THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION IN SAVING VISCOS AS SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’S THE DEVIL AND MIS PRYM

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  THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION IN SAVING VISCOS AS SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’S

THE DEVIL AND MIS PRYM

  A Thesis Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements to Obtain the Sarjana Pendidikan Degree in English Language Education By Helen Monica Student Number: 031214137 ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY YOGYAKARTA 2008

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THE MAIN CHARACTER’S MOTIVATION IN SAVING VISCOS AS

SEEN IN PAULO COELHO’S

THE DEVIL AND MIS PRYM

  

A Thesis

Presented as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements

to Obtain the

  Sarjana Pendidikan Degree

in English Language Education

  

By

Helen Monica

Student Number: 031214137

ENGLISH LANGUAGE EDUCATION STUDY PROGRAM

  

DEPARTMENT OF LANGUAGE AND ARTS EDUCATION

FACULTY OF TEACHERS TRAINING AND EDUCATION

SANATA DHARMA UNIVERSITY

YOGYAKARTA

2008

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ABSTRACT

  Monica. Helen. (2008). The Main Character’s Motivation in Saving Viscos as

  

Seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and Miss Prym. Yogyakarta: English

  Language Education Study Program, Department of Language and Arts Education, Faculty of Teachers Training and Education, Sanata Dharma University.

  This thesis discusses Paulo Coelho’s novel, The Devil and Miss Prym. The story is about a young woman named Chantal who tries to save her village, Viscos from the stranger who wants to tempt Viscos people. This novel provides a story which is familiar in our society. As human being, we cannot be free from temptation in everywhere and every time. Temptation will always tempt us whether we have strong conviction or not in keeping our integrity and commitment. In this case, motivation is really needed to keep that conviction so that we are not tempted by everything which can make us fall.

  There are two problems to be analyzed in this thesis. They are: (1) What is the problem faced by Viscos village? (2) What are Chantal’s motivations in saving Viscos? This study employs a library study method. There are two kinds of sources. The primary source is the novel. The secondary sources are taken from the books related to theory of critical approach, theory of motivation as well as theory of human needs. This study uses psychological approach as the main approach. Psychological approach is needed to help in understanding about human motivation and behavior. The study of psychology deals with the mind, its senses and human behavior. Therefore, human motivation can be seen psychologically from his or her behavior. I also use theory of motivation to reveal the main character’s motivation in the novel, and in order to get a deeper analysis about motivation, theory of human needs is needed.

  The result of the analysis shows that Chantal’s motivation in saving Viscos is driven by her responsibility as she has taken a wrong decision previously. Chantal’s motivation can be seen from her intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. The intrinsic one is that Chantal wants to clear her bad image in Viscos people’s eyes. The extrinsic motivations are that Chantal is responsible about her action in conveying the stranger’s offer and that Chantal is going to return Viscos to the original situation. Hence, Chantal is motivated to repair her mistake. Chantal is so smart, it can be seen when she has succeeded in saving Viscos, she also still can get the gold and reach her dreams to be out of Viscos village. Chantal finally helps the stranger to understand about human nature. Chantal’s motivation is not only to save Viscos but also to inspire people in controlling themselves to behave in the good way.

  Finally, I proposed to use this thesis for future researchers who are interested in analyzing this novel further. There are still many topics which can be discussed. I also suggest to use of the novel The Devil and Miss Prym to teach

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ABSTRAK

  Monica. Helen. (2008). The Main Character’s Motivation in Saving Viscos as

  

Seen in Paulo Coelho’s The Devil and Miss Prym. Yogyakarta: Pendidikan

  Bahasa Inggris, Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni, Fakultas Keguruan dan Ilmu Pendidikan, Universitas Sanata Dharma.

