Microbiology on fish and fisheries products
3/ 9/ 2011
FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS
MICROBIOLOGY– 3 (2 – 1)
BACTERIA ON FISH: part I
EKO S USANTO
Study Pro gram o f Fis he rie s Pro c e s s ing Te c hno lo gy
Dipo ne go ro Unive rs ity
Email : e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
REFERENCES:
Bulle r, N.B. Bac te ria fro m fish and o the r aq uatic animals: a prac tic al
ide ntific atio n manual. Cab i Pub lishing: Oxfo rdshire . UK M
Huss, H.H. 1 9 9 4 . Assuranc e o f se afo o d q uality. FAO fishe rie s te c hnic al
pape r
Gram, L. and Huss, H.H. 1 9 9 6 . Mic ro b io lo gic al spo ilage o f fish and fish
pro duc ts. Inte rnatio nal Jo urnal o f Fo o d Mic ro b io lo gy. 3 3 . 1 2 1 -1 37.
Basti, A.A., Misaghi, A., Sale hi, T.Z., and Kamkar, A., 2 0 0 6 . Bac te ria
patho ge ns in fre sh, smo ke d, and salte d Iranian fish. Fo o d Co ntro l. 17. 1 8 3 188.
Ro drigue s, M.J., Ho , P., Lo pe z-Cab alle ro , M.E., Vaz-Pire z, P., Nune s, M.L.,
2 0 0 3 . Charac te rizatio n and ide ntific atio n o f mic ro flo ra fro m so ake d c o d and
re spe c tive salte d raw mate rials. Fo o d Mic ro b io lo gy, 2 0 . 471 -4 8 1 .
Mahmo ud, B.S.M., Yamazaki, K., Miyashita, K., il-Shik., S., Do ng-Suk, C.,
Suzuki, T., 2 0 0 4 . Bac te rial mic ro flo ra o f c arp (Cyprrinus c arpio ) and its
she lf-life e xte ntio n by e sse ntial o il c o mpo unds. Fo o d Mic ro b io lo gy., 2 1 : 6 5 7
– 666.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
1
3/ 9/ 2011
REFERENCES (CONTINUED):
Banwart, G.J. 1 9 8 9 . Basic Fo o d Mic ro bio lo gy 2 nd Ed. Van
No strand Re inho ld. Ne w Yo rk: UK
Garbutt, J., 1 9 97 Esse ntial o f Fo o d Mic ro bio lo gy. Lo ndo n. UK.
Fo shyte and Haye s. 1 9 9 8 . Fo o d Hygie ne , Mic ro bio lo gy and
HACCP. ASPEN Public atio n: UK.
Jay, J.M. 2 0 0 0 . Mo de rn Fo o d Mic ro bio lo gy. Aspe n Publishe r.
Maryland: USA.
SOURCES OF MICROORGANISMS
4
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
2
3/ 9/ 2011
INTRODUCTION
The mic ro bial o f fo o d c o nsist o f MO asso c iate d with RM.
Mo st fo o ds are subje c te d to many po te ntial so urc e s o f MO.
The po te ntial so urc e s o f c o ntaminatio n are so il, wate r, palnts,
animals, human be ings, se wage , pro c e ssing e quipme nts,
ingre die nts, pro duc ts & pac kaging mate rial.
MO c an be e xc hange d be twe e n o the r so urc e s
Why sho uld we be c o nc e rne d with so urc e s o f c o ntaminatio n?
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
SOURCES OF MO CAUSING FISH SPOILAGE
WATER
Tro pic al and sub tro pic al wate r
Marine wate r
Brac kish wate r
Fre sh wate r
SOIL
AIR
ANIMALS
HUMAN
SEWAGE
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
3
3/ 9/ 2011
WATER
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
INTRODUCTION
Wate r is po te ntial so urc e o f MO
c o ntaminatio n
Wate r lands may c o ntaminate d by
so il Mo s.
Se wage & fe c e s
c o ntaminate so il
& wate r lands.
Mic ro flo ra o f te mpe rate wate r fish is
do minate d by psyc o tro pic Gram (-),
gram + also be fo und in small
pro po rtio n.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
4
3/ 9/ 2011
SEVERAL BACTERIA FROM WATER
Marine bac te ria
Brac kis h bac te ria
Vibrio s p
Salmo ne lla
Ae ro mo nas
Myc o bac te rium
Flavo bac te rium s p
Vibrio s p
Ae ro mo nas
Ple s io mo nas
Stre pto co c cus s p
Myc o bac te rium
Ps e udo mo nas s p
Lac to c o c c us s p
Ps e udo alte romo nas
Eubac te rium s p
Clo stridium s p
Listo ne lla s p
Te nac ibac ulum s p
Bruc e lla
He lic o bac te r
Pho to bac te rium
Etc .
Fre s h wate r bac te ria
E. c o li
C. bo tulinum
Ae ro mo nas
Ple s io mo nas
Salmo ne lla
Staphylo c o cc us s p
Citro bac te r
Flavo bac te rum
Ye rs inia
E. Vulne ris
Edwards ie lla s p
Bac illus s p
Myc o bac te ria
Lac to c o c c us s p
Stre pto co c cus s p
Ps e udo mo nas s p
Etc .
FOOD CONTAMINATION
Wate r c o ntac t during harve sting, handling, &
pro c e ssing .
Wate r is a dire c t suo rc e o f c o ntaminatio n
MO in wate r c o ntaminate the surfac e , gills, &
inte stinal trac t in fish & she llfish.
Pre e do minant ge ne ra :
Cyto phaga, Flavo bac te rium,
Mo raxe lla, & Ps e udo mo nas .
Othe r o rganism:
Ac ine to bac te r, Bac ilus ,
Ae ro mo nas , Vibrio , c o ryne fo rm.
Wate r sto re d in tank
pse udo mo nas 10 5 to 10 6 /
ml.
Wate r (5 3 o – 61 o C) c an kill many patho ge nic
bac te ria.
NaOH e ffe c tive to re duc e bac te ria
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
5
3/ 9/ 2011
SOIL
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
INTRODUCTION
Mo st o f se wage , human c o rpse , plant
tissue , e tc burie d in so il.
Afte r se ve ral ye ars the y c hange s into
o rganic and ano rganic c o mpo und -- > MO
5 main c o mpo ne nts o f so il: mine ral partic le ,
o rganic mate rial, wate r, gas, &
mic ro o rganism.
Fe rtile so il has ric h MO
MO c hange s so il c he mic al substanc e s
thro ugh se ve ral bio c he mistry pro c e ss.
So il c o ntains fe rtlize r MO and patho ge n MO
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
6
3/ 9/ 2011
So il is natural habitat o f so me Mo s
Type s & numbe rs o f MO vary with type s o f so il
MO gro wth is limite d to are as o f o rganic mate rial
Fac to rs affe c ting MO gro wth : c he mic al c o mpo sitio n,
rate o f de c o mp., & e nvi c o nditio n.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
NUMBER & TYPES OF MO
MO quite pre vale nt
Bac illus &
Clo stridium
MO c o mmo n in fo o d & so il
Ac ine to bac te r, Alc alige ne s,
Arthro bac te r, Bac illus, Clo stridium,
Co ryne bac te rium, Flavo bac te rium,
Mic ro c o c c us, Pse udo mo nas, &
Stre pto myc e s.
C. bo tulinum A & C are fo und in so il.
MO in so il be c o me inac tivate d by
pre dato rs, bac te rio lytic e nzyme s, &
to xin.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
7
3/ 9/ 2011
CONTAMINATION OF FOODS
MO c o ntaminate to RM & pro duc t
by dire c t c o ntac t.
MO numbe rs are influe nc e d by
de gre e o f c o ntamanitio n o f so il.
