6 ISI 1 The Status of Mangrove 593384052
Proceeding of
an
International Seminar-Workshop on lntegrated Lowland Dwelopmeat and lllanagement 2010
Palembong lAarch 18 - 20, 2010
THE STIIUS OF I,IANGROVES ECOSYSTEIT{:
REFORESTED Of Rhizophora
apiculata Bl. and NATUML I,IANGROVE FOREST lN RIAU
Sarno2)' Rujito A. Suwignyol), Munandarl),
zulkifli Dahlanl], and fttoh.
Rasysid
Ridhol)
2) Student and l)Staff of Graduate Schaol of Agricultural Sciences Sriwijaya University
Jl" fudong Selax 524,
Pe{embang
34fi9, lndorcsia;
e-moil:sorno_llaten65@vohoo.co.id
ABSTR^ACT
Mangrove
trees
have a very significant impact to the coastal environment. The study
was conducted on August 2W7 at reforested 2,
at
3,4,
5 and 6 year-otd R. apicutata Bt.
Hitir (lNHlL), Riau and October 2009 at natural mangroves
forest Putau Ruku lNHlL, Riau. This paper aims at brief discussion on growth of R
apicutata and the present status of utitization and management of mangrove forests in
Sungai Asam, lndragiri
Riau. The rehabititation had been done successfully with monoculture R apicutata Bl.
ptantation in Sungai Asam. The resutt indicated that direct exptoitation of Rhizophora
especiatty
for
buitding construction. The anthropogenic activities had been degraded
mangrove ecosystem, such as ittegat togging in Putau Ruku.
Key words: Rhizophora apiyulata &tr., mdngrove, growth, reforested
I
/
INTRODUCTION
The restoration of mangrove have received a tot of attention wortdwide for
severat reasons. Firstty, tne ki,ng ignored ecotogical and environmentat vatues of
mangrove forests have been documented
for many mangrove areas in the world.
Secondty, there is a high subeistence dependence on natural resources from mangrove
forests. ln addition, large tosses of mangrove have occurred throughout the wortd
teading to coastal erosion, decline of fishery resources and other environmental
consequences, some
of which in need of urgent attention. Finatty, governments
throughout the wortd are showing commitments towards sustainabte use of mangrove
areas. Extensive research have been carried out on the ecotogy, structure and
functioning on the mangrove ecosystem. Howeve6 the finding have not been
interpreted in a rnanagement framework, thus mangrove forests around the wortd
continue to be over-exploited, converted to aquacutture ponds, and potluted. The tinks
between research and sustainabte management of mangrove ecosystems shoutd be
established (Kairo et at., 2001).
Bakas (Rhizcphora apiculata Bt.) is rnost econornicatty irnportant commercial
species of mangrove trees, have been intensively exptoited for their vatuabte wood
Sarno, Sttwignp, lAtmandar, Dahlan, and Ridha. The Status of...-.................
for
A5-1
"r#Ft*""Arry
of
an tntenwtiqnl 5elmimr-Wor:rsrra,' ut Intellreted
house construction. There was reforested
**
*mffimm
2, 3, 4, s and 6 year-old R. apicutata at
Sungai Asam, lndragiri
Hitir (lNHlL), Riau and the natural mangroves forest at Putau Ruku
lNHlL, Riau. Both of mangrove forests are have different status recentty.
This paper examines the human effects on the utitization of this rich but fragite resource,
summarizes the problerm of managing mangrwe forests, and discnsses protection and
management techniques.
AAETHODS
Study site
ln'the study site,
R
apiculata was planted and there were monocutture of 2, 3, 4,
5 and 6 year-old stands. Our research was carried out in Sungai Asam in The District of
lndragiri Hitir, Riau, lndonesia. The site was located at 0" 44' S and 103' 18' E in South
China Sea (Fig. 1). The ecologicat characteristics were: etevation 5.4 m above sea level;
average salinity 2O ppt; pH soil 5.6; air temperature 30 oC; soil texture loam; twice
inundation with 6 hour interval
Figure 1. Research locations: Sungai Asam, Riau and Putau Ruku, INHIL, Sumatera lstand.
