The ideas of feminism are:

  1) Equality

  The definition of feminism deals with both equal rights for women and in a way to create a world for women beyond social equality. All human beings are born free, have equal dignity and rights. Men and women should have equal rights. In the equality, there is no difference between human beings. Leclerq (1942) in his book says

  Like the man, the woman is a human person, with all the dignity of a human being. But she is a human person in another manner than man. She has, therefore, the same right to seek after her perfection. Yet she is different, and as a consequence her personality unfolds itself under other conditions. The rule of equality between man and woman is a rule of differentiated equality. The woman not only has an equal right with the man to the full development of her being; she has an equal right to develop herself in different way. To impose man‟s manner of life upon the woman, or to give her the same status, is to violate her right, which is to be different from him (p.292).

  2) Liberty

  Women have the right to live, work and feel free. Women have their own freedom and rights to do anything they want. The main point is that women are born free and equal to men. They are supposed to be subjected to men. Therefore, women no longer put up with being dependent on men. Leclerq states that

  Physically the woman is smaller and weaker than the man. Nevertheless, in certain forms of activity she displays greater power of resistance, thanks than in the man. She reasons less and feels more. This is not to say that she is less inteligent: she is intelligent in a different way. In the woman intelligence is more closely linked with feeling. It is from this that she derives her gifts of intuition, an esential trait of feminine intelligence, and this likewise accounts for her slight taste for reasoning and abstract thought (p.295).

  3) Women’s Right to be Herself

  Feminism believes that women‟s first right is to be women that they do not imitate the men when they develop their ability. Leclerq states that woman must accept her nature: her development, her happiness, her perfection, her glory lies in her woman‟s nature.

  4) Opportunity of Career

  Feminism means freedom for all aspects of women‟s active expression. It is the elimination of all structural and psychological handicaps to women‟s independence. Feminism demands for the women equality in education and in accessing the profession. Women should have an equal role with men in achieving her satisfaction through her own abilities.

  The theories of feminism support the feminist ideas and also the theories of superior feeling. Actually women are not inferior as men and others say. Women have many superior characters. The feeling of superiority can make women realize their power. It is true that women are not emotional than men but they can handle their feelings. Women have good abilities in expressing their feelings. This fact makes them more realist than men. They are better in handling the bad conditions they face in their life, like starvation, exposure, fatigue, shock, and

  Women do not only have the superior feeling but they also know what is good and bad in the way they use their feeling of superiority. Montagu says that women know their power and use them for good deeds (1953:143). From her statement we can conclude that women are more realistic. They can control their feelings effectively and use their power for good purposes.

b. Third World Feminism

  According to Humm (1992) Third World feminism is the third wave and fifth gear feminism which areas are in India, Latin America, and Australia.

  The term „Third World is frequently applied both to geographical entities and to oppressed „underdeveloped‟ people. Women in The Third World are not necessarily more „underdeveloped‟ or oppressed than Western women, White or Black. The distinction between „First‟ and „Third‟ Worlds carries with it other problems: the issue of spatial barriers and the dangers of a binary- the West/ Others. Third World feminist critics attack the traditionalism/ modernism dichotomy characterising the rigid capitalist Third World/First World binary. The example is the growing number of women in higher education, the establishment of writing workshops enabling women to research a female tradition to emphasize both the quantity and variety of women‟s writing (p.256).

  Sen and Grown (1987) states the principal struggle of Third World women should be centered around the satisfaction of basic needs, understood as basic rights. They believe women should attain freedom not only from gender related inequalities, but also from those related to race, class and national asymmetries, since these categories are mutually intertwined in the concrete and real lives of women. For a vast majority of women in the Third World, injustice as a result of class, race and nationality divisions is closely related to the oppresive situations

  Saunders (2002, p.6) says that an important difference between western and Third World feminism is found in their conceptualization of women as the subject of struggles.

