DEVELOPMENT, SECURITY AND HUMAN RIGHTS
DEVELOPMENT, SECURITY
AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Chief Editors: Dong Yunhu & Chen Zhengong
Executive Chief Editor: Wang Linxia
Executive Deputy Chief Editor: Ren Danhong
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Foreword
The first Beiiing Forum on F{uman Rights, organized by China Society for Human
Rights Studieswith "Development, Security and Human Rights" as the theme, was held
in Beiiing betweenApril zr-23,zoo8, attended by over uo human rights experts and
oficials from 3r states and intemational organizations including China, United States,
Canada,Russia,Switze and, Austria, Australia, Ukraine, Japan,South Africa, India,
Indonesia" Iran, Egrpt, Brazil, the United Nations, the European Union, etc. Officids
from the embassiesofUkraine, Switzerland,Peru,Uzbekistan and Uruguayin China also
participat€d in the opening ceremonyof the forum.
Wang Chen, Minister of the State Council Information Ofrce of PRC, Luo llaocai,
Vice President of the roth CPPCC and President of the China Society for Human
Rights Studies,SergeiA. Ordzhonikidze, DirectorGenerd ofthe United Nations Ofrce
at Geneva,and Nina Karpachova,Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Hurnan
Rights addressedthe opening ceremony
The attendees made discussions focusing on the theme "Dcvelopment, Security
and Human Rights," and commonly recognized that it is of great significance to hold
this forum at the 6oth anniversary of the releaseof the UN Univenal Declaration of
Human Rights, to review and summarize experiences and lessonsobtained from the
5o years dwelopment of world human rights, analyzethe opportunitics and challenges
we are faced with at pr€sent, and actively se€k for better interaction and concerted
progressofwodd development, security and human rights. The attendeesacknowledged
that development, security and hurnan rights are interrelated and inseparable; right
to development is an inalienable hurnan right which is critical to resolve all problems
in the current society, as well as a significant foundation and prerequisite to realize
security and hurnan rights as living in a society of poverty ignorance and deteriorating
environment is not secure or accordant with hurnan dignity; security is an important
human right and a vital precondition to realize development and universalhuman rights,
which cannot be achievedin the circumstanceof wars, conflicts, violence and terrorism
at home or abroad; human beings are the subiect of development and security, while
AND HIJMAN RIGHTS
DEVEIOPMENI,SECI,JRITY
development and security must be achiwed by human beings and for them and result
in fr l realization of human rights, as sustainable development and lasting peace and
stability cannot be accomplishedwithout efective guaranteeof human rights. Diversity
of civilization, culture and human rights development mode must be respected in
the process o( realizing development, security and human rights. Power politics and
hegemonism,cold war thinking unFst intemational order, selectMty and tlual standard
are the main factors hindering development, security and human rights. Adhering to the
purpose and principles of UN Charter, conducting international cooperedon on basis
of sovereignty equality is the cornerstone for development, security and hurnan rights.
Attendees altogether are deeply concerned with such threas to development, security
and human rights as war, conflict, weapons of mass destruction, violent and terrorist
activities and poverty, lethal epidemics and environrnental deterioration. Attendees also
positively appraisedChinesehuman rights development mode and achievementsin their
speeches.
This book is a compilation ofall the 8z papen receivedby the forum, the content of
which is categorizedinto six pans accordingto themes,and by which we hope to express
our commemoration of the 5oth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and good will of advancingthe hedthy development of human rights causeand
promoting international cooperation on human nghts.
CONTENTS
PJMARKS AT THE OPENINGCEPSMONY OF THE BEUINO FORUM ON HUMAN RIG}ITS
LuoHaocai(China)...
.................................1
REIT,'ARKSAT THE OPENINGCEREMONY OF THE BEIJINC FORUM ON HUMAN RIGHTS
WangChen(ChinE)...
.........................-.......5
SECURITY.DEVETOPMENTAND HUMAN RIGHTS
(UnitedNations).......
SergeiA. Ordzhonikidze
......-......................8
NEW CHALLENGES TO HUMAN RIGHTSAND INTERNATIONAT SECURITY
(Ukr8ine).......................................................................13
Nim Karpachova
TO BEUING FORUM ON HUMAN RICJIN
VladimirLukin(Russia)..............................-........................-..............15
II]E C1OSING
OFTIIEBEUINGFORUMONHTIMANRIGHTS
CEREMONY
STIMMARY
SPEECTIAT
DongYuohu(China)-.
.................................-16
DEVELOPMENTAND
HUMANRIGHTS............
................22
HUMANRIGHTS,RIGHTTO SELT-DETERMINATION,
RIGHTTO DEVELOPMENT
(Russia)....................
..........-...23
AslanKh.Abashidze
DEVELOPMENT
AND HUMANRIGHTS
(ThePhilippines)
Herminia
T.Angeles
....................................2S
HUMANRIGHTSDEVELOPMENT
IN URUGUAY
(Uruguay).
....................................................................26
LuisAlmagro
DEVELOPMENT
AND HUMANRJGHTS
SECURITY
AND HTJMANRIGHTS
DEVELOPMENT,
ORIGINS,
CHAMCTERISICSANDLECALITY
THERIGHTT0 DEVELOPMENT:
THE ROLE OF NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
FORCII1ZENS
SYSIEMANDHOUSING
RTGI{ISSECI.JRITY
SECTJRITY
CHINIfSHOUSING
DEVELOPMENTAND HUMAN RIGHTS
(Mongolia).......................................................................5o
Daramjav
Solongo
"RIGHTS TO DEVELOPMENT'' AND SELECTIONIN DEVELOPMENT MODE
(China).......................................................................b9
DongZhengltua
PRESENIA*TIONON POVERTYAND HUMAN RIGHTS IN LATIN AMERICA
RIGHTTODEVELOPMENT:
GUARANTEEING
THEREALZATIONAND
DEVELOPMENTOFHTJMANRIGHTS
ON MATERIALZATIONOFHUMANRIGHTSRESEARCH
AS MCESSARY
CONDITIONFORTTIEDEVELOPMENT
OFHUMANRIGHTS
(China).......................................................................7o
HuoGuihuan
THERICHTTODEVEI,OPMENT
IN THEPROCESS
OFCONSTRUCTING
WORLD
A HARMONIOUS
Liu Jie (China
DEVELOPMENT
AND HTJMANRIGHTS:
THOUGHTSON THEISSUEOFPOPULATION
AGEING
UZBEKISTAN: INDEPENDENTDEVELOPMENTAND HUMAN RICT S
Akmal Saidov0Jzbekistan).......................................................................86
DEVELOPMENTAND HTJMANRIGHTS
.........................................................97
AskarShakirov(Kaukhstan)-........
PROMOTIONAND PROTECTIONOF RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT:
FOCUSINGON THE I,JNTVERSALDECLARATION OF HI]MAN
RIGHTSAND THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLICOF CHINA
(China).....................-....--.-.-..-.-.-..---*-.--...99
YangChengtning
ON RELATIONSBETWEENHUMANRIGHTSAND DEYELOPMENT
ZhangXiaoling(China).......................................................................r18
DRIVE OF HUMAN RICHTS ADVANCEMENT: DEVELOPMENT
ZhuoZeyuan(China).......................................................................r2S
IMPACT OF CLIMAIE CHANGE ON IIUMAN RIGHTS IN DEVELOPINGCOTJNTRIES
HUMANRIGHTSOFTHEPEOPLEWITH HANSEN'SDISEASEIN JAPAN
(Japan).........................
...........136
Yuzuru
Yokoyama
SECURIryAND
HUMAN
R|GHTS............
........................$8
T}IE ROLEOFT}IE INTERNATIONAL
PROTECTION
SYSTEMIN
TI{E CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
LarryDevoe(Venezuela)..................................................-...................139
THESOCIALCONTROLOFPOLICEACTIVITY
Fermino
FechioFilho(8m2iD...............
.....................r4r
SECURIryAND HUMANRIGHTS:A FMGILE BALANCINCACT
LoveliaCabreraLaping(ThePhilippines).................................-.....................................14S
ANDHTJMAN
RIGHTS- IN MEMORY
OFTTIE6OTH
SECIjRITY
ANNIVERSARY
OFT}IE
BIRIH OFTHEIJNII]EDNATTONS
DECLARATION
OFHUMANRIGITTS
UNIVERSAL
.................................48
Li Shi'an(China)...
NATIONALSECURITYAND HUMANRIGHTS:TOWARDS
A MORE
COMPRTHENSIVE
NAI'IONALSECT]RITY
POLICYANDSTMTEGY
(South
..........................152
Thomas
Manthata
Aflica)..........
