PAULO’S MOTIVATION TO SEEK HIS GUARDIAN ANGEL AS SEEN IN COELHO’S THE VALKYRIES

  PAULO’S MOTIVATION TO SEEK HIS GUARDIAN ANGEL AS SEEN IN COELHO’S THE VALKYRIES A THESIS

  

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education

  By DWI ADI YUNIARTO

  Student Number: 061214026

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2011

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  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRACT

  Yuniarto, Dwi Adi. (2011). Paulo’s Motivation to Seek His Guardian Angel as

  

Seen in Coelho’s The Valkyries. Yogyakarta: English Language Education Study

  Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This thesis discusses Paulo Coelho’s novel entitled The Valkyries. The

  

Valkyries is a story about the spiritual journey of a magus named Paulo and his

  wife, Chris, who embark on an adventure to find his guardian angel. Haunted by a devastating curse, he confesses to his mysterious master, J. that he has seen his dreams fall apart just when he seemed about to achieve them. In response, J. gives Paulo a strange task; Paulo must find and speak to his guardian angel. The curse can be broken if Paulo completes the task. After that meeting, Paulo and Chris, drop everything, pack their bags, and take off on a forty-day adventure into the dangerous Mojave Dessert. There is the wise, 22 years old Master of Tradition, Gene, who begins Chris’s initiation into the mystical, wondrous world of magic. There are the Valkyries, a group of warrior women who travel the dessert on motorcycles. The Valkyries help Paulo to remind his dark past life, which he must confront and overcome in order to speak with his angel and break the curse.

  There are two problems discussed in this thesis, namely (1) what is the characterization of Paulo in The Valkyries, and (2) what is the motivation of Paulo to seek his guardian angel in The Valkyries. In gathering the data for this thesis, the researcher used library research. There were two kinds of sources in this study. They were primary and secondary sources. The primary source of this research was the novel The Valkyries written by Paulo Coelho. For the secondary sources the researcher used some sources related to the psychological approach and theory of literature.

  Based on the analysis, it can be concluded that Paulo is a magus, an adventurer, a mysterious man, a knowledgeable man, a loving husband, and an optimist. In addition, Paulo was a hippie and an infidel in his past life. There are some factors that motivate Paulo to seek his guardian angel. Paulo’s intrinsic motivations include seeking out novelty and answering his curiosity about his guardian angel. Paulo’s achievement motivations include accomplishing difficult tasks and pleasing his master. Paulo’s affiliation motivations include getting closer to his guardian angel to thank for the protection and guidance given by his guardian angel; asking his guardian angel to lead him in choosing the best path to Paradise. Paulo’s avoidance motivation includes asking for help to break the curse.

  Finally, the researcher gives suggestions for future researchers. Future researchers can use mythopoeic approach and psychological approach to analyze this novel. Furthermore, the researcher also provides a lesson plan and materials to teach English, especially Intensive Reading II for English Language Education Study Program students. PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI ABSTRAK

  Yuniarto, Dwi Adi. (2011). Paulo’s Motivation to Seek His Guardian Angel as

  

Seen in Coelho’s The Valkyries. Yogyakarta: Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa

  Inggris, Jurusan Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Skripsi ini membahas novel karya Paulo Coelho yang berjudul The

  

Valkyries. The Valkyries adalah novel yang bercerita tentang perjalanan spiritual

  seorang magus bernama Paulo dengan istrinya, Chris, yang memulai petualangan untuk menemukan malaikat pelindung Paulo. Dihantui oleh kutukan, Paulo mengaku pada guru misteriusnya, J. bahwa dia sudah melihat mimpi-mimpinya gagal ketika dia hampir mencapainya. Sebagai tanggapan, J. memberi Paulo sebuah tugas yang aneh, Paulo harus menemukan dan berbicara dengan malaikat pelindungnya. Kutukan tersebut dapat dihentikan jika Paulo menyelesaikan tugas itu. Setelah pertemuan itu, Paulo dan Chris, menghentikan segala aktivitasnya, membawa tas mereka, dan memulai petualangan 40 hari di gurun Mojave. Ada seorang bijaksana, ahli tradisi berumur 22 tahun, Gene, yang memulai inisiasi Chris dalam kebatinan, dunia gaib yang menakjubkan. Ada para Valkyrie, kelompok dari prajurit wanita yang berkeliling di gurun menggunakan sepeda motor. Para Valkyrie membantu Paulo untuk mengingat kehidupan gelap masa lalunya, yang mana dia harus menghadapi dan mengatasinya supaya dapat berbicara dengan malaikatnya dan menghentikan kutukan.

