The Composition Approach Non-QWERTY Keyboard for Balinese Script.
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Subtitle: General Conspectus about Guideline based Medical
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11:15a.m.-11:30a.m.
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Thelma Virginia Rodrigues , Claudio Dias Campos , Telmo de Oliveira Zenha , Claudineia Alves da Silva , Flavio Mauricio de Souza ,
experience for new technologies and space from perceptions Atenister Tarcisio Rego (Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais)
of social impacts of technologies.
The Composition Approach Non-QWERTY
Keyboard for Balinese Script
Cokorda Rai Adi Pramartha
I B Gede Dwidasmara
School of Information Technologies
The University of Sydney
Sydney, NSW 2006
Australia
cokorda.rai@sydney.edu.au
Computer Science Department
Udayana University
Jimbaran, Bali
Indonesia
dwidasmara@cs.unud.ac.id
Abstract— Advances in digital technology have greatly helped
in the digitization of many ancient scripts. We present the details
of a project undertaken in the Indonesian island of Bali to
develop a comprehensive digital script for the Balinese language
with the goal of alleviating the problem of people losing their
competence with both the Balinese language and Balinese script.
In this paper we introduce the first such a system consisting of a
non-QWERTY keyboard layout and its application for the
Balinese script of the Balinese language. The aim of the system is
to assist teachers and educators in Bali to train students on how
to write Balinese script in a natural as well as modern way. The
composition approach of the characters in the keyboard layout
was obtained through several Balinese language datasets, such as
short stories, itihasa (history), proverb, poetry, etc. In addition to
the system, our project also included the development of a soft
keyboard for desktop and tablet/smartphone environments. Our
work contributes to the preservation of the Balinese cultural
heritage.
Keywords— Balinese script; non-QWERTY; Keyboard layout;
Composition approach.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The use of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in Indonesia has been steadily increasing. According to
the Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association, about
63 million people (24.23% from the total Indonesian
population) were connected to the Internet as of 2012. It is
predicted that around 139 million (50% from the total
Indonesian population) will be connected to the internet by
2015[1]. The Indonesian government has encouraged the ICT
industry and community to develop content of direct relevance
to the Indonesian culture and heritage [2].
Bali is an island of Indonesia, located in one of the smallest
provinces of the country. It has a unique religious tradition, a
rich culture, and a distinctive language (Bahasa Bali) with its
own local alphabet and characteristic script (Aksara Bali). In
2000 around 3.3 million Balinese used the Balinese language
in their day-to-day communication but by 2011 the Balinese
Cultural Agency estimates that this number had dropped
below 1 million individuals. Currently, the Balinese script is
mainly used in religious works and rarely by the young
This project received funding from the Denpasar (Bali) City Council
under grant no. 1.25.1.25.01.15.80/2013
generation. The language is, thus, is facing the real possibility
of extinction. Moreover, the teaching of Balinese language
and script is not fully appreciated and organised by the local
schools either, since relevant learning tools that meet the
modern needs of education are non-existent. Furthermore,
since 2013 the Balinese language subject/course is not
included in the local school curriculum anymore [3, 4]. As a
consequence, this central element of Balinese culture and
identity is seriously threatened.
It is our conviction that through proper and focused
utilization of ICT resources, Balinese language education can
be facilitated. This, in turn, can contribute to the preservation
of this aspect of local heritage. In this paper we introduce the
first ever non-QWERTY keyboard device layout for a
Balinese script editor we developed, called Tamiang.
The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 we present
an overview of the Balinese language script. In Section 3 we
introduce our dataset and the Balinese script editor. In section
4 we explain our methodology for designing the layout of the
Balinese keyboard. Finally, section 5 concludes the paper and
includes a discussion of our future work.
II.
THE BALINESE LANGUAGE & SCRIPT
The Balinese language is classified as an Austronesian
language. The development of the Balinese language can be
divided into three periods, namely Bahasa Bali Kuna (the
ancient Balinese language), Bahasa Bali Tengahan (the
middle age of Balinese language) and Bahasa Bali Baru (the
new Balinese language).
Figure 1 The basic Balinese script - Hanacaraka
The Balinese language is written either in the Latin
alphabet or Balinese script. The Latin alphabet is generally
used to write in the modern context, while the Balinese script is
used for more traditional narratives and original manuscripts
were written on palm leaves [5].
10.
pepet
The Balinese script is called Hanacaraka and it has been
used since the 11th century AD [6]. The script has its own
unique writing rules called Pasang Aksara. Words are written
for left to right. Balinese script has 18 basic syllables, 5
vowels, 10 numbers and punctuation that are scripted through
185 characters [7]. The Balinese Script of Hanacaraka has only
18 consonants characters inherent to the syllables as shown in
Figure 1. Vowel characters can be attached either after, before,
above or below the main script or syllable [8] as illustrated in
Figure 2. However, only one vowel is attached to the syllable
ha. Furthermore, there are only two punctuations, that is, coma
and period (Figure 3). Finally, the script is continuous and has
no spaces between the words.
11.
pepet tedong
III.
A. Data Set
In order to develop the Balinese composition keyboard a
total of 147 of Balinese language datasets were used. These
were scripted in Latin characters and included short stories,
itihasa (history), proverb, poetry, etc. as shows in Table 1.
TABLE II.
No
Figure 2 Vowels positions
Figure 3 Balinese punctuation
TABLE I.
No.
THE BALINESE VOWELS POSITIONS
Balinese
Name
1
tedong
2
ulu
3
ulu-sari
4.
suku
5.
suku-ilut
6.
taleng
7.
taleng-repa
8.
taleng-tedong
9.
taleng-repa tedong
DATASET & THE SCRIPT EDITOR
THE BALINESE LANGUAGE DATASET
Category
File
1
Short stories
19
2
History (Ithiasa)
16
3
News (Orti)
8
4
Resume of discussions (Pabligbagan)
11
5
Proverbs (Paribasa)
20
6
Speech (Pidarta)
28
7
Poetry
17
8
Stories
28
Total
147
B. The Tamiang Balinese Script Editor
The Tamiang Balinese script editor is a word processing
software application that we developed, which can be used to
create and edit files written in Balinese script. The software
has the basic functions of a word processing application, such
as open, save, print and create new files, export files to
PDF/JPG, copy, cut, paste and so on. The software is designed
to run on multi-platform operating systems, for example
Windows, Linux and Mac.Our team is in the process
ofdeveloping it for use on mobile devices such as iOS and
Android. Furthermore, the Tamiang software works well in
conjunction with the newly developed Balinese keyboard.
Figure 4 The Tamiang Balinese script editor
IV.
METHODOLOGY
A. Character Extraction
After a careful study of the Balinese language and script,
especially regarding the use of consonants and vowels, we
decided to perform a character extraction from the Balinese
language dataset that rewrite from the Balinese script into
Latin/roman characters. The flowchart in Figure 4 illustrates
the extraction process of the Balinese characters that appear in
the dataset. The flowchart information consists of six steps
until the final number of each consonant in the dataset appears
to be considered as the baseline to determine the Balinese
script on the keyboard layout.
Start
Initial variable array
countLetter [total
consonant][1]=0
������ = ∑�
�=0 ������
(1)
Where:
Counti = frequency of alphabet-i for all dataset.
N
= sum of alphabet after trimming
(Omit vowel “auieo”)
j
= index of alphabet in dataset
Freqij = appearance frequency of alphabet-i in dataset-j
B. The Keyboard Composition Approach
In this project we created the graphical user interface
(GUI) software to be applied to the Figure 5 flowchart.
Through the extraction of the consonant characters from the
total dataset we obtained the frequency of each consonant, as
shown in Figure 6.
Read file dataset
*.txt
Replace vocal
(aiueo) à ‘_’
Read word base on
spacing
Count & match
character appear on
each word
Read next word
NO
Figure 6 Numbers of characters appearance on dataset
Update countLetter [][]
to match the character
and frequency
End of word?