Marine se dime nts - MO range
10 4 – 10 9/ g
The se bac te ria are Ae ro mo nas ,
Bac illus , Chro mo bac te rum,
Citro bac te r, Es c he ric hia,
Ps e udo mo nas , & Vibrio .
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
AIR
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
8
3/ 9/ 2011
INTRODUCTION
Main c o nc e rn o n air po llutio n is c he mic al rathe r
than bio lgic al
Mic ro o rganism o n air are te mpo rarily & variably.
Amo unt & size o f MO in the air de pe nd o n
po lutio n so urc e s o n e nviro nme nt
Fac to rs c ausing MO in the air : athmo sphe re ,
humidity, sunray, size partic le in the air, and
Charac te ristic o f MO.
Fo o d is subje c te d to airbo rne c o ntaminatio n
until it is se le d.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
TYPES OF BACTERIA AND MOLDS WHICH ARE ISOLATE FROM
ATHMOSPHERE
He ight (m )
Ba c te ria (ge nus )
M o lds (ge nus)
1500 – 4500
Alc alige ne s
Aspe rgilus
Bac illus
Mac ro spo rium
Pe nic ilium
4500 – 7500
Bac illus
Aspe rgillus
7500 – 10500
Sarc ina
Aspe rgillus
Bac illus
Ho rmo de drum
Bac illus
Aspe rgillus
Kurthia
Ho rmo de nrum
Mic ro c o c c us
Pe nic illium
Clasdo spo rium
10500 – 13500
13500 – 16500
Bac illus
Source: Irianto, 2006
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
9
3/ 9/ 2011
TYPES & NUMBERS OF MO
The re is no natural / no rmal MO o f air.
Mo lds spo re s > pre vale nt than o the r MO
Co ntaminatio n o f the air is c ause d by gusts.
So urc e s MO 4 air c o ntaminatio n : spraying, splashing,
vibratio n, bursting, e tc .
Type s o f MO:
Kle bs ie lla, Bac illus , Flavo bac te rium,
Stre ptic o c c us , & Mic ro c o c c us .
Mic ro flo ra air in fo o d pro c e sing re fle c ts sanitary
c o nditio n.
Type s ye ast in air:
As pe rgillus , Pe nic illium,
Clado s po rium, Alte rnaria, He lmintho s po rium
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
SURVIVAL & FOOD-PROCESSING OPERATION
Stability o f Mo s in air is affe c te d by Rh, te mpe rature ,
O2 , so lar fac to rs, & c he mic al c o mpo ne nts.
Co ntaminatio n o n pro duc ts fro m air MOs de pe nds
upo n to the le ve l o f c o ntaminatio n o n air & time
c o ntac t air with fo o ds.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
10
3/ 9/ 2011
ANIMAL AND PLANT FOOD
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
Animal & plant
so urc e o f c he mic al
& bio lo gic al c o ntaminatio n o n fo o ds.
Mic ro o rganisms in animal fe e d c an
c o ntaminate the fe e t, hide , hair, &
fe athe rs o f animals.
Plant o f fo o d may c o ntain o rganism
that c an c o ntaminate he palnt &
asso c iate human fo o ds.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
11
3/ 9/ 2011
PLANTS
Plants are c o ntaminate d by MO fro m se ve ral so urc e s (dirt,
wate r, air, fe rtilize r, animals, & human).
Pse udo mnas are quite pre vale nt o n ve ge table s.
Se ve ral flo we rs o f fruit are inhabite d by se ve ral ye ast suc h as
Sac c haro myc e s , Hans e nula, To rulo ps is , Candida, Rho do to rula,
& Klo e c ke ra.
De c aying plant is impo ttant so urc e o f MO.
ANIMALS
MOs in animals are fo unds in gastro inte stinal, nasal
pasage , c utne o us le sio ns, & skin, fe e t, hair / fe athe r.
Animals able to tranfe re d patho ge n bac te ria to fo o ds.
Flie s have a part in spre ading o f Salmo ne lla, Shige lla,
Vibrio , Es c he ric ia c o li, & o the r MO c ausing fo o d spo ilage .