NEWCHINA,NEWWORLD
- THERISEOFCHINA,INTERNATIONAL
SECURITY
AND HTJMANRIGHTS
ColumMurphy(Swiuerland).................
...................rS5
CITZEN SECURIryAND HUMANRICHTS
Nathanael
DeSouza
E Silva(Brazil).......
...,........-................157
SECURIryAND HUMANRIGHTS:TTIELIBERIACONTEXT
DEVELOPMENT,
SEC]IJRITY
AND HTJMANRIG}ITS
SECURITY
AND HIJMANRIGHTSIN AUSTRALIA:
AUSTRALIA'SCOTJNTER-TERRORISM
BJSFONSE
(Australia)....................
................164
JohnVonDoussa
NATIONALEMERGENCY
AND HUMANRIGHTSPROTECTION
(China)..
Lu Zhi'an
..................................r29
MAINTAINSOCIALSTABILITYAND
PROTECT
HUMANRIGIITSACCOPDING
TOLAW
- IN COMMEMORATION
OFTHE6OTHANNIVERSARYOFUNIVERSAL
DECLARATION
OFHTJMANRIGHTS
(China)...
.................
..............................................129
Shao
Wenhong
CULTUML DIVERSITYAND
HUMANRIGHTS..........................................186
PENG.CHUN
CHANG:AMAN WHOINTEGRATED
THEORIENTALCONFUCIAN
THOUGIITWTTHTI{E {JNWERSALDECLAMTIONOFHUMANRIGHIS
DIYERSITY - ITS DIMENSIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Anil KumarGarg(India)......
........ .. ..
.............r93
CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN ASIA AND ITS HUMAN RIGHTS DEVELOPMENT
.....................................r97
HanDayuan(China)
HUMAN RIGHTS IN T}IE ISLAMIC WORID VIEWED FROM
TI]E PERSPECTIVEOF CULTUML DIVERSITY
Li ShaoxianandWeiLiang(China).......
....-........................2o4
DIVERSIry OF CIVILZATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS DEVELOPMENT
IbrahimNasiruMantu(Nigeria)..................
..................2o8
ON THE RELANONSHIPBETWEENCULTURALRIGI{TSAND A HARMONIOUSSOCIETY
....................................212
Liu Xuebin(China)
CULTURAL DryERSITYAND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
THEDryERSITYOFCULTURES.
CNILIZATIONSAND
THEDEVELOPMENT
OFHUMANRIGHTS
NguyenDucThuy(Vi€tNam)................-..
.................226
HUMANRIGHTSAND CTJLTTJRAL
DIVERSITY
(Cuba)............
RodolfoReyes
Rodriguez
........................29o
CULTURALDIVERSIryAND HUMAMRIGHTS
........................................232
AhmedSaadi(Algeria)...............................
DIALOGUESON HTJMANRIGHTSIN THECROSS.CULTURAL
CONTEXT
HIJMANRIGHTSSTANDARD,
CIVILZATIONDIVERSITYAND
HTJMANITY
HARMONY
(China).......................-...............................................247
Wang
Zaibang
OFCMLZATTONSAND THEDEVELOPMENT
OFHT]MANRIGHTS
THEDTVERSITY
CULIURESTOBUILDA HARMONIOUS
AMALGAMAIE DIFFERENT
WORLD
. IN COMIVIEMORATION
OFTHE6OTHANNIVERSARYOF
II{E T]NIVERSALDECLARATION
OFHUMANRIGHTS
(China)
Liu Hainian
....................................2s7
AND SUGGESTIONS
ABOUTTHERESEARCH
THOUGHTS
EXCHANGES
OFCHINESEAND WESTERNHUMANRIGHTS
LiuJun(China)......
............................,.266
PROTECTIONAND DEVLOPMENTOF HUMAN RIGHTSlN CHINA........zzo
IMPROVEMENT
ACTIIEVED
BYCHINATNTI{ECAUSE
HISTORICAL
OFHT]MANNGHTS
...............................2zr
Li Junru(China).....
AND REFLECTION:
CHINA,SHUMANRIGHTSIN TtiE PAST30YEARS
PROGRESS
andZangZhen(China)...........
.........................278
QiYanping
OFTHEPRISONWORK
REFORMAND DEVELOPMENT
AND THEGUARANTEEOFCRIMINALS'HUMANRTGHTS
...................................29r
Li Yuqian(China)..
ON PRISONERS'RIGHT
TOMARRIAGE
A DISCUSSION
UNDERTHEVISIONOFHUMANRIGHTSPROTECTION
DEVEIOPI'ENI, SECTJRITY
AND H1JMANRIGITTS
ONPROTECTION
OFHTJMANRIGHTSBY CHINA'SADMIMSTRATIVE
PROCEDURAL
SYSTEM
(China)..............
.......................................................308
ZhanZhongle
PUBLICINTERESTLITIGATIONAND THEDEVELOPMENT
OFHI,]MANRIGHTS
ZhangWanhong
andDingPeng(China)
............,.......................3r7
PROTECTION
OFFREEDOMOFEXPRESSION
BY TIIE CHINESELAW
THE PRINCIPLESOF OPTIMIZING THE INTERNET ENVIRONMENT
GaoGang(China)..
..................................328
PUBLIC PARTICIPAIION AND HUMAN RTGHTSGUARANTEE
PURSUITOFLIBERTY
HUMANITY:COMMTJNITY
Hanften (China)..
..................................337
OFDEVELOPMENT
OFCHINA'SHIGHEREDUCATION
CONTRIBUTION
TO HUMANRIGHTSUNDERTAKING
MORE TALK ON TI{E GUARAN1EE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET
....................................3s1
SherabNyima(China)
TfIE QUESTION OF TIBET: A REALITY CHECK
(Iadia)...............................--.--.-..-..-..---..-..-..-360
RamNarasimhan
PROTECTWOMEN'S HIjMAN RIGHTS,PROMOTEFI.JLLDEVELOPMENTOF WOMEN
.. .. ............
. ......-.................................-379
ZouXiaoqiao(China)...
THE PROGRESSAND ANALYSIS OF WOMEN'S HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTIONIN
THE LEGISLANON 2OO7IN CHINA
(China)....................
Li Mingshun
............................................-....984
ANALYSISFRAMEWORKOFGIRLCHILDISSUE:RIGIITSAS A CHILDANDASA WOMAN
CHINA'SFOREIGNAIDSAND HTJMANRIGHTSCONCERNS
. THOUGHTS
PROVOKEDBY DARTURHUMANITARIANCRISIS
ftou Qi (China).....
..-...-......................4o2
PROTECTION
ANDDEVLOPMENT
OF HUMANRIGHTSlN THEWORLD....eoq
STATERIGHTS, SOVEREIGNryAND HUMAN RIGHTS:
WHOSERJGHTSAND WHOSERESPONSIBILITYTO PROTECT?
oF TI{E SIA*IE
TI{E RESPONSIBILITIES
(India)......................
MohanGuruswamy
......-.......42o
RIG}TTS
TNTI{EUNITEDNATIONS
T}IEDEVELOPMENT
OFTI{ECONCEPT
OFHTJMAN
NATIONS'
OFTI{E TJNITED
UNTVERSAL
PERIODICREVIEW:DEVELOPMENT
HUMANRIGHTSMONITORINGMECHAMSM
(China).. ...... ...........
.............................................434
JiangGuoqing
ORGANIZATIONS
TTIEROLESOFINTERNATIONAL
OF HUMANRJGHTS
IN THEPROTECTTON
THE TJNIVERSAI,ITYAND RELATWITY OF HUMAN NGHTS
. AN APPROACHFROM ICCPR
SunShiyan(China)
....................................443
EU HI,JMAN RIGHTS POLICY
MichalisRokas(EuopeanCommission).....
...............................,149
SINO-AFRICAN RELATIONSAND DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS
...................................454
Li Yrmlong(China).
THE DEVELOPMENTAND PROTECTTONOF HUMAN RIGHTS
IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
YuryMikheev@ussia).......................................................................46r
INTERNATIONALACTIVITIES OF RUSSIAN SPECIALENVOY FOR HT]MAN RIGHTS
T}IE NATIONALACTIONPLANONHT]MANRIGHTS:TIIE INDONESTAN
STRUGGLE
WOMEN'SRIGHTS. STILLA CHALLENGE!
DEVELOPMENT,
SBCI,JRITY
AND T{UMANRIG1ITS
ANDHUMANRIGHTS
DEVELOPMENT
Hesti Armiwulan
Indonesia
l. Conceptionand dynamics of human rights
Humanrightsin intemdionalconiexthavebeenadoptedfor 40 yearsasfiom the issuanceof
the UniversalDeclarationof Hunan Rightson Decenber10, 1948.Humanrights,in the cous€
of its implemenation,haveachieveda significantgrowth.In humanrighb terminolos/,thereare
at l€ast'three gen€ralionsof humanrights" asdevelopedby Karel Vasalqa Frenchlegalexpert.
