Directory UMM :Data Elmu:jurnal:A:Animal Feed Science and Technology:Vol84.Issue3-4.May2000:
Animal Feed Science and Technology
84 (2000) 265±277
Effect of selective consumption on voluntary intake and
digestibility of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
stover, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) and
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) haulms by sheep
M. Savadogoa,*, G. Zemmelinkb, A.J. Nianogoc
a
Antenne SaheÂlienne, BP 5385 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Wageningen University, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Animal Production Systems Group,
P.O. Box 338, 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands
c
DeÂpartement Production Animale, Institut National de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA),
03 BP 7192 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
b
Received 8 July 1998; received in revised form 22 December 1999; accepted 7 February 2000
Abstract
Three experiments with 12 animals each, were conducted to measure the effect of selective
consumption on intake of organic matter (IOM), crude protein (CP) content and digestibility of ingested
organic matter (DOM), and intake of digestible organic matter (IDOM) of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.
Moench), stover (SS), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) (CH) haulms and groundnut (Arachis
hypogaea L.) haulms (GH) by sheep. On organic matter (OM) basis, SS contained 70.6% stems, 15.5%
leaf sheaths, 6.5% leaf blades, 6.0% leaf central nerves and 1.4% ears; CH contained 64.2% stems and
35.8% leaves, and GH 50.1% stems and 49.9% leaves. Forages were not chopped and a wide range of
feeding levels (amount of offered organic matter, OOM) was applied. The lowest and highest OOM
(g kgÿ0.75 per day) were: 30±110 for SS, 37±189 for CH and 30±194 for GH. Maximum IOM values
(estimated by non-linear regression analysis) were 47.3, 85.9 and 81.6 g kgÿ0.75 per day for SS, CH and
GH, respectively. Selective consumption of leaves caused signi®cant increases in the CP content of
ingested OM for CH and GH, and increased DOM for SS and CH. The amount of digestible OM for
production (IDOM Ð maintenance requirements) per unit of feed OM offered (value for animal
production (VAP)) was used as the criterion for optimum feeding levels. For CH and GH, the maximum
value (VAPmax) (0.32 and 0.26, respectively) was reached at feeding levels of 96 and 91 g OM kgÿ0.75
per day, respectively. At these levels of OOM, 80 and 84% of the offered OM was eaten. Corresponding
IDOM values were 54.3 and 48.0 g kgÿ0.75 per day. In the case of SS, a very high feeding level
*
Correspondinga author. Tel.: 226-36-31-08; fax: 226-36-31-10.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Savadogo)
0377-8401/00/$ ± see front matter # 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 7 - 8 4 0 1 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 1 5 - 2
266
M. Savadogo et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 265±277
(OOM87 g kgÿ0.75 per day) where only 53% was eaten, was required to reach the maintenance level
of IDOM. # 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Selective consumption; Voluntary intake; Digestibility; Optimum feeding levels; Sorghum stover;
Cowpea haulms; Groundnut haulms
1. Introduction
About 80% of the rural population of semi-arid West Africa raise ruminants (Winrock
International, 1992). The main constraint to livestock production is the limited
availability of suitable feeds. Especially in the dry season (November±June), the
digestibility, concentration of crude protein and edibility of range-land forages are very
low. The concentration of crude protein may fall to well below 6% (5% CP in DM (leaf blades and ears, mean CP content 7.8%)
represented only 7.9% of the total organic matter. The CP concentration in CH was much
M. Savadogo et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 265±277
269
Table 1
Morphological and chemical composition of sorghum stover, cowpea and groundnut haulms
Morphological
component
Proportion (% of OMa)
OM (% in DMb)
CPc (% in DM)
Mean
S.E.d
Mean
S.E.
Mean
S.E.