  While western feminists make equality between men and women the center of their struggles, Third World feminism stresses satisfaction of basic material needs as a pressing issue in the context of disadvantageous international economic order. It means that the situation of women is perceived not only as the result of unequal gender relations, but as the consequence of a wide range of oppresive situations that transcend gender categories and are also related to race, class and citizenship cleavages (p.7). According to Bruno (2006), encounters between Western and non Western feminist creating the ongoing debate, the both sides between Western feminist and

  Third World feminist expressed the ideas of Third World Feminism. The ideas are expressed in the World Conferences in the 1990s. The ideas are:

  

1) Sex Inequality Constitute The Main Problem faced by Women in The

Third World

  Niaz (2003) states women are generally treated as second class citizens and wives are battered for misconduct or minor mistakes. In India and Pakistan, nearly 25% of women had suffered from physical abuse. In January 2001, about 130 cases of physical abuse occured a result of which 68 women were brutally killed (p.177).

  Papp (2010) states children learn from an early age that boys are more valued than girls. Boys are given more freedom both inside and outside the house, and they are encouraged to participate in decision-making, while girls are responsible for household chores, and their activities out of the home are restricted. Boys have inherent value. The only way for girls to attain value is through their relationship to men, mainly as wives and mothers of sons.

  Therefore, it is important for girls to be educated but n ot too ambitious. Girls‟ primary function is to marry well; bound by duty, they are to be self-sacrificing wives, providing services and producing sons for their husband (p.13).

2) Patriarchal Power takes Priority in The Analysis of Women Status

  Napikoski (2012) defined patriarchal as a general structure in which men have power over women. Society is the entirety of relations of a community.

  A patriarchal society consists of a male-dominated power structure throughout organized society and in individual relationships. Pilcher (2004) stated patriarchy means rule by the male head of a social unit (a family or tribe).

  Papp (2010) states the transfer of a woman, like a property, from her father‟s control to her husband‟s, combined with the belief that her destiny is duty to her husband, normalizes the occurence of rape and other forms of violence in a marriage and makes it more difficult for women to reveal abuse. He says the South Asian patriarchal structure controls female sexuality not only in a physical manner but also in a psychological one, by making explicit the link between family honour and the sexual purity of the women within the family (p.14).

  

3) Other Analytical Categories such as Race, Class or Position in National

Structures are Less Important than Gender

  The third ideas of Third World Feminism is gender. In Third World countries, gender is the most important than others. Race, class or position are less important than gender. American Psychological Association (2011) described the term gender as the attitudes, feelings and behaviors that a given culture associates with a person‟s biological sex. Therefore, gender inequality was the condition in which the position and rights of women were not equal to men.

  In Third World countries such as India and Pakistan, there are many kinds of action in order to respect gender. One example was honour killing or honour- based violence. According to Papp (2010) honour killing was an ancient practice in which men murder female relatives in the name of family “honour” for forced or suspected sexual activity outside the marriage, even when the women have been victims of rape.Niaz (2003) states that gender is the most important in South Asian.

  Cultural norms around violence, gender and sexual relationship are not only manifested at the individual level, but are also re-enforced or not by the family, the community and within the broader social context, including the media. Husband‟s domination over wives, including the use of violence, has been sanctioned by cultural beliefs (p.177).

  

4) A Sisterhood between First World and Third World Groups is an

Effective Tool to Advance Sex Equality

  To advance sex equality, a good relationship between First World and Third World countries is needed. One World Nation Online (2012) describes

  The term "First World" refers to so called developed, capitalist, industrial countries, roughly, a bloc of countries aligned with the United States after World War II, with more or less common political and economic interests: North America, Western Europe, Japan and Australia. First World Countries are the most advanced economy, highest standard of living, the most advanced technology, the greates influence in the world. The term could also mean: industrialized nations, developed countries, rich countries or the civilized world, in contrast to the poor, under developed, un-civilized, exploited nations of the so called (p.2).

  Sen and Gita (1987) states that it must be remembered, however, that poor Third World women, peace and the struggle against violence can not be struggle for basic needs, economic justice, national liberation and a development oriented toward these goal without First World (p.74).

  

5) Women Activism and Feminist Mobilization is an Effective Tool to

Promote Changes in The Sphere o f Women’s Rights

  Brown (1992) says w omen‟s struggles are routinely made aware of the limitation of the protection offered by legislation and court orders. This they do through many different strategies, for example by making themselves heard in public arena, both directly in their own v oices and also in other‟s words (as cited in Afshar (2005), p.37).