Theseincludethe first generation,namelycivil andpolitical rights,lhe secondgenerationviz.,
economic,social and cultural rights and the third generationviz. solidarity dghts whicb also
includetherighrsfor pea.ce
anddevelopment.
The historicaldevelopmentof thgsgthreegenerdionsof humanrights hasshownhow the
to the humanrights.th€ civil andpolitical
StareMembersofthe UnitedNationshaveresponded
the
rights are called as &e first generationwhich is consideredio haveobviouslyrepres€nted
intereslsof WesternCountriesand Eutopeancountriesas indicatedby their dominationin
signiSing thc freedomand individual rights. It is written in someliteratur€sthal lhe €fforB to
promolethe civil and political rights haveb€engreadyafrectedby the administrationsin the
U.K., the Unil€d StstesandFmnc€,mainly derivingfrom refontrativetheoriesintroduc€dat fte
beginningof the lTth and l8th centuriesin connectionwith the revolutionsemergingin these
thr€€countries.lt is acknowledg€d
thardrc existenceof the first g€nerationof humanrightshas
politicalphilosophyandthe laissez-faire
economicand
beeoatrectedby the liberal-individualistic
socialdocrrine.In this gen€ration,huma rights havebeenplacedon the negativebumanrigbts
terminolog/('free fiom), insteadofthe positiveone("rhe rightsoP)'. In otherwords,rhe civil
andpolitical righs requirea limitalion of the govemm€ntinterventio[ Theserights are intended
to proteciindividualsfrom anyabuseof pwer. For the fulfillmentofthe civil andpolitical rights,
the authoritiesof the governmentn€edto b€ limited with a view thal the intewentionby the
govemmentin the individuallife of ie peopleshall not €xce€dthe specifiedlimitation.The oivil
andpolitical righlsarcrherightswhich emphasize
on suchindividualaeedonsasrherecognition
of the iniegrity principleandthe basicneedsof humanbeing.Thes€rights form an integralpart
ofthe €ffortsto promotee denocraticlif€. Thedominationor victory ofthe individualismtheory
canbe seenin tle UniversalDecloafion ofHumat Rrglls which most$ providesfor thecivil and
politicalrightsasfoundin Article 2 andArticle 21.
I Cbude, Rich.rd Piene dm Bu.ns H. W€3tol! cds. H.n!n
Philadelphiar
UniversityofP€nrylvania P.€ss,192, Fge l8
RLlt
lr tl. Wo.H ConDnlLy, |!cr6 |rd Act'ror.
In the subsequent
growth, communisticand socialisticcountriesas supportedby the
underdevelop€d
or developingcounties havedemandedan equaltcafinent on theh economical,
socialandculturalrights.This demandis a response
to the practiceswhich causeviolationsand
mistse€finent
derivingfrom the development
of capitalismin which the conceptionof individual
freedomgives room to tolerance,and evento legitimacy for the exploitation of laboursand
the colonizedcommunity.As a result,the labours,poor peopleand minority group havebeen
marginalized.
Theconc€pton thepmsp€Iousstde asintroducedthroughtherevolutionarystnggle
andwelfare-ori€nted
movernents
in the 19thcenturyindicat€thatthepolitical rightshave,in fact
b€eninsuffici€ntto cr€atehappin€ss.
To the poor people,the civil andpolitical rightsare not so
importantandnot€wordryfor them.The firlfllrnent of the ecanomicalandsocialrights suchas
the rightsfor the worting opportunity,housinghealthandeducalionaremoreimporlantfor their
survival.In this context,significsntinterventionor role ofthe govfiment is rcquiredin orderthat
their economical,socialandculturaldghts can be fumlled.Thereforgth6 gover m€ntne€ds!o
do their bestin exploringanypotencyof all naturalrcsourcesandmanagingits economyin order
thata conditioawhich is conduciveto the fulfillmentofthe economical,socialandculhualrights
can be esablished.The formulationof the economical,socialad culturalrights asabovestated
havereceivedsupporbfrom underdeveloped
countiesasthe duty to improvetie welfae oftheir
peoplehasbecometheir first priority. Even,it is saidthd the enjoymentofthe economicalrights
'
represents
a guranl€e forlhe enjoyme ofhe poliricaldghts. Therefore,theeconomical,sociat
andculturalrightshavcbeencalledasthesecondgenerationof humanrights.
In the oontextof the development
which becomesthe priority of the underd€velopcd
counties, it is assumedlhat the humanrighs which greatlyaccommodat€
the individualrighh
will causethe developingcountriesunableto carry out the development.As it is understood
that the first and s€cnndgenerationsof humanrights representan exc€ssiverecognitionand
protectionof individual rights, the underdeveloped
countrieshavethereforcexertedtheir best
endeavours
in insertingsuchnew ideasascollectivsrightsin connsclionwith the intercstsofthe
state,communityor f8nilies into rhepartofthe terminologrofhumandghts-Thestrugglefor Oe
recognitionofthe collectiverightscanbe identifiedin the Corensnton Civil andPolitical Nghts
and Cwenant on konomic, Socialand Culnral Nghts in the Article I, namelythe Collective
Rightsto determinetheir own fate. lt means&at everynation is fie€ to det€rinineils politi€l
statusand may freely catchup advancement
in economic,social and cultural sectors.rDuc to
the facls that the dynamicsof the humanrighb which tend to promotethe individualrights,lhe
underdeveloped
and d€velopingcountriesdemandfor the recognitionof the collectiverights.
The peat of suchefforts is tle launchingof the third generationof humanrights, namelythe
right to developmentin dre 1980s.The recognitionof the collectiverights b€comesso apparent
fo[owitrg the adoptionof the Declostiot on tE Rights6 Peopleto Perceasresolvedin 1984
2 Pr€amue,"Aftican (B$jul) CharEron Human3ndP€opl€s'Righ8"
3 Wade,Robe4 Goy.rrbS TL ltL.{(.t (PrincdonUniveEityPrEss;191) $ e)roer@ by trc Ecooontis!29 Jule l9l
andalso exc€rFrd by Mirialt BudirnlF in her boo*s enritledDssrr-Ihsar llmu Politit Jsftsrta:Pt. Granedi! Pustlk!
Utam4200E,plge 233.
DEVEI,oPMENI,SECIJRITY
AND HUMAN RIGTIIS
^nd the Decloration on rhe Rightto Derelopnent ag]'lef;d
in 1986.The Right to Development
includesthe equalizationof righrcto or opportunityfor advancem€nt
for all people,including
the rigfit of everypenon who lives as an integralpart of a country,In otherwords,lhe right to
development
comprisesthe right to participafein the developmentprocess8ndenjoythe results
of the d€velopmentand economic,social,and cultural growth, education,h€alth,employment
opportunity,incone disfibdion andmanyothers.
The strurgthened
positionofthe underdwelo@ anddevelopingcounties in signi$ing the
conceptofhuman rightson the recognitionofthe collectiveright hasbecomemoreaocetsable
in
internationalrelationcont€xt.lt is evidenc€dby the ViennaDeclarationandProgramneofAction
adoptedin 1993vhich amongothersrecognizes
the ideaon tlre Culnral Relativismwhich states
thal all cultur€sshallhaveequalright anddignityto live andsuchright shallbe respected.
ln other
words,in spitethat humanrights are universal,the differencein respectof the history culture,
valuesor religionis still r€cognizedin its implemenlation.
In cunentcontext,understanding
humanright, especiallyview€dfrom theWest€mcounbies
psnpecdve,it is betterftat our mindsis not to be preoccupiedby the ideaon the political right
andexcessivelyoiticize countrieswhich are still unableto impl€mentit. In signi$ing hurnan
rights,it is nec€ssary
to considersone factorsasfollows:
a. The importanc€oflhe equalityofthe poliricalandeconomicalright asalsoreflected
in its implementation,for example,the cooperationbetweenW€sterncolmtriesandnor.