  Skripsi ini menganalisa tentang novel karangan Paulo Coelho, The Devil

  

and Miss Prym. Novel ini menceritakan tentang seorang wanita muda bernama

  Chantal yang berusaha untuk melindungi desanya, Viscos dari orang asing yang ingin mencobai penduduk Viscos. Novel ini menyajikan sebuah cerita yang umum di dalam masyarakat kita. Manusia tidak akan terlepas dari cobaan dimanapun dan kapanpun. Cobaan itu akan selalu menggoda kita meskipun kita mempunyai pendirian yang kuat atau tidak dalam menjaga integritas dan komitmen kita. Dalam hal ini, motivasi sangat diperlukan dalam menjaga pendirian atau keyakinan itu dari apapun juga yang dapat membuat kita jatuh.

  Dalam skripsi ini, ada tiga masalah yang dianalisa. (1) Masalah apakah yang dihadapi oleh Viscos? (2) Motivasi apakah yang mendorong Chantal untuk melindungi Viscos?

  Skripsi ini menggunakan metode studi pustaka. Ada dua macam sumber pendukung. Sumber utama adalah novel The Devil and Miss Prym karangan Paulo Coelho. Sumber kedua diambil dari buku-buku yang berkaitan dengan teori literatur, teori psikologi, dan teori motivasi. Skripsi ini menggunakan pendekatan psikologi sebagai pendekatan utama. Pendekatan psikologi diperlukan untuk membantu dalam memahami motivasi dan perilaku manusia. Pembelajaran psikologi berhubungan dengan pikiran, perasaan dan perilaku manusia. Maka dari itu, motivasi manusia dapat dilihat secara psikologi yaitu dari perilakunya. Saya juga menggunakan teori motivasi untuk menguak motivasi dari karakter utama di dalam novel, dan Untuk mendapatkan analisa yang lebih mendalam tentang motivasi, diperlukan teori kebutuhan manusia.

  Dari hasil analisa menunjukkan bahwa motivasi Chantal dalam melindungi Viscos dimotivasi oleh rasa tanggung jawabnya karena telah mengambil keputusan yang salah sebelumnya. Motivasi Chantal dapat dilihat dari motivasi secara intrinsik dan ekstrinsik. Motivasi secara intrinsik adalah Chantal ingin memulihkan kesan buruk di mata penduduk Viscos terhadap dirinya. Motivasi secara ekstrinsik adalah Chantal bertanggung jawab atas tindakannya dan Chantal ingin mengembalikan Viscos pada keadaan semula yang damai. Maka dari itu, Chantal termotivasi untuk memperbaiki kesalahannya. Chantal sangat cerdas, itu dapat dilihat ketika dia telah berhasil menyelamatkan Viscos, dia juga masih mendapatkan emas untuk mencapai impiannya untuk keluar desa Viscos. pada akhirnya, Chantal membantu orang asing dalam memahami sifat manusia.

  Bagaimanapun juga, dari peristiwa itu motivasi Chantal tidak hanya membuahkan

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  untuk mengontrol diri mereka masing-masing untuk berkelakuan baik dengan cara yang benar.

  Pada akhirnya, saya menyarankan untuk menggunakan skripsi ini bagi para penulis dimasa mendatang yang tertarik menganalisa novel The Devil and

  

Miss Prym. Di sini, masih banyak topik yang dapat dibahas lagi. Saya juga

  memberikan saran untuk menggunakan novel ini dalam mengajar Bahasa Inggris, khususnya kelas Extensive Reading I untuk mahasiswa Program Studi Bahasa Inggris.

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“He has set the right time for everything”

(Ecclesiastes 3: 11a)

  This thesis dedicated to: My beloved father, King, Jesus Christ My parents, Hengky Mulyanto and Elvi Lindawati

My sister and brother, Valentina Mei Cen and Rudy

My love, Yoseph Setyawan Budiono

  All of my friends

What we become is our gift to God

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ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS

  First of all, I would like to thank Jesus Christ who always stays beside me every time and gives me strength and support to finish this thesis. I realize that I would never be able to accomplish my thesis without His blessing. I would also like to thank Mother Mary who always accompanies me and hears my prayer.

  I also realize I would never have finished this thesis without other’s support and help. My deepest thanks go to my sponsor V. Triprihatmini, S.Pd.,

  

M.Hum., M.A who has sacrifice her time in guiding me to finish my thesis from

  the beginning until the end. I am also indebted to all PBI lecturers for guiding and sharing their knowledge during my study in Sanata Dharma University.

