A Study of Deixis in the Interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”.
A Study of Deixis in the Interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Humanities UIN SunanAmpel Surabaya
By: Widya Lestari Reg. Number: A03211033
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA 2015
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A Study of Deixis in the Interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”
THESIS
Submitted as Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Sarjana Degree of English Department Faculty of Humanities UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya
By: Widya Lestari Reg. Number: A03211033
Advisor:
Dr. Dzo’ul Milal, M.pd. NIP: 196005152000031002
ENGLISH DEPARTMENT
FACULTY OF LETTERS AND HUMANITIES STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY SUNAN AMPEL
SURABAYA 2015
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ABSTRACT
Lestari, Widya. 2015. “A study of Deixis in the interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”. English Department, Faculty of Humanities, UIN Sunan Ampel Surabaya.
The research investigated the types of deixis, the types of reference and the reference meaning that used by Barack Obama and Chuck todd in “Meet the
Press” interview. The data were classified based on Levinson’s theory of Deixis
which is divided into five types, namely Person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis. In this research, the researcher used descriptive qualitative method.
The result of the research showed that the total of the use of deixis used by
Barack Obama and Chuck todd in “Meet the Press” was 372 from 84
conversation. The mostly types of deixis that obtained in this interview is person deixis 237 words (63,7%), it can be classified into 108 first person, 55 second person, and 74 third person. Then, the second types mostly obtained is discourse deixis 87 words (23,4%). Next, temporal deixis that obtained in this interview are 27 words (7,3%). Next 19 words (5,1%) for spatial deixis, and the least types of deixis that apllied in this interview is Social deixis which is only 2 words (0,5%).
While for types of reference that mostly applied in this interview is anaphora reference which the pronoun always explained before. In this case, the mostly types of deixis that obtained in this interview are the use of word I and We
derived from Barack Obama. The word I in this interview refers to President Obama himself, while the pronoun We are refers to President Obama and his Government. Whereas, For Chuck Todd as a Host in this speech events, the mostly types of deixis that he used the second pronoun You which refers to President Obama as the addressee in this speech events, the second person deixis is the first Pronoun I which refers to himself (Chuck Todd).
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ABSTRAK
Lestari, Widya, A03211033. 2015. Mempelajari tentang deixis dalam interview antara Barack Obama dan Chuck Todd dalam acara “Meet the Press”, Tesis : Sastra Inggris, Fakultas adab, UIN Sunan Ampel, Surabaya.
Penelitian ini, meneliti tentang macam – macam deikis, macam – macam referensi dan makna referensi yang digunakan oleh Barack Obama dan Chuck
Todd dalam “Meet the Press” interview. data yang didapat diklasifikasikan sesuai
dengan theory dari Levinson, dimana terdapat lima macam deixis yakni persona deikis, tempat deiksis, waktu deiksis, wacana deiksis dan sosial deiksis. Dalam penelitian ini, peneliti menggunakan metode deskriptif.
Hasil dari penelitian menunjukkan bahwa terdapat 372 kata dalam 84 percakapan yang digunakan Barack Obama dan Chuck Todd dalam interview. macam deixis terbanyak yang digunakan adalah persona deiksis yakni sebanyak 237 kata (63,7%), deiksis kedua terbanyak yakni wacana deiksis sebanyak 87 kata (23,4%). Selanjutnya yakni deiksis waktu terdapat 27 kata (7,3%), selanjutnya, deiksis tempat sebanyak 19 kata (5,1%) dan yang paling sedikit adalah sosial deiksis yakni hanya ada 2 kata (0,5%) yang digunakan dalam interview ini.
Sedangkan untuk macam – macam referensi, referensi terbanyak yang digunakan adalah referensi anaphora dimana referensinya selalu dijelaskan sebelumnya. Dalam hal ini, penggunaan macam deixis terbanyak adalah kata I dan
We yang digunakan ole Barack Obama. Kata I dalam interview ini merujuk kepada Obama sendiri sebagai pembicara, sedangkan kata We merujuk kepada Obama dan dan pemerintahannya. Sedangkan untuk Chuck Todd sebagai host dalam acara ini, dia menggunakan kata ganti orang kedua You yang meujuk kepada President Obama sebagai pendengar, dan juga ata ganti orang pertama I yang meujuk pada dirinya sendiri.
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TABLE OF CONTENTS
Cover Page ... i
Declaration Page ... ii
Dedication Page ... iii
Motto ... iv
Thesis Advisor’s Approval Page ... v
Thesis Examiners’ Approval Page ... vi
Acknowledgements ... vii
Table of Contents ... ix
Abstract ... xi
CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION 1.1 Background of the Study ... 1
1.2 Statements of Problems ... 5
1.3 Objective of the Study ... 6
1.4 Scope and Limitation ... 6
1.4 Significance of the Study ... 6
1.5 Definition of the Key Term ... 7
CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW 2.1 Theoretical Framework ... 8
2.1.1 Pragmatics ... 8
2.1.2 Deixis Theory ... 9
2.1.3 Types of Deixis ... 10
1 Person Deixis ... 11
2 Spatial Deixis ... 13
3 Temporal Deixis ... 14
4 Discourse Deixis ... 15
5. Social Deixis. ... 16
2.1.4 Reference ... 16
2.2 Previous Studies ... 18
CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD 3.1 Research Approach ... 20
3.2 Data Source. ... 21
3.3 Data ... 21
3.4 Data Collection ... 21
3.5 Research Instrument ... 21
3.6 Data Analysis ... 22
CHAPTER IV FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS 4.1Research Finding ... 23
4.1.1 Types of Deixis ... 23
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4.1.1.2 Spatial Deixis ... 28
4.1.1.3 Temporal Deixis ... 29
4.1.1.4 Discourse Deixis ... 30
4.1.1.5 Social Deixis ... 33
4.1.2 Types of References and their reference ... 34
4.1.2.1 Anaphora Reference ... 34
4.1.2.2 Cataphora Reference ... 36
4.2 Discussion ... 47
CHAPTER V CONCLUSSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS 5.1 Conclusions ... 53
BIBLIOGRAPHY ... 52
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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION
This chapter presents the background of the study, the statement of problems, objectives of study, significance of the study, the Scope and Limitations, and the definition of key terms. All sections which have been mentions will be discussed as follows:
1.1Background of Study
In our daily life, communication becomes the important thing in human life. By communicating or interacting with other people we can get some information or some education from it. As a human being, weneed other people to help us, so to deliver our intended we need a language to communicate with other people. Therefore, language is also one of the important functions in human life. It can be the way of someone to express their thought and to share some information with other people. It based on (kreidler, 1998:19) states that Language is used to communication with other people in daily life. When we are talking about language, it was directly relating with linguistic. It means that linguistic concerns with identifying the meaningful elements of specific language. For example English word, like paint and happy and affixes like the
–er of painter and –un of unhappy. (Kreidler, 1998:3). Linguistic also deals
with the meaning expressed by modulations of speaker’s voice and the process
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they already have. There are many sub fields of structure focused on linguistic, one of the fields is pragmatic.