Westemcountriesshallbeconductedon fte basisofequability,insteadofcertainconditions.
b. The importanccof the oommunity,in additionto the individual.It meansthat
in addition to the individual righls, there are also collective rights such as the right lo
d€velopment.
c. The importanceof the right to be followedby the oblig*ion in orderthal thereis a
balancebsh^,€€n
th€ individualright andobligationamongthe individualsandto the people
in which theylive.
d. The importanceof consideringthe uniqueness
of eachcounlry will give different
proc,ess
implementation
ofhuman
rights,
ofthe
coloun in tle
of
suchasthe impl€ntentation
right to educ€rionin Indonesiawill bediffercntfrom thatin 0reNethedands.a
ll. Developmer probl€ms in human rights perspec{ive
As describedin the previouschapterthat th€ right to developmenlis I part of th€ buman
rights.Principally,ev€rycountsyshall Aeelyleaveany underdevelopment
b€hindlhsn andcatch
throughdwelopmeotandefiorts.Thedevelopm€nt
is oftenimplemented
up with theadvancement
wilh the r€asonto boostthe economicgrowth.It is in line with dredefnition ofthe developmenq
viz. as *ll plamed efrorts to actualizethe changetoward a new and more valuablestrtus. 5
The problemis whenany county is willing to carry out the developmentwith an objectiveto
4 BudiardjqMiriuL Darar-Dalsrllrhu Politik,JaLart!:Flc.&nedis hrs.ta Uurr4 2cot, WE237
5 Wignjosoebroto,
Strrddyq g*|nr
P.rrdi!D., Mctodt ds Dirubr
}||shblf
Jsk rta: fsnbogs Srudidan
AdvokasiMasyarakat(ELSAM) denganPe*unpulan un$k Pembaharuan
HukurnBerbosbMasyankatdln Ekologi
(HI,MA),2002, poge566
improvethe welfare of its peopls,at other side, the country is also willing to assurethat the
deyelopm€nt
canrun well, goodsecurityandstabilityareneededForthis reason,a countryneeds
an establishedadminisffiion. It is no surpriseif someunderdeveloped
countriesare govemed
by auftorimive rcgimeswift dominantandsfong executivein orderthat th€ counfy can leave
the economicunderdevelopment
behind.The authoritrtive regime is also indicatedby more
€stablished
traditionalvoluessuchasthe excessivedependency
on the l€ad€r.In sucha condition,
the developmentis solely oriented!o and more focusedon the achi€vemeotof its outputs,so
the regirnewill take the topdown and elilism policies.If we look at someadministrationsat
somedevelopingm'untries,it is true that we find somecormtrieswih authodtdivegovernments
havingsuccessfi.rlly
achievedsignificantmarket-oriented
economicgrowth.In addition,it shallbe
r€cognizedthaf at c€rtainphase,a newdemandfiom someof its people€sp€ciallyofrhe middle
or marginalizedclasscommunityfor a moredemocraticandjust life for all arise.On this mcter,
V.W.Ruttanhasthe following idea:
In the beginningprocessof development,ther€ is a clear relation betweenauthoritativ€
political organizationandrapid €conomicgrowth.However,highly centralizedpolitical systen
will becomea problemto the economicgrowth for the country to move forward to a middle
incomestafrs.o
The developmentprocesswhich is solely signifiedas an economicproc€sswith economic
growth will result in rnanyweaknesses
as it will ignorea fair distributionof income,thereby
producingI significantgapb€tw€enthepoor andthe rich. lt is thebeginningstepofthe calamity
educalio4heallh
for a majorityofpoor peopleastheydo haveno accessto lhe naturalresources,
and otherpublic sewices.Suchkind of developmentprocesswill graduallycausea variety of
violntionsof humanrights,not only the economical,socialandculturalrights but alsothe civil
and political rights. As regardto this matter,Lee Kuan Yew said: "lf industrial advancement
reachesa certain phase,and there are educatedrxotkers, urban community, managersand
enginesrs,an adaptationis thereforeneeded.lfthe authoritativesy$emcontinu€s,someobstaclcs
Then,therewill be the active seedsof
will appear.R€pressntative
systemshall be established.
democracyfrom thegrassroot.'?
lll. Rehtion of human rights to developmentand human development
which is solelybaseduponthe ecolomic growh have
Theadvcrseimpaclsof development
produc€dan ideato revisethe definitionofdevelopment.New ideaon dev€lopment
hasproposed
the definitionof developmentcentredon tie humanb€ings.Eveninterncional communityhas
ag€ed to th€ right !o developmentthroughr declarationwhich expresslystatesthal humanis
the centreof the dev€lopment.tn the p€rspectiveof humanrights, the developmentshall be
sigaified as "to be centredon the humaq participarionand concernson the environment.""
6 Vernon.W. Ruttaq 'Wb.l ll|pF!.d
to Ecolomlc D.r.lopa.ia" lr lt F,co.onic D.yclopa.nt.rd Ccltrrrl
Chingg C'hicrgo:Univ.rsity ofchicago, l99l, page26t292
7 Btdiardjo,Mirian, Op Cfa,hal236
8 Whal is Developmentfiom ! Huins! Rigits PerspectiveRiSnts-bos€d
ApFoehef Huna! Rigbrsin Developn€d,
16Deoember
2005,pdagnph I
DEVETI)PMEMT,
SECT'RITY
AND HIJMA]VRICI{Ts
Althoughecononicgrowthremainsto be punued,rhe processof development
shall alsoassure
fair disrribution,improvementof humancapabilitiesandbe address€d
to increasethe numberof
altemativesavailablefor them.e
This ideaproposes
a con€ctionto th€relationbetweenhumanrighb anddevelopmetrt.
Here,
thed€velopment
andhumanrighb areint€r-relate4insteadofbeing in the oppositiononeanother.
Thereshall be no dichotomybetweenthe economic,socialandculturalrights andthe civil and
political rights. Even the l4ennaDeclaration and Programmeo/ Action aftirms the relation
betweenhunan rightsrnd developnent,in this case,in resp€ctofdre democracy:"fd]emooacy,
developmentand respectfor humanrigbts and fundamentalfreedomsare int€rdependent
and
mutuallyreinforcing."to
The confirmationon lhe interreletionbetweenhumanrights and developmentolso
emphasizes
that theresballb€ no tsade-offin tlrc processof development,
in which humanrights
are sacrificed for the development.ln its courseof development,the rights-basedapproach
to development
arises.In this matter,the processof development
shallbasicallyintegrrte
the norms, standardsand instrumeDtsof humanrights into the plan, policy and processof
development.irHuman-rights-based
developmenlshall containsuch fundamentalelementsas
expressedstotementon the intenelation betweenhumanrights and d€velopment,€laaanteed
e$untabilit, onpoweringprocess,public panicipationsnd due dtention to tre specificgfoup
without any discrimination.12The developmentshall be seenas a comprehensiveeronomic,
is a sustainable
growthfor all
social,culturalandpoliticalprocess.Theobjectofthe development
peopleandindMdualsbasedupontheir ftee, activeandsignificsntparticipdionin the processof
developmsnt.
The humandghts.bss€dappmachto develophsrtis th€reforcintegdsd andmultidisciplineone.tr
Further,the commitnentof the int€mdionalcommunityon carryingout th€ humanrighrsbas€ddevelopment
is ast'salbfdin trc MillennfumDevelopnentGoalsaslaunchedin 2000.
Humandeveloprnent
alsoregardseconomic,socialandculnrralrightsandoivil andpolitical
rights ar€ equally important.The exc€rptof the HamanDevelopnentReport2000 staiesthot
'Conceptionon sufrciellt humsnd€v€lopmentcannotdeaythe importanceofthe political and
d€mocrsticfreedoms.Therefore,thesefreedomsarevsry esssntialin imp'rovingthe capabilities
of the poor people."" The analysistakenfuc'r'|&/eHumanDevlopnent Report2000alsostales
thatthes€two kindsofrighb de inter-relaledandreinforcingwhichcanproducea synerglfor the
poorto enjoytheb righa, improveth€ir capabilitiesaswell asapartthemAom poverty.S€condly,
9 ibid.
t0 Vtaos Ihchrdioq arldPiogrsrmreof Ac*iolr,tstrgnoh 8
ll Wh.t is r Rights.Bosed
A!0rBch to Developrsnt,Righlr.Bos€d
Appo€ct! HurnarRighb in DeveloFnenl@/www
unhchr.clr/develoodrnuapfidies-04.hh1.16Decrxnber
2005,F lgr.ph 2
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13lbid, pstlgraph2
14HuDar Develop,t€olR€pod20m, togp 20 Lihaljugs Alsro4 PhiliB "A guDar RiSris Persp€.rteoDdF Mill€n iurn
Developin€rtGoals:PrF Prepored
as s Contibution on dle Work of dF Millefiniur Projed T&rkForceon Povertyand
Eo.Dinb DeddrEd.
(16ll&cn2m6)p 2,L5
AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Chief Editors: Dong Yunhu & Chen Zhengong
Executive Chief Editor: Wang Linxia
Executive Deputy Chief Editor: Ren Danhong
CHIN A
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Foreword
The first Beiiing Forum on F{uman Rights, organized by China Society for Human
Rights Studieswith "Development, Security and Human Rights" as the theme, was held
in Beiiing betweenApril zr-23,zoo8, attended by over uo human rights experts and
oficials from 3r states and intemational organizations including China, United States,
Canada,Russia,Switze and, Austria, Australia, Ukraine, Japan,South Africa, India,
Indonesia" Iran, Egrpt, Brazil, the United Nations, the European Union, etc. Officids
from the embassiesofUkraine, Switzerland,Peru,Uzbekistan and Uruguayin China also
participat€d in the opening ceremonyof the forum.
Wang Chen, Minister of the State Council Information Ofrce of PRC, Luo llaocai,
Vice President of the roth CPPCC and President of the China Society for Human
Rights Studies,SergeiA. Ordzhonikidze, DirectorGenerd ofthe United Nations Ofrce
at Geneva,and Nina Karpachova,Ukrainian Parliament Commissioner for Hurnan
Rights addressedthe opening ceremony
The attendees made discussions focusing on the theme "Dcvelopment, Security
and Human Rights," and commonly recognized that it is of great significance to hold
this forum at the 6oth anniversary of the releaseof the UN Univenal Declaration of
Human Rights, to review and summarize experiences and lessonsobtained from the
5o years dwelopment of world human rights, analyzethe opportunitics and challenges
we are faced with at pr€sent, and actively se€k for better interaction and concerted
progressofwodd development, security and human rights. The attendeesacknowledged
that development, security and hurnan rights are interrelated and inseparable; right
to development is an inalienable hurnan right which is critical to resolve all problems
in the current society, as well as a significant foundation and prerequisite to realize
security and hurnan rights as living in a society of poverty ignorance and deteriorating
environment is not secure or accordant with hurnan dignity; security is an important
human right and a vital precondition to realize development and universalhuman rights,
which cannot be achievedin the circumstanceof wars, conflicts, violence and terrorism
at home or abroad; human beings are the subiect of development and security, while
AND HIJMAN RIGHTS
DEVEIOPMENI,SECI,JRITY
development and security must be achiwed by human beings and for them and result
in fr l realization of human rights, as sustainable development and lasting peace and
stability cannot be accomplishedwithout efective guaranteeof human rights. Diversity
of civilization, culture and human rights development mode must be respected in
the process o( realizing development, security and human rights. Power politics and
hegemonism,cold war thinking unFst intemational order, selectMty and tlual standard
are the main factors hindering development, security and human rights. Adhering to the
purpose and principles of UN Charter, conducting international cooperedon on basis
of sovereignty equality is the cornerstone for development, security and hurnan rights.
Attendees altogether are deeply concerned with such threas to development, security
and human rights as war, conflict, weapons of mass destruction, violent and terrorist
activities and poverty, lethal epidemics and environrnental deterioration. Attendees also
positively appraisedChinesehuman rights development mode and achievementsin their
speeches.
This book is a compilation ofall the 8z papen receivedby the forum, the content of
which is categorizedinto six pans accordingto themes,and by which we hope to express
our commemoration of the 5oth anniversary of the Universal Declaration of Human
Rights and good will of advancingthe hedthy development of human rights causeand
promoting international cooperation on human nghts.
CONTENTS
PJMARKS AT THE OPENINGCEPSMONY OF THE BEUINO FORUM ON HUMAN RIG}ITS
LuoHaocai(China)...
.................................1
REIT,'ARKSAT THE OPENINGCEREMONY OF THE BEIJINC FORUM ON HUMAN RIGHTS
WangChen(ChinE)...
.........................-.......5
SECURITY.DEVETOPMENTAND HUMAN RIGHTS
(UnitedNations).......
SergeiA. Ordzhonikidze
......-......................8
NEW CHALLENGES TO HUMAN RIGHTSAND INTERNATIONAT SECURITY
(Ukr8ine).......................................................................13
Nim Karpachova
TO BEUING FORUM ON HUMAN RICJIN
VladimirLukin(Russia)..............................-........................-..............15
II]E C1OSING
OFTIIEBEUINGFORUMONHTIMANRIGHTS
CEREMONY
STIMMARY
SPEECTIAT
DongYuohu(China)-.
.................................-16
DEVELOPMENTAND
HUMANRIGHTS............
................22
HUMANRIGHTS,RIGHTTO SELT-DETERMINATION,
RIGHTTO DEVELOPMENT
(Russia)....................
..........-...23
AslanKh.Abashidze
DEVELOPMENT
AND HUMANRIGHTS
(ThePhilippines)
Herminia
T.Angeles
....................................2S
HUMANRIGHTSDEVELOPMENT
IN URUGUAY
(Uruguay).
....................................................................26
LuisAlmagro
DEVELOPMENT
AND HUMANRJGHTS
SECURITY
AND HTJMANRIGHTS
DEVELOPMENT,
ORIGINS,
CHAMCTERISICSANDLECALITY
THERIGHTT0 DEVELOPMENT:
THE ROLE OF NATIONAL HUMAN RIGHTS INSTITUTIONS IN DEVELOPMENT
FORCII1ZENS
SYSIEMANDHOUSING
RTGI{ISSECI.JRITY
SECTJRITY
CHINIfSHOUSING
DEVELOPMENTAND HUMAN RIGHTS
(Mongolia).......................................................................5o
Daramjav
Solongo
"RIGHTS TO DEVELOPMENT'' AND SELECTIONIN DEVELOPMENT MODE
(China).......................................................................b9
DongZhengltua
PRESENIA*TIONON POVERTYAND HUMAN RIGHTS IN LATIN AMERICA
RIGHTTODEVELOPMENT:
GUARANTEEING
THEREALZATIONAND
DEVELOPMENTOFHTJMANRIGHTS
ON MATERIALZATIONOFHUMANRIGHTSRESEARCH
AS MCESSARY
CONDITIONFORTTIEDEVELOPMENT
OFHUMANRIGHTS
(China).......................................................................7o
HuoGuihuan
THERICHTTODEVEI,OPMENT
IN THEPROCESS
OFCONSTRUCTING
WORLD
A HARMONIOUS
Liu Jie (China
DEVELOPMENT
AND HTJMANRIGHTS:
THOUGHTSON THEISSUEOFPOPULATION
AGEING
UZBEKISTAN: INDEPENDENTDEVELOPMENTAND HUMAN RICT S
Akmal Saidov0Jzbekistan).......................................................................86
DEVELOPMENTAND HTJMANRIGHTS
.........................................................97
AskarShakirov(Kaukhstan)-........
PROMOTIONAND PROTECTIONOF RIGHT TO DEVELOPMENT:
FOCUSINGON THE I,JNTVERSALDECLARATION OF HI]MAN
RIGHTSAND THE PEOPLE'SREPUBLICOF CHINA
(China).....................-....--.-.-..-.-.-..---*-.--...99
YangChengtning
ON RELATIONSBETWEENHUMANRIGHTSAND DEYELOPMENT
ZhangXiaoling(China).......................................................................r18
DRIVE OF HUMAN RICHTS ADVANCEMENT: DEVELOPMENT
ZhuoZeyuan(China).......................................................................r2S
IMPACT OF CLIMAIE CHANGE ON IIUMAN RIGHTS IN DEVELOPINGCOTJNTRIES
HUMANRIGHTSOFTHEPEOPLEWITH HANSEN'SDISEASEIN JAPAN
(Japan).........................
...........136
Yuzuru
Yokoyama
SECURIryAND
HUMAN
R|GHTS............
........................$8
T}IE ROLEOFT}IE INTERNATIONAL
PROTECTION
SYSTEMIN
TI{E CONTEMPORARY
WORLD
LarryDevoe(Venezuela)..................................................-...................139
THESOCIALCONTROLOFPOLICEACTIVITY
Fermino
FechioFilho(8m2iD...............
.....................r4r
SECURIryAND HUMANRIGHTS:A FMGILE BALANCINCACT
LoveliaCabreraLaping(ThePhilippines).................................-.....................................14S
ANDHTJMAN
RIGHTS- IN MEMORY
OFTTIE6OTH
SECIjRITY
ANNIVERSARY
OFT}IE
BIRIH OFTHEIJNII]EDNATTONS
DECLARATION
OFHUMANRIGITTS
UNIVERSAL
.................................48
Li Shi'an(China)...
NATIONALSECURITYAND HUMANRIGHTS:TOWARDS
A MORE
COMPRTHENSIVE
NAI'IONALSECT]RITY
POLICYANDSTMTEGY
(South
..........................152
Thomas
Manthata
Aflica)..........
NEWCHINA,NEWWORLD
- THERISEOFCHINA,INTERNATIONAL
SECURITY
AND HTJMANRIGHTS
ColumMurphy(Swiuerland).................