i,teasured parameters were trunk cfrcte (Bengen, 2000).The modet of growth was
by
allometric method measurement
et a[. ,2001) of reforestedl,3, 4,
5, and 6 year otd R. apicutata at Riau. Samptes were 30 stands of Rhizophora, and the
devetoped
(Ross
fottowing measurements were recorded: totat height (TOTHT), height to base of crown
(CRI#NHT), crown length and
width
(CR\ilNL and CRWNW), and diameter at 30 cm {D30}
and 140 cm (D140) (for stems tatler than 40 and 150 cm, respectivety). The product
ICRWNHT. CRWNL " CRWNWI provided an index of crown votume (CR\trNV). Total Biomas
in
(kg/stand) then was determined with formuta
(LnD2))+(0,156 Ln(Ln CRWNV})
:
/,Jlg+(1,129 Ln
x Wood Density. Biomass of mangrove forest in (ton
InTOTWT=
DW/ha) was obtained by muttiptied the stand biomass with stand density per hectare.
Sorno, Suwignyo, Munandar, Dahlan, ond Ridho. The Stotus of....-.................
A5-2
Proceeding of
an
lntertntional Seminar-tt/orbhop on lntegrated Lawlatrd D*elopment and *bmgement 20fi
Palembang llarch 18 - 20,2010
The modet was devetoped to stimutated the growth and production of wetl established
stands of R. apicutata. Five major tree organs namety; canopy (leaves), branches, stems,
prop roots and
roots;
ptus three morphotogical variables (upper height of the canopy,
tower height of the canopy and canopy coverage), were selected depending on their
importance and effectiveness in order to i{lustrate ttre growth of R. apiculata (Asaeda
and Katibbata, 2009).
Soil, sarnptes
down to the depth of about 25 cm were co[ected from the each area
research. Each soit sampte was anatysed for pH, C-organic, N-tota[, P-bray,
exchangabte cations (K Na, Mg, Ca), CEC, At-dd, and texture at the Soit Fertitity,
of
Biotogy and Chemistry Laboratory Soit Science Departement, Facutty of Agricutture,
Sriwijaya University.
RESULTS AHD DISCUSSIONS
Reforested R apiculata
Tree totat height of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-otd stands was 2.5, 8.9, 7.3., 7.8, and 9.1 m
respectivety and stem diameter was 2.5,4.6, 4.7 ,4.7, and 6.0 cm respectivety [abte 1 ].
Stand density of 2,3,4, 5 and 6 year-otd year-otd forest was 8300, 6900, 8900, 9700
and 15300 stems/ha, respectively (Tabte 2).
Tabte 1. Average of growth parameters of R. apiculata at Sungai Asam, Riau
No
Age
Root
Stem
Crown
Crown
Crown
Totat
Stem
{year}
height
height
height
tength
width
Heigtr
diameter
(cm)
{cm)
{cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
1
2
48.44
48.53
99.77
t69.80
t8t.m
245.Ic
2.53
2
3
58.43
97-O7
610.50
185.87
213.87
894.43
4,57
3
4
56.33
267.00
251.00
17?-33
213.00
730.67
4.69
4
5
59.97
386.20
770.37
135.83
163.37
776.50
4.70
5
6
68.83
404.ffi
373.4O
r85.00
219.33
914.67
5.97
itangrove ecosystems or "mangat" occure wortd wide on tropical and sub-tropical
coasttine (Toml,inson, 1986). The mangrove is a unique and comptex ecosystem. The
contribution of marine mangrove (R. apicutata) towards the growth and prirnary
production of mangrove ecqntemrts remarkabte. This is due to the fact that R.
apicutata cotonizes rel.atively faster; grows quicker and talterthan other species (Ong et
the most dominant and productive species
(Putz and Chan, 1936). R. apicul.ata is the most important species of commerciat
mangrove timber in the Asia-Pacific region. Vast areas of mangrove in the region are
dominated by R. apicutata forests, often as atmost pure stands. A good understanding of
at.,
1985; Tomtinson, 1986). R. apiculata is
furra, gwignyo, lrlutnndor,
Orlhlan, and Ridho. The Status o/-..-...-.---.-.-.-'
Prxedtng of
an
Intermtiorpl Semimr-lwklnpt
on rntegrated Lowland Devetopment
and r&nagement 2oro
palembang
Marchia - zo, 2o;o
the growth characteristics of
the species is thus vitar for
the management of these
forests (Ong et al., 2A0g.