YES
Print array
countLetter[][]
End
The pie chart in Figure 7 compares the percentage of the
consonants used in the dataset of the Balinese language, as
written in Latin alphabet. The outcome of the character
extraction suggests that from the total percentage of
consonants that appear in the dataset, approximately 20% was
the n character, while from 9% to 11% used the s, k and t
characters. In our dataset we found that the consonants z,x,v
and f were not being used in the dataset because these
consonants are not available in the Balinese scripts.
Figure 5 Balinese extraction flowchart
The processes starts with the initiation of two dimensions
of array variables such as countLetter [total of consonant] [1]
and set the number of data to 0 as needed. First, the process
begin by reading file text (*.txt) from the dataset, starting from
the beginning until the end of file (EOF). Second, replace all
the vowell (a,i,u,e,o) with character of ‘-‘ to make it easier for
our system to read only the consonant characters in the
dataset. Third, read the word based on the spacing of the
sentences. Fourth, count and match the consonants on every
word. Fifth, update the total frequency of the consonants in
countLetter[][] array variable. Finally, if the counting of words
and consonants reaches the end of the file then print the
countLetter array as the final number of consonant characters
that appear in each file in the dataset.
w
2%
j
2%
consonant
g
b
3% 4% p
h
5%
l
5%
6%
m
d
r
6%
7% 7%
c
1%
v
f 0%
0%
n
20%
s
11%
k
t 10%
9%
Figure 7 The frequency consonants appear in the dataset
C. Keyboard Layout Arrangements
The results of consonants’ frequency was used to
distribute the Balinese script on the keyboard. First, the script
was distributed from the 3rd layer of the keyboard and
distributed sequentially by order as shown in the Figure 8.
Second, the rest of the consonants were distributed to the
upper layer which was on 2nd layer and ordered as the 3rd
layer. Third, the vocals and punctuations were spread on the
4th layer. Finally, numeric characters were assigned to the 1st
layer of the keyboard
Figure 10 Map of Balinese scripts by Latin character
V.
Figure 8 Keyboard layout arrangements
D. Key Combinations
The Balinese script has a unique way of writing sentences,
where each character might sign differently depending on how
the word is in the sentence. An example of different signs is
shown in Figure 9 where n syllables can sign differently. To
allow the symbols on the keys to be visible, we added a
maximum of four keys combination to each button as shown
in Figure 9. Finally, in our keyboard layout design we did not
include Latin characters.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
We have described our work on the composition approach
for non-QWERTY keyboard for Balinese script. Our
contributions are the key layout arrangement and the key
layout combination for the Balinese keyboard. At present, a
total of 106 basic Balinese scripts are accommodated by our
design. Our keyboard and the Tamiang software have already
gained the appreciation of the Balinese people and will be
distributed to all schools in Denpasar by the end of 2014.
Currently we are working on getting our Balinese script editor
ready for smartphones and tablets, and making the soft and
touchscreen keyboards widely available for PCs, smartphones
and tablets.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank Professor Joseph Davis at the University of
Sydney for his valuable comments on a draft of this
publication. This project received funding from the Denpasar
City Council of Bali under grant no. 1.25.1.25.01.15.80/2013
and this paper was sponsored by The Indonesia Endowment
Fund for Education (LPDP).
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1993.
Elcie Helena Rodrigues
Aditya Khandelwal
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Ahmed Abdul Salam
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Deepak Vashisth
Derek Rayside
Dmitry Klishch
Dmitry Klishch
Domenico Repice
Douglas Sparkes
Eduardo Pinos
Eduardo Pinos
Edwin Nowicki
Garry Enns
Gregg Gunsch
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Number
Abstract
AUTHOR(S)
Oral Paper Session 1 - mHealth 1
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Vidyapeetham University)
Oral Paper Session 2 Data/personal Security and
Operations Supply Chain
926 Empowering Users through Privacy Management
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8:45a.m.-9:00a.m.
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1052
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957 Smartphone Data for use within Agent Based Modeling of
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9:00a.m.-9:15a.m.
977 A Smart System for Home Monitoring of People with
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03-Jun-14 8:30a.m.-8:45 a.m.