  Dalam skripsi ini, ada dua masalah yang dianalisa, yaitu (1) apa karakter Paulo dalam novel The Valkyries, dan (2) apa motivasi Paulo untuk mencari malaikat pelindungnya dalam novel The Valkyries. Dalam mengumpulkan data di skripsi ini, peneliti menggunakan studi pustaka. Ada dau macam sumber data dalam penelitian ini, yaitu sumber primer dan sumber sekunder. Sumber primer dalam penelitian ini adalah novel The Valkyries karya Paulo Coelho. Sebagai sumber sekunder peneliti menggunakan sumber-sumber yang berhubungan dengan pendekatan psikologi dan teori sastra.

  Berdasarkan analisis yang dibuat, dapat disimpulkan bahwa Paulo adalah seorang magus, seorang petualang, seseorang yang misterius, seseorang yang berpengetahuan luas, seorang yang mencintai istrinya, dan seseorang yang optimis. Sebagai tambahan, Paulo adalah seorang hippi dan seorang kafir dalam masa lalunya. Ada beberapa faktor yang memotivasi Paulo untuk mencari malaikat pelindungnya. Motivasi dalam diri Paulo sendiri adalah mencari sesuatu yang baru dan mencari jawaban atas keingintahuannya. Motivasi pencapaian Paulo adalah menyelesaikan tugas-tugas sulit dan menyenangkan hati gurunya. Motivasi afiliasi Paulo adalah menjadikan dia lebih dekat dengan malaikat pelindungnya untuk berterimakasih atas perlindungan dan bimbingan yang telah diberikan oleh malaikat pelindungnya; meminta malaikat pelindungnya untuk membimbingnya dalam memilih jalan terbaik menuju surga kelak. Motivasi

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  penjauhan Paulo adalah meminta bantuan malaikat pelindungnya untuk menghentikan kutukan yang dia terima.

  Akhirnya, peneliti memberi saran kepada peneliti mendatang. Peneliti mendatang dapat menggunakan pendekatan mitologi dan pendekatan psikologi untuk menganalisa novel ini. Lebih lanjut, peneliti juga menyediakan Rencana Pelaksanaan Pembelajaran untuk mengajar Bahasa Inggris, khususnya kelas Intensive Reading II untuk mahasiswa Program Studi Pendidikan Bahasa Inggris.

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  Dedicated with love and gratitude to: My father, Sugeng Riyadi My mother, Marjuni My older brother, Anang Handoko

  My younger sister, Aprilia Rosma Diana My beloved girl, Y. Dyah Shanti And all my beloved friends.

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  I would like to thank those who have supported me with their affection, patience, guidance, and criticism in working on my thesis. First and foremost, I would like to bestow my deepest gratitude to Allah S.W.T for His plentiful love and never ending blessing in my life. His guidance has strengthened me to finish my thesis.

  My greatest appreciation goes to my sponsor, Henny Herawati, S.Pd., M.Hum., who has guided me in writing this thesis. She has given her time to read this thesis and give me suggestions in the completion of this thesis. She also has encouraged me to finish this thesis as quickly as possible. I would also like to thank all the lecturers of PBI for knowledge and experiences I have gained during the years I passed as the student of PBI. My thanks are extended to Mbak Dani and Mbak Tari for helping me with the administrative matters and to all Sanata Dharma University Staff.

  My gratitude and respect to my beloved parents, Bapak Sugeng Riyadi and

  

Ibu Marjuni, who have encourage me in composing my thesis and given me their

  endless affection and prayers. I thank them for always supervising the progress of my thesis patiently. I also would like to thank my older brother and younger sister, Anang Handoko and Aprilia Rosma Diana for their support in many ways.