  My deepest and endless gratitude goes to my beloved family for being the angels of my life who cover me in the hard times. My lovely parents Hengky

  

Mulyanto and Elvi Lindawati, their never ending loves, prayers, patience,

  support, encouragements and understanding really give me strength to do not give up easily in finishing this thesis. My deep love also goes to my sister and brother,

  Valentina Mei Cen and Rudy. I love them so much.

  A special gratitude goes to my beloved boyfriend, Yoseph Setyawan

  

Budiono, who is always patient and stays beside me through the hard times. I

  thank him for every moment and laugh that we have. He is my life’s light forever and ever.

  I would like to thank my best friend, Deborah Kartika Sari who always supports me in every time and every where. I also want to thank my boarding

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  house’s friends, Cicil who always disturbs me every night in finishing this thesis and Dina who always supports me when I am down. I would like to thank my friend Andry, Junius, Siane, Tommy, Devi, Titik, Bunga and Ruth who always give me couragement in finishing this thesis. I want to thank all my friends, April,

  

Denny, Fely, Franky, Grace, Halim, Hendra, Hilda, Leonna, Martha, Ria,

Ricky, Rinma, Ya yan, Yodi, Yuvena and also my other friends that I can not

  mention one by one. Thank you for the friendship, support and prayers.

  Helen Monica

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

  Page TITLE PAGE .................................................................................................... i APPROVAL PAGES ........................................................................................ ii STATEMENT OF WORK’S ORIGINALITY ................................................. iv ABSTRACT ...................................................................................................... v

  ABSTRAK .......................................................................................................... vi

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS …………………………………………………... ix TABLE OF CONTENTS .................................................................................. xi LIST OF APPENDICES ................................................................................... xiii

  CHAPTER I. INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study .................................................................. . 1 B. Problem Formulation ...................................................................... . 3 C. Objectives of the Study ................................................................... . 4 D. Research Benefits ............................................................................ . 4 E. Definition of Terms ......................................................................... . 5 CHAPTER II. REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE A. Review of Related Theories ............................................................ . 6

  1. Theory of Critical Approach ..................................................... . 6 2. Theory of Motivation .................................................................

  7

  a. Intrinsic Motivation ................................................................ 10

  b. Extrinsic Motivation .............................................................. 10

  3. Human Needs .............................................................................. 13

  a. Psychological Needs................................................................ 14

  b. Safety Needs ........................................................................... 14

  c. Love/Belonging/ Social Needs ................................................ 14

  d. Esteem Needs .......................................................................... 15

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  B. Criticism ........................................................................................... 16

  C. Theoretical Review ........................................................................... 18

  CHAPTER III. METHODOLOGY A. Subject of the Study ........................................................................ 19 B. Approach of the Study .................................................................... 20 C. Method of the Study ........................................................................ 21 CHAPTER IV. ANALYSIS A. The Problem Faced by Viscos Village .............................................. 23

  1. The Background of the Problem ................................................... 23

  2. How the Problem Appears ............................................................ 28

  3. Factors Influencing Chantal’s Action ........................................... 34

  a. Internal Factor ........................................................................... 34 b. External Factor ..........................................................................

  37

  4. The Impacts of the Problem .......................................................... 39

  a. Viscos People see Chantal’s Image Negatively ........................ 40

  b. Viscos Threatened Damaged..................................................... 41

  B. Chantal’s Motivation in Saving Viscos .......................................... 42

  1. Intrinsic Motivation ....................................................................... 43

  2. Extrinsic Motivation .................................................................... 44

  CHAPTER V. CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusion ...................................................................................... 50 B. Suggestions ..................................................................................... 52

  1. Suggestions for Future Researchers .......................................... 53

  2. Suggestion for English Teachers ................................................ 53

  REFERENCES ................................................................................................ 55

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  APPENDIX Page

  A. Summary of The Devil and Miss Prym ........................................................ 58

  B. Biography of Paulo Coelho .......................................................................... 60

  C. Lesson Plan and Worksheet of Extensive Reading I .................................... 62

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CHAPTER l

  

INTRODUCTION

This chapter consists of five parts, namely background of the study, problem

formulation, objectives of the study, benefits of the study, and definition of terms.

