Consisting of 11 Vacuum Tubes
Information Technology: Hardware
by
Kudang B. Seminar, PhD
3/23/2015
Copyright 1996-98 © Dale Carnegie & Associates, Inc.
1 Abacus
- An abacus is a calculator used first by the Chinese since about 500 BC, for addition, subtraction, multiplication, and division, as well as fractions and square root.
- The inventor is unknown. However, the abacus as we know it today did not appear in China until about 1200 A.D.
- Contests have been held between users of the Japanese abacus and an electric calculator.For addition and subtraction the abacus user was much faster than the calculator user, but for multiplication and division the advantage of the abacus was less decisively demonstrated.
ABC (Atanasoff & Berry Computer) 1939, Iowa Univ.
Consisting of 11 Vacuum Tubes
•Vacuum Tubes
- Berfungsi sebagai penguat, pengubah, dan pencipta sinyal elektrik
- Banyak dipakai di peralatan
ENIAC (Electronic Numerical Integrator And
Computer) 1946, Pennsylvania Univ. Consisting of 17,468 vacuum tubesEDSAC (Elecronic Delay Storage Automatic
Calculator/Computer) 1949, Cambridge University
Uses: Vacuum Tubes
UNIVAC (Universal Automatic Computer)
1951 – Consisting of 5200 Vacuum TubesMARK I Computer 1949
- – Consisting of 1300 Vacuum Tubes
I/O Devices: Saklar, pita dan pencetak
•Manchester Mark I •Havard Mark I
IAS Computer Developed By John
Von Newmann at Princeton Univ.
1952- 1 st
General Purpose Computer
- Consists of
23,000 vacuum tubes
- Used for solving complex applications: metereology, astonomy, hydrodynamic s, atomic weapons
- Consist of 3 sub-systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices
IBM 701 developed at 1952 by IBM President: Thomas J. Watson, Jr
- Known as the Defense Calculator while in development
- Publically announced in 1953.
- Known as IBM 701 Electronic Data Processing Machines
- Consist of 3 sub- systems: main processor, Memory, I/O Devices
- Key to IBM's transition from punched-card machines to electronic computers.
- The first of the pioneering line of IBM 700 series computers, including the
- Jack Kilby adalah penemu sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) yang sekarang digunakan untuk pembuatan mikroprosesor komputer, ketika Kilby bekerja di Texas Instruments pada tahun 1958.
- Pada tahun 2000, Kilby mendapatkan penghargaan Nobel dalam bidang Fisika berkat penemuan sirkuit terpadu (integrated circuit) tersebut.
- Rangkaian terpadu yang terdiri dari ratusan/ribuan/jutaan komponen elektronik semi konduktor ( transistor ) yang dikemas dalam bentuk yang kompak dan ringan dalam bentuk chip,
disebut juga micro-circuit, microprocessor, atau slicon-chip.
Generasi Komputer Dengan Rangkaian Terpadu (Integrated Circuit/IC)
- Melahirkan penemuan Mikroprosesor 4004 di tahun 1971.
IBM’s 7000 Series – Generation of
Transitorized or Chip-Based Computers
- IBM 7010 - high end version of
- introduced in
- - Stretch supercomputer -
introduced in
- ; used
by the U.S. in 1962
- IBM 7090's at NASA's Project Mercury, 1962.
- Designed by DEC (Digital Equipment Corporation)
- Built using chip technology.
- The entire computer occupies only 17 square feet of floor space.
MITS Altair 8800 Computer
- It was a microcomputer designed in 1975.
- Produced by
Micro Instrumentation and Telemetry Systems (MITS)
- based on the Intel 8080
CPU
st PC (Personal Computer) generation.
- It is considered as 1
- Mainframes (Super Computers)
- Minicomputers • Microcomputers
Mainframes (Super Computer)
- Large in Physical Size • Fast Computing Speed • Large Memory Capacity • Consist of Multiple Processors (CPUs)
- Provides many connections to I/O devices
- Mainly used for Large Scale Computer Server • First Generation: Mark I, ENIAC, UNIVAC, IBM 701,
IBM 360
- Current generation: Cray-2, IBM ES/9000, IBM S/390,
- The Columbia Supercomputer at NASA's Advanced Supercomputing Facility at Ames Research Center.
Minicomputers
- Mini physical size
- Fairly fast computing speed
- Fairly large memory capacity
- May consists of multiple CPU/processors
- Used for Library Otomation in since 1970
- First Generation: PDP-1, IBM AS/400
- Used as Computer Servers •
Current Generation: (
parlance), parlance), HoneyWell 316, GEC 4000 Series, PDP-11
Microcomputers
- Micro physical size
- Slower computing speed
- Smaller memory capacity
- Mostly consists of single or can be 2
CPU/processors
- Banyak digunakan untuk layanan transaksi front-
end: OPAC, sirkulasi, Cash Register, Layanan Pengguna
- First Generation: PC (Personal Computer) seperti
XT, AT (286,386,486)
- Current Generation: Notebook, Laptop, Palmtop,
PDA (personal Digital Assistant)
Sistem Komputer
• Kombinasi elemen-elemen fungsional
secara terpadu yang mencakup piranti keras (hardware), piranti lunak (software), piranti data (dataware) dan aturan/standar (ruleware) untukmelaksanakan program/komputasi
berbasis komputer.- Notes: tidak termasuk manusia (brainware) -> Berbeda dengan definisi Pusnas.