  My special thanks go to Yosepha Dyah Shanti. I thank her for sharing the marvelous moments. She has taught me how to love someone. Her love, patience, understanding, prayers, and support give me extra energy to do many things. She

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  I would like to thank my friends at Kontrakan Sejahtera, Paijo, Kirjo, Adi, Wegig, Uun, who always support me in every time and everywhere. I would like to thank my best friends, Ega, Dandot, Tunggul, Sintya, Iyot for the time they spent with me. I would like to thank Beny Gondrong for being my language consultant. He has made some corrections and given me suggestions in relation to this thesis. I would also like to thank Yoga, Doan, Wiwit, Mupet, Dani, Zico, Andrea, Doni, Sasongko, Ragil, Nisa, Guntur, Hosana, Kang Kadal, Kang Miko, Stella, and many other PBI students for your support and for every moment we spent in this lovely campus. I also thank my PPL, SPD, KKN, and Play Performance group for being my wonderful partners.

  This page would not be enough to mention all my friends who have been helping me and supporting me. For those whose names are not mentioned on this page, I am grateful to know them all and may God give them endless blessing.

  Dwi Adi Yuniarto

  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI TABLE OF CONTENTS

TITLE PAGE ....................................................................................................i

APPROVAL PAGES ........................................................................................ii

STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ..............................................iv

ABSTRACT .......................................................................................................v

ABSTRAK...........................................................................................................vi

DEDICATION PAGE.......................................................................................viii

LEMBAR PERNYATAAN PERSETUJUAN PUBLIKASI .............................ix

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS..............................................................................x

TABLE OF CONTENTS..................................................................................xii

LIST OF APPENDICES ..................................................................................xv

  

CHAPTER 1: INTRODUCTION....................................................................1

  1.1 Background of the Study .................................................................1

  1.2 Problem Formulation.......................................................................4

  1.3 Research Objectives ........................................................................4

  1.4 Research Benefits ............................................................................4

  1.5 Definition of Terms .........................................................................5

  

CHAPTER 2: REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE.............................8

  2.1 Review of Related Theories ............................................................8

  2.1.1. Theory of Literature .................................................................9

  2.1.1.1. Theory of Character ................................................9

  2.1.1.1.1. Definitions of Character.............................9

  2.1.1.1.2. Types of Character ....................................10

  2.1.1.2. Theory of Characterization ....................................11

  2.1.1.2.1. Definitions of Characterization ..................12

  2.1.1.2.2. Methods of Characterization .....................12

  2.1.1.3. The Psychological Approach .................................14

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  2.1.2.1. Definitions of Motivation ......................................15

  2.1.2.2. Kinds of Motivation ...............................................15

  2.1.2.3. Human Motives.......................................................17

  2.2. Theoretical Framework.......................................................................20

  

CHAPTER 3: METHODOLOGY...................................................................21

  3.1. Object of the Study...........................................................................21

  3.2. Approach of the Study.....................................................................23

  3.3. Method of the Study ........................................................................24

  

CHAPTER 4: ANALYSIS................................................................................26

  4.1. Description of Paulo’s Character.....................................................26

  4.1.1. A Magus or Sorcerer.................................................................30

  4.1.2. An adventurer...........................................................................32

  4.1.3. A Mysterious Man ...................................................................34

  4.1.4. A Knowledgeable Man ............................................................34

  4.1.5. A Loving Husband ...................................................................36

  4.1.6. An Optimist..............................................................................37

  4.1.7. A Hippie ...................................................................................37

  4.1.8. An Infidel .................................................................................38

  4.2. Paulo’s Motivation to Seek His Guardian Angel ...........................39

  4.2.1. Paulo’s Intrinsic Motivation.....................................................39

  4.2.2. Paulo’s Achievement Motivation.............................................44

  4.2.3. Paulo’s Affiliation Motivation ................................................48

  4.2.4. Paulo’s Avoidance Motivation.................................................51

  

CHAPTER 5: CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS ...............................56

  5.1. Conclusions ...................................................................................56

  5.2. Suggestions ...................................................................................59

  5.2.1. Suggestions for Future Researchers .........................................59

  

REFERENCES ................................................................................................62

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  PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI PLAGIAT MERUPAKAN TINDAKAN TIDAK TERPUJI LIST OF APPENDICES APPENDIX

  A. Summary of The Valkyries.....................................................................65

  B. Biography of Paulo Coelho....................................................................69

  C. Lesson Plan ............................................................................................75

  D. Worksheet for Intensive Reading II .......................................................78

  E. Reading Material....................................................................................80

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CHAPTER 1 INTRODUCTION In this chapter, the researcher provides five aspects in the research, such as:

  

the background of the study, the problem formulation, the research objective, the

research benefit, and the definition of some terms. The background of the study

describes the reasons why the researcher chooses the novel and the topic. The

problem formulation gives general descriptions in the form of question about the

problem that is analyzed and discussed in this study. The objectives of the research

contain the expected answers to the question formulated in the problem formulation.