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990 THE IMPACT AND BENEFITS OF TECHINICAL HELPS FOR
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Experience in Honduras for University of Manitoba
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952 Enhanced Crowdsourcing for Disasters through Ham-Radio
Operators
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992 Harnessing Infant Cry for swift, cost-effective Diagnosis of
Perinatal Asphyxia in low-resource settings
Sreecharan Sankaranarayanan , RAGHAVENDRA S H (National Institute of Technology Karnataka, Surathkal)
999 Breaking Into Social Nervous System
Deepak Vashisth (Dronacharya College of Engg. , Gurgaon)
Oral Paper Session 6 mHealth 3
04-Jun-14 8:30a.m.-8:45 a.m.
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9:00a.m.-9:15a.m.
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1037 Accurate ECG R-Peak Detection for Telemedicine
Derek Rayside (U Waterloo) , Yangdong (Jack) Liao (U Waterloo) , Ru-Xin (Tony) Na (U Waterloo)
945 Wheeled Patient Monitoring System
Rajesh Kannan Megalingam , Pranav Sreedharan Veliyara, Raghavendra Murali Prabhu, Rithun Raj Krishna, Rocky Katoch (Amrita
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967 Sports for Global Citizenship
Terrance Malkinson (SAIT Polytechnic) , Chaun He (Univ. of Alberta)
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8:30-9:30 a.m.
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1003 Experience of application design for rural health care:
Sanjay Kimbahune () , Sujit Shinde (TCS) , Ratnendra Shinde , Mridula Solanki , Pawan Sable , Sunita Shanbhag (KEM)
9:00a.m.-9:15a.m.
1004 AUTOMATIC FLOODS DETECTION WITH A KERNEL K-MEANS
APPROACH
Daulphin RAZAFIPAHATELO , Solofoarisoa RAKOTONIAINA , Solofo RAKOTONDRAOMPIANA (University)
9:15a.m.-9:30a.m.
1005 ESTIMATION OF LAND SURFACE TEMPERATURE OVER
Ravakiniaina Narindra RANDRIANJATOVO (University)
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04-Jun-14 10:00a.m.-10:15a.m.
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Pater Mátatelki, Sandor Turbucz, Máta Pataki (MTA SZTAKI - Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute for Computer Science and
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916 Gateways to High-Perfomance and Distributed Computing
Resources for Global Health Challenges
Sandra Gesing , Jaroslaw Nabrzyski (University of Notre Dame) , Shantenu Jha (Rutgers University)
10:00-11:00 a.m.
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941 Energy Consumption in Digital Coherent and Traditional
Intensity Modulation RoF Systems for Broadband Wireless
Access
Mehedi Hasan , Ramon Maldonado-Basilio , Sawsan Abdul-Majid , Trevor Hall (University of Ottawa)
10:45a.m.-11:00a.m.
989 CURSOR CONTROL SYSTEM OF A COMPUTER BY ELECTROOCULOGRAPHS SIGNS FOR MOTOR DISABILITY
Eduardo Pinos , Xavier Mendez (Universidad Politacnica Salesiana)
937 Maria Teixeira School, a proposal for innovation in
educational technology for social inclusion
Elcie Helena Rodrigues , Silvana Patricia de Vasconcelos (Maria Teixeira School) , Thelma Virginia Rodrigues , Andra Gonçalves
,Plinio Soares Paolinelli Maciel (Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais)
10:15a.m.-10:30a.m.
942 Providing Access to Education in Sub-Saharan Countries
through Content-Oriented Technology
Angelica Kiboro , Mrinay Nair , Tomisin Bisiriyu-Salam , Alex Dwhytie , Sheena Bailey (University of Waterloo)
10:30a.m.-10:45a.m.
955 Addressing "Bottom-of-Pyramid" Humanitarian Problems
through Collaboration and Virtual Incubation Technologies
Douglas Sparkes , Angelica Kiboro , Howard Armitage , Karin Schmidlin (University of Waterloo)
10:45 a.m.-11:00 a.m.
984 The Composition Approach Non-QWERTY Keyboard for
Balinese Script
Cokorda Rai Adi Pramartha (University of Sydney), I B Gede Dwidasmara (Udayana University)
11:00 a.m.-11:15 a.m.
981 ProPath - Guideline based Software for the Implementation
in the Inhospital and Outpatient area
Yao-Nan Lien, Jyh-Shyan Huang , Jyh-Shyan Huang (National Chengchi University)
Oral Paper Session 9 Curricula 1
04-Jun-14 10:00a.m.-10:15a.m.
10:00-11:30 a.m.
Subtitle: General Conspectus about Guideline based Medical
Information or Expert Systems and the Relation to Clinical
11:15a.m.-11:30a.m.
931 IPUC's Technological Fair: space of opportunity and
Thelma Virginia Rodrigues , Claudio Dias Campos , Telmo de Oliveira Zenha , Claudineia Alves da Silva , Flavio Mauricio de Souza ,
experience for new technologies and space from perceptions Atenister Tarcisio Rego (Pontifical Catholic University of Minas Gerais)
of social impacts of technologies.
The Composition Approach Non-QWERTY
Keyboard for Balinese Script
Cokorda Rai Adi Pramartha
I B Gede Dwidasmara
School of Information Technologies
The University of Sydney
Sydney, NSW 2006
Australia
cokorda.rai@sydney.edu.au
Computer Science Department
Udayana University
Jimbaran, Bali
Indonesia
dwidasmara@cs.unud.ac.id
Abstract— Advances in digital technology have greatly helped
in the digitization of many ancient scripts. We present the details
of a project undertaken in the Indonesian island of Bali to
develop a comprehensive digital script for the Balinese language
with the goal of alleviating the problem of people losing their
competence with both the Balinese language and Balinese script.
In this paper we introduce the first such a system consisting of a
non-QWERTY keyboard layout and its application for the
Balinese script of the Balinese language. The aim of the system is
to assist teachers and educators in Bali to train students on how
to write Balinese script in a natural as well as modern way. The
composition approach of the characters in the keyboard layout
was obtained through several Balinese language datasets, such as
short stories, itihasa (history), proverb, poetry, etc. In addition to
the system, our project also included the development of a soft
keyboard for desktop and tablet/smartphone environments. Our
work contributes to the preservation of the Balinese cultural
heritage.
Keywords— Balinese script; non-QWERTY; Keyboard layout;
Composition approach.
I.
INTRODUCTION
The use of Information and Communication Technology
(ICT) in Indonesia has been steadily increasing. According to
the Indonesian Internet Service Provider Association, about
63 million people (24.23% from the total Indonesian
population) were connected to the Internet as of 2012. It is
predicted that around 139 million (50% from the total
Indonesian population) will be connected to the internet by
2015[1]. The Indonesian government has encouraged the ICT
industry and community to develop content of direct relevance
to the Indonesian culture and heritage [2].
Bali is an island of Indonesia, located in one of the smallest
provinces of the country. It has a unique religious tradition, a
rich culture, and a distinctive language (Bahasa Bali) with its
own local alphabet and characteristic script (Aksara Bali). In
2000 around 3.3 million Balinese used the Balinese language
in their day-to-day communication but by 2011 the Balinese
Cultural Agency estimates that this number had dropped
below 1 million individuals. Currently, the Balinese script is
mainly used in religious works and rarely by the young
This project received funding from the Denpasar (Bali) City Council
under grant no. 1.25.1.25.01.15.80/2013
generation. The language is, thus, is facing the real possibility
of extinction. Moreover, the teaching of Balinese language
and script is not fully appreciated and organised by the local
schools either, since relevant learning tools that meet the
modern needs of education are non-existent. Furthermore,
since 2013 the Balinese language subject/course is not
included in the local school curriculum anymore [3, 4]. As a
consequence, this central element of Balinese culture and
identity is seriously threatened.
It is our conviction that through proper and focused
utilization of ICT resources, Balinese language education can
be facilitated. This, in turn, can contribute to the preservation
of this aspect of local heritage. In this paper we introduce the
first ever non-QWERTY keyboard device layout for a
Balinese script editor we developed, called Tamiang.
The paper is organized as follows: In Section 2 we present
an overview of the Balinese language script. In Section 3 we
introduce our dataset and the Balinese script editor. In section
4 we explain our methodology for designing the layout of the
Balinese keyboard. Finally, section 5 concludes the paper and
includes a discussion of our future work.
II.
THE BALINESE LANGUAGE & SCRIPT
The Balinese language is classified as an Austronesian
language. The development of the Balinese language can be
divided into three periods, namely Bahasa Bali Kuna (the
ancient Balinese language), Bahasa Bali Tengahan (the
middle age of Balinese language) and Bahasa Bali Baru (the
new Balinese language).
Figure 1 The basic Balinese script - Hanacaraka
The Balinese language is written either in the Latin
alphabet or Balinese script. The Latin alphabet is generally
used to write in the modern context, while the Balinese script is
used for more traditional narratives and original manuscripts
were written on palm leaves [5].
10.
pepet
The Balinese script is called Hanacaraka and it has been
used since the 11th century AD [6]. The script has its own
unique writing rules called Pasang Aksara. Words are written
for left to right. Balinese script has 18 basic syllables, 5
vowels, 10 numbers and punctuation that are scripted through
185 characters [7]. The Balinese Script of Hanacaraka has only
18 consonants characters inherent to the syllables as shown in
Figure 1. Vowel characters can be attached either after, before,
above or below the main script or syllable [8] as illustrated in
Figure 2. However, only one vowel is attached to the syllable
ha. Furthermore, there are only two punctuations, that is, coma
and period (Figure 3). Finally, the script is continuous and has
no spaces between the words.
11.
pepet tedong
III.
A. Data Set
In order to develop the Balinese composition keyboard a
total of 147 of Balinese language datasets were used. These
were scripted in Latin characters and included short stories,
itihasa (history), proverb, poetry, etc. as shows in Table 1.
TABLE II.
No
Figure 2 Vowels positions
Figure 3 Balinese punctuation
TABLE I.
No.
THE BALINESE VOWELS POSITIONS
Balinese
Name
1
tedong
2
ulu
3
ulu-sari
4.
suku
5.
suku-ilut
6.
taleng
7.
taleng-repa
8.
taleng-tedong
9.
taleng-repa tedong
DATASET & THE SCRIPT EDITOR
THE BALINESE LANGUAGE DATASET
Category
File
1
Short stories
19
2
History (Ithiasa)
16
3
News (Orti)
8
4
Resume of discussions (Pabligbagan)
11
5
Proverbs (Paribasa)
20
6
Speech (Pidarta)
28
7
Poetry
17
8
Stories
28
Total
147
B. The Tamiang Balinese Script Editor
The Tamiang Balinese script editor is a word processing
software application that we developed, which can be used to
create and edit files written in Balinese script. The software
has the basic functions of a word processing application, such
as open, save, print and create new files, export files to
PDF/JPG, copy, cut, paste and so on. The software is designed
to run on multi-platform operating systems, for example
Windows, Linux and Mac.Our team is in the process
ofdeveloping it for use on mobile devices such as iOS and
Android. Furthermore, the Tamiang software works well in
conjunction with the newly developed Balinese keyboard.
Figure 4 The Tamiang Balinese script editor
IV.
METHODOLOGY
A. Character Extraction
After a careful study of the Balinese language and script,
especially regarding the use of consonants and vowels, we
decided to perform a character extraction from the Balinese
language dataset that rewrite from the Balinese script into
Latin/roman characters. The flowchart in Figure 4 illustrates
the extraction process of the Balinese characters that appear in
the dataset. The flowchart information consists of six steps
until the final number of each consonant in the dataset appears
to be considered as the baseline to determine the Balinese
script on the keyboard layout.
Start
Initial variable array
countLetter [total
consonant][1]=0
������ = ∑�
�=0 ������
(1)
Where:
Counti = frequency of alphabet-i for all dataset.
N
= sum of alphabet after trimming
(Omit vowel “auieo”)
j
= index of alphabet in dataset
Freqij = appearance frequency of alphabet-i in dataset-j
B. The Keyboard Composition Approach
In this project we created the graphical user interface
(GUI) software to be applied to the Figure 5 flowchart.
Through the extraction of the consonant characters from the
total dataset we obtained the frequency of each consonant, as
shown in Figure 6.
Read file dataset
*.txt
Replace vocal
(aiueo) à ‘_’
Read word base on
spacing
Count & match
character appear on
each word
Read next word
NO
Figure 6 Numbers of characters appearance on dataset
Update countLetter [][]
to match the character
and frequency
End of word?
YES
Print array
countLetter[][]
End
The pie chart in Figure 7 compares the percentage of the
consonants used in the dataset of the Balinese language, as
written in Latin alphabet. The outcome of the character
extraction suggests that from the total percentage of
consonants that appear in the dataset, approximately 20% was
the n character, while from 9% to 11% used the s, k and t
characters. In our dataset we found that the consonants z,x,v
and f were not being used in the dataset because these
consonants are not available in the Balinese scripts.
Figure 5 Balinese extraction flowchart
The processes starts with the initiation of two dimensions
of array variables such as countLetter [total of consonant] [1]
and set the number of data to 0 as needed. First, the process
begin by reading file text (*.txt) from the dataset, starting from
the beginning until the end of file (EOF). Second, replace all
the vowell (a,i,u,e,o) with character of ‘-‘ to make it easier for
our system to read only the consonant characters in the
dataset. Third, read the word based on the spacing of the
sentences. Fourth, count and match the consonants on every
word. Fifth, update the total frequency of the consonants in
countLetter[][] array variable. Finally, if the counting of words
and consonants reaches the end of the file then print the
countLetter array as the final number of consonant characters
that appear in each file in the dataset.
w
2%
j
2%
consonant
g
b
3% 4% p
h
5%
l
5%
6%
m
d
r
6%
7% 7%
c
1%
v
f 0%
0%
n
20%
s
11%
k
t 10%
9%
Figure 7 The frequency consonants appear in the dataset
C. Keyboard Layout Arrangements
The results of consonants’ frequency was used to
distribute the Balinese script on the keyboard. First, the script
was distributed from the 3rd layer of the keyboard and
distributed sequentially by order as shown in the Figure 8.
Second, the rest of the consonants were distributed to the
upper layer which was on 2nd layer and ordered as the 3rd
layer. Third, the vocals and punctuations were spread on the
4th layer. Finally, numeric characters were assigned to the 1st
layer of the keyboard
Figure 10 Map of Balinese scripts by Latin character
V.
Figure 8 Keyboard layout arrangements
D. Key Combinations
The Balinese script has a unique way of writing sentences,
where each character might sign differently depending on how
the word is in the sentence. An example of different signs is
shown in Figure 9 where n syllables can sign differently. To
allow the symbols on the keys to be visible, we added a
maximum of four keys combination to each button as shown
in Figure 9. Finally, in our keyboard layout design we did not
include Latin characters.
CONCLUSION AND FUTURE WORK
We have described our work on the composition approach
for non-QWERTY keyboard for Balinese script. Our
contributions are the key layout arrangement and the key
layout combination for the Balinese keyboard. At present, a
total of 106 basic Balinese scripts are accommodated by our
design. Our keyboard and the Tamiang software have already
gained the appreciation of the Balinese people and will be
distributed to all schools in Denpasar by the end of 2014.
Currently we are working on getting our Balinese script editor
ready for smartphones and tablets, and making the soft and
touchscreen keyboards widely available for PCs, smartphones
and tablets.
ACKNOWLEDGMENT
We thank Professor Joseph Davis at the University of
Sydney for his valuable comments on a draft of this
publication. This project received funding from the Denpasar
City Council of Bali under grant no. 1.25.1.25.01.15.80/2013
and this paper was sponsored by The Indonesia Endowment
Fund for Education (LPDP).
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2.
3.
Figure 9 Keyboard button
4.
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8.
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