Pre do minant o rganisms in the inte stinal flo ra o f bo th
animal & human ar o bligate s anae ro be suc h as
Bac te rio de s & Pe pto stre pto c o c c us .
The surfac e o f fish may c o ntain 1 0 2 to 1 0 5 square / c m &
in the inte stinal vary fro m 1 0 4 to 1 0 7 / g.
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3/ 9/ 2011
HUMAN
Staphylo c o c c i are pre do minant o n no rmal infant skin.
The c o lo nizatio n o f MO is abundant in no se , o ral c avity, thro at,
re spirao ry, dige stive , & uro ge nital trac ts.
The pre do minant MO o n the skin are
staphylo c o c c i,
c o ryne bac te ria, & pro pio nibac te ria .
Mic ro c o c c us , Bac illus , Alc alige ne s , Ps e udo mo nas ,
Ente ro bac te r, Kle bs ie lla, Pro te us , Es c he ric hia, & Citro bac te r
are quite pre vale nt o n human skin.
S. aure us is asso c iate d with infe c tio n suc h as ac ne , pimple s, &
bo ils.
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3/ 9/ 2011
Fe c al flo ra o f infants is c o mpo se d primarily spe c ie s o f
Bifido bac te rium.
Fe c al adult
Die t influe nc e s the fe c al mic ro flo ra
Mo st bac te ria in re st ro o m is
Salmo ne lla / Shige lla
In fish pro c e ssing, pro c e ss that c o ntac t with human may
pro vide c o ntaminatio n o f fo o d with human patho ge ns.
SEWAGE
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Animal manure may pro duc e substrate may
c o ntain mic ro o rganism, inc luding human
patho ge n.
Inpro pe r se ptic tank may c o ntaminate
so il/ e nviro nme nt.
Salmo ne lla are quite pre vale nt in raw se wage .
Se wage sludge
agric ultural land ------ >
e nte ric virus
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION
15
FISH AND FISHERY PRODUCTS
MICROBIOLOGY– 3 (2 – 1)
BACTERIA ON FISH: part I
EKO S USANTO
Study Pro gram o f Fis he rie s Pro c e s s ing Te c hno lo gy
Dipo ne go ro Unive rs ity
Email : e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY
REFERENCES:
Bulle r, N.B. Bac te ria fro m fish and o the r aq uatic animals: a prac tic al
ide ntific atio n manual. Cab i Pub lishing: Oxfo rdshire . UK M
Huss, H.H. 1 9 9 4 . Assuranc e o f se afo o d q uality. FAO fishe rie s te c hnic al
pape r
Gram, L. and Huss, H.H. 1 9 9 6 . Mic ro b io lo gic al spo ilage o f fish and fish
pro duc ts. Inte rnatio nal Jo urnal o f Fo o d Mic ro b io lo gy. 3 3 . 1 2 1 -1 37.
Basti, A.A., Misaghi, A., Sale hi, T.Z., and Kamkar, A., 2 0 0 6 . Bac te ria
patho ge ns in fre sh, smo ke d, and salte d Iranian fish. Fo o d Co ntro l. 17. 1 8 3 188.
Ro drigue s, M.J., Ho , P., Lo pe z-Cab alle ro , M.E., Vaz-Pire z, P., Nune s, M.L.,
2 0 0 3 . Charac te rizatio n and ide ntific atio n o f mic ro flo ra fro m so ake d c o d and
re spe c tive salte d raw mate rials. Fo o d Mic ro b io lo gy, 2 0 . 471 -4 8 1 .