  

The research benefit contains people who will get the benefit of the study and what

will they get from the study. The definition of some terms explains of the definition

of key terms of the study in order to avoid misconception from the reader.

1.1 Background of the Study

  Literature has three main genres which are novel, poetry and drama. They are

all very interesting to read, but the researcher decides to analyze novel instead of

other literary genres like poetry or drama because the researcher enjoys reading a

novel. Besides, novel is more complete in describing every detail about the

characters, the situations and the problems in a plot. Reading novel can help readers

to develop their imagination. They can see that literature as a reflection of our life

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since it contains some kinds of human aspect in life, such as history, moral, social,

and psychology.

  Literature is also an art of language. It can amuse or entertain the reader.

Sometimes, it brings the reader to the fantasy world. A good novel can direct the

reader’s imagination and make them participants of the story. It means that novel tells

a story about people in ordinary life that also has conflicts, feelings, and problems

within it. There are many types of novel such as thriller, romance, or science fiction.

  Each novel has a unique story to express the writer’s idea.

  In this case, the researcher wants to analyze The Valkyries, a great novel of a

great author, Paulo Coelho. The researcher wants to research about the motivation of

the main character, Paulo, who wanted to see and speak to his guardian angel. The

researcher’s interest continually grows ever since the first time the researcher read the

book review of this novel. The researcher really wanted to know more about the story

since the researcher thinks it has a strange theme. After the researcher finished

reading this novel, the researcher thinks that this novel is a kind of researchable book

for thesis.

  There are some reasons why the researcher chose The Valkyries as the main

subject for the study. First, Paulo Coelho is a great author who was born in Brazil. He

has written some great novels, such as: Eleven Minutes, The Pilgrimage, By the River

Piedra I Sat Down And Wept, The Fifth Mountain, Veronika Decides To Die, Warrior

Of The Light: A Manual, and his best-loved work, The Alchemist, and sold more than

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researcher chooses his novel to be analyzed because most of his novels become best-

selling books. Paulo wrote each story in a beautiful language. Sometimes he puts

some good words, poetic prose and symbolism.

  Second, The Valkyries is a great novel, great story which shakes up familiar

belief systems and makes the readers wonder about who they are, what they want,

and what their motives are. This book is a journey of faith, trust, forgiveness, love,

self discovery, battle the darkness within ourselves, and desire to change. The story

has great insights about angels and interesting characters. The main characters of this

novel are Paulo, who is also the author of this novel, and his wife named Chris. Some

of the characters’ name comes from the mythological characters, such as Valhalla and

the Valkyries. Some of them have their magic names, such as J, M, and S.

  Third, the researcher chooses The Valkyries for the study because it is an

extraordinary novel that fills of amazing, mystical and spiritual journey. It explains

some of the ways in which a person should search for their guardian angel, along with

magical, earthly investigation. In this case, the main character, Paulo, wanted to see

and speak to his guardian angel by doing some rituals during the journey in the

Mojave Desert. Besides, this book is also about the relationship between Paulo and

his wife, Chris. He takes his wife along for the journey and discovers that his search

cannot be completed unless he helps her discover and speak to her angel. Their

journey and their marriage are both complicated and strengthened when they meet the

Valkyries in the desert. The researcher is interested in the story of the novel because

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  There is reason for avery man’s behavior, be it from whitin the individual, for

example: hunger, thirst, fear or from the outside of the individual, for example: love

or support from others, reward, etc. Finding these reasons and knowledge about

spiritual world have been a fascination for the writer, and that is why this novel was

chosen as my thesis.