"O
il
lir
ii
il'
H
a,q
Density (ha-1)
te by al.lometric method
The rehabilitation had been
done successfutty with monocutture
R apicutata Bt.
plantation in sungai Asam'
The result indicated in",
it,. ., exptoitation of Rhizophora
especiatly for building
construction (Fig. 2).
li
Figure 2. The bakau (R.
apicutar.
construction (right) in Sungai
Asam, lNHlL, Riau, Sumatera.
Natural forest
Recentty' some peopte went
to mangrove forest at putau
Ruku for the order
coltected the wood of mangrove,
especialty R apiculata for
buitding or house
construction (Fig' l1'-The--affiFropogenic
activities had been degraded
mangrove
ecosystem (wantasen 2ff,2;
,
Duke, 2006't. The marErove
specieses foundd at purau
Ruku are R apicutata,
R mucronata, Avicennia
arba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza,
B peMflora,
Nypa fruticans, dan Acrostichum
aureum.
Proceeding of
an
lnternational Seminor-Workhop on Integrated Lowlard Dqtelopment and lilanagement 2010
Palembang lvlarch 18 - 20, 2010
Fe
I
Figure" 3. lttegat togging
of
mangrove forest at Pulau Ruku, lNHlL.
CONCLUSIONS
The rehabititation had been done successfutty with monoculture R apicutata B[.
ptantation in Sungai Asam. The result indicated that direct exploitation of Rhizophora
r
Bt.
lnra
especiatty
for
buitding construction. The anthropogenic activities had been degraded
mangrove ecosystem, such as il{egal togging in Putau Ruku.
REFERENCES
Asaeda, T. and M. Katibbata. 2009. Modetting growth and primary production of the
marine mangrove (Rhizophora apicutata BL): Adynamic approach. J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
Ecot. (2009 ), doi : 1 0.101
6
I
i.iembe. 2009.01 .009.
Bengen, D.G. 2000. Pedoman teknis pengenatan dan sistem pengetotaan mangrove.
PKSPL-lPB, Bogor.
Kairo, J.G., F. Dahdouh-Guebas,
J. Bosire and N. Koedam.2001. Restoration
and
Management of Mangroves Systems - a Lesson for and from the East African Region.
South African Journat of Botany 68: 383 - 389.
Ong, J,E, Gong, W.K., Wong, C.H. 2004. Attometry and partitioning of the mangrove,
Rhizophora apicutata. Forest Ecology and Management, 188 (1-3): 395'408.
order
M.5., P.L. Ruiz, G.J. Tetesnicki and J.F. Meeder 2001. Aboveground biomass and
production in mangrove communities of Biscayne Nationat Park, Ftorida (USA).
lsse
Wettand Ecotogy and Management, 9:27-37.
Ross,
Erove
rR.dau
iiftora,
Tomtinson, P.B. 1986. The Botanyof Mangroves. Cambride University Press, Cambridge.
Pp.22-29.
Duke, N.C. 2006. Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stytosa, R.
X annamal/, RtrizoPfrora.x tamarckii. lndo-West Pasific Stitt Mangrove. Species
profite for/Pasific s land Agroforestry (www. traditionattree. org ).
f
/
Sarrw, St*vignyo, llunandar, Dahtan, and Ridho. The Stotus of..........-.,.......,.
A5-5
Proceeding of
an
Intermtioml Senirpr-lr/arkshq on Integratd
Laurtaril
Devetqmet
at1ld
l&nageneft zalo
Polemfong hbrch 18 - 20,2010
Macintosh, D.J.
,
E.C. Ashton and S. Havanon. 2W2. r\{angrove Rehabititation and
lntertidat Biodiversity: a Study in the Ranong Mangrove Ecosystem, Thaitand.
Estuarine, Coastat and Shetf Science (2002) 55, 331 - 345.
A. 2W2. Kajian
Potensi Sumberdaya Htrtan illangrwe di Desa Tatise,
Kabupaten liinahasa, Sutawesi utara, program pasca sarjana, lpB, Bogor:
Wantazen,
Munarldar, Dahlan,
aN
Ridlw. ?he Status of..
an
International Seminar-Workshop on lntegrated Lowland Dwelopmeat and lllanagement 2010
Palembong lAarch 18 - 20, 2010
THE STIIUS OF I,IANGROVES ECOSYSTEIT{:
REFORESTED Of Rhizophora
apiculata Bl. and NATUML I,IANGROVE FOREST lN RIAU
Sarno2)' Rujito A. Suwignyol), Munandarl),
zulkifli Dahlanl], and fttoh.
Rasysid
Ridhol)
2) Student and l)Staff of Graduate Schaol of Agricultural Sciences Sriwijaya University
Jl" fudong Selax 524,
Pe{embang
34fi9, lndorcsia;
e-moil:sorno_llaten65@vohoo.co.id
ABSTR^ACT
Mangrove
trees
have a very significant impact to the coastal environment. The study
was conducted on August 2W7 at reforested 2,
at
3,4,
5 and 6 year-otd R. apicutata Bt.
Hitir (lNHlL), Riau and October 2009 at natural mangroves
forest Putau Ruku lNHlL, Riau. This paper aims at brief discussion on growth of R
apicutata and the present status of utitization and management of mangrove forests in
Sungai Asam, lndragiri
Riau. The rehabititation had been done successfully with monoculture R apicutata Bl.
ptantation in Sungai Asam. The resutt indicated that direct exptoitation of Rhizophora
especiatty
for
buitding construction. The anthropogenic activities had been degraded
mangrove ecosystem, such as ittegat togging in Putau Ruku.
Key words: Rhizophora apiyulata &tr., mdngrove, growth, reforested
I
/
INTRODUCTION
The restoration of mangrove have received a tot of attention wortdwide for
severat reasons. Firstty, tne ki,ng ignored ecotogical and environmentat vatues of
mangrove forests have been documented
for many mangrove areas in the world.
Secondty, there is a high subeistence dependence on natural resources from mangrove
forests. ln addition, large tosses of mangrove have occurred throughout the wortd
teading to coastal erosion, decline of fishery resources and other environmental
consequences, some
of which in need of urgent attention. Finatty, governments
throughout the wortd are showing commitments towards sustainabte use of mangrove
areas. Extensive research have been carried out on the ecotogy, structure and
functioning on the mangrove ecosystem. Howeve6 the finding have not been
interpreted in a rnanagement framework, thus mangrove forests around the wortd
continue to be over-exploited, converted to aquacutture ponds, and potluted. The tinks
between research and sustainabte management of mangrove ecosystems shoutd be
established (Kairo et at., 2001).
Bakas (Rhizcphora apiculata Bt.) is rnost econornicatty irnportant commercial
species of mangrove trees, have been intensively exptoited for their vatuabte wood
Sarno, Sttwignp, lAtmandar, Dahlan, and Ridha. The Status of...-.................
for
A5-1
"r#Ft*""Arry
of
an tntenwtiqnl 5elmimr-Wor:rsrra,' ut Intellreted
house construction. There was reforested
**
*mffimm
2, 3, 4, s and 6 year-old R. apicutata at
Sungai Asam, lndragiri
Hitir (lNHlL), Riau and the natural mangroves forest at Putau Ruku
lNHlL, Riau. Both of mangrove forests are have different status recentty.
This paper examines the human effects on the utitization of this rich but fragite resource,
summarizes the problerm of managing mangrwe forests, and discnsses protection and
management techniques.
AAETHODS
Study site
ln'the study site,
R
apiculata was planted and there were monocutture of 2, 3, 4,
5 and 6 year-old stands. Our research was carried out in Sungai Asam in The District of
lndragiri Hitir, Riau, lndonesia. The site was located at 0" 44' S and 103' 18' E in South
China Sea (Fig. 1). The ecologicat characteristics were: etevation 5.4 m above sea level;
average salinity 2O ppt; pH soil 5.6; air temperature 30 oC; soil texture loam; twice
inundation with 6 hour interval
Figure 1. Research locations: Sungai Asam, Riau and Putau Ruku, INHIL, Sumatera lstand.