40.1
20.4
10.1
0.53
0.20
0.03
95.3
95.5
94.3
0.41
0.11
0.35
2.0
1.5
2.1
0.09
0.34
0.26
3.9
6.5
5.1
0.68
0.40
0.60
87.5
87.7
87.7
0.92
1.36
0.93
1.8
2.2
3.4
0.11
0.48
0.37
Sorghum
Stems
Bottom
Medium
Top
Sheaths
Bottom
Medium
Top
Leaf Blades
Bottom
Medium
Top
Leaf nerves
Bottom
Medium
Top
Ears
Whole straw
1.6
2.9
2.0
0.29
0.41
0.12
89.5
88.9
88.3
0.98
1.61
1.99
5.3
9.0
9.4
0.64
0.67
0.58
1.6
2.9
1.5
1.4
100
0.32
0.67
0.50
0.38
0.76
92.9
95.3
95.4
95.3
94.9
0.51
0.58
0.77
0.60
0.46
2.4
3.6
3.6
5.9
3.9
0.18
0.52
0.62
2.70
0.35
Cowpea
Bottom stems
Other stems
Leaves
Whole straw
4.1
60.1
35.8
100
0.08
0.61
0.44
0.13
92.9
93.1
89.4
91.8
0.39
0.34
0.36
0.77
8.0
11.1
18.1
12.4
0.22
0.91
1.02
1.94
Groundnut
Bottom stems
Other stems
Leaves
Whole straw
19.5
30.6
49.9
100
0.25
0.18
0.20
0.26
86.7
90.8
86.7
88.1
0.86
0.15
0.37
0.65
8.9
9.5
11.2
9.9
0.46
1.01
0.26
0.45
a
Organic matter.
Dry matter.
c
Crude protein.
d
Standard error.
b
higher: 8.0% for bottom stems, 11.1% for other stems and 18.1% for leaves. For GH,
these values were 8.9, 9.5 and 11.2%, respectively.
3.2. Intake of organic matter
For all three feeds, the parameter p in Eq. (1) was estimated at 1. This implies that there
were no really inedible portions. For CH and GH, this is in agreement with the fact that
animals on the lowest levels of feeding ate the full amounts of leaves and stems offered
(Fig. 1). In the case of SS, however, even animals on extremely low feeding levels refused
some of the stems. At feeding levels up to about 100 g OM kgÿ0.75 per day, animals still
270
M. Savadogo et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 265±277
Fig. 1. Effect of level of feeding (amount of offered organic matter, OOM) on relative intake of leaves and stems
(RI: amount consumed expressed as proportion of amount offered).
M. Savadogo et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 265±277
271
ate (nearly) all the leaves, but much less than the full amount of stems offered. In the case
of SS, intake of stems decreased to
84 (2000) 265±277
Effect of selective consumption on voluntary intake and
digestibility of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L. Moench)
stover, cowpea (Vigna unguiculata L. Walp.) and
groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) haulms by sheep
M. Savadogoa,*, G. Zemmelinkb, A.J. Nianogoc
a
Antenne SaheÂlienne, BP 5385 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
Wageningen University, Wageningen Institute of Animal Sciences, Animal Production Systems Group,
P.O. Box 338, 6700 Wageningen, The Netherlands
c
DeÂpartement Production Animale, Institut National de l'Environnement et de Recherches Agricoles (INERA),
03 BP 7192 Ouagadougou, Burkina Faso
b
Received 8 July 1998; received in revised form 22 December 1999; accepted 7 February 2000
Abstract
Three experiments with 12 animals each, were conducted to measure the effect of selective
consumption on intake of organic matter (IOM), crude protein (CP) content and digestibility of ingested
organic matter (DOM), and intake of digestible organic matter (IDOM) of sorghum (Sorghum bicolor L.
Moench), stover (SS), cowpea (Vigna unguiculata Walp.) (CH) haulms and groundnut (Arachis
hypogaea L.) haulms (GH) by sheep. On organic matter (OM) basis, SS contained 70.6% stems, 15.5%
leaf sheaths, 6.5% leaf blades, 6.0% leaf central nerves and 1.4% ears; CH contained 64.2% stems and
35.8% leaves, and GH 50.1% stems and 49.9% leaves. Forages were not chopped and a wide range of
feeding levels (amount of offered organic matter, OOM) was applied. The lowest and highest OOM
(g kgÿ0.75 per day) were: 30±110 for SS, 37±189 for CH and 30±194 for GH. Maximum IOM values
(estimated by non-linear regression analysis) were 47.3, 85.9 and 81.6 g kgÿ0.75 per day for SS, CH and
GH, respectively. Selective consumption of leaves caused signi®cant increases in the CP content of
ingested OM for CH and GH, and increased DOM for SS and CH. The amount of digestible OM for
production (IDOM Ð maintenance requirements) per unit of feed OM offered (value for animal
production (VAP)) was used as the criterion for optimum feeding levels. For CH and GH, the maximum
value (VAPmax) (0.32 and 0.26, respectively) was reached at feeding levels of 96 and 91 g OM kgÿ0.75
per day, respectively. At these levels of OOM, 80 and 84% of the offered OM was eaten. Corresponding
IDOM values were 54.3 and 48.0 g kgÿ0.75 per day. In the case of SS, a very high feeding level
*
Correspondinga author. Tel.: 226-36-31-08; fax: 226-36-31-10.