Pragmatics is concerned with the study of meaning as communicated by a speaker (or writer) and interpreted by a listener (or readers).in other word, pragmatic is the study of speaker meaning which relates to the utterance situation (Yule, 1996: 3). Levinson (1983:9) also states that pragmatic is the study of those relationships between languages and context that are grammaticalized or encode the structure of the language. Therefore, pragmatics deals with the situation of speech and context. Jacob L. Mey states that the context as a part that cannot be separated with pragmatics discussion. Mey argued that Context is a dynamic, not a static concept: it is to be understood as the continually changing surroundings, in the widest sense, that the enable the participants in the communication process to interact, and in which the linguistic expressions of their interaction become intelligible. (Mey, 2001:39).So, by knowing the context or the background of the utterance, it can help the people easier to understand the meaning of the utterance. Deixis also deals with context which we know that it always presents in every communication in our daily life. And the purpose is to pointing something such
he, here, now, etc.
Deixis is the words which the referents always change depending on the context. The study of Deixis also has relation with the study of pragmatics. The discussion of deixis has the meaning of pragmatics because deixis is a part of pragmatics. According to Levinson (1983:54), deixis is the single obvious way
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in which the relationship between language and context is reflected in the structures of language themselves. Levinson also categories the deixis into five kinds, they are person deixis , spatial deixis, temporal deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. Forexample:
Mr. President, welcome back to your 12th appearance on Meet the Press
In the sentence above, the words “Mr. President” refers to thesocial deixis because it shows the status of the speaker. The word “your”refers to person
deixis as a second person. It also refers back to Mr. President, and the word
“On Meet the Press” indicate a place deixis where the participant in the speech
event.
Deixis appears in spoken language and written language. In this research,the researcher wants to explain about the usage of deixis in spoken language. In spoken language, people can recognize the person, place and time of deixis because the one who is being talked about by the speaker is also known by the hearer and the time when the speaker utters some utterances.
In studyingdeixis, we know that the use of words refers to thing or people and it would help them easy to understand what other people said. But sometimes we also face a misunderstanding; we do not know what it exactly means and how it could be. It means that the words are not referring to anything. So, to avoid the misunderstanding, we have to know about reference. According to Yule (1996:17), Reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer uses linguistic form to enable a listener, or a reader to identify something.
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Reference is clearly tied to the speaker goals and the speaker’s beliefs in the
use of language. Reference also divided into two types, they are endophora reference and exophora reference. Endophoric reference divided again into two types they are anaphora and cataphora. Anaphora is which look back in the text for their interpretation. Whereas cataphora is which look forward in the text for their interpretation. For example:
Anaphoric: look at the sun. It’s going down quickly. (“It” refers back to
“the sun”)
Cataphoric: it’s going down quickly,the sun. (“It” refers forwards to “the
sun”).
Interview is one of the examples of a formal conversation between two or more people to get some information. Meet the Press is a weekly American television news/interview program that is broadcast on NBC. Based on the information in Wikipedia.com, this kind of program is the longest running program that was debuted on November 6th, 1947 and also delivered a specializes interview with national leader which talked about politics, economics, foreign policy, etc. in this case, the object in this thesis will discuss about the interview between Barack Obama and the host Chuck Todd in “Meet
the Press” that held on September, 7th
2014. So, that’s why it will be interested to analyze this interview by using the deixis theory. There are several reasons why the researcher chooses deixis theory to analyze the interview transcription.
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analyses using deixis theory. And interview is also one of the examples of
literary works. That’s why the researcher wants to analyze it because in the
previous study, the object of the research mostly a novel, song, poem, article, etc. secondly, the researcher interest with the events, because Meet the Press is one of the longest entertainment that had been held America. The topics of the speaking or interview is always interesting because it directly updates the newest news around the United States, and also invites the significant people such, in this interview they invited Barack Obama as their guest stars.
This research emphasized to a study of deixis in the interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”. This study deals with every utterance that related with the deixis. There will be three fields will be elaborated in this research. First, the analysis focuses on the kinds of deixis proposed by Stephen. C. Levinson used by Barrack Obama and Chuck Todd in
“Meet the Press”. Second, the researcher focuses on the kinds of reference that appears in the “Meet the Press” interview. Third, the researcher also analyzed the reference of those deixis in the “Meet the Press” interview.
1.2 Statement of problem
Based on the background of study above, this study is undertaken to answer the following question:
1. What are kinds of deixis used in the interview between barrack
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2. What are types of reference used in the interview between Barrack
Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”?
3. What is the referent of those deixis that used in the interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd?
1.3 Objective of the study
Based on the problem above, the objective of this study are as follows:
1. To describe what kinds of deixis are used in the interview between Barrack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”.
2. To describe what types of reference are used in the interview between
Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”.
3. To analyze the referent meaning of those deixis in the interview between Chuck Todd and Barack Obama.
1.4Scope and limitation
The scope of this research is focused on deixis theory based on Stephen C.Levinson which consist of five types of deixis namely person deixis, place deixis, time deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis. And also two types of endophora reference namely anaphora reference and cataphora reference.
1.5 Significance of the Study
The researcher hopes that the study would have both theoretical and practical values. Theoretically, the results of the study are expected to give contribution to develop the study and analysis on linguistic study related to an
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analysis of deixis in the interview between Barrack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”. The researcher expects that it will give new knowledge and understanding about kinds of deixis that used in this interview.
Practically, this study is expected to give valuable information about the deixis theory, especially in the further research it also expected to give inspiration addition for the readers who are interested in this study and it will be alternative reference for the readers who are interested in researching this area.
1.6 Definition of Key Terms
1. Deixis: is referring expressions in which the interpretation of utterance depends on the context of utterance.
2. Reference: is the words that refers to another words, it usually pronoun and noun.
3. Interview: is one of the formal conversations of two or more people to get some information.
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CHAPTER II LITERATURE REVIEW
These chapter reviews of several theories related to this research. Those are definition of Pragmatic, definition of deixis, types of deixis which consist of five kinds, as follows person deixis, time deixis, place deixis, discourse deixis and social, social deixis, and also types of references that consist of anaphora and cataphora, and also related studies to support the analysis.
2.1 Theoretical Framework 2.1.1 Pragmatics
Pragmatics is the study of meaning in relation to the context in which a person is speaking or writing. It also includes social situational and textual context (Paltridge, 2006:53). In this case pragmatic also assumes that when people communicate with each other they normally follow some kind of co- operative principle. It means that to make an understanding about the language they have to share what they now about how they co-operate their communication.
While according to Yule (1996:3) Pragmatics is a study of speaker meaning. It is concerned with a study of meaning as communication by a speaker (a writer) and interpreted by a listener (a reader). Levinson (1985:9) also argues that pragmatics is a study of those relations between language and context that are grammaticalized, or encoded in the structure of a language. He
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also states that pragmatics is the study of relation between language and context that are basic to an account of language understanding (1985:21).
From the explanation above, pragmatic can be defined as the study of meaning that concerns to interpret the meaning of someone’s utterance in order to understand the intended meaning of it. Pragmatics is also concerned the use of these tools in meaningful communication by knowing the context of the utterance.
2.1.2. Deixis Theory
Deixis is actually the way in which a relationship between language and the context. Deixis is a technical term (from Greek) for one of the most basic
things we do with utterances (Yule, 1995:9). It means ‘pointing’ via language. Any linguistic form used to accomplish this ‘pointing’ is called ‘deictic expression’. Deictic expressions are also sometimes called indexical. They are
among the first form to be spoken by very young children and can be used to indicate people via person deixis (I, you), time or temporal deixis (now, yesterday), location or spatial deixis (here, there), discourse deixis and social deixis.
Levinson (1983:54) also states that deixis concerns the ways in which languages encode or grammaticalize features of the context of utterance or speech events. And thus also concerns ways in which the interpretation of utterance depends on the analysis of that context of utterance. He also adds that deixis has a relevant with the study of pragmatics.
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The referent of deixis will be easily known if the speaker and hearer know the context. In addition, context gives a comprehensive explanation about the participants, setting (time or place) and the end of conversation. It is believed that there are no languages without deixis because language is full of such deictic terms. To give a clear picture about deixis, these are two examples of deixis:
a. “Iam terrible in dance”
b. “I found thisthing at the yard”
In the first utterance (a), the word “I” is used to refer to the speaker who
utters it, but it is used to refer to another speaker when someone else utters it.
Thus, it can be seen that even the word “I” in (a) does not change but the
referent enable to changes depending on who utters it. In example (b), there
are two deixis in one utterance. The first word “I” is used to refer to the
speaker who utters it and the second word “this” refer to a certain thing that has found by the speaker who utters it. Thus, in this utterance the speaker and the thing are able to change depend on the context.
2.1.3 The Types of Deixis
From the explanation above, deixis also divided into five types, there are; person deixis, Spatial deixis (place), temporal deixis (time), discourse deixis, and social deixis.
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1. Person Deixis
Person deixis clearly operates on the basic of three part divisions, exemplified by the pronoun of the first person ( I ), second person (you), and the third person (he, she or it). Levinson (1983:62) states that person deixis concerns the encoding of the role of participants in the speech of event in which the utterance in question is delivered. He also categories the person deixis into three, as follows:
1) First person deixis (I)
First person is grammaticalization of the speaker’s reference to
himself.First person deixis is deictic reference that refers to the speaker. It also can be expressed in singular pronoun (I, me, myself, mine), and plural pronouns (we, us, ourselves, our, ours). For singular pronoun I narrated by one person which is represents as a speaker. While for the plural pronoun We, it can be indicates as a group of speaker or it can refers to one or more people in the speech events.
2) Second person deixis (You)
Second person is the encoding of the speaker’s reference to one or more addressees.This kind of person deixis referred to the person being addressee. This kind of pronoun can be used both singular and plural. Here, The example of second pronoun such as you, your, yourselves, yours,ect.
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3) Third person deixis (He, she, it)
Third person is the encoding of reference to person and entities which are neither speakers nor addressees of the utterance in question.Third person deixis is deictic reference to a referent not identified as the speaker or addressee in the speech event. It also can be singular and plural. The example of singular pronoun such as he, his, him, himself, she,her, hers, herself. Whereas for plural pronoun such as they, them, themselves, etc. Such as he, himself, she, herself, they, them, themselves, him, her, etc. The pronoun He/ she can be indicated as gender distinctions in which He is represents as male while the pronoun She
represents as female.
Here, the table of the person deixis based on Azar (2002:132) as follows:
Subject pronoun Object Pronoun Possessive pronoun Possesive adjective SINGULAR I
You She, he, it
Me You Her, Him, It
Mine Yours Hers, his, its
My name
Your name
Her, his, its
name.
PLURAL We
You They Us You Them Ours Yours Theirs
Our names
Your names
Their
names
Based on the table above, the form of the pronoun can be as subject, object, possessive pronoun, possessive adjective. According to azar (2002,
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132), Subject pronoun are used in subject of sentence. For example: John have a car, He drives to work. From this sentence above, the subject of the sentence
is the pronoun “He”. Next, Object pronouns are used as object of verb, or it can
be used as object of preposition. For example: I talk to him every day. In this
case the pronoun “Him” identified as object pronoun. Next, the used of Possessive pronoun are stand alone, they do not followed immediately by a noun. For example: that book is hers. The word “hers” in this sentence
identified as possessive pronoun which is refers to someone. The last is the used of possessive adjective which followed by noun, because they cannot stand alone.
In other words, person deixis is described as expressions in which refers to person who the speaker intend to refer.
2. Spatial or Place Deixis
Place or space deixis concerns the specification of locations relative to the participants in the speech events. There are thought some pure place deictic words notably in English the adverbs here and there, and the demonstrative pronouns this and that. For example: I’m waiting to say I’m having a marvelous time here.
The usage of here on the example can be glossed as ‘the pragmatically
given unit of space that includes the locations of the speaker at CT (Levinson, 1983:79).
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The demonstrative pronoun are perhaps more clearly organized in a straightforward proximal-distal dimensions, whereby thiscan mean ‘the object in pragmatically given area close to the speaker’s location at CT. and that ‘the
object beyond the pragmatically give area close to the speaker’s location at CT (Levinson, 1983:81). For example: this is it! That’s it!
Briefly, place deixis is an expression used to show the location of the participant in the speech event.
3. Temporal Deixis or Time
Levinson (1983:62) states that time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal point and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (or a written message inscribed). Temporal deixis is commonly grammatical zed in the adverb of time, such as now and then, yesterday, etc. but all above in tense.
According to Yule (1996:14), English has only two basic forms, the present and the past. The present tense is the proximal form and the past is distal form. For example:
Present: I live here now. Past : I lived there than.
So, from the explanation, time deixis is an expression of the certain period when the utterance produced by the speaker.
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4. Discourse Deixis
Discourse or text deixis concerns the use of expression within some utterance refers to some portion of the discourse that contains the utterance (Levinson, 1983:85). The deictic word used here are the demonstrative this and
that. For example:
I bet you haven’t heard this story (‘this’ refers to an upcoming
portion of the discourse).
That was the funniest story I’ve ever heard (‘that’ refers to a
prior portion of the discourse).
Discourse deixis deals with “the encoding of reference to portions of the
unfolding discourse in which the utterance (which include the text referring expression) is located (Levinson, 1983:62). Discourse deixis, somehow, is often related with anaphor. But we have to note that both of them are different. Levinson (1983:85-86) added that discourse deixis should be distinguish with anaphor. He stated that anaphor concern the use of (usually) pronoun refers to
the same referents as some prior term. For example: Harry’s a sweet heart; he’s so considerate. While discourse deixis is refers to linguistic expression or part of the discourse itself.
So, in other words, discourse deixis is an expression used to refer to the certain discourse that contain an utterance and have the relation with the surrounding text.
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5. Social Deixis
Social deixis is refers to the level of the relationship between person and the information. Levinson (1983: 89) states that it concerns with the aspect of sentence which reflect or establish by certain realities of the social situation in which the speech act occurs. He also adds that there are two basic kinds of socially deictic information that to be encoded in language around the world, they are relational and absolute.
a. Relational social deixis is a deictic reference to some social characteristic of referent apart from any relative ranking of referents or deictic reference to a social relationship between the speaker and addressee. For example:
my husband, teacher, etc.
b. Absolute social deixis is a deictic reference usually expressed in certain forms of address which will include no comparison of the ranking of the speaker an addressee. For example: your honored, Mr. President.