Mahmo ud, B.S.M., Yamazaki, K., Miyashita, K., il-Shik., S., Do ng-Suk, C.,
Suzuki, T., 2 0 0 4 . Bac te rial mic ro flo ra o f c arp (Cyprrinus c arpio ) and its
she lf-life e xte ntio n by e sse ntial o il c o mpo unds. Fo o d Mic ro b io lo gy., 2 1 : 6 5 7
– 666.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
1
3/ 9/ 2011
REFERENCES (CONTINUED):
Banwart, G.J. 1 9 8 9 . Basic Fo o d Mic ro bio lo gy 2 nd Ed. Van
No strand Re inho ld. Ne w Yo rk: UK
Garbutt, J., 1 9 97 Esse ntial o f Fo o d Mic ro bio lo gy. Lo ndo n. UK.
Fo shyte and Haye s. 1 9 9 8 . Fo o d Hygie ne , Mic ro bio lo gy and
HACCP. ASPEN Public atio n: UK.
Jay, J.M. 2 0 0 0 . Mo de rn Fo o d Mic ro bio lo gy. Aspe n Publishe r.
Maryland: USA.
SOURCES OF MICROORGANISMS
4
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
2
3/ 9/ 2011
INTRODUCTION
The mic ro bial o f fo o d c o nsist o f MO asso c iate d with RM.
Mo st fo o ds are subje c te d to many po te ntial so urc e s o f MO.
The po te ntial so urc e s o f c o ntaminatio n are so il, wate r, palnts,
animals, human be ings, se wage , pro c e ssing e quipme nts,
ingre die nts, pro duc ts & pac kaging mate rial.
MO c an be e xc hange d be twe e n o the r so urc e s
Why sho uld we be c o nc e rne d with so urc e s o f c o ntaminatio n?
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
SOURCES OF MO CAUSING FISH SPOILAGE
WATER
Tro pic al and sub tro pic al wate r
Marine wate r
Brac kish wate r
Fre sh wate r
SOIL
AIR
ANIMALS
HUMAN
SEWAGE
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
3
3/ 9/ 2011
WATER
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
INTRODUCTION
Wate r is po te ntial so urc e o f MO
c o ntaminatio n
Wate r lands may c o ntaminate d by
so il Mo s.
Se wage & fe c e s
c o ntaminate so il
& wate r lands.
Mic ro flo ra o f te mpe rate wate r fish is
do minate d by psyc o tro pic Gram (-),
gram + also be fo und in small
pro po rtio n.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
4
3/ 9/ 2011
SEVERAL BACTERIA FROM WATER
Marine bac te ria
Brac kis h bac te ria
Vibrio s p
Salmo ne lla
Ae ro mo nas
Myc o bac te rium
Flavo bac te rium s p
Vibrio s p
Ae ro mo nas
Ple s io mo nas
Stre pto co c cus s p
Myc o bac te rium
Ps e udo mo nas s p
Lac to c o c c us s p
Ps e udo alte romo nas
Eubac te rium s p
Clo stridium s p
Listo ne lla s p
Te nac ibac ulum s p
Bruc e lla
He lic o bac te r
Pho to bac te rium
Etc .
Fre s h wate r bac te ria
E. c o li
C. bo tulinum
Ae ro mo nas
Ple s io mo nas
Salmo ne lla
Staphylo c o cc us s p
Citro bac te r
Flavo bac te rum
Ye rs inia
E. Vulne ris
Edwards ie lla s p
Bac illus s p
Myc o bac te ria
Lac to c o c c us s p
Stre pto co c cus s p
Ps e udo mo nas s p
Etc .
FOOD CONTAMINATION
Wate r c o ntac t during harve sting, handling, &
pro c e ssing .
Wate r is a dire c t suo rc e o f c o ntaminatio n
MO in wate r c o ntaminate the surfac e , gills, &
inte stinal trac t in fish & she llfish.
Pre e do minant ge ne ra :
Cyto phaga, Flavo bac te rium,
Mo raxe lla, & Ps e udo mo nas .
Othe r o rganism:
Ac ine to bac te r, Bac ilus ,
Ae ro mo nas , Vibrio , c o ryne fo rm.
Wate r sto re d in tank
pse udo mo nas 10 5 to 10 6 /
ml.
Wate r (5 3 o – 61 o C) c an kill many patho ge nic
bac te ria.