  

The background of the study presents the description of the topic and the reasons I

choose this topic. The problem formulation states the problem to be solved. The

objectives of the study state the purpose of writing this thesis, meanwhile the research

benefits state the benefits of this thesis for the readers. The last, the definition of

terms clarifies the important terms used in this thesis.

A. Background of the Study

  Art is something enjoyable if it is regarded as something valuable which will

enrich people’s knowledge and experience. To many readers, literature is a kind of art

in which many people will learn almost everything in it. Literature is surely a device

to learn about everything in our lives. We may also learn about humanity through

literature. Every thought and event, either real or imaginary, is presented in many

ways. It gives some contribution to readers in expressing their sense of curiosity,

feeling, and the idea inside themselves. Novel as a branch of literature invites various

people to read, to feel, and then to be involved in it. Novel becomes something

pleasant to be consumed because it represents the reality of life or it may be not real

but something in the author’s imagination in which the readers may have a wish to

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  2

experience it. Sometimes when we read a novel, we can feel some feelings which will

appear from the story. They can be happiness, sadness or maybe a motivation which

can make ourself to do something new or impossible things.

  In this study, I am going to reveal a topic about motivation. Motivation is like

a desire or a will to do something to reach our goal. A psychologist, Morris (1990:

408) defines motive as a specific need, desire, or want such as thirst, or achievement

that energizes and directs goal – oriented behavior. It is clear from the definition that

human wants to do something or do an action because they are motivated to get their

aim or dreams. An effort to make a better life is a kind of achievement motivation.

  Most of human biologically functioning follows the pattern of searching a

way to relieve the unpleasant things caused by the needs that must be fulfilled in their

life. In bottom lines, the needs motivate someone to act. Sometimes behavior of

individuals at a particular moment is usually determined by their strongest needs. It is

like Maslow’s (1938) theory as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy and Vernoy (2000: 407)

about hierarchy of needs. He states that the strongest needs must be satisfied first

before one can move on to the higher needs. It is clear that human being can behave

based on the needs that they face in that moment. The needs conduct humans to act.

  

Because of the needs, human being can also perform actions that cause destruction or

serious damage, or they can also perform actions that have useful purpose or positive

purpose.

  This study is related to motivation which I choose from one of Paulo Coelho’s

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  3

the trilogy On the Seventh Day. The first two books were By The River Piedra I Sat

Down and Wept (1994) and Veronica Decides to Die (1998). As a literary work, this

novel has an idea that I want to reveal and elaborate more. The Devil and Miss Prym

tells about Chantal, the main character, who is motivated to save Viscos, her

birthplace.

  The story begins from a stranger who comes to a remote village, Viscos, to

find the answer whether human beings are good or bad. The stranger tempts Viscos

people by offering ten bars of gold. The gold will belong to Viscos people if, at the

end of seven days someone in the village is found dead.

  I choose the topic about the main character’s motivation in saving Viscos

because it reminds the reader how we have to struggle in reaching out dreams or goal

in our life. This story shows how the main character struggles to save Viscos since a

stranger who wants to damage it by his gold. Motivation is needed in struggling to

reach our dream. Without struggle, a dream is only a dream, because the dream

cannot come by itself but it needs a struggle. Then, the struggle needs motivation

because motivation can push someone to do something seriously in reaching the

dream.

B. Problem Formulation

  Based on the background above, there are two problems in this study. Yet,

there is only one main problem which I want to analyze. However, it is needed to

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  4 formulated as follows:

  1. What is the problem faced by Viscos village?

  2. What are Chantal’s motivations in saving Viscos?

  C. Objectives of the Study The objectives of this study are related to the two questions stated in the

problem formulation. The first is to find out the problem faced by Viscos village. The

second is to find out Chantal’s motivation in saving Viscos village.

  D. Research Benefits The readers can gain some benefits from this study. First, by reading this

study, I expect the reader can understand more about human motivation and also what

really motivate them in reaching dreams or goal. Thus, I expect this study is useful in

our daily life. I am sure that people are always motivated by something in their life,

either from internal or external factor. Second, this novel also can teach the readers

how to struggle in reaching their goals or dreams.

  Hopefully this study can also be beneficial for all students of English

Language Education Program who would like to take the same study about human

motivation. This study can help them to understand more about the idea, the

characterizations, the message and also the motivation of the character. Other

researchers also can get some benefits from this study. I expect this study can give

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  5 E.

   Definition of Terms In this study, there are some terms to be defined to avoid misinterpretation.

  

The first term is dream. Dream is “an ambition or ideal” (Oxford Advanced Learner’s

Dictionary, 1995: 353). In this study, dream is defined as someone’s ambition which

will be reached if he or she has the opportunity in his or her life.

  The second term is goal. Goal is “the object of one’s efforts; a target” (Oxford

Advanced Learner’s Dictionary, 1995: 509). In this study, goal is defined as

someone’s aim in his or her life which has to be reached.

  The third is needs. “Need is internal or homeostatic imbalance that must be

satisfied in order to keep the body performing at a consistent level” (Worchel and

Shebilkske, 1989: 375). In this study, need is defined as something that need to be

fulfilled so that the balance will restore.

  The fourth is motivation. Huffman, Vernoy, Vernoy (2000: 392) state that

motivation is the process of activating, maintaining, and directing behavior toward a

particular goal. According to Petri (1981: 3), “motivation is the concept we use when

we describe the forces acting or on within an organism to initiate and direct

behavior.” In this study, motivation is defined as a desire or an action to do

something that is motivated to reach some goals or needs that have to be fulfilled.

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CHAPTER II REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE This chapter will discuss some theories used to analyze the novel and

  answer the problem formulations. There are three parts that are presented in this chapter. The first part is review of related theories which is dealing with theory of critical approach, theory of motivation and theory of human needs. The second

  part is criticism. It consists of the articles and reviews by people who have read about this novel, The Devil and Miss Prym (2000). The third part is theoretical framework. It consists of the contribution of the theories and reviews applied in this study to answer the problems formulated in this thesis.

A. Review of Related Theories

1. Theory of Critical Approaches

  Reading a novel is a pleasant thing in literary work. In understanding the novel, we do not only know about the title, plot, or the author but also broaden our knowledge about literary deeper.

  In order to help readers in understanding about how literature is shaped and the meaning of it, Wellek and Warren (1956: 80) suggest two approaches to study literary works; those are the intrinsic and the extrinsic approaches. Each approach has its point of view. When analyzing a novel with the intrinsic approach, it means that we analyze and appreciate a novel from its elements such as character, plot, setting, and etc. On the other hand, the extrinsic approach

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  In applying the extrinsic approach, there are some suggestions. Wellek and Warren, (1956: 77-134) suggest some theories, which can be used to analyze a literary works; “literature and biography, literature and psychology, literature and society, literature and ideas, literature and the other arts”.

  According to Rohrberger and Woods (1971: 6-15) state that there are 5 kinds of approaches. They are formalist approach, biographical approach, sociocultural-historical approach, mythopoeic approach, and psychological approach.

  In this study, I use the psychological approach. Psychological approach is the effort to locate and demonstrate certain recurrent patterns, but from a different body of knowledge that is psychology (Rohrberger and Woods, 1971: 13). Psychological approach is used to explain about human motivation especially the motivation of the main character, Chantal Prym, in saving Viscos village. It is because study of psychology deals with the mind, its senses and human behavior. The main character’s motivation can be seen from her behavior when she focuses on getting her goal. Through this approach, the character’s motivation can be analyzed deeply.

2. Theory of Motivation

  I am sure that people who have motivations, they have dreams too. As Zulkanaen (2007: 13) says that “everything happens to us is begun from our dreams”. It is because people are free to dream everything in every time and everywhere (ibid, 13). There is no one can limit someone’s dreams. Yet, dream is

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  not enough pushing someone to reach his goal. There is one thing that really will be able to force someone to be motivated in reaching his goal, it is called needs.