2.1.4 Reference
According to Yule (1996:17) reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer uses a linguistic form to enable a listener, or reader to identify something. The word linguistic forms can be called as referring expression which can be proper nouns (‘Shakespeare’, ‘Hawaii’). , noun phrase or definite (The author, the island, the singer), indefinite (a man, a women, a cat), and pronouns (it, he, her, they). Noun phrase, proper noun are called primary
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referring expression. While pronoun are termed secondary referring expression (Kreidler, 1998:130). From the example above it can be said that reffering expression is a piece of language, a noun phrase, that is used in an utterance and is linked to something outside language, some living or dead, or imaginary entity or concept or group of entity or concept (Kreidler, 1998:130).
Halliday and Hasan (1976:31) also argue that reference is the identity of the particular thing or class of things that is being referred to. According to halliday and hasan (1976), in textual cohesion inenglish, he classify reference into two types, they are exophoric reference and endophoric reference. exophoric reference can be called as situational, while endophoric as a textual (1976:33). Exophoric reference is looks outside the text to the situation in which the text occurs for the identity of the item being referred to. While endophoric is the use of a word or phrase to refer to something either preceding it or following it within a text or discourse. Endophoric reference also establishes itself in two different ways:
a. Anaphora
Anaphora is a process of continuing to identify exactly the same entity as denoted by the antecedent (Yule, 1996:23). Or it can said that the use of word to introduce someone or something already mention. For example: An old man
was limping towards us. He slowly came into view.
From the example above, we can see that the words “He” refers back to “An Old Man”.
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b. Cataphora
Cataphor is the use of a word (typically a pronoun) to introduce someone or something that is more fully identified later (Yule,1996:127). For example:
He slowly came into view. An old man was limping towards us.
By that example above we can see that the word “He” refers forward to “An old Man”.
2.2 Previous Studies
There were some analyses discussing deixis previously. The first research is written by Dwi setyawati (2013) from state institute for Islamic study
Salatiga. She had conducted research about deixis analysis under the title “The Analysis of Deixis of the Novel ‘Emma’ by Jane Austin”. In this research, she only focused on four types of deixis and using a descriptive qualitative method. From the findings she got 195 person deixis, 32 spatial deixis, 42 temporal deixis, and 40 discourse deixis.
The second research is written by ZuhriyatulAfiyah (2014) from State Islamic University of SunanAmpel Surabaya. She also had conducted research
about deixis analysis by the title “An Analysis of Deixis in Ernest Hermingway’s A Farewell to Arms”. In this research, she used a descriptive
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finding, she found five types of deixis, and the mostly types are appears in the novel is person deixis.
The third research is written by Deaisgoentiar (2012) from University of Padjajaran. She conducted research about Deixis under the title “Deixis in
Charlotte’s Web Novel written by E.B. White : A pragmatic study. In her
research, she explains the type of deixis and the type of reference in
conversation found in Charlotte’s Novel and using descriptive analysis method. In the finding, she found three types of deixis that appears on twenty six analyzed data. and the most found type of deixis in this analysis is person deixis and the most found in type of reference is anaphora.
Then this research was different from previous research, since the object that analyzed was an interview. Analyzing deixis in the interview was rarely used that mostly deixis theory was analyzed in novel, song and magazine such in the previous studies above. Therefore, the researcher wants to explore that Deixis can be found in daily life communication, especially in the interview. Since Barrack Obama was a very important person, thus, his speech in such an interview was very interested to be analyzed.
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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD
This chapter discusses the method used in the study which includes research approach, research instrument, data source, data, technique of data collection and technique of data analysis
3.1 Research approach
This research used descriptive qualitative method. It means that data is explained in words, sentence, and table, and interprets the meaning by interpretative analysis. Qualitative research was done by describing the phenomenon found out in the data, then continued with general conclusion. According to litosseliti (2010:52) Qualitative research is concerned with structures and patterns, and how something is.
In this research, the researcher described the five types of deixis, they are person deixis, spatial or location deixis, time or temporal deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis and also the types of reference, and they are anaphora and cataphora. And the analysis is describing in the paragraph form. .
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3.2. Data source
The data source of this research is an interview transcription between
Barrack Obama and NBC’s chuck Todd in “Meet the Press” on September 7th
, 2014.
3.3. Data
The data in this research only focuses on the utterances of Barack Obama and Chuck Todd that contain the Types of deixis, the types of reference and reference meaning of those deixis that used by Barrack Obama and Chuck Todd in the interview.
3.4. Data Collection
In collecting the data, the researcher used some steps as following: first, the researcher tried to look for and watched the video about the interview. Second, the researcher looked for the transcription related with video. After getting the transcript the researcher read many times to understand the whole contain of the interview. After that, the researcher selected the data by selecting the sentence in the interview transcription that includes five categories of deixis theory and also categorizes two types of reference.
3.5. Research Instrument
Research instrument is one of the important things in doing a research because it is the tools used by the researcher to collect the data. In this research, the instrument is the researcher herself by reading and analyzing the
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text, but to make an easier in analyzing the research, the researcher also needed some supporting instrument such as computer, and the transcription of the interview.
3.6. Data Analysis
After collecting the data, the next step was analyzing the data from interview between Barrack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”, in this case, the researcher taked some point:
1. Identifying the data based on deixis and reference in the conversation that appeared in the interview between Barrack Obama and Chuck Todd in
“Meet the Press”.
2. Categorizing the data based on the types of deixis, namely person deixis, place or spatial deixis, time or temporal deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis and also the types of reference, they are anaphore and cataphor.
3. Analyzing how deixis used by Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet
the Press” interview. And finding what types of reference that they certain used and also the reference meaning of those deixis.
4. Drawing a conclusion of the whole data analyzed to answer the research questions.
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CHAPTER IV
FINDINGS AND DISCUSSIONS
This chapter presents research findings and Discussions of Deixis and reference in the form of sentence in the Interview between Barack Obama and
Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”. The analysis the data includes the table of data,
and the analysis based on Deixis and Reference Theory in each data as follows:
4.1 Research Finding. 4.1.1 Types of Deixis
There were five kinds of deixis that found in the interview between barrack obama and Chuck todd, they are Person Deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, discourse deixis and social deixis.
4.1.1.1 Person Deixis
Person deixis is concerned the encoding of the participant in the speech events. In which the utterance is delivered. Person deixis is generally known as pronoun. Here are the example of the conversation that used by Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in the “Meet the Press” interview;
Data 2
PRESIDENT OBAMA: I'm preparing the country to make sure that we deal with a threat from ISIL. Keep in mind that this is something that we know
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how to do. We've been dealing with terrorist threats for quite some time. (P.1, No.4).
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
The sentence above is President obama as the speaker, he tried to answer the question that Mr. Chuck todd gave to him . This sentence explains about the preparation that Mr. President obama did for his country to face the threat from ISIL.
From the sentence above, there is a word deixis that used by Obama. It
seems in the first sentence. The word “I”, it refers to someone and speaker.
According to Levinson the word “ I” was categorized as a singular pronoun of the first person deixis. The word “I ” refers to the role of person deixis in
which the utterance narrated by one person. So, it is tied to the speaker of the interview named President Barack Obama. He was the one of the guest star in the interview event.