NaOH e ffe c tive to re duc e bac te ria
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
5
3/ 9/ 2011
SOIL
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
INTRODUCTION
Mo st o f se wage , human c o rpse , plant
tissue , e tc burie d in so il.
Afte r se ve ral ye ars the y c hange s into
o rganic and ano rganic c o mpo und -- > MO
5 main c o mpo ne nts o f so il: mine ral partic le ,
o rganic mate rial, wate r, gas, &
mic ro o rganism.
Fe rtile so il has ric h MO
MO c hange s so il c he mic al substanc e s
thro ugh se ve ral bio c he mistry pro c e ss.
So il c o ntains fe rtlize r MO and patho ge n MO
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
6
3/ 9/ 2011
So il is natural habitat o f so me Mo s
Type s & numbe rs o f MO vary with type s o f so il
MO gro wth is limite d to are as o f o rganic mate rial
Fac to rs affe c ting MO gro wth : c he mic al c o mpo sitio n,
rate o f de c o mp., & e nvi c o nditio n.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
NUMBER & TYPES OF MO
MO quite pre vale nt
Bac illus &
Clo stridium
MO c o mmo n in fo o d & so il
Ac ine to bac te r, Alc alige ne s,
Arthro bac te r, Bac illus, Clo stridium,
Co ryne bac te rium, Flavo bac te rium,
Mic ro c o c c us, Pse udo mo nas, &
Stre pto myc e s.
C. bo tulinum A & C are fo und in so il.
MO in so il be c o me inac tivate d by
pre dato rs, bac te rio lytic e nzyme s, &
to xin.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
7
3/ 9/ 2011
CONTAMINATION OF FOODS
MO c o ntaminate to RM & pro duc t
by dire c t c o ntac t.
MO numbe rs are influe nc e d by
de gre e o f c o ntamanitio n o f so il.
Marine se dime nts - MO range
10 4 – 10 9/ g
The se bac te ria are Ae ro mo nas ,
Bac illus , Chro mo bac te rum,
Citro bac te r, Es c he ric hia,
Ps e udo mo nas , & Vibrio .
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
AIR
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
8
3/ 9/ 2011
INTRODUCTION
Main c o nc e rn o n air po llutio n is c he mic al rathe r
than bio lgic al
Mic ro o rganism o n air are te mpo rarily & variably.
Amo unt & size o f MO in the air de pe nd o n
po lutio n so urc e s o n e nviro nme nt
Fac to rs c ausing MO in the air : athmo sphe re ,
humidity, sunray, size partic le in the air, and
Charac te ristic o f MO.
Fo o d is subje c te d to airbo rne c o ntaminatio n
until it is se le d.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
TYPES OF BACTERIA AND MOLDS WHICH ARE ISOLATE FROM
ATHMOSPHERE
He ight (m )
Ba c te ria (ge nus )
M o lds (ge nus)
1500 – 4500
Alc alige ne s
Aspe rgilus
Bac illus
Mac ro spo rium
Pe nic ilium
4500 – 7500
Bac illus
Aspe rgillus
7500 – 10500
Sarc ina
Aspe rgillus
Bac illus
Ho rmo de drum
Bac illus
Aspe rgillus
Kurthia
Ho rmo de nrum
Mic ro c o c c us
Pe nic illium
Clasdo spo rium
10500 – 13500
13500 – 16500
Bac illus
Source: Irianto, 2006
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
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TYPES & NUMBERS OF MO
The re is no natural / no rmal MO o f air.
Mo lds spo re s > pre vale nt than o the r MO
Co ntaminatio n o f the air is c ause d by gusts.
So urc e s MO 4 air c o ntaminatio n : spraying, splashing,
vibratio n, bursting, e tc .
Type s o f MO:
Kle bs ie lla, Bac illus , Flavo bac te rium,
Stre ptic o c c us , & Mic ro c o c c us .
Mic ro flo ra air in fo o d pro c e sing re fle c ts sanitary
c o nditio n.