1.2 Problem Formulation

  The main issue to be analyzed is the motivation of the main character in

finding his guardian angel. According to the previous discussion, there are two

problems that can be formulated in this discussion, and they are as follows:

  1. What is the characterization of Paulo in The Valkyries?

  2 What is the motivation of Paulo to seek his guardian angel in The Valkyries?

  1.3 Research Objectives The objective of the research is to answer the questions stated in problem

formulation. First, the researcher wants to find out the portrayal of Paulo’s character.

  The second is to find out Paulo’s motivation to seek his guardian angel.

  1.4 Research Benefits The research will bring the benefits those concerned with literary works, they are:

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For the researcher, the research gives benefits concerning with how to do a research,

especially in a literary work. The research is about human character and the

motivation of human to struggle in order to get their needs. The researcher gets many

lessons; one of them is about how to struggle to fight the laziness.

  2. The Readers

The reader will be helped in realizing motivation. Since motivation is the strongest

influence to encourage people to do action in order to satisfy their needs. Further, the

reader can appreciate more on literature especially novel as literary works. By reading

novel, readers will learn about value in life. The reader can understand more about

human motivation and also what really motivate them in reaching their needs or

goals.

  3. The Lecturer

The researcher hopes that this study can helps the lecturer in providing alternative for

the teaching-learning activities. The novel can be the facility to add the variety of

language teaching.

1.5 Definition of Terms

  The first term is character. Abrams defines character as the persons in a

dramatic or narrative work, endowed with moral qualities that are expressed in what

they say (the dialogue) and by what they do (the action) (1985:22). While Holman

and Harmon define character as a complicated term that includes the idea of the

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simpler notion of the presence of creatures in art that seem to be human beings of one

sort or another (1986: 81). In this study, character is defined as “a description of a

person’s attributes, traits, or abilities”.

  The second term is motivation. Huffman, Vernoy, Vernoy (2000:392) state

that motivation is the process of activating, maintaining, and directing behavior

toward a particular goal. According to Petri (1981:3), “motivation is the concept we

use when we describe the forces acting or on within an organism to initiate and direct

behavior”. In this study, motivation is defined as the desire or an action to do

something that is motivated to reach some goals or needs that have to be fulfilled.

  

The researcher would like to explore the motivation that occurs in Paulo to seek his

guardian angel.

  The third term is guardian angel. Guardian angel is a spirit that is thought to

watch over and protect person or place (Oxford Dictionary of Phrase and Fable). In

this study, guardian angel is defined as a spirit or invisible thing that protects person,

and everyone has their own guardian angel.

  The fifth term is the valkyries. Hamilton (1953: 309), “maidens were Odin’s

attendants, the VALKYRIES. They waited on the table in Asgard and kept the

drinking horns full, but their chief task was to go to the battlefield and decide at

Odin’s bidding who should win and who should die, and carry the brave dead to

Odin. Val means “slain”, and the Valkyries were the choosers of the Slain; and the

place to which they brought the heroes was the Hall of the Slain, Valhalla”.

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  Maidens excellent in beauty, Riding their steeds in shining armor, Solemn and deep in thought, With their white hands beckoning.

  

Berry (1957: 23),”the valkyries, warrior maidens of Odin, selected those brave

enough to be brought to Valhalla. These maidens lived in Valhalla also, another of

their duties being to pass mead at the feasts. The hall itself was described as being

thatched with the shields of the heroes, hung with their armor and mail, and lit with

swords as tapers. Here battles were fought by day and feasting was carried on at

night. From each of its five hundred and forty doors it was said that eight hundred

warriors would issue for the last great fight with the giants when the end of the world

would come”. In this study, Valkyires are defined as a group of warrior women who

travel the desert on motorcycles, with their trappings, their kerchiefs, and their

strange outfit.

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CHAPTER 2 REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter consists of two sub headings. The first is the theoretical

  review and the second is the theoretical framework. The theoretical review consists of two parts. They are theory of literature and theory of motivation. The theory of literature is divided into three parts. They are theory of character, theory of characterization, and theory of literary approaches.

  The theory of character and theory of characterization are used to find out the description of the central character in the story. The theory of approaches concerns with the approach that the researcher used in analyzing the novel. The theory of motivation is used to find out Paulo’s motivation to seek his guardian angel. The theoretical framework consists of the contribution of the theories and reviews applied in this study to answer the problems formulated in this thesis.

