Submitted to the Board of Examiner as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) In English Department of Educational Faculty

STUDENTS’ MASTERY ON ADJECTIVE ORDER TOWARD THEIR TRANSLATION SKILL (A Correlative Study in the Second Semester Students o f English Department STAIN Salatiga in the Academic Year o f 2013 / 2014) GRADUATING PAPER

  Submitted to the Board of Examiner as a Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pd.I) In English Department of Educational Faculty

  SINTA AUNANA 113 10 093 ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF EDUCATIONAL FACULTY STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN) SALATIGA 2014

  JI. Stadion 03 Phone 029S 323 706 Salatiga 50721 Website: w

  DECLARATION

  uIn the name o f Allah, The Most Gracious and The M ost M erciful” Hereby the researchertruly declares that the graduating paper she wrote

as a partial fulfillment o f the requirements for obtaining bachelor degree and

submitted to the English Education Department constitutes her own original

writing except quotations and summaries.

  The researcher is capable to account this graduating paper if someday it

can be proved o f containing others' ideas, or in other word, the writer imitates

the others’ graduating paper.

  Likewise, the declaration is made by the researcher and she hopes that this declaration can be understood.

  Salatiga, September4th 2014 The writer

  SINTA AUNANA

  NIM: 113 10 093

  MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN) SALATIGA

  Jl. Stadion 03 Phone 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721

  Website: M aslihatul Um am i, S .P d l, M .A

The Lecturer of Educational Faculty State Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES

  Case: Sinta Aunana’s graduating paper Salatiga, September 4 2014 Dear The Head o f State Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga A ssalam u’a/aikum Wr.Wb. After reading and correcting Sinta Aunana’s graduating paper entitled “Students’ Mastery on Adjective Order toward Their Translation Skill (a Correlative Study in the Second Semester Students o f English Department STAIN Salatiga in The Academic Year o f 2013 / 2014)”, I have decided and would like to propose that if it could be accepted by the educational faculty, and I hope it would be examined as soon as possible.

  W assalamu ’alaikum Wr. Wb.

  Counsultant, NIP. 19801305 200312 2 003

  MINISTRY OF RELIGIOUS AFFAIRS STATE INSTITUTE FOR ISLAMIC STUDIES (STAIN) SALATIGA

  Jl. Stadion 03 Phone 0298 323706 Salatiga 50721 Website:

  GRADUATING PAPER STUDENTS’ MASTERY ON ADJECTIVE ORDER TOWARD THEIR TRANSLATION SKILL (A Correlative Study in the Second Semester Students of English Department STAIN Salatiga in the Academic Year o f 2013 / 2014 CREATED BY: SINTA AUNANA NIM: 113 10 093

  

Has been brought to the board of examiners of English Department of education faculty,

State Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN) Salatiga on October 1st and hereby considered

to completely fulfillment of the requirement for the degree of S 1

  Boards o f examiners Head : Achmad Maimun, M.Ag. Secretary : Sari Famularsih, M.A. 1st Examiner : Hanung Triyoko, M.Hum., M.Ed. 2nd Examiner : Rr. Dewi Wahyu M, S.S., M.P. 3rd Examiner : Rifqi Aulia Erlangga, M.Hum. Salatiga, October 1st 2014 H ^d o f STAIN Salatiga

  r « L

  at Harivadi, M.Pd N IP .19670112 199203 1 005

  MOTTO

  

People will hate you, rate you, shake you and

break you. But how strong you stand is what

makes y o u .

  (Unknown)

"And my success can only come from Allah. In

Him I trust, and unto Him I return,"

  (Hud: 88)

  DEDICATION

  This graduating paper dedicates to:

My beloved father and mother (Bapak Isa Zahir and Mamak Imrori), who

always give spirