POLITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN LADEN’S EXECUTION.
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN
BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S
EXECUTION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of a Sarjana Sastra degree
Dwitania Kemala
0707906
ENGPISH DEPARTMENT
FACUPTY OF PANGUAGE AND ART EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’
INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE
KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S
EXECUTION
Oleh
Dwitania Kemala
Sebuah skripsi lang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu slarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada
Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Dwitania Kemala 2014
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Agustus 2014
\
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanlak seluruhla atau sebagian,
dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnla tanpa ijin dari penulis.
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN
BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S
EXECUTION
A Research Paper
Written by:
Dwitania Kemala
0707906
Approved by:
Main Supervisor
Co-Supervisor
Dadang Sudana, M.A., Ph.D
Budi Hermawan, S.Pd., M.P.C.
NIP. 196009191990031001
NIP. 197308072002121002
The Head of English Education Department
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed.
NIP. 196211011987121001
ABSTRACT
Abstract: The stude is aimed at investigating politeness strategies observed be Barack
Obama in the interview with Steve Kroft in CBS ’60 Minutes” regarding Osama bin
Laden’s execution. This stude emploeed a qualitative research design which included
quantification to compute the number of occurrences of the data. The data were obtained
from a transcription of interview of Barack Obama in CBS official website. ror the
framework of analesis, the stude applied politeness strategies proposed be Brown and
Levinson (1978).
The stude reveals that Obama onle observed 3 politeness strategies. Obama frequentle
observed negative politeness strategies in the interview with 22 occurrences from 38
occurrences. Hedges were the most frequent sub-stratege of negative politeness observed
be Obama. Then, it was respectivele followed be impersonalizing S and H, and the last
were giving deference and nominalization. Be observing negative politeness stratege and
its sub-strategies Obama tried to distance himself to the interview to save his negative
face. The second, Obama observed positive politeness strategies and off-records
strategies. rrequence of both politeness strategies were 8 times. Positive politeness and
its sub-strategies were observed in order to hide the truth, to convince and to share
experience with the interlocutor. While, off-record stratege and its sub-strategies were
observed in order to avoid rTA. Through the result above, it can be inferred that Obama
tended to put him and the interlocutor on distance but he still wanted to show solidarite to
the hearers be showing his appreciation.
Key words: popiteness strategies, negative popiteness, off-record strategy,
positive popiteness, negative face, interview.
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE
KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ABSTRAK
Abstrak: Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi strategi kesantunan eang dipatui
oleh Barak Obama di dalam wawancara bersama Steve Kroft di CBS ’60 Minutes”
mengenai eksekusi Osama bin Laden. Kajian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan
melibatkan hitungan untuk menghitung jumlah kemunculan data. Data dalam kajian ini
diperoleh dari rekaman wawancara Barak Obama dari situs resmi CBS. Kerangka analisis
eang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah teori strategi kesantutan eang dikemukakan oleh
Brown dan Levinson (1978).
Kajian ini menunjukan bahwa Obama hanea mematuhi 3 strategi kesantunan. Obama
lebih baneak mematuhi strategi kesantunan negatif di dalam wawancaranea dengan 22
kemunculan dari 38. Hedges adalah sub-strategi eang paling sering digunakan oleh
Obama dari kesantunan negatif. Urutan kedua diikuti oleh impersonalisasi pembicara dan
pendengar, dan sub-strategi terakhir dalam kesantunan negatif adalah member rasa
hormat dan nominalisasi. Dengan mematuhi strategi kesantunan negatif dan substrateginea, Obama berusaha untuke menjaga jarak antara dirinea dan pewawancara
untuk menjaga wajah negatifnea. Strategi kesantunan kedua eang dipatuhi Obama adalah
Strategi kesantunan positif dan strategi off-record. Kemunculan dari setiap sdua strategi
tersebut adalah 8. Kesantunan positif dan sub-strateginea adalah untuk meneembuneikan
kebenaran, untuk meeakinkan dan untuk berbagi pengalaman dengan lawan bicara.
Sedangkan strategi kesantunan off-record dan sub-strateginea dipatuhi untuk menghindar
dari tindakan eang mengancam wajah. Dengan hasil di atas, disimpulkan bahwa Obama
cenderung untuk menjaga jarak antara dirinea dan lawan bicaranea tetapi Obama ingin
tetap menunjukan solidaritas pada lawan bicaranea dengan menunjukan rasa hormatnea.
Kata kunci: strategi kesantunan, kesantunan negatif, kesantunan positif, strategi
off-record, wajah negatif, wawancara.
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE
KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL ........................................................................................ i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ...................................................................... ii
PREFACE ......................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background .................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problems .................................................................................. 3
1.3 Aims of the Study ......................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope of the Study ........................................................................................ 4
1.5 Significant of Study ....................................................................................... 4
1.6 Research Methodology .................................................................................. 4
1.7 Clarification of Key Terms ............................................................................. 5
1.8 Organization of Paper..................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Politeness Strategies ....................................................................................... 7
2.2 Brown and Levinson Politeness Strategies...................................................... 9
2.2.1 Bald On-Record Strategy ................................................................. 10
2.2.2 Positive Politeness Strategy ............................................................. 11
2.2.3 Negative Politeness Strategy ...................................................... …..13
2.2.4 Off-Record Strategy ........................................................................ 15
2.3 Interview ..................................................................................................... 18
2.4 Relevant Studies .......................................................................................... 19
2.5 Concluding Remark .................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1.Research Problems ....................................................................................... 21
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE
KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.2 Research Design .......................................................................................... 21
3.3 Data Collection ........................................................................................... 21
3.4 Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 22
3.5 Data Presentation ....................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Politeness Strategies in Barack Obama’s Interview .................................... 24
4.1.1 Negative Politeness ....................................................................... 25
4.1.2 Positive Politeness ........................................................................ 29
4.1.3 Off-Record Strategy ...................................................................... 32
4.2 Discussion. ................................................................................................... 34
4.2.1 Negative Politeness ....................................................................... 34
4.2.2 Positive Politeness ........................................................................ 37
4.2.3 Off-Record Strategy ...................................................................... 39
4.3 Concluding Remark ................................................................................... ..39
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 41
5.2 Suggestions ................................................................................................. 42
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 43
APPENDICE
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE
KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES
Aulia, K. (2013). Politeness strategies usage in accompanying assertive illocutionary
acts on Barack Obama’s speech and interview towards the development of islamic
center near ground zero. The International Journal on Science. 16(1), 52-60
Aziz, E. A. (2000). Refusing in Indonesian: Strategies and politeness implicature
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Monash University, Australia.
Aziz, E. A. (2005). Face and politeness phenomena in the changing China.
Makara, Social Humaniora, 9(1), 1-15
Azis,
E.
A.
(2012).
Pragmatik
lintas
budaya.
Retrieved
from
http://aminudin.staf.upi.edu/2012/02/17/pragmatik-lintas-budaya/
Bell, P. & van Leeuwen, T. (1994). The media interview: Confession, contest,
conversation. New South Wales: New South Wales University Press
Bousfield, D. (2009). Impoliteness in interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamin
Publishing Company
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1978). Politeness: Some universal in language usage. New
York: Cambridge University Press
Brozin, M. (2010). The intentions behind Barack Obama's strategic use of personal
pronouns
(Unpublished
paper).
Retrieved
from
http://hig.diva-
portal.org/smash/get/diva2:375134/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
Chilton, P. & Schaffner, C. (2002). Introduction: Themes and principles in the analysis
of political discourse. In Chilton, P. & Schaffner, C. (Eds.) Politics as text and
talk: Analytical approaches to political discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamin
Publishing Company.
Clayman, S & Heritage, J. (2002). The news interview: Journalist and public figures on
the air. Cambrige: Cambrige University Press
Coulmas, F. (2005). Sociolinguistics: The study of speaker’s choice. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y.S (2000). Qualitative research. London: Sage Publicans
Ltd.
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE KORFT
REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Ekstrom, M & Patrona, M. (2001). (Eds.). Talking politics in broadcast media.
Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
Fialova, K. (2010). Expressing politeness in American TV programmes. (Unpublished
paper). Masaryk University, Czech.
Fraser, B. (1996). Pragmatic markers. International Pragmatics Association, 6(2), 167190.
Retrieved
from
http://elanguage.net/journals/pragmatics/article/viewFile/418/350
Harris, S. (2001). Being politically impolite: extending politeness theory to adversarial
political discourse. London: Sage Publican Ltd.
Kroft, S. (Interviewer). (2011, May 4). Interview with Barack Obama. In ’60 Minutes’.
(Television Broadcast). New York, United States: CBS
Lakoff, R.T. (1990). Talking power: The politics of language. New York: Basic Book
Lakoff, R.T & Ide, S. (2005). Broadening the horizon of linguistic politeness.
Amsterdam: John Benjamin.
Leech, G. (1983). Principle of pragmatics. New York: Longman
Mullany, L. (2002). "I don’t think you want me to get a word in edgeways do you John
?" Re-assessing (im)politeness, language and gender in political broadcast
interviews. Retrieved from http://extra.shu.ac.uk/wpw/politeness/mullany.htm
Maxwell, J.A. (2005). Qualitative research design: An interactive approach (2nd
edition). London: Sage Publican Ltd.
Nanda, S. (2010). Conversational implicature and politeness strategies of the presenter
in take me out Indonesia (Unpublished paper). Indonesia University of Education,
Indonesia.
Narloch, J. (2005). Language in use – the pragmatically term politeness in reference to
the serial Friends. Standort Duisburg: Universitat Duisburg-Essen,
Patrickova, I. (2012). Politeness strategies in interview question. (Unpublished paper).
Masaryk
University,
Czech.
Retrieved
from
http://is.muni.cz/th/325815/ff_b/Thesis.pdf.
Pishghadam, R. & Navari, S. (2012). A study into politeness strategies and politeness
markers in advertisements as persuasive tools. Mediterranean Journal of Social
Sciences, 3(2),162-172
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE KORFT
REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Rahayu, W. (2012). The realization of Grice’s cooperative principles in “Obama
exclusive RCTI bersama Putra Nababan”: Presidential interview. (Unpublished
paper). Indonesia University of Education, Indonesia.
Thomas, J. (1995). Meaning in interaction: An introduction to pragmatics. New York:
Longman.
Van Dijk, T. A. (2006). Discourse studies: A multidisciplinary introduction. London:
Sage Publican Ltd.
Watts, R. J. & Ide, E. (Eds.). (1992). Politeness in language. Berlin: Mouton de
Gruyiter.
Weizman, E. (2008). Positioning in media dialogue: Negotiating roles in the news
interview. Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
Wilamova, S. (2005). On the function of hedging devices in negatively polite discourse
(Unpublished paper). Masaryk University, Czech.
Yule, G. (1996). Pragmatics. Oxford: Oxford University Press.
Yuka, A. (2009). Positive politeness strategies in oral communication I textbook:
focusing on terms of address. The Economic Journal of Takasaki City University
of Economics, 52(1), 59-70
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE KORFT
REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S
EXECUTION
Submitted in partial fulfillment of a Sarjana Sastra degree
Dwitania Kemala
0707906
ENGPISH DEPARTMENT
FACUPTY OF PANGUAGE AND ART EDUCATION
INDONESIA UNIVERSITY OF EDUCATION
2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’
INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE
KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S
EXECUTION
Oleh
Dwitania Kemala
Sebuah skripsi lang diajukan untuk memenuhi salah satu slarat memperoleh gelar Sarjana pada
Fakultas Pendidikan Bahasa dan Seni
© Dwitania Kemala 2014
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia
Agustus 2014
\
Hak Cipta dilindungi undang-undang.
Skripsi ini tidak boleh diperbanlak seluruhla atau sebagian,
dengan dicetak ulang, difoto kopi, atau cara lainnla tanpa ijin dari penulis.
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN
BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S
EXECUTION
A Research Paper
Written by:
Dwitania Kemala
0707906
Approved by:
Main Supervisor
Co-Supervisor
Dadang Sudana, M.A., Ph.D
Budi Hermawan, S.Pd., M.P.C.
NIP. 196009191990031001
NIP. 197308072002121002
The Head of English Education Department
Indonesia University of Education
Prof. Dr. H. Didi Suherdi, M.Ed.
NIP. 196211011987121001
ABSTRACT
Abstract: The stude is aimed at investigating politeness strategies observed be Barack
Obama in the interview with Steve Kroft in CBS ’60 Minutes” regarding Osama bin
Laden’s execution. This stude emploeed a qualitative research design which included
quantification to compute the number of occurrences of the data. The data were obtained
from a transcription of interview of Barack Obama in CBS official website. ror the
framework of analesis, the stude applied politeness strategies proposed be Brown and
Levinson (1978).
The stude reveals that Obama onle observed 3 politeness strategies. Obama frequentle
observed negative politeness strategies in the interview with 22 occurrences from 38
occurrences. Hedges were the most frequent sub-stratege of negative politeness observed
be Obama. Then, it was respectivele followed be impersonalizing S and H, and the last
were giving deference and nominalization. Be observing negative politeness stratege and
its sub-strategies Obama tried to distance himself to the interview to save his negative
face. The second, Obama observed positive politeness strategies and off-records
strategies. rrequence of both politeness strategies were 8 times. Positive politeness and
its sub-strategies were observed in order to hide the truth, to convince and to share
experience with the interlocutor. While, off-record stratege and its sub-strategies were
observed in order to avoid rTA. Through the result above, it can be inferred that Obama
tended to put him and the interlocutor on distance but he still wanted to show solidarite to
the hearers be showing his appreciation.
Key words: popiteness strategies, negative popiteness, off-record strategy,
positive popiteness, negative face, interview.
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE
KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
ABSTRAK
Abstrak: Kajian ini bertujuan untuk menginvestigasi strategi kesantunan eang dipatui
oleh Barak Obama di dalam wawancara bersama Steve Kroft di CBS ’60 Minutes”
mengenai eksekusi Osama bin Laden. Kajian ini menggunakan metode kualitatif dengan
melibatkan hitungan untuk menghitung jumlah kemunculan data. Data dalam kajian ini
diperoleh dari rekaman wawancara Barak Obama dari situs resmi CBS. Kerangka analisis
eang digunakan dalam kajian ini adalah teori strategi kesantutan eang dikemukakan oleh
Brown dan Levinson (1978).
Kajian ini menunjukan bahwa Obama hanea mematuhi 3 strategi kesantunan. Obama
lebih baneak mematuhi strategi kesantunan negatif di dalam wawancaranea dengan 22
kemunculan dari 38. Hedges adalah sub-strategi eang paling sering digunakan oleh
Obama dari kesantunan negatif. Urutan kedua diikuti oleh impersonalisasi pembicara dan
pendengar, dan sub-strategi terakhir dalam kesantunan negatif adalah member rasa
hormat dan nominalisasi. Dengan mematuhi strategi kesantunan negatif dan substrateginea, Obama berusaha untuke menjaga jarak antara dirinea dan pewawancara
untuk menjaga wajah negatifnea. Strategi kesantunan kedua eang dipatuhi Obama adalah
Strategi kesantunan positif dan strategi off-record. Kemunculan dari setiap sdua strategi
tersebut adalah 8. Kesantunan positif dan sub-strateginea adalah untuk meneembuneikan
kebenaran, untuk meeakinkan dan untuk berbagi pengalaman dengan lawan bicara.
Sedangkan strategi kesantunan off-record dan sub-strateginea dipatuhi untuk menghindar
dari tindakan eang mengancam wajah. Dengan hasil di atas, disimpulkan bahwa Obama
cenderung untuk menjaga jarak antara dirinea dan lawan bicaranea tetapi Obama ingin
tetap menunjukan solidaritas pada lawan bicaranea dengan menunjukan rasa hormatnea.
Kata kunci: strategi kesantunan, kesantunan negatif, kesantunan positif, strategi
off-record, wajah negatif, wawancara.
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE
KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
TABLE OF CONTENTS
PAGE OF APPROVAL ........................................................................................ i
STATEMENT OF AUTHORSHIP ...................................................................... ii
PREFACE ......................................................................................................... iii
ACKNOWLEDGMENT .................................................................................... iv
ABSTRACT ....................................................................................................... v
TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................... vi
LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................ viii
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
1.1 Background .................................................................................................... 1
1.2 Statement of Problems .................................................................................. 3
1.3 Aims of the Study ......................................................................................... 3
1.4 Scope of the Study ........................................................................................ 4
1.5 Significant of Study ....................................................................................... 4
1.6 Research Methodology .................................................................................. 4
1.7 Clarification of Key Terms ............................................................................. 5
1.8 Organization of Paper..................................................................................... 6
CHAPTER 2 THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK
2.1 Politeness Strategies ....................................................................................... 7
2.2 Brown and Levinson Politeness Strategies...................................................... 9
2.2.1 Bald On-Record Strategy ................................................................. 10
2.2.2 Positive Politeness Strategy ............................................................. 11
2.2.3 Negative Politeness Strategy ...................................................... …..13
2.2.4 Off-Record Strategy ........................................................................ 15
2.3 Interview ..................................................................................................... 18