...................rS5
CITZEN SECURIryAND HUMANRICHTS
Nathanael
DeSouza
E Silva(Brazil).......
...,........-................157
SECURIryAND HUMANRIGHTS:TTIELIBERIACONTEXT
DEVELOPMENT,
SEC]IJRITY
AND HTJMANRIG}ITS
SECURITY
AND HIJMANRIGHTSIN AUSTRALIA:
AUSTRALIA'SCOTJNTER-TERRORISM
BJSFONSE
(Australia)....................
................164
JohnVonDoussa
NATIONALEMERGENCY
AND HUMANRIGHTSPROTECTION
(China)..
Lu Zhi'an
..................................r29
MAINTAINSOCIALSTABILITYAND
PROTECT
HUMANRIGIITSACCOPDING
TOLAW
- IN COMMEMORATION
OFTHE6OTHANNIVERSARYOFUNIVERSAL
DECLARATION
OFHTJMANRIGHTS
(China)...
.................
..............................................129
Shao
Wenhong
CULTUML DIVERSITYAND
HUMANRIGHTS..........................................186
PENG.CHUN
CHANG:AMAN WHOINTEGRATED
THEORIENTALCONFUCIAN
THOUGIITWTTHTI{E {JNWERSALDECLAMTIONOFHUMANRIGHIS
DIYERSITY - ITS DIMENSIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS
Anil KumarGarg(India)......
........ .. ..
.............r93
CULTURAL DIVERSITY IN ASIA AND ITS HUMAN RIGHTS DEVELOPMENT
.....................................r97
HanDayuan(China)
HUMAN RIGHTS IN T}IE ISLAMIC WORID VIEWED FROM
TI]E PERSPECTIVEOF CULTUML DIVERSITY
Li ShaoxianandWeiLiang(China).......
....-........................2o4
DIVERSIry OF CIVILZATIONS AND HUMAN RIGHTS DEVELOPMENT
IbrahimNasiruMantu(Nigeria)..................
..................2o8
ON THE RELANONSHIPBETWEENCULTURALRIGI{TSAND A HARMONIOUSSOCIETY
....................................212
Liu Xuebin(China)
CULTURAL DryERSITYAND DEVELOPMENT OF HUMAN RIGHTS
THEDryERSITYOFCULTURES.
CNILIZATIONSAND
THEDEVELOPMENT
OFHUMANRIGHTS
NguyenDucThuy(Vi€tNam)................-..
.................226
HUMANRIGHTSAND CTJLTTJRAL
DIVERSITY
(Cuba)............
RodolfoReyes
Rodriguez
........................29o
CULTURALDIVERSIryAND HUMAMRIGHTS
........................................232
AhmedSaadi(Algeria)...............................
DIALOGUESON HTJMANRIGHTSIN THECROSS.CULTURAL
CONTEXT
HIJMANRIGHTSSTANDARD,
CIVILZATIONDIVERSITYAND
HTJMANITY
HARMONY
(China).......................-...............................................247
Wang
Zaibang
OFCMLZATTONSAND THEDEVELOPMENT
OFHT]MANRIGHTS
THEDTVERSITY
CULIURESTOBUILDA HARMONIOUS
AMALGAMAIE DIFFERENT
WORLD
. IN COMIVIEMORATION
OFTHE6OTHANNIVERSARYOF
II{E T]NIVERSALDECLARATION
OFHUMANRIGHTS
(China)
Liu Hainian
....................................2s7
AND SUGGESTIONS
ABOUTTHERESEARCH
THOUGHTS
EXCHANGES
OFCHINESEAND WESTERNHUMANRIGHTS
LiuJun(China)......
............................,.266
PROTECTIONAND DEVLOPMENTOF HUMAN RIGHTSlN CHINA........zzo
IMPROVEMENT
ACTIIEVED
BYCHINATNTI{ECAUSE
HISTORICAL
OFHT]MANNGHTS
...............................2zr
Li Junru(China).....
AND REFLECTION:
CHINA,SHUMANRIGHTSIN TtiE PAST30YEARS
PROGRESS
andZangZhen(China)...........
.........................278
QiYanping
OFTHEPRISONWORK
REFORMAND DEVELOPMENT
AND THEGUARANTEEOFCRIMINALS'HUMANRTGHTS
...................................29r
Li Yuqian(China)..
ON PRISONERS'RIGHT
TOMARRIAGE
A DISCUSSION
UNDERTHEVISIONOFHUMANRIGHTSPROTECTION
DEVEIOPI'ENI, SECTJRITY
AND H1JMANRIGITTS
ONPROTECTION
OFHTJMANRIGHTSBY CHINA'SADMIMSTRATIVE
PROCEDURAL
SYSTEM
(China)..............
.......................................................308
ZhanZhongle
PUBLICINTERESTLITIGATIONAND THEDEVELOPMENT
OFHI,]MANRIGHTS
ZhangWanhong
andDingPeng(China)
............,.......................3r7
PROTECTION
OFFREEDOMOFEXPRESSION
BY TIIE CHINESELAW
THE PRINCIPLESOF OPTIMIZING THE INTERNET ENVIRONMENT
GaoGang(China)..
..................................328
PUBLIC PARTICIPAIION AND HUMAN RTGHTSGUARANTEE
PURSUITOFLIBERTY
HUMANITY:COMMTJNITY
Hanften (China)..
..................................337
OFDEVELOPMENT
OFCHINA'SHIGHEREDUCATION
CONTRIBUTION
TO HUMANRIGHTSUNDERTAKING
MORE TALK ON TI{E GUARAN1EE OF HUMAN RIGHTS IN TIBET
....................................3s1
SherabNyima(China)
TfIE QUESTION OF TIBET: A REALITY CHECK
(Iadia)...............................--.--.-..-..-..---..-..-..-360
RamNarasimhan
PROTECTWOMEN'S HIjMAN RIGHTS,PROMOTEFI.JLLDEVELOPMENTOF WOMEN
.. .. ............
. ......-.................................-379
ZouXiaoqiao(China)...
THE PROGRESSAND ANALYSIS OF WOMEN'S HUMAN RIGHTS PROTECTIONIN
THE LEGISLANON 2OO7IN CHINA
(China)....................
Li Mingshun
............................................-....984
ANALYSISFRAMEWORKOFGIRLCHILDISSUE:RIGIITSAS A CHILDANDASA WOMAN
CHINA'SFOREIGNAIDSAND HTJMANRIGHTSCONCERNS
. THOUGHTS
PROVOKEDBY DARTURHUMANITARIANCRISIS
ftou Qi (China).....
..-...-......................4o2
PROTECTION
ANDDEVLOPMENT
OF HUMANRIGHTSlN THEWORLD....eoq
STATERIGHTS, SOVEREIGNryAND HUMAN RIGHTS:
WHOSERJGHTSAND WHOSERESPONSIBILITYTO PROTECT?
oF TI{E SIA*IE
TI{E RESPONSIBILITIES
(India)......................
MohanGuruswamy
......-.......42o
RIG}TTS
TNTI{EUNITEDNATIONS
T}IEDEVELOPMENT
OFTI{ECONCEPT
OFHTJMAN
NATIONS'
OFTI{E TJNITED
UNTVERSAL
PERIODICREVIEW:DEVELOPMENT
HUMANRIGHTSMONITORINGMECHAMSM
(China).. ...... ...........
.............................................434
JiangGuoqing
ORGANIZATIONS
TTIEROLESOFINTERNATIONAL
OF HUMANRJGHTS
IN THEPROTECTTON
THE TJNIVERSAI,ITYAND RELATWITY OF HUMAN NGHTS
. AN APPROACHFROM ICCPR
SunShiyan(China)
....................................443
EU HI,JMAN RIGHTS POLICY
MichalisRokas(EuopeanCommission).....
...............................,149
SINO-AFRICAN RELATIONSAND DEVELOPMENT OF AFRICAN HUMAN RIGHTS
...................................454
Li Yrmlong(China).
THE DEVELOPMENTAND PROTECTTONOF HUMAN RIGHTS
IN THE RUSSIAN FEDERATION
YuryMikheev@ussia).......................................................................46r
INTERNATIONALACTIVITIES OF RUSSIAN SPECIALENVOY FOR HT]MAN RIGHTS
T}IE NATIONALACTIONPLANONHT]MANRIGHTS:TIIE INDONESTAN
STRUGGLE
WOMEN'SRIGHTS. STILLA CHALLENGE!