The second there was a word “We” also can be categorized as plural
pronoun of the first person deixis. it also can be indicated as a group of speaker because the word “We” is to point their self. “We” refers to the country of United States. It can be represented of President Barack Obama and his society in United States.
Data 15
PRESIDENT OBAMA: I've-- I've said this before, Chuck. You know, if you asked me back in August what I want for my birthday, I'd say, "Give me a loyal opposition that has some common sense and is willing to work on some
basic issues that didn't used to be partisan issues." (P.13, No. 68). (The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
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In the conversation above is talked about President Obama’s expectation
on his birthday that will be held in August. As the speaker, president Obama explained that he wanted a loyal opposition that has some common sense in his birthday.
In that sentence, there are some deixis word “I”, “Me”, “My”. Based on the Levinson theory, the word “I”, “Me”, and “My” can be categorized as First Person deixis singular. It seems in the first, “I” refer to someone or a speaker which identified the utterance narrated of one person. The next is the
word “Me” And “My”, the word “Me” in that sentence is an object Pronoun
and it also indicates that the speaker used it to pronounce speaker self while
the word “My” indicates as possessive adjective which is followed
immediately by a noun, they cannot stand alone. So, it seems in this sentence
that the word “My” is followed by a noun “Birthday”. Either “Me” or “My” is a pronoun “I” and to represent the speaker; it can be seen in the sentence
above. And in this case, the word “I” is tied to the speaker in this interview is
President Obama.
Data 3
CHUCK TODD: What are you asking of the American people on Wednesday? You say you're giving a speech. That's the type of thing, I assume, you're preparing the country for something. What are you asking of them? What do you want--what do you want the American people to receive? (P.1, No.5)
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The sentence above is the second Question that Chuck Todd gives for President Obama. Chuck todd as the host, after Mr. President gave the explanation about the preparing of his country to face the threat from ISIL, he try to ask again about what will Obama wants to receive after he deliver his speech in front of his citizen.
On that sentence, there are some words “You” that used by Chuck Todd to point someone. Here the word “you” is refers to person identified as
addressee, which is observable in the conversation between President Obama and Chuck Todd. According to Levinson, the word “You” can be categorized as second person deixis.
Data 11
PRESIDENT OBAMA: So, our attitude towards Assad continues to be that you know, through his actions, through using chemical weapons on his own people, dropping barrel bombs that killed innocent children that he-- he has foregone legitimacy. But when it comes to our policy and the coalition that we're putting together, our focus specifically is on ISIL. It's narrowly on ISIL. (P.8, No. 36)
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
From the utterance above, it can be seen that President Obama as the
speaker explained about the assad’s action which he started brutalized his
people, how they used chemical weapons and bombs until they killed an innocent children. So, to face this situation, the American governments have to focus on this radical threat.
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On the sentence above there are some of deixis terms, they are “He”, “His”, and “It”. Based on theory of Levinson both of them identified as third singular person deixis. The word “He” and “His” is used to considering the gender of addressee especially for male. “His” is indicates as possessive pronoun “He” which is refers to the addressee.
Data 8
PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, I think that it is absolutely true that we're going to need Sunni states to step up, not just Saudi Arabia, our partners like Jordan, the United Arab Emirates, Turkey. They need to be involved. This is
their neighborhood.(P.6, No.28).
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
The sentence above, the speaker is President Obama. He agreed with the statement that Chuck Todd question about the email from one of the casual viewer which is states that United State gives a lot of military aid to Saudi Arabia. Because he thinks that the United States need some states as their partner, such Saudi Arabia, Jordan, etc.
In the first, it seems that President Obama uttered words “They” and “Their”. According to Levinson, “they” indicated the plural third person
deixis and refers to the addressee in the previous sentence while the word
“their” is representing to something. “Their” also indicates as possessive pronoun of “They”.
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4.1.1.2 Spatial Deixis
Spatial or place deixis concerns the specification of locations relative to the participants in the speech events. It also notably as adverb here and there. In the interview between Barrack Obama and Chuck Todd also used a spatial deixis to shows the location in the speech event. Here are the examples of the utterance, as follows:
Data 17
PRESIDENT OBAMA: As usual. And we're going to have to get U.S. military assets just to set up, for example isola-- isolation units and-- and equipment there, to provide security for public health workers surging from around the world. If we do that, then it's still going to be months before this problem is controllable in Africa. (P. 9, No. 48)
(The script can be seen in appendix)
From the sentence above, President Obama as the speaker, he explained the efforts of U.S to build some health infrastructure in Africa, such isolation units and some equipment that African people needs to face their problem, because over there, they had faced an Ebola disease and they do not have an enough public health.
In this sentence there is a word “there”. Based on Levinson’s
theory it can be categorized as spatial deixis which is it encodes the spatial locations relative to the location of the participants in the speech event.
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distance. In the sentence above, the deictic word “there” explained the
condition of African people who faced the Ebola disease.
4.1.1.3 Temporal Deixis
Time deixis concerns the encoding of temporal point and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (or a written message inscribed). It also can be called adverb of time, such as now, yesterday, then, etc.
Data 19
PRESIDENT OBAMA: We just yesterday announced the fact that we had taken out the top leader of Al-Shabaab the terrorist-- organization in Somalia.(P.1, No.4)
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
That sentence is the utterance of President obama, on that case President obama announce that his country have already prepared for the threat from a terrorist especially from ISIL group. Obama also explained that he had already grasp the leader of al-Shabaab terrorist in Somalia last day.
From the sentence above, it seems the word deixis “Yesterday”,
which is indicates as adverb of time. “Yesterday” used by the speaker to
show the situation that happens in the past time. Based on the Levinson
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encoding the time of the utterance, was spoken. It seems in the context that President Obama states. The sentence above shows that the announcement that President Obama held is already happen.
Data 27
CHUCK TODD: Well, I think I need to pre-book you for next week, because I got another 35 questions.(P.15, No. 83).
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
The sentence above is the last conversation between Chuck Todd and President Obama. In the sentence above, Chuck Todd as a speaker have a plan to invite President Obama again in this Meet the Press event.
From the sentence above, there is the deixis “next week” that obtained in the data. Based on levinson’s theory “next week can be categorized as
temporal deixis which is it encoding of temporal point and spans relative to the time at which an utterance was spoken (or a written message inscribed).
This type of deixis also can be called as adverb of time. In this case, “Next week” can be interpreted as on the week after this week when Chuck Todd
will be planned to invite President Obama again in this Meet the Press, because Chuck Todd as a Host in this event, have So many question on their mind.
4.1.1.4 Discourse Deixis
Discourse or text deixis concerns the use of expression within some utterance refers to some portion of the discourse that contains the
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utterance, the deictic words that used here is demonstrative this and that, these and those.
Data 30
PRESIDENT OBAMA: This speech will allow Congress, I think, to understand very clearly and very specifically what it is that we are doing but also what we're not doing. We are not looking at sending in 100,000 American troops. (P.3, No.10).
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
Based on the context above, the speaker of this event is President Obama, he explained that as a president he need to protect his society from the threat, and he think that he need to deliver his speech to make the congress knew and understand very clearly about the government plans
that they will do and they didn’t do.