i,teasured parameters were trunk cfrcte (Bengen, 2000).The modet of growth was
by
allometric method measurement
et a[. ,2001) of reforestedl,3, 4,
5, and 6 year otd R. apicutata at Riau. Samptes were 30 stands of Rhizophora, and the
devetoped
(Ross
fottowing measurements were recorded: totat height (TOTHT), height to base of crown
(CRI#NHT), crown length and
width
(CR\ilNL and CRWNW), and diameter at 30 cm {D30}
and 140 cm (D140) (for stems tatler than 40 and 150 cm, respectivety). The product
ICRWNHT. CRWNL " CRWNWI provided an index of crown votume (CR\trNV). Total Biomas
in
(kg/stand) then was determined with formuta
(LnD2))+(0,156 Ln(Ln CRWNV})
:
/,Jlg+(1,129 Ln
x Wood Density. Biomass of mangrove forest in (ton
InTOTWT=
DW/ha) was obtained by muttiptied the stand biomass with stand density per hectare.
Sorno, Suwignyo, Munandar, Dahlan, ond Ridho. The Stotus of....-.................
A5-2
Proceeding of
an
lntertntional Seminar-tt/orbhop on lntegrated Lawlatrd D*elopment and *bmgement 20fi
Palembang llarch 18 - 20,2010
The modet was devetoped to stimutated the growth and production of wetl established
stands of R. apicutata. Five major tree organs namety; canopy (leaves), branches, stems,
prop roots and
roots;
ptus three morphotogical variables (upper height of the canopy,
tower height of the canopy and canopy coverage), were selected depending on their
importance and effectiveness in order to i{lustrate ttre growth of R. apiculata (Asaeda
and Katibbata, 2009).
Soil, sarnptes
down to the depth of about 25 cm were co[ected from the each area
research. Each soit sampte was anatysed for pH, C-organic, N-tota[, P-bray,
exchangabte cations (K Na, Mg, Ca), CEC, At-dd, and texture at the Soit Fertitity,
of
Biotogy and Chemistry Laboratory Soit Science Departement, Facutty of Agricutture,
Sriwijaya University.
RESULTS AHD DISCUSSIONS
Reforested R apiculata
Tree totat height of 2, 3, 4, 5 and 6 year-otd stands was 2.5, 8.9, 7.3., 7.8, and 9.1 m
respectivety and stem diameter was 2.5,4.6, 4.7 ,4.7, and 6.0 cm respectivety [abte 1 ].
Stand density of 2,3,4, 5 and 6 year-otd year-otd forest was 8300, 6900, 8900, 9700
and 15300 stems/ha, respectively (Tabte 2).
Tabte 1. Average of growth parameters of R. apiculata at Sungai Asam, Riau
No
Age
Root
Stem
Crown
Crown
Crown
Totat
Stem
{year}
height
height
height
tength
width
Heigtr
diameter
(cm)
{cm)
{cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
(cm)
1
2
48.44
48.53
99.77
t69.80
t8t.m
245.Ic
2.53
2
3
58.43
97-O7
610.50
185.87
213.87
894.43
4,57
3
4
56.33
267.00
251.00
17?-33
213.00
730.67
4.69
4
5
59.97
386.20
770.37
135.83
163.37
776.50
4.70
5
6
68.83
404.ffi
373.4O
r85.00
219.33
914.67
5.97
itangrove ecosystems or "mangat" occure wortd wide on tropical and sub-tropical
coasttine (Toml,inson, 1986). The mangrove is a unique and comptex ecosystem. The
contribution of marine mangrove (R. apicutata) towards the growth and prirnary
production of mangrove ecqntemrts remarkabte. This is due to the fact that R.
apicutata cotonizes rel.atively faster; grows quicker and talterthan other species (Ong et
the most dominant and productive species
(Putz and Chan, 1936). R. apicul.ata is the most important species of commerciat
mangrove timber in the Asia-Pacific region. Vast areas of mangrove in the region are
dominated by R. apicutata forests, often as atmost pure stands. A good understanding of
at.,
1985; Tomtinson, 1986). R. apiculata is
furra, gwignyo, lrlutnndor,
Orlhlan, and Ridho. The Status o/-..-...-.---.-.-.-'
Prxedtng of
an
Intermtiorpl Semimr-lwklnpt
on rntegrated Lowland Devetopment
and r&nagement 2oro
palembang
Marchia - zo, 2o;o
the growth characteristics of
the species is thus vitar for
the management of these
forests (Ong et al., 2A0g.