  Need is needed because it helps motivation leads human to do an action. “Motivation is sufficient reason to behave as they do” (Kennedy and Gioia, 1995: 60), because it can push someone to do something that he or she wants. This motivation theory is needed in this thesis because I want to analyze about the main character’s motivation in this novel.

  Motivated behavior is someone’s behavior which is set to make an action by a need (Kalish, 1973: 29). A need here indicates that some types of someone’s satisfaction is lacking and implies someone to reduce the dissatisfaction. Atkinson, Atkinson, and Hilgard (1983: 314) also state that “motivation refers to the factors that energize and direct behavior”. It means that in motivation energizes someone to do something, for example a hungry person is motivated to seek food to eat and a thirsty person to drink. Based on Worchel and Shebilkske’s theory (1989: 373) which state that people who are motivated always act in a certain way at a certain time. That is the reason why they conclude that “the study of motivation is concerned with how and why people behave as they do-what energize and direct their behavior” (ibid, 411).

  Motivation will appear if there are some needs to be achieved. It is similar to Waringin’s theory (2007: 19) which mentions that human brain has a system where human tends to search of pleasure and avoid misery automatically. Pleasure here indicates human needs. Thus, I conclude this theory is suitable with theory of motivation which says that needs serve as a basis for someone’s motivation to do

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  something. When someone’s needs have not been fulfilled, he will be motivated to try hard until he gets his satisfactions.

  Henry Murray (1938) as quoted in Worchel and Shebilkske (1989: 406) suggests that some people are brought by a motive to do things as soon as possible.

  This can be meant as achievement motivation. In short, people’s need that must be fulfilled at one can be said as achievement motivation. There are two forms of motivation that affect achievement motivation: intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Extrinsic motivation is motivated behavior that results from external factors, such as promotion, status or any similar types of rewards. Intrinsic motivation is motivated behavior that derives from the enjoyment of performing the task rather than from an expected reward (Worchel and Shebilkske, 1989: 408).

  According to Petri (1981: 3), motivation is the concept which we use when we want to describe the action or within someone to initiate and direct behavior.

  Staw (1976) as quoted in Petri (1979: 315) also defines that “intrinsic motivation as the value or pleasure associated with an activity as opposed to the goal toward which the activity is directed”. While, extrinsic motivation, emphasizes the external goals towards which the activity is directed.

  Other researchers, Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000: 392) state that motivation refers to factors of an individual such as needs, desires, and interests which activate, maintain, and direct behavior toward his goal. Why an individual has motivation to do something? The key to understanding this is achievement motivation. Achievement motivation is “the need for success for doing better than others, and for mastering challenging tasks; the desire to excel, especially in

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  competition with others” (Henry Murray, 1938 as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, 2000: 399).

  According to Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000: 401) there are two forms of motivation that affect achievement: Intrinsic motivation and extrinsic motivation.

  a. Intrinsic motivation Intrinsic motivation refers to a desire to exhibit an action for our own sake.

  It means that this motivation comes from someone’s enjoyment or pleasure. There is not a real reward (money, certificate, or status) for his work but the reward is from his heart, his satisfaction in doing something well.

  b. Extrinsic motivation

  Extrinsic motivation is a desire to exhibit an action because of the external rewards and avoidance of punishment. It means this motivation comes from reward which will be benefit for someone, such as money, certificate, or status. There is not enjoyment in this motivation. He only does something for the reward given not for his satisfaction.

  Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000: 404) also explain about the general theories of motivation where those theories are divided into three, as follows:

1. Biological Theories

a. Instinct

  “Motivation results from behaviors that are unlearned, uniform in expression, and universal in a species”. It means that instinct is a behavioral pattern which does not need to be learnt, always expressing something in the same

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  animals. But according to Edward O. Wilson (1975, 1978) as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy (2000: 405) believes that human being also have instinct such as competition, aggression, male-female differences, and also altruism.

  These instincts are automatically come from one generation to another generation. That is the reason why this behavior does not need to be learnt and always expressed in the same way because it comes from genetically in every species.

b. Drive-Reduction Theory

  This theory begins with the biological needs of organism (such as foods, water, and oxygen) which are lacking. When the biological needs are unmet, these needs created a state of tension (drive), then the organism is motivated to reduce the needs or satisfy the original needs. Once the need is met, a state of balance (homeostasis) is restored and motivation decreases. For the example, someone who is starving will create a state of tension (hunger drive) then he is motivated to find food.

2. Psychosocial Theories

a. Incentive Theory

  This theory tells about motivation which comes from the external factors or environmental stimuli. These external stimuli will pull organism in certain directions (Bolles, 1970, 1975; Pfaffmann, 1982 as quoted in Huffman, Vernoy, and Vernoy, 2000: 405). This theory is the opposite of the drive-reduction theory where the internal factors push organism in certain direction. For the example, people eat because their hunger pushes them to find food; this is drive-reduction

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  because they see others food like apple pie or ice cream which pulls them to continue eating although they are not hungry at that time.

b. Cognitive Theory

  This theory tells about motivation which emphasizes thought processes in goal-directed behavior. This theory is not similar to other theories above; this theory emphasizes thinking and perceptual interpretation. It means that cognitive theory teaches people to think their plans and reach their goals. That is the reason why it is said that this theory emphasizes in thinking and perceptual interpretation. For the example, someone who wants to get a great grade in his examination will spend the night studying than watch a cinema. In this situation, he has a plan to study all night long to get a perfect grade as his goal.

3. Interactionism: Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

  Maslow’s theory of motivation says that some motives (such as physiological and safety needs) have to be satisfied before advancing to higher needs (such as belonging and self-esteem).

  This theory of Maslow’s Hierarchy of needs will be explained more in the section theory of Human Needs. It is because this theory is needed in explaining about Chantal Prym who has some needs to be fulfilled in her life.

  Perhaps the explanation for the purpose of motivated behavior is the idea of hedonism. Hedonism is a motivation behavior which motivates someone by pleasure and pain (Petri, 1981: 7). Aiken (1969: 119) states that “hedonism is

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  Young (1961) as quoted in Petri (ibid) explains that this behavior is based on the emotional consequences of an action. If the emotional consequences are pleasurable, the action will be repeated; if the emotional consequences are painful, the action will be avoided and there will be no repetition.

3. Theory of Human Needs

   Waringin (2007: 72-73) says that a success person is someone who is

  brave to take action and convinced that he is able to reach his goal. It means that everyone has to do something that they consider as a good way, which is at least, to survive in this life. However, the behavior they conduct is a good one for them at the end; they have to keep on struggling. One thing that they have to know is there must be motivations which underlying their actions.

  Maslow (1954) contended that human being have a number of needs that are instinctive. Although all needs are instinctive, some are more powerful than others. The lower the need, the more powerful it is. In his hierarchy, the lower needs are stronger than others need. It must be satisfied first before moving to the higher needs (Maslow, 1954 as quated in Petri, 1981: 302). In other word, it means that motivations are based on human needs. “Hierarchy of needs implies that the individual has to find adequate satisfaction for the more basic needs before he can turn his attention to the higher needs on the scale” (Kalish, 1973: 50).

  According to Maslow (1954) as quoted in Petri (1981: 302-305), there are five basic needs:

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  a. Psychological Needs

  This is the lowest need in the Maslow’s hierarchy of needs. These consist mainly of: eating, drinking, sleeping, and sex. If some needs are not fulfilled, a human’s physiological needs take the highest priority. Physiological needs can control thoughts and behaviors, and can cause people to feel sickness, pain, and discomfort. Maslow feels that psychological needs are adequately met for most people in the society. When these needs are met, the next need of the hierarchy emerges as a dominant force in controlling and directing behavior.

  b. Safety Needs

  When psychological needs are met, the need for safety or security in our environment will emerge. Like the psychological needs, safety needs are primarily appears in emergency situations. Higher needs become unimportant when one’s life is endangered and our behavior reflects our attempts to remain secure. This include: personal security from crime, security as against company lay-offs, health and well-being, and safety net against accidents/illness and the adverse impacts. If there is no satisfaction of these needs, one reacts as if one were in a threatening situation – obsessive-compulsive neuroses.