2.1 Review of Related Theories

  The theories that are used in this study are the theory of literature and the theory of motivation. Theory of literature consists of three parts. They are: the theory of character, theory of characterization, and the theory of literary approaches. The second is the theory of motivation. These theories are important to be applied because these theories are related to the main discussion of this study; to find out the character and the motivation of the main character to seek the guardian angel.

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2.1.1 Theory of Literature

2.1.1.1 Theory of Character

  Theory of character consists of some crucial parts to understand the characters in the novel. It is important to find out the answer to the first problem of this study. Those parts are definitions of characters and types of character.

2.1.1.1.1 Definitions of Character

  Character is one of the most important elements in literary works. Abrams defines character as “a literary genre: a short, and usually witty, sketch in prose of a distinctive type of person” or “the persons presented in a dramatic or narrative work, who are interpreted by the readers as being endowed with moral and dispositional qualities that are expressed in what they say—the dialogue—and by what they do—the action” (20). In the other words, characters are the people in the novel, including their personalities and characteristics. Through the eyes of the characters, the readers can experience not only the characters’ life but also see what Henkle says as “a vision of a world” (48). The characters show the picture of their world in the story and make the readers able to identify the novel’s world.

  Character plays an important role in a novel because character is the foundation of a story. Robert and Jacobs (63) state that “a character is a reasonable facsimile of a human being, with all the good and bad traits of being human.” The author creates the characters to represent human beings in his or her novel. Character is just like actual human beings that are placed in real-life situation. Character really lives in the story and affects the flow of the story.

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2.1.1.1.2 Types of Character

  According to the role the characters serve in the story, Henkle (1977: 87- 89) mentions that they may divided into major and minor or secondary character.

  A major character can be the centre of the story. He or she is the most important character in the story. Usually, the acts of the story focused on this character from the beginning to the ending part. The core of the story is highlighted to these character’s experiences. Meanwhile, minor or secondary character appears in a certain setting, just necessarily to become the background for the major characters because the focal experiences of the novel are taken place among the major characters (1988:23).

  Based on the frequency of appearance in the novel, Milligan (155) divides character into two. The first type is the major character. The major character appears more frequently than the other characters in the novel. The readers usually follow the plot of the novel through this character. In the other words, this character is the main character of the novel. The second type is minor character. This character appears less often than the main character in the novel. This character only appears in certain setting of the novel. The character is also less important than the major character.

  Character also can be divided into protagonist and antagonist. Rohrberger and Woods, Jr. (1971:20) say that the most important character in a story, the one to whom all the events in the story have relevance is called protagonist. Usually, it is easy for the readers to identify him and give sympathy. When protagonist is involved in conflict with another character, the other is called the antagonist.

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  Antagonist is the character who opposes the protagonist and usually the readers do not admire this kind of character.

  Forster (1974: 63-64, 53-54) mentions that characters can be divided into:

  a. Flat or static character Static character is the same sort of person at the end of the story as he or she at the beginning. A flat or static character tends to stay the same throughout the story. A flat character can simultaneously be a stock character. In flat character, some trait of character for some reason is exaggerated, while the other aspects or traits are hardly paid attention to. Flat character represents a particular person as more simple, or hardly ever, surprises the reader.

  b. Round or dynamic character A round character often changes. This the most perfect way for authors to present the characters in their wholeness and in their different aspects. A round or dynamic character tends to react differently toward different situations and or person encountered. It is obviously more lifelike than the flat character, because in the real life people are simply embodiments of single behavior, they tend to grow, develop and change, these characters tend to undergo a permanent change in some aspects of his character, personality, or outlook.

2.1.1.2 Theory of Characterization

  Theory of characterization consists of some important parts to help in answering the first problem of this study. Those parts are definition of characterization and methods of characterization.

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  2.1.1.2.1 Definitions of Characterization

  In order to know Paulo’s characterization in the novel, the writer uses the theory that is related to characterization. Abcarian and Klotz define characterization as “the process by which the characters are rendered to make them seem real to the reader” (6). From the definition, characterization means the way of the author in describing the characters so that the readers are able to differentiate a character from the others and figure out the ideas, thoughts, and information brought by each character.