E-mail address: [email protected] (M. Savadogo)
0377-8401/00/$ ± see front matter # 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
PII: S 0 3 7 7 - 8 4 0 1 ( 0 0 ) 0 0 1 1 5 - 2
266
M. Savadogo et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 265±277
(OOM87 g kgÿ0.75 per day) where only 53% was eaten, was required to reach the maintenance level
of IDOM. # 2000 Published by Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved.
Keywords: Selective consumption; Voluntary intake; Digestibility; Optimum feeding levels; Sorghum stover;
Cowpea haulms; Groundnut haulms
1. Introduction
About 80% of the rural population of semi-arid West Africa raise ruminants (Winrock
International, 1992). The main constraint to livestock production is the limited
availability of suitable feeds. Especially in the dry season (November±June), the
digestibility, concentration of crude protein and edibility of range-land forages are very
low. The concentration of crude protein may fall to well below 6% (5% CP in DM (leaf blades and ears, mean CP content 7.8%)
represented only 7.9% of the total organic matter. The CP concentration in CH was much
M. Savadogo et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 265±277
269
Table 1
Morphological and chemical composition of sorghum stover, cowpea and groundnut haulms
Morphological
component
Proportion (% of OMa)
OM (% in DMb)
CPc (% in DM)
Mean
S.E.d
Mean
S.E.
Mean
S.E.
40.1
20.4
10.1
0.53
0.20
0.03
95.3
95.5
94.3
0.41
0.11
0.35
2.0
1.5
2.1
0.09
0.34
0.26
3.9
6.5
5.1
0.68
0.40
0.60
87.5
87.7
87.7
0.92
1.36
0.93
1.8
2.2
3.4
0.11
0.48
0.37
Sorghum
Stems
Bottom
Medium
Top
Sheaths
Bottom
Medium
Top
Leaf Blades
Bottom
Medium
Top
Leaf nerves
Bottom
Medium
Top
Ears
Whole straw
1.6
2.9
2.0
0.29
0.41
0.12
89.5
88.9
88.3
0.98
1.61
1.99
5.3
9.0
9.4
0.64
0.67
0.58
1.6
2.9
1.5
1.4
100
0.32
0.67
0.50
0.38
0.76
92.9
95.3
95.4
95.3
94.9
0.51
0.58
0.77
0.60
0.46
2.4
3.6
3.6
5.9
3.9
0.18
0.52
0.62
2.70
0.35
Cowpea
Bottom stems
Other stems
Leaves
Whole straw
4.1
60.1
35.8
100
0.08
0.61
0.44
0.13
92.9
93.1
89.4
91.8
0.39
0.34
0.36
0.77
8.0
11.1
18.1
12.4
0.22
0.91
1.02
1.94
Groundnut
Bottom stems
Other stems
Leaves
Whole straw
19.5
30.6
49.9
100
0.25
0.18
0.20
0.26
86.7
90.8
86.7
88.1
0.86
0.15
0.37
0.65
8.9
9.5
11.2
9.9
0.46
1.01
0.26
0.45
a
Organic matter.
Dry matter.
c
Crude protein.
d
Standard error.
b
higher: 8.0% for bottom stems, 11.1% for other stems and 18.1% for leaves. For GH,
these values were 8.9, 9.5 and 11.2%, respectively.
3.2. Intake of organic matter
For all three feeds, the parameter p in Eq. (1) was estimated at 1. This implies that there
were no really inedible portions. For CH and GH, this is in agreement with the fact that
animals on the lowest levels of feeding ate the full amounts of leaves and stems offered
(Fig. 1). In the case of SS, however, even animals on extremely low feeding levels refused
some of the stems. At feeding levels up to about 100 g OM kgÿ0.75 per day, animals still
270
M. Savadogo et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 265±277
Fig. 1. Effect of level of feeding (amount of offered organic matter, OOM) on relative intake of leaves and stems
(RI: amount consumed expressed as proportion of amount offered).
M. Savadogo et al. / Animal Feed Science and Technology 84 (2000) 265±277
271
ate (nearly) all the leaves, but much less than the full amount of stems offered. In the case
of SS, intake of stems decreased to