2.4 Relevant Studies .......................................................................................... 19
2.5 Concluding Remark .................................................................................... 20
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHODOLOGY
3.1.Research Problems ....................................................................................... 21
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE
KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
3.2 Research Design .......................................................................................... 21
3.3 Data Collection ........................................................................................... 21
3.4 Data Analysis .............................................................................................. 22
3.5 Data Presentation ....................................................................................... 23
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
4.1. Politeness Strategies in Barack Obama’s Interview .................................... 24
4.1.1 Negative Politeness ....................................................................... 25
4.1.2 Positive Politeness ........................................................................ 29
4.1.3 Off-Record Strategy ...................................................................... 32
4.2 Discussion. ................................................................................................... 34
4.2.1 Negative Politeness ....................................................................... 34
4.2.2 Positive Politeness ........................................................................ 37
4.2.3 Off-Record Strategy ...................................................................... 39
4.3 Concluding Remark ................................................................................... ..39
CHAPTER V CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS
5.1 Conclusions ................................................................................................ 41
5.2 Suggestions ................................................................................................. 42
REFERENCES ................................................................................................. 43
APPENDICE
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE
KORFT REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
REFERENCES
Aulia, K. (2013). Politeness strategies usage in accompanying assertive illocutionary
acts on Barack Obama’s speech and interview towards the development of islamic
center near ground zero. The International Journal on Science. 16(1), 52-60
Aziz, E. A. (2000). Refusing in Indonesian: Strategies and politeness implicature
(Unpublished doctoral dissertation). Monash University, Australia.
Aziz, E. A. (2005). Face and politeness phenomena in the changing China.
Makara, Social Humaniora, 9(1), 1-15
Azis,
E.
A.
(2012).
Pragmatik
lintas
budaya.
Retrieved
from
http://aminudin.staf.upi.edu/2012/02/17/pragmatik-lintas-budaya/
Bell, P. & van Leeuwen, T. (1994). The media interview: Confession, contest,
conversation. New South Wales: New South Wales University Press
Bousfield, D. (2009). Impoliteness in interaction. Amsterdam: John Benjamin
Publishing Company
Brown, P., & Levinson, S. (1978). Politeness: Some universal in language usage. New
York: Cambridge University Press
Brozin, M. (2010). The intentions behind Barack Obama's strategic use of personal
pronouns
(Unpublished
paper).
Retrieved
from
http://hig.diva-
portal.org/smash/get/diva2:375134/FULLTEXT01.pdf.
Chilton, P. & Schaffner, C. (2002). Introduction: Themes and principles in the analysis
of political discourse. In Chilton, P. & Schaffner, C. (Eds.) Politics as text and
talk: Analytical approaches to political discourse. Amsterdam: John Benjamin
Publishing Company.
Clayman, S & Heritage, J. (2002). The news interview: Journalist and public figures on
the air. Cambrige: Cambrige University Press
Coulmas, F. (2005). Sociolinguistics: The study of speaker’s choice. Cambridge:
Cambridge University Press.
Denzin, N. K. & Lincoln, Y.S (2000). Qualitative research. London: Sage Publicans
Ltd.
Dwitania Kemala,2014
POPITENESS STRATEGIES IN CBS ‘60 MINUTES’ INTERVIEW BETWEEN BARACK OBAMA AND STEVE KORFT
REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu
Ekstrom, M & Patrona, M. (2001). (Eds.). Talking politics in broadcast media.
Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing Company.
Fialova, K. (2010). Expressing politeness in American TV programmes. (Unpublished
paper). Masaryk University, Czech.
Fraser, B. (1996). Pragmatic markers. International Pragmatics Association, 6(2), 167190.
Retrieved
from
http://elanguage.net/journals/pragmatics/article/viewFile/418/350
Harris, S. (2001). Being politically impolite: extending politeness theory to adversarial
political discourse. London: Sage Publican Ltd.
Kroft, S. (Interviewer). (2011, May 4). Interview with Barack Obama. In ’60 Minutes’.
(Television Broadcast). New York, United States: CBS
Lakoff, R.T. (1990). Talking power: The politics of language. New York: Basic Book
Lakoff, R.T & Ide, S. (2005). Broadening the horizon of linguistic politeness.
Amsterdam: John Benjamin.
Leech, G. (1983). Principle of pragmatics. New York: Longman
Mullany, L. (2002). "I don’t think you want me to get a word in edgeways do you John
?" Re-assessing (im)politeness, language and gender in political broadcast
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REGARDING OSAMA BIN PADEN’S EXECUTION
Universitas Pendidikan Indonesia | repository.upi.edu | perpustakaan.upi.edu