"O
il
lir
ii
il'
H
a,q
Density (ha-1)
te by al.lometric method
The rehabilitation had been
done successfutty with monocutture
R apicutata Bt.
plantation in sungai Asam'
The result indicated in",
it,. ., exptoitation of Rhizophora
especiatly for building
construction (Fig. 2).
li
Figure 2. The bakau (R.
apicutar.
construction (right) in Sungai
Asam, lNHlL, Riau, Sumatera.
Natural forest
Recentty' some peopte went
to mangrove forest at putau
Ruku for the order
coltected the wood of mangrove,
especialty R apiculata for
buitding or house
construction (Fig' l1'-The--affiFropogenic
activities had been degraded
mangrove
ecosystem (wantasen 2ff,2;
,
Duke, 2006't. The marErove
specieses foundd at purau
Ruku are R apicutata,
R mucronata, Avicennia
arba, Bruguiera gymnorrhiza,
B peMflora,
Nypa fruticans, dan Acrostichum
aureum.
Proceeding of
an
lnternational Seminor-Workhop on Integrated Lowlard Dqtelopment and lilanagement 2010
Palembang lvlarch 18 - 20, 2010
Fe
I
Figure" 3. lttegat togging
of
mangrove forest at Pulau Ruku, lNHlL.
CONCLUSIONS
The rehabititation had been done successfutty with monoculture R apicutata B[.
ptantation in Sungai Asam. The result indicated that direct exploitation of Rhizophora
r
Bt.
lnra
especiatty
for
buitding construction. The anthropogenic activities had been degraded
mangrove ecosystem, such as il{egal togging in Putau Ruku.
REFERENCES
Asaeda, T. and M. Katibbata. 2009. Modetting growth and primary production of the
marine mangrove (Rhizophora apicutata BL): Adynamic approach. J. Exp. Mar. Biol.
Ecot. (2009 ), doi : 1 0.101
6
I
i.iembe. 2009.01 .009.
Bengen, D.G. 2000. Pedoman teknis pengenatan dan sistem pengetotaan mangrove.
PKSPL-lPB, Bogor.
Kairo, J.G., F. Dahdouh-Guebas,
J. Bosire and N. Koedam.2001. Restoration
and
Management of Mangroves Systems - a Lesson for and from the East African Region.
South African Journat of Botany 68: 383 - 389.
Ong, J,E, Gong, W.K., Wong, C.H. 2004. Attometry and partitioning of the mangrove,
Rhizophora apicutata. Forest Ecology and Management, 188 (1-3): 395'408.
order
M.5., P.L. Ruiz, G.J. Tetesnicki and J.F. Meeder 2001. Aboveground biomass and
production in mangrove communities of Biscayne Nationat Park, Ftorida (USA).
lsse
Wettand Ecotogy and Management, 9:27-37.
Ross,
Erove
rR.dau
iiftora,
Tomtinson, P.B. 1986. The Botanyof Mangroves. Cambride University Press, Cambridge.
Pp.22-29.
Duke, N.C. 2006. Rhizophora apiculata, Rhizophora mucronata, Rhizophora stytosa, R.
X annamal/, RtrizoPfrora.x tamarckii. lndo-West Pasific Stitt Mangrove. Species
profite for/Pasific s land Agroforestry (www. traditionattree. org ).
f
/
Sarrw, St*vignyo, llunandar, Dahtan, and Ridho. The Stotus of..........-.,.......,.
A5-5
Proceeding of
an
Intermtioml Senirpr-lr/arkshq on Integratd
Laurtaril
Devetqmet
at1ld
l&nageneft zalo
Polemfong hbrch 18 - 20,2010
Macintosh, D.J.
,
E.C. Ashton and S. Havanon. 2W2. r\{angrove Rehabititation and
lntertidat Biodiversity: a Study in the Ranong Mangrove Ecosystem, Thaitand.
Estuarine, Coastat and Shetf Science (2002) 55, 331 - 345.
A. 2W2. Kajian
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