  c. Love/ Belonging/Social Needs

  “When the safety needs have been adequately met, they become unimportant in the direction of behavior, and the love and belongingness needs emerge” (Maslow, 1954 as quoted in Petri, 1981: 303). This aspect of Maslow’s hierarchy involves emotionally-based relationship in general, such as: friendship, sexual intimacy, and having a supportive and communicative family. Human

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  small social group. They need to love and to be loved by others. In the absence of these elements, many people become susceptible to loneliness, social anxiety, and depression.

  d. Esteem Needs

  When the love needs have been adequately met, the esteem needs become dominant. Esteem needs mean needs for a positive, high evaluation of oneself.

  There are two subcategories of these needs namely, a need for self - esteem and a need for esteem from others. The needs for self – esteem motivates the individual to attempt for achievement, strength, confidence, independent, and freedom. The need of esteem from others requires reputation, status, recognition, attention, appreciation of one’s ability and feeling of important. All humans have a need to be respected, to have self-esteem, self-respect, and to respect others. People needs to prove themselves to gain recognition and have an activity that give the person a sense of contribution, to feel accepted and self-valued.. The satisfaction of esteem needs makes one feel having a purpose in the world. Lack of esteem leads the individual to feel inconsequential and to have little self-worth.

  e. Self-Actualization

  When one has satisfied the first four levels of need (psychological needs, safety needs Love/ belonging/social needs, esteem needs) the final level, which Maslow termed self – actualization, can be reached. “The behavior of self-actualization person is motivated by a new set of needs, which Maslow termed the being needs (B – Motivation or metamotivation)” (Maslow, 1954 as quoted in Petri, 1981: 305). Being needs are values such as truth, honesty, and

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  The self actualization - need of humans makes them become the most of their abilities and to strive to be the best they can. In short, self-actualization is reaching one’s fullest potential.

B. Criticism

  In this part, I will present some criticism related to Paulo Coelho and his work entitled The Devil and Miss Prym (2000) published by Harper Collins. The criticisms are presented to give more references to the reader in understanding Paulo Coelho’s work.

  Amayel in her article “Paulo Coelho: The Devil and Miss Prym: A Novel of Temptation” says, ‘Paulo Coelho’s stunning novel explores the timeless struggle between good and evil, and brings to our everyday dilemmas fresh perspectives: incentives to master the fear that prevents us from following our dreams, from being different, from truly living. The Devil and Miss Prym is a story charged with emotion, in which the integrity of being human meets a terrifying test.’ (http://amayelsnotes.wordpress.com/readings/ , acessed on July 24, 2008). Based on the criticism above, Paulo Coelho has created a literary work which can motivate people to fight their fear in this life. The story of the novel is about human nature in the real life. According to her point of view, Coelho explains that circumstances can change us each time into either good or bad people.

  Amayel (ibid) also gives criticism about Coelho’s works; she says the only issue with Coelho is that in reading his book from the oldest to the newest that he seems lose his character development for teaching lessons. It can be seen when

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  reading Coelho’s works, it makes us think and also teaches us the lesson right there rather than letting us think and figure it out by our self. From her criticism, we can see that Amayel feels a little bit disappointed with this novel, because Coelho makes all is easy to be read so he is not giving opportunities to the readers to think and learn by themselves about his novel.

  The main character that Paulo uses in this novel called Chantal. She is a poor young woman but she is a tough woman. Although she has been expelled by Viscos people but she still cares about Viscos village life. Anna (http://www.shelfari.com/books/39702/The-Devil-and-Miss-Prym-A-Novel-of-Te mptation, accessed on June 9, 2008), says that she loves Chantal for her courage to stand for what she thinks is the best situation. According to Anna, Chantal is very kind; she is also smart when she is discussing the gold to the stranger. She also says that she likes the way Coelho makes every detail in the story grim and hopeless which in the end of the story he puts little spark of hope that can change the situation.