DEVELOPMENT,
SBCI,JRITY
AND T{UMANRIG1ITS
ANDHUMANRIGHTS
DEVELOPMENT
Hesti Armiwulan
Indonesia
l. Conceptionand dynamics of human rights
Humanrightsin intemdionalconiexthavebeenadoptedfor 40 yearsasfiom the issuanceof
the UniversalDeclarationof Hunan Rightson Decenber10, 1948.Humanrights,in the cous€
of its implemenation,haveachieveda significantgrowth.In humanrighb terminolos/,thereare
at l€ast'three gen€ralionsof humanrights" asdevelopedby Karel Vasalqa Frenchlegalexpert.
Theseincludethe first generation,namelycivil andpolitical rights,lhe secondgenerationviz.,
economic,social and cultural rights and the third generationviz. solidarity dghts whicb also
includetherighrsfor pea.ce
anddevelopment.
The historicaldevelopmentof thgsgthreegenerdionsof humanrights hasshownhow the
to the humanrights.th€ civil andpolitical
StareMembersofthe UnitedNationshaveresponded
the
rights are called as &e first generationwhich is consideredio haveobviouslyrepres€nted
intereslsof WesternCountriesand Eutopeancountriesas indicatedby their dominationin
signiSing thc freedomand individual rights. It is written in someliteratur€sthal lhe €fforB to
promolethe civil and political rights haveb€engreadyafrectedby the administrationsin the
U.K., the Unil€d StstesandFmnc€,mainly derivingfrom refontrativetheoriesintroduc€dat fte
beginningof the lTth and l8th centuriesin connectionwith the revolutionsemergingin these
thr€€countries.lt is acknowledg€d
thardrc existenceof the first g€nerationof humanrightshas
politicalphilosophyandthe laissez-faire
economicand
beeoatrectedby the liberal-individualistic
socialdocrrine.In this gen€ration,huma rights havebeenplacedon the negativebumanrigbts
terminolog/('free fiom), insteadofthe positiveone("rhe rightsoP)'. In otherwords,rhe civil
andpolitical righs requirea limitalion of the govemm€ntinterventio[ Theserights are intended
to proteciindividualsfrom anyabuseof pwer. For the fulfillmentofthe civil andpolitical rights,
the authoritiesof the governmentn€edto b€ limited with a view thal the intewentionby the
govemmentin the individuallife of ie peopleshall not €xce€dthe specifiedlimitation.The oivil
andpolitical righlsarcrherightswhich emphasize
on suchindividualaeedonsasrherecognition
of the iniegrity principleandthe basicneedsof humanbeing.Thes€rights form an integralpart
ofthe €ffortsto promotee denocraticlif€. Thedominationor victory ofthe individualismtheory
canbe seenin tle UniversalDecloafion ofHumat Rrglls which most$ providesfor thecivil and
politicalrightsasfoundin Article 2 andArticle 21.
I Cbude, Rich.rd Piene dm Bu.ns H. W€3tol! cds. H.n!n
Philadelphiar
UniversityofP€nrylvania P.€ss,192, Fge l8
RLlt
lr tl. Wo.H ConDnlLy, |!cr6 |rd Act'ror.
In the subsequent
growth, communisticand socialisticcountriesas supportedby the
underdevelop€d
or developingcounties havedemandedan equaltcafinent on theh economical,
socialandculturalrights.This demandis a response
to the practiceswhich causeviolationsand
mistse€finent
derivingfrom the development
of capitalismin which the conceptionof individual
freedomgives room to tolerance,and evento legitimacy for the exploitation of laboursand
the colonizedcommunity.As a result,the labours,poor peopleand minority group havebeen
marginalized.
Theconc€pton thepmsp€Iousstde asintroducedthroughtherevolutionarystnggle
andwelfare-ori€nted
movernents
in the 19thcenturyindicat€thatthepolitical rightshave,in fact
b€eninsuffici€ntto cr€atehappin€ss.
To the poor people,the civil andpolitical rightsare not so
importantandnot€wordryfor them.The firlfllrnent of the ecanomicalandsocialrights suchas
the rightsfor the worting opportunity,housinghealthandeducalionaremoreimporlantfor their
survival.In this context,significsntinterventionor role ofthe govfiment is rcquiredin orderthat
their economical,socialandculturaldghts can be fumlled.Thereforgth6 gover m€ntne€ds!o
do their bestin exploringanypotencyof all naturalrcsourcesandmanagingits economyin order
thata conditioawhich is conduciveto the fulfillmentofthe economical,socialandculhualrights
can be esablished.The formulationof the economical,socialad culturalrights asabovestated
havereceivedsupporbfrom underdeveloped
countiesasthe duty to improvetie welfae oftheir
peoplehasbecometheir first priority. Even,it is saidthd the enjoymentofthe economicalrights
'
represents
a guranl€e forlhe enjoyme ofhe poliricaldghts. Therefore,theeconomical,sociat
andculturalrightshavcbeencalledasthesecondgenerationof humanrights.
In the oontextof the development
which becomesthe priority of the underd€velopcd
counties, it is assumedlhat the humanrighs which greatlyaccommodat€
the individualrighh
will causethe developingcountriesunableto carry out the development.As it is understood
that the first and s€cnndgenerationsof humanrights representan exc€ssiverecognitionand
protectionof individual rights, the underdeveloped
countrieshavethereforcexertedtheir best
endeavours
in insertingsuchnew ideasascollectivsrightsin connsclionwith the intercstsofthe
state,communityor f8nilies into rhepartofthe terminologrofhumandghts-Thestrugglefor Oe
recognitionofthe collectiverightscanbe identifiedin the Corensnton Civil andPolitical Nghts
and Cwenant on konomic, Socialand Culnral Nghts in the Article I, namelythe Collective
Rightsto determinetheir own fate. lt means&at everynation is fie€ to det€rinineils politi€l
statusand may freely catchup advancement
in economic,social and cultural sectors.rDuc to
the facls that the dynamicsof the humanrighb which tend to promotethe individualrights,lhe
underdeveloped
and d€velopingcountriesdemandfor the recognitionof the collectiverights.
The peat of suchefforts is tle launchingof the third generationof humanrights, namelythe
right to developmentin dre 1980s.The recognitionof the collectiverights b€comesso apparent
fo[owitrg the adoptionof the Declostiot on tE Rights6 Peopleto Perceasresolvedin 1984
2 Pr€amue,"Aftican (B$jul) CharEron Human3ndP€opl€s'Righ8"
3 Wade,Robe4 Goy.rrbS TL ltL.{(.t (PrincdonUniveEityPrEss;191) $ e)roer@ by trc Ecooontis!29 Jule l9l
andalso exc€rFrd by Mirialt BudirnlF in her boo*s enritledDssrr-Ihsar llmu Politit Jsftsrta:Pt. Granedi! Pustlk!
Utam4200E,plge 233.
DEVEI,oPMENI,SECIJRITY
AND HUMAN RIGTIIS
^nd the Decloration on rhe Rightto Derelopnent ag]'lef;d
in 1986.The Right to Development
includesthe equalizationof righrcto or opportunityfor advancem€nt
for all people,including
the rigfit of everypenon who lives as an integralpart of a country,In otherwords,lhe right to
development
comprisesthe right to participafein the developmentprocess8ndenjoythe results
of the d€velopmentand economic,social,and cultural growth, education,h€alth,employment
opportunity,incone disfibdion andmanyothers.
The strurgthened
positionofthe underdwelo@ anddevelopingcounties in signi$ing the
conceptofhuman rightson the recognitionofthe collectiveright hasbecomemoreaocetsable
in
internationalrelationcont€xt.lt is evidenc€dby the ViennaDeclarationandProgramneofAction
adoptedin 1993vhich amongothersrecognizes
the ideaon tlre Culnral Relativismwhich states
thal all cultur€sshallhaveequalright anddignityto live andsuchright shallbe respected.
ln other
words,in spitethat humanrights are universal,the differencein respectof the history culture,
valuesor religionis still r€cognizedin its implemenlation.
In cunentcontext,understanding
humanright, especiallyview€dfrom theWest€mcounbies
psnpecdve,it is betterftat our mindsis not to be preoccupiedby the ideaon the political right
andexcessivelyoiticize countrieswhich are still unableto impl€mentit. In signi$ing hurnan
rights,it is nec€ssary
to considersone factorsasfollows:
a. The importanc€oflhe equalityofthe poliricalandeconomicalright asalsoreflected
in its implementation,for example,the cooperationbetweenW€sterncolmtriesandnor.