In the sentence above, it seems in President Obama’s utterance in the first there is word “This”. Based on the theory of Levinson, it can be
categorized as discourse deixis which is to talk about people or things near
us. In this sentence the word “this” followed by noun to show proximity. Data 31
CHUCK TODD: You don't believe these people—(P.4, no.15) (The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
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Based on the context above, the speaker is Chuck Todd. As the host of this event, he gave a question to President Obama again. On that case they are talking about the terrorism, President Obama had explained before, that there so many organization that focused on primarily local. And when his society thought about terrorism, they will directly think that they are Osama bin Laden and 9/11. And by hearing that explanation, Chuck Todd try to asking again that when he and his society thought about that, so, it was directly that
they, especially President Obama didn’t believe with both of the terrorist. From the sentence above, the word “these” is indicates as discourse
deixis. It refers to some portion of the discourse that contains that utterance (including the utterance itself). The word “these” identified to point more
than one object nearby (plural). And the use of “these” refers to “people”. Based on the context Chuck Todd used “these” stressed what president
Obama states in the previous statement. In the case, they are talking about terrorism, Osama bin Laden and 9/11.
Data 32
CHUCK TODD: Did you see those messages they sent to you, naming you,
when they-- when they-- when they beheaded those American
journalists?(P.6, No.29).
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
Based on the sentence above, the speaker is Chuck Todd. As the host, he gave a question again to President Obama as the guest star. In his question, Chuck todd asking about the message that the terrorist or ISIL group that sent
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to President Obama. Did Obama see the entire message that sent to him personally?
From the sentence above, there are two words “those” which is to point
something far from us. It refers to more than one things or it can be called as
plural of “that”. Based on the theory, it identified as Discourse deixis. The
first “those” above refers to upcoming portion of the discourse “messages” while the second “those” refers to “American journalist”. It seems in the context above that the word “those” here represented something more than one message that deliver for president obama and also more than one American journalist.
4.1.1.5 Social Deixis
Social deixis refers to the level of the relationship between person and the information. It also divided into two basic kinds of socially deictic information that to be encoded in language around the world, they are
relational and absolute.
Data 36
CHUCK TODD: Well, I think I need to pre-book you for next week, because I got another 35 questions. So with that, I'm going to leave it there, Mr. President. But thank you very much.(P.15, No. 83).
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix).
The sentence above is the last conversation between Chuck Todd and President Obama. In the sentence above, Chuck Todd as a speaker have a
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plan to invite President Obama again in this Meet the Press event. In the last sentence Chuck Todd called Obama with saying “Mr. President”.
The word “Mr. President” based on Oxford Dictionary; President is the
leader of a Republic, especially United States. According to Levinson, there are two types of social deixis there are relational and absolute. Relational social; deixis is where the form of word used to indicate the relative social status of the addressee. By contrast absolute deixis is a deictic reference usually expressed in certain forms of address which will include no comparison of the ranking of the speaker and addressee. So, by the sentence above Mr. President can be categorized as Absolute social deixis.
4.1.2 Types of References and Their referent.
In the interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press” also consist of two types of reference; they are anaphora reference and cataphora reference. As follows;
4.1.2.1 Anaphora Reference
Anaphora is a process of continuing to identify exactly the same entity as denoted by the antecedent. Or it can be said that the use of word to introduce someone or something already mention. Here the example as follows;
Data 1
CHUCK TODD: Mr. President, welcome back to your 12th appearance on Meet the Press..(P.1, No.1)
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(The script of interview can be seen in appendix).
The sentence above is the opening of the interview. Chuck Todd as a speaker or host, he starts to greet his guest star, Mr. Obama by welcoming his appearance in Meet the press.
That sentence can be categorized as anaphora reference. It based on the Yule theory which is used to introduce someone or something that already mention before. And in the sentence above, there is the word “Your” refers to the addressee whom we know in this conversation the addressee of this event is President Obama. It seems in the first utterance Chuck Todd said
“Mr. President”. So, the word “Your” is refers back to Mr. President to
represent the addressee based on the context of utterance.
DATA 13
CHUCK TODD: I've got a few other topics. Ebola, there's some anxiety in the country about it. (P.8, No. 39)
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
From that sentence, it can be seen that the speaker is Chuck Todd. In this case, he tries to asking about the other topic which he asking about Ebola disease that has been booming in Africa. As the host in this event, Chuck Todd asks to the president Obama about it.
The example of sentence above can be categorized as anaphora reference which is used to identify someone or something already mention
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before. It can be seen in the first, Chuck used the words “I” which is refers to Chuck Todd himself as the speaker or host in the speech event. He also used
the word “it” which refers to something. So, based on the context of utterance, the word “it” refers back to “Ebola” as the next topic in this
conversation.
4.1.2.2 Cataphora Reference
Cataphor is the use of a word (typically a pronoun) to introduce someone or something that is more fully identified later. Here the example as follows;
Data 16
PRESIDENT OBAMA: Well, Americans shouldn't be concerned about the prospects of contagion here in the United States, short term. Because this is not an airborne disease. (P.8, No. 40)
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
In the conversation above, president obama as the speaker. he explained about what American people concerned about an Ebola disease that African people suffer now. But president obama had inform that E bola is an airborne disease so, they do not need to worry about that.
The word “Here” in the sentence above contains as adverb of place, which used for demonstrating such place that relatively close to the speaker. According to Yule, The sentence above can be identified as cataphora reference, which we know that it used to identify someone or something that
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the word “here” and followed the United States to give the information that
the location of the speaker in the speech events is in the United States. So from the explanation, it will be clear that the adverb of place “Here” refers to the United State based on the context of utterance.
Data 29.
PRESIDENT OBAMA: That included taking air strikes to ensure that towns like Erbil were not overrun, critical infrastructure, like the Mosul Dam was
protected …” (P.1, No. 4)
(The script of interview can be seen in appendix)
Based on the context above, the speaker is president obama, He explained what he did of the last several months and also make a plan to face the threat from ISIL.
Based on the context above, “that” can be categorized as cataphora reference which based on Yule theory it used to identify someone or something that mention later. In this case, it seems that president obama point
something by using the word “that” and identify which towns that he point.
So, it will be cleared that the word “that” refers to the “town where it had mention forward based on the context of utterance.
After finding the data and analyzed it based on the theory of Levinson. Here, the following sample of data in the interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”:
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Person Deixis
NUMBER OF DATA
CONVERSATION TYPE OF
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
1. Mr. President,
welcome back to
your 12th
appearance on Meet the Press. (1)
Anaphoric Reference
Your refer to Barack
Obama/ Mr.
President.
2. I'm preparing the
country to make sure that we deal with a threat from ISIL. Keep in mind that this is something that we know how to do. We've been dealing with terrorist threats for quite some time. 4
Anaphora reference
I refer to Barack Obama We refer to
the Barack obama and country
3. What are you asking
of the American
people on
Wednesday? You
say you're giving a speech. That's the type of thing, I
assume, you're
preparing the
country for
something. What are you asking of them? 5
Anaphoric reference
You refer to President Obama
I refer to
Chuck Todd Them refer to
American People
4. I am going to be
asking Congress to make sure that they
understand and
support what our
plan is. And it's going to require some resources, I
suspect, above what
we are currently
doing in the region. 8
Anaphoric Reference
I refer to
President Obama.