Komponen Sistem Komputer • Hardware : Main Processor (CPU), Memory, Input-Output (I/O)
• Software: Sistem Operasi (Operating System/OS), Sofware Utilisasi,
Pengembangan (Development Sofware), Software Aplikasi (Application Sofware).- Sofware mengendalikan mekanisme kerja operasional hardware.
Hardware Resources
- I/O (Input/Output)
devices
- Processor • Memory
3/23/2015
21 I/O Devices
- I/O Devices : to exchange data between
computer systems and external sources
- Input Devices : to enter data into a
computer system
Output Devices : to send data out of a
computer system
Input Devices pada Pemetaan Digital 3/23/2015
23 Pengolahan Citra & Digitisasi Peta
Output Devices Pada Pusat Informasi Geografis
3/23/2015
25 Kriteria Pemilihan I/O Devices
- Kecepatan (Speed)
- Kemudahan (Ease of Use)
- Keandalan (Reliability)
- Obyektivitas & Akurasi • Kesesuaian dengan jenis data
- Durasi (endurance)
- Kompatibilitas
Identification of Crop Canopy Area Using Camera
3/23/2015
27 GREENHOUSE PROTOTYPE
23/03/2015 Dies Natalis IPB 2001
20
Voltage (v)
5 Humidity Set point Voltage
3.75
2.5
1.25
80 100 H u m id it y ( % )
60
40
Voltage
29 SENSORS WITH IN GREENHOUSE
5 Temperature Set point Voltage
3.75
2.5
1.25
T e m p e ra tu re
30 300 600 900 1200 Time (seconds)
20
10
Temperature & Humidity Control
Light Intensity Control
7.5
5
y
4
6.5
it Fin opening Angle s
3
n
5.5
te n
2 I
t
Light Intensity
4.5
h
1 Set point
ig
Opening Angle
L
3.5
300 600 900 1200
Time (seconds)23/03/2015 Dies Natalis IPB 2001
31
•Yield Monitoring Using Satellite
Weed detection for site-specific weed management
23/03/2015 Dies Natalis IPB 2001
33
- INTEGRATING
- HALOGEN>CHOPPER •MONOCHROMATOR
- SPHERE>LAMP
- MOTOR •CONT.
- AMP.
- DO>COMPUTER •A/D
•NIR APPARATUS SYSTEM FOR THE EXPERIMENT
BCS development efforts utilize five different types of
bioelectric signals: Electrooculogram (EOG), Electromyogram (EMG), Electroencephalogram (EEG),Electrocardiogram (EKG), and Galvanic skin response
(GSR)The essence of the biocontroller interface involves
three processes: (1) bioelectric signal acquisition, (2)
signal processing for pattern recognition or extractionof desired elements of the biosignal, and (3) mapping
the results of the signal processing algorithm to some
desired output code - which controls external electronic devices.
23/03/2015 Dies Natalis IPB 2001
35 BioSensors
- Teknologi
- Sortasi
- Sortasi dengan mesin skala besar
- Digunakan pada industri besar
- Komputerisasi, mata elektronik untuk mengimbangi jumlah objek yang sangat besar
3/23/2015 Processors the device unit that performs data processing Features:
- High speed : micro, mini, super computer
Multiprocessors : support processor,
coupled processor, parallel processor
- Execution time : microsecond,
nanosecond, picosecond
- Speed measures : clock speed (Hz), MIPS
(Million Instructions Per Second), FLOPS
Perkembangan awal Prosesor Intel 1971 1976
3/23/2015
39 Data acquisition & processing
3/23/2015
41 Produksi Peta dengan Teknologi SIG
Profil suhu Profil sumber air permukaan bumi Profil mineral bumi Profil kota 3/23/2015
43 Memory
- Memory Internal (primary storage):
Register, Buffer, Cache, RAM, ROM
Memory External (secondary storage):
Hardisk, Floppy Disk, Diskettes, Drum DIsk, CD-ROM, Laser Disk, Optical Disk, Tape, MO disk, ZIP disk, USB Memory Features
- Internal: higher speed, lower storage
capacity, volatile, expensive, required for
program execution, fully electronic- External: lower speed, higher storage
capacity, non-volatile, cheaper, long-term
storage, mechatronic- Measures: access speed & storage capacity
(MByte, GByte, TByte) 3/23/2015
45 Magnetic Disk Capacity 80%/year 100,000
3.5” 10,000 2.5” 8-
14” 1,000 1.8” s te
100 By M
10 5.25”
1
- 2
Cache
Memory
Secondary Storage
32-64 bits- 4
40 bytes
CPU, Reg
2
30 bytes
2
27 bytes
2
13 bytes
2
per byte $10
per byte Size
per byte $10
Cost $600 a chip $10
Storage Devices Storage Hierarchy
.2- .4” 2.1” 3.4” Storage: 170MB-1GB
.7” 2.7” 3.9” Storage:
4-27GB
Form factor:Storage: 18-73GB
Form factor:
.4-47 Form factor: .5- 1” 4” 5.7”
3/23/2015
4-128 words 512-16k words
- 8