Type s ye ast in air:
As pe rgillus , Pe nic illium,
Clado s po rium, Alte rnaria, He lmintho s po rium
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
SURVIVAL & FOOD-PROCESSING OPERATION
Stability o f Mo s in air is affe c te d by Rh, te mpe rature ,
O2 , so lar fac to rs, & c he mic al c o mpo ne nts.
Co ntaminatio n o n pro duc ts fro m air MOs de pe nds
upo n to the le ve l o f c o ntaminatio n o n air & time
c o ntac t air with fo o ds.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
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3/ 9/ 2011
ANIMAL AND PLANT FOOD
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
Animal & plant
so urc e o f c he mic al
& bio lo gic al c o ntaminatio n o n fo o ds.
Mic ro o rganisms in animal fe e d c an
c o ntaminate the fe e t, hide , hair, &
fe athe rs o f animals.
Plant o f fo o d may c o ntain o rganism
that c an c o ntaminate he palnt &
asso c iate human fo o ds.
EKO SUSANTO – DIPONEGORO UNIVERSITY (e ko _ thp@ undip.ac .id)
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3/ 9/ 2011
PLANTS
Plants are c o ntaminate d by MO fro m se ve ral so urc e s (dirt,
wate r, air, fe rtilize r, animals, & human).
Pse udo mnas are quite pre vale nt o n ve ge table s.
Se ve ral flo we rs o f fruit are inhabite d by se ve ral ye ast suc h as
Sac c haro myc e s , Hans e nula, To rulo ps is , Candida, Rho do to rula,
& Klo e c ke ra.
De c aying plant is impo ttant so urc e o f MO.
ANIMALS
MOs in animals are fo unds in gastro inte stinal, nasal
pasage , c utne o us le sio ns, & skin, fe e t, hair / fe athe r.
Animals able to tranfe re d patho ge n bac te ria to fo o ds.
Flie s have a part in spre ading o f Salmo ne lla, Shige lla,
Vibrio , Es c he ric ia c o li, & o the r MO c ausing fo o d spo ilage .
Pre do minant o rganisms in the inte stinal flo ra o f bo th
animal & human ar o bligate s anae ro be suc h as
Bac te rio de s & Pe pto stre pto c o c c us .
The surfac e o f fish may c o ntain 1 0 2 to 1 0 5 square / c m &
in the inte stinal vary fro m 1 0 4 to 1 0 7 / g.
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HUMAN
Staphylo c o c c i are pre do minant o n no rmal infant skin.
The c o lo nizatio n o f MO is abundant in no se , o ral c avity, thro at,
re spirao ry, dige stive , & uro ge nital trac ts.
The pre do minant MO o n the skin are
staphylo c o c c i,
c o ryne bac te ria, & pro pio nibac te ria .
Mic ro c o c c us , Bac illus , Alc alige ne s , Ps e udo mo nas ,
Ente ro bac te r, Kle bs ie lla, Pro te us , Es c he ric hia, & Citro bac te r
are quite pre vale nt o n human skin.
S. aure us is asso c iate d with infe c tio n suc h as ac ne , pimple s, &
bo ils.
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Fe c al flo ra o f infants is c o mpo se d primarily spe c ie s o f
Bifido bac te rium.
Fe c al adult
Die t influe nc e s the fe c al mic ro flo ra
Mo st bac te ria in re st ro o m is
Salmo ne lla / Shige lla
In fish pro c e ssing, pro c e ss that c o ntac t with human may
pro vide c o ntaminatio n o f fo o d with human patho ge ns.
SEWAGE
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Animal manure may pro duc e substrate may
c o ntain mic ro o rganism, inc luding human
patho ge n.
Inpro pe r se ptic tank may c o ntaminate
so il/ e nviro nme nt.
Salmo ne lla are quite pre vale nt in raw se wage .
Se wage sludge
agric ultural land ------ >
e nte ric virus
THANK YOU FOR ATTENTION
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