Westemcountriesshallbeconductedon fte basisofequability,insteadofcertainconditions.
b. The importanccof the oommunity,in additionto the individual.It meansthat
in addition to the individual righls, there are also collective rights such as the right lo
d€velopment.
c. The importanceof the right to be followedby the oblig*ion in orderthal thereis a
balancebsh^,€€n
th€ individualright andobligationamongthe individualsandto the people
in which theylive.
d. The importanceof consideringthe uniqueness
of eachcounlry will give different
proc,ess
implementation
ofhuman
rights,
ofthe
coloun in tle
of
suchasthe impl€ntentation
right to educ€rionin Indonesiawill bediffercntfrom thatin 0reNethedands.a
ll. Developmer probl€ms in human rights perspec{ive
As describedin the previouschapterthat th€ right to developmenlis I part of th€ buman
rights.Principally,ev€rycountsyshall Aeelyleaveany underdevelopment
b€hindlhsn andcatch
throughdwelopmeotandefiorts.Thedevelopm€nt
is oftenimplemented
up with theadvancement
wilh the r€asonto boostthe economicgrowth.It is in line with dredefnition ofthe developmenq
viz. as *ll plamed efrorts to actualizethe changetoward a new and more valuablestrtus. 5
The problemis whenany county is willing to carry out the developmentwith an objectiveto
4 BudiardjqMiriuL Darar-Dalsrllrhu Politik,JaLart!:Flc.&nedis hrs.ta Uurr4 2cot, WE237
5 Wignjosoebroto,
Strrddyq g*|nr
P.rrdi!D., Mctodt ds Dirubr
}||shblf
Jsk rta: fsnbogs Srudidan
AdvokasiMasyarakat(ELSAM) denganPe*unpulan un$k Pembaharuan
HukurnBerbosbMasyankatdln Ekologi
(HI,MA),2002, poge566
improvethe welfare of its peopls,at other side, the country is also willing to assurethat the
deyelopm€nt
canrun well, goodsecurityandstabilityareneededForthis reason,a countryneeds
an establishedadminisffiion. It is no surpriseif someunderdeveloped
countriesare govemed
by auftorimive rcgimeswift dominantandsfong executivein orderthat th€ counfy can leave
the economicunderdevelopment
behind.The authoritrtive regime is also indicatedby more
€stablished
traditionalvoluessuchasthe excessivedependency
on the l€ad€r.In sucha condition,
the developmentis solely oriented!o and more focusedon the achi€vemeotof its outputs,so
the regirnewill take the topdown and elilism policies.If we look at someadministrationsat
somedevelopingm'untries,it is true that we find somecormtrieswih authodtdivegovernments
havingsuccessfi.rlly
achievedsignificantmarket-oriented
economicgrowth.In addition,it shallbe
r€cognizedthaf at c€rtainphase,a newdemandfiom someof its people€sp€ciallyofrhe middle
or marginalizedclasscommunityfor a moredemocraticandjust life for all arise.On this mcter,
V.W.Ruttanhasthe following idea:
In the beginningprocessof development,ther€ is a clear relation betweenauthoritativ€
political organizationandrapid €conomicgrowth.However,highly centralizedpolitical systen
will becomea problemto the economicgrowth for the country to move forward to a middle
incomestafrs.o
The developmentprocesswhich is solely signifiedas an economicproc€sswith economic
growth will result in rnanyweaknesses
as it will ignorea fair distributionof income,thereby
producingI significantgapb€tw€enthepoor andthe rich. lt is thebeginningstepofthe calamity
educalio4heallh
for a majorityofpoor peopleastheydo haveno accessto lhe naturalresources,
and otherpublic sewices.Suchkind of developmentprocesswill graduallycausea variety of
violntionsof humanrights,not only the economical,socialandculturalrights but alsothe civil
and political rights. As regardto this matter,Lee Kuan Yew said: "lf industrial advancement
reachesa certain phase,and there are educatedrxotkers, urban community, managersand
enginesrs,an adaptationis thereforeneeded.lfthe authoritativesy$emcontinu€s,someobstaclcs
Then,therewill be the active seedsof
will appear.R€pressntative
systemshall be established.
democracyfrom thegrassroot.'?
lll. Rehtion of human rights to developmentand human development
which is solelybaseduponthe ecolomic growh have
Theadvcrseimpaclsof development
produc€dan ideato revisethe definitionofdevelopment.New ideaon dev€lopment
hasproposed
the definitionof developmentcentredon tie humanb€ings.Eveninterncional communityhas
ag€ed to th€ right !o developmentthroughr declarationwhich expresslystatesthal humanis
the centreof the dev€lopment.tn the p€rspectiveof humanrights, the developmentshall be
sigaified as "to be centredon the humaq participarionand concernson the environment.""
6 Vernon.W. Ruttaq 'Wb.l ll|pF!.d
to Ecolomlc D.r.lopa.ia" lr lt F,co.onic D.yclopa.nt.rd Ccltrrrl
Chingg C'hicrgo:Univ.rsity ofchicago, l99l, page26t292
7 Btdiardjo,Mirian, Op Cfa,hal236
8 Whal is Developmentfiom ! Huins! Rigits PerspectiveRiSnts-bos€d
ApFoehef Huna! Rigbrsin Developn€d,
16Deoember
2005,pdagnph I
DEVETI)PMEMT,
SECT'RITY
AND HIJMA]VRICI{Ts
Althoughecononicgrowthremainsto be punued,rhe processof development
shall alsoassure
fair disrribution,improvementof humancapabilitiesandbe address€d
to increasethe numberof
altemativesavailablefor them.e
This ideaproposes
a con€ctionto th€relationbetweenhumanrighb anddevelopmetrt.
Here,
thed€velopment
andhumanrighb areint€r-relate4insteadofbeing in the oppositiononeanother.
Thereshall be no dichotomybetweenthe economic,socialandculturalrights andthe civil and
political rights. Even the l4ennaDeclaration and Programmeo/ Action aftirms the relation
betweenhunan rightsrnd developnent,in this case,in resp€ctofdre democracy:"fd]emooacy,
developmentand respectfor humanrigbts and fundamentalfreedomsare int€rdependent
and
mutuallyreinforcing."to
The confirmationon lhe interreletionbetweenhumanrights and developmentolso
emphasizes
that theresballb€ no tsade-offin tlrc processof development,
in which humanrights
are sacrificed for the development.ln its courseof development,the rights-basedapproach
to development
arises.In this matter,the processof development
shallbasicallyintegrrte
the norms, standardsand instrumeDtsof humanrights into the plan, policy and processof
development.irHuman-rights-based
developmenlshall containsuch fundamentalelementsas
expressedstotementon the intenelation betweenhumanrights and d€velopment,€laaanteed
e$untabilit, onpoweringprocess,public panicipationsnd due dtention to tre specificgfoup
without any discrimination.12The developmentshall be seenas a comprehensiveeronomic,
is a sustainable
growthfor all
social,culturalandpoliticalprocess.Theobjectofthe development
peopleandindMdualsbasedupontheir ftee, activeandsignificsntparticipdionin the processof
developmsnt.
The humandghts.bss€dappmachto develophsrtis th€reforcintegdsd andmultidisciplineone.tr
Further,the commitnentof the int€mdionalcommunityon carryingout th€ humanrighrsbas€ddevelopment
is ast'salbfdin trc MillennfumDevelopnentGoalsaslaunchedin 2000.
Humandeveloprnent
alsoregardseconomic,socialandculnrralrightsandoivil andpolitical
rights ar€ equally important.The exc€rptof the HamanDevelopnentReport2000 staiesthot
'Conceptionon sufrciellt humsnd€v€lopmentcannotdeaythe importanceofthe political and
d€mocrsticfreedoms.Therefore,thesefreedomsarevsry esssntialin imp'rovingthe capabilities
of the poor people."" The analysistakenfuc'r'|&/eHumanDevlopnent Report2000alsostales
thatthes€two kindsofrighb de inter-relaledandreinforcingwhichcanproducea synerglfor the
poorto enjoytheb righa, improveth€ir capabilitiesaswell asapartthemAom poverty.S€condly,
9 ibid.
t0 Vtaos Ihchrdioq arldPiogrsrmreof Ac*iolr,tstrgnoh 8
ll Wh.t is r Rights.Bosed
A!0rBch to Developrsnt,Righlr.Bos€d
Appo€ct! HurnarRighb in DeveloFnenl@/www
unhchr.clr/develoodrnuapfidies-04.hh1.16Decrxnber
2005,F lgr.ph 2
12ibi4 por.gnpfi 3
13lbid, pstlgraph2
14HuDar Develop,t€olR€pod20m, togp 20 Lihaljugs Alsro4 PhiliB "A guDar RiSris Persp€.rteoDdF Mill€n iurn
Developin€rtGoals:PrF Prepored
as s Contibution on dle Work of dF Millefiniur Projed T&rkForceon Povertyand
Eo.Dinb DeddrEd.
(16ll&cn2m6)p 2,L5