  Meanwhile, Murphy states that characterization is “the technique used by the author to make the qualities of the character from his likes and dislikes, how he lives, and what he does” (52). It means that characterization is the way that is used by the author in his literary work to make the readers able to recognize the character and to find out the ideas which are conveyed by the character. This statement is supported by Holman and Harmon. They say that the term characterization is “the creation of the imaginary persons so that they exist for the readers as lifelike” (81). In short, characterization is the way the author shows and tries to make his characters alive and understandable for the readers as realistic ones in his literary work.

  2.1.1.2.2 Methods of Characterization By an author, characters are put into a story through characterization.

  Characterization according to Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 20) is “the process by which an author creates a character”. In their book, they have stated that there

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  are two principal ways an author can characterize. The first way is by using the “direct means”, meaning that the author tells directly to the readers what the character looks like. While the second way is by using “dramatic means”, meaning that the author shows what the character looks like by the way the character behaves or speaks in the story.

  M.J Murphy (1972: 161-173), in his book Understanding Unseen, gives more detailed explanation on how characters are presented by an author. He mentions nine ways of how an author reveals the character’s personalities and traits to the readers, like as follows: 1) Personal Description

  The author explains directly to the readers the physical appearance of the characters.

  2) Character as Seen by Another The Author mentions his or her characters though the eyes of other characters in the story so that the readers can catch a reflected image of them through the other characters’ eyes. 3) Speech The author gives the clues of the character’s personalities to the readers through what the characters say.

  4) Past Life By letting the readers know something about the characters’ past lives, the author give them some clues to his or her characters’ personalities.

  5) Conversation of Others

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  The author makes dialogues about a character in the story which is spoken by some characters in it. The readers can refer to the conversations to know something about the character. 6) Reactions

  The author mentions indirectly a character’s personality by letting the readers know how the character reacts to various events or situations.

  7) Direct Comment The author uses a direct comment to describe the characters. He or she seems to judge them, directly, whether they are good or bad, beautiful or ugly and the like.

  8) Thoughts The author gives the readers direct knowledge of what a character is thinking about. So that they can get knowledge of the personality of the character when they read the description of what he or she is thinking about. 9) Mannerism

  The author describes a character’s mannerism, habits, or idiosyncrasies which may tell the readers something about the character.

2.1.1.3 The Psychological Approach

  According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 13) state that there are five kinds of approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach. In this study, the researcher uses the psychological approach.

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  The psychological approach involves the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns. It uses various theories of psychology to explain the characters, motivation, and behavior pattern.

  Psychological approach is used to explain about human motivation especially the motivation of the main character, Paulo, to seek his guardian angel.

  It is because study of psychology deals with the mind, its senses and human behavior. The main character’s motivation can be seen from his behavior when he focuses on getting his goal. Through this approach, the character’s motivation can be analyzed deeply.

2.1.2 Motivation

  2.1.2.1 Definitions of Motivation

  Murray says that motivation can be inferred by the aspect of behavior such as the dominance of one’s conversations, fantasies, and dreams (1964: 11). Thus, we can learn one’s motivation from the dominance of his or her conversation or through what he is dreaming of.

  Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy(2000: 392) state that motivation refers to factors of an individual such as needs, desires, and interest which activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward of his goals.

  2.1.2.2 Kinds of Motivation

  According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000: 401) there are two forms of motivation that affect achievement: intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.

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  1) Intrinsic Motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to exhibit an action for our own sake. It means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment and pleasure. There is not a real reward (money, certificate, or status) for his work but the reward is from his heart, his satisfaction in doing something well.

  2) Extrinsic Motivation Extrinsic motivation is a desire to exhibit an action because of the external rewards and avoidance of punishment. It means this motivation comes from reward which will be benefit for someone, such as money, certificate, or status. There is not enjoyment in this motivation. He only does something for the reward given not for his satisfaction.

  In the 1970s, the term intrinsic motivation became widely used in place of exploratory behavior. Intrinsic motivation has been defined as “the inherent tendency to seek out novelty and challenge, to extend and exercise one’s capacities, to explore and learn” (Ryan & Deci, 2000:70).