They refer to American people
Our refer to US
administration (the country) It refers to the
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Plan.
We refer to the country.
5. We are going to be
helping to put
together a plan for
them, so that they
can start retaking territory that ISIL had taken over. 10
Anaphoric reference
We refer to the country
Them and
they refer to Iraqi troops and Kurdish troops.
6. Because I think a lot of us, when we think about terrorism, the model is Osama bin Laden and 9/11. 14
Anaphora Reference
Us and We refers to President Obama and his country.
7. And I'm curious,
have you only ruled
them out simply for domestic political reasons? 19
Anaphoric Reference
I refer to
Chuck Todd You refer to
President Obama
Them refer to ISIS
8. They need to be
involved. This is
their neighborhood. 28
Anaphoric Reference
They and their
refers to
Jordan, United
Emirates and Turkey.
9. They sent messages
addressing you
personally. Did you
watch 'em? 31
Anaphoric Reference
They refer to ISIL
You refer to President Obama
Them refer to Message
10. It’s not so much how
it affects me
personally. 34
Anaphoric reference
It refer to the message
Me refer to
President Obama
11. So, our attitude
towards Assad
continues to be that
Anaphoric reference
Our and we refer to president
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you know, through
his actions, through
using chemical
weapons on his own
people, dropping
barrel bombs that
killed innocent
children that he-- he
has foregone
legitimacy. But
when it comes to our
policy and the
coalition that we're putting together, our
focus specifically is
on ISIL. It's
narrowly on ISIL. 36
obama and his
administratio n
You refer to Chuck Todd His and he
refers to Assad
It refers to Assad’s actions
12. And we've got to be able to reach to
them, find a military
and political
structure that'll allow
them to express
themselves. 38
Anaphoric reference
We refer to President Obama and his country. Them and
Themselves refer to millions of descent. 13. I've got a few other
topics. Ebola, there's some anxiety in the country about it. 39
Anaphoric Reference
I refer to
Chuck Todd It refers to
Ebola.
14. The American public
says, "Why are we wasting money on them? 48
Anaphoric reference
We refer to
American People
Them refer to some public health.
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15. I've-- I've said this before, Chuck. You know, if you asked me back in August what I want for my birthday, I'd say, "Give me a loyal opposition that has some common sense and is willing to work on some basic issues that didn't used to be partisan issues."
Anaphoric Reference
I refer to President Obama
You refer to Chuck Todd
Me and my
also refer to President Obama.
Spatial Deixis
NUMBER OF DATA
CONVERSATION TYPE OF
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
16. Well, Americans
shouldn't be
concerned about the
prospects of
contagion here in the United States, short term. 40
Cataphora reference
Here refers to
the United
States
17. As usual. And we're
going to have to get U.S. military assets just to set up, for
example isola--
isolation units and-- and equipment there, to provide security for public health workers surging from around the world. If we do that, then it's still going to be months before this
problem is
controllable in
Cataphora reference
There refers
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Africa.
18. Because the
possibility of a
jarring contrast given the world's news, is
always-- there's
always going to be
some tough news
somewhere-- is going to be there.82
Anaphora reference
There refers
to a vacation
Temporal or time Deixis
NUMBER OF DATA
CONVERSATION TYPE OF
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
19. We just yesterday
announced the fact that we had taken out the top leader of Al-Shabaab the terrorist-- organization in Somalia. 4
Yesterday
20. So what I have done
over the last several months is, first and foremost, make sure that we got eyes on the problem, that we shifted resources, intelligence,
reconnaissance. 4
The last several months
21. And I'm optimistic
that next week, we should be able to get that done. And I will
then meet with
congressional leaders
on Tuesday. On Wednesday, I'll make a speech and describe
Next week
Then
On Tuesday
On
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what our game plan's going to be going forward. 4
22. And I was very
specific at that time. 16
At that time
23. And now we're going
to have to deal with 16
Now
24. It's gone through the
week during your trip to Wales. 19
The week
25. And that's part of the
conversation that
John Kerry's going to be having this week. 28
This week
26. Sunni extremism, as
represented by ISIL, is the biggest danger
that they face
rightnow. 28
Right now
27. Well, I think I need to
pre-book you for next week, because I got another 35 questions. 83
Next week
Discourse deixis
NUMBER OF DATA
CONVERSATION TYPE OF
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
28. I'm preparing the
country to make sure that we deal with a threat from ISIL. Keep in mind that this is something that we know how to do. We've been dealing with terrorist threats for quite some time.
Anaphora reference
This refer to ISIL
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This administration has systematically dismantled Al Qaeda in the FATA.
29. That included taking
air strikes to ensure
that towns like Erbil were not overrun, critical infrastructure, like the Mosul Dam
was protected,
……….. 4
Cataphora reference
That refers
Erbil Towns
30. This speech will
allow Congress, I think, to understand very clearly and very specifically what it is that we are doing but also what we're not doing. 10
Cataphora reference
This refers to speech
31. You don't believe
these people—15
Anaphora reference
These refers
to people
“Osama bin
Laden and
9/11
32. Did you see those
messages they sent to
you, ……..
Cataphora reference
Those refers to messages.
33. What do you tell the
person that’s going to
get deported before the election that this
decision was essentially made in your hopes of saving a democratic senate?
Anaphora reference
This refers to decision
“delay any
executive
action”.
34. And the American
people need to know
that.
Anaphora reference
That refers to difference between democratic and republican reference
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35. On all those issues,
there is a sharp contrast.
Cataphora reference
Those refers to issue.
Social Deixis
NUMBER OF DATA
TYPE OF DEIXIS TYPE OF
REFERENCE
REFERENCE
36. So with that, I'm
going to leave it there, Mr. President. But thank you very much.
Anaphora reference
You
refer to Mr. President .
After giving the sample of the data, and categorizing based on five types of deixis namely person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, discourse deixis, and social deixis, And also based on the type of reference namely anaphora and cataphora reference. Here are the whole finding the types of deixis in the
interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”, as followes:
NO. Types of Deixis Frequency Percentage (%)
1. Person Deixis : 1. First Person 2. Second Person 3. Third Person
237 108 55 74
63,7%
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3. Temporal Deixis 27 7,3%
4. Discourse Deixis 87 23.4%
5. Social Deixis 2 0,5%
Total 372 100%
From the table of finding above, it can be seen that the types of deixis are
applied in the interview between Barack Obama and Chuck todd in “Meet the Press”. Based on the table, there are 237 (63, 7%) words which can be
categorized as person deixis. It also can be classified again into 108 for first person deixis, 55 words for second person deixis, and 74 words for third person deixis. The second types of deixis that obtained in the data is spatial deixis, there are 19 (5, 1%) words. the third type of deixis is temporal deixis which is there are 27 (7,3%). The fourth type of deixis that appeared in the interview is discourse deixis which is found 87 (23, 4%) words. The last type of deixis that are found in this interview is social deixis there are only 2 (0, 5%) words.
From the explanation above, it can be concluded that the mostly types of deixis that obtained in the interview between Barack Obama and Chuck todd in
“Meet the Press” is person deixis 237 words or (63,7%). Whereas the least types of deixis that obtained in this interview is social deixis which is only fround 2 words (0,5%). In person deixis itself, the mostly types of person deixis that applied in this interview is using first person deixis which is found 108 words. This is consisting of the pronoun I and We, this first person deixis was mostly used by President Obama.
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4.2 Discussion
In doing communication, everyone have a different way to make other people easy to understand what we said. To avoid the misinterpretation or misunderstanding what the speaker said, knowing the context of speaker utterance is very important, so it will help us easy to understand and the message will deliver clearly. In this research, both Barrack Obama and Chuck Todd conversation are consist of five types of deixis, they are person deixis, spatial deixis, temporal deixis, discourse deixis and the last social deixis. To make more understand about this, the researcher used the theory of Levinson to analyze the word and sentence that contain in this interview.
Beside analyzed it based on five types of deixis, the researcher also analyzed it based on the types of reference and what is the reference of those deixis to help the reader easily to understand what other people said and did not miscommunication what are the people refers to.
Deixis can be described as the referring expression in which the interpretation of utterance depends on the context of utterance. This deixis can
be occurred in our daily life, such as this interview. In this “Meet the Press” interview, almost all of the Chuck Todd and President Obama’s utterance can
be classified five kinds of deixis which is the mostly types of deixis are used person deixis. In this case, Person deixis also classified again into first person, second person, and third person.
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In this interview, President Obama as the guest star always used the deictic expression “I” and “We”. Based on Levinson theory, it can be classified as First Person deixis. from the analysis above, it can be seen that the usage of the
word “I” and “we” refers to President Obama himself and his country (United states’ Government) because the topic of the interview are focusing on the threat that United states face, and also the disease that African face. Whereas
for the host, Chuck Todd the mostly person deixis he used are “You” and “I”, based on the theory of Levinson, “You” can be categorized as second person
which is refers to President Obama as the addressee. And the word “I” that can
be classified as first person who refers to Mr. Chuck self.
Other types of deixis that obtained in this research are the spatial deixis in which it showed the location of the participant in the speech event. In this
interview the deictic words that mostly used are “Here” which is indicates that
the place that President Obama talked about is United States. Next types of deixis that obtained are temporal deixis. In this interview, President Obama
often used the deictic word “now” which can be interpreted as the present time
or at this time. Next is discourse deixis. This type of deixis also often occurred in this interview. Based on theory it is the use of expression within some utterance refers to some portion of the discourse that contains the utterance.
And the mostly types that obtained in this interview is the word “that” which
can be interpreted as refers to something far from as. The last, is social deixis. This type of deixis also applied in this interview but only 2 words that
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social deixiscan be classified into absolute social deixis, which is it expressed in certain forms of address which will include no comparison of the ranking of
the speaker and addressee. The word “Mr. President used by Chuck Todd to
called Barack Obama to respect him as an American President.
In addition, after categorizing based on five types of deixis, we needed to know the types of reference of those deixis that occurred in the interview
between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”. Reference is an
act in which a speaker, or writer uses a linguistic form to enable listener or reader to identify something. In this case, reference divided into two types, there are exophora and endophora. Whereas endophora classified again into two types, they are anaphora and cataphora reference. Based on the context of interview, the types of reference that mostly applied is anaphora reference, which can be described as the use of word to introduce someone or something already mention. And this reference mostly followed in Person deixis. Then, cataphora reference also occurred in this interview but it just a few sentences that describe used cataphora reference,because interview is one of the example of direct dialog, and the topic of the interview are real where it truly happened and faced by United States.
From the result above, it can be conclude that deixis can be applied in our daily life. By knowing the deixis theory and the reference it can help us to avoid misunderstanding and miscommunication when we are talking with other people. It also helps us to separate with whom we are talking, if we are talking
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social deixiscan be classified into absolute social deixis, which is it expressed in certain forms of address which will include no comparison of the ranking of the speaker and addressee. The word “Mr. President used by Chuck Todd to called Barack Obama to respect him as an American President.
In addition, after categorizing based on five types of deixis, we needed to know the types of reference of those deixis that occurred in the interview between Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”. Reference is an act in which a speaker, or writer uses a linguistic form to enable listener or reader to identify something. In this case, reference divided into two types, there are exophora and endophora. Whereas endophora classified again into two types, they are anaphora and cataphora reference. Based on the context of interview, the types of reference that mostly applied is anaphora reference, which can be described as the use of word to introduce someone or something already mention. And this reference mostly followed in Person deixis. Then, cataphora reference also occurred in this interview but it just a few sentences that describe used cataphora reference,because interview is one of the example of direct dialog, and the topic of the interview are real where it truly happened and faced by United States.
From the result above, it can be conclude that deixis can be applied in our daily life. By knowing the deixis theory and the reference it can help us to avoid misunderstanding and miscommunication when we are talking with other people. It also helps us to separate with whom we are talking, if we are talking
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with adult or the honorable people, we can used the polite words, such as Mr. President, Lady, etc. Whereas if we are talking in non formal event, we can used informal too such as when we are talking with our friends, etc. Therefore, deixis is one of the important things that we have known about that, because it really makes us easy to communicate with other people if we known the context.
From this research, the researcher hopes that it can give inspiration for next research that interested in this theory. And for the next research it will better for you to search other kinds of literary works. You can also limit your discussions such you can only focus on one of the types of deixis like Person deixis, or if it possible, you can combine with another theory. Next, the researcher also hopes that this research can give some knowledge and understanding about deixis and reference. Because we have known about that to avoid a misinterpretation when we are doing communication and it also can make us easy to understand what other people said.
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CHAPTER V
CONCLUSION
This chapter presents the conclusion of the research based on the analysis and discussion explained in the previous chapter. This included the five types of deixis in the interview between Barrack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press”, and also the types of reference and the reference meaning of those deixis. The conclusion formulated below:
5.1 Conclusion
Derived from the result that has been obtained and analyzed, it can be drawn that there were 5 types of deixis according to Levinson’s theory that were employed by Barack Obama and Chuck Todd in “Meet the Press” interview. In this interview there were 84 conversations that contained 5 types of deixis, those are 237 (64%) in person deixis, it can be classified into 108 for first person, 55 for second person, and 74 for third person. The mostly types of person deixis that used by Barack Obama are first person deixisWe (28) and I (27), while for Chuck Todd, he used second person deixisYou (23) and I (15). Then, 87 (23.5%) in discourse deixis, 26 (7%) in temporal deixis, 18 (15%) in spatial deixis, and the last 2 (0.5%) in social deixis. The total of the use of deixis in this interview is 370 words.
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Then, the types of reference that mostly applied in this interview is Anaphora reference which the reference are mention before. In this case, the mostly types of deixis that obtained in this interview are the use of word I and We derived from Barack Obama. The word I in this interview refers to President Obama himself, while the pronoun We are refers to President Obama and his Government. Whereas, For Chuck Todd as a Host in this speech events, the mostly types of deixis that he used the second pronoun You which refers to President Obama as the addressee in this speech events, the second person deixis is the first Pronoun I which refers to himself (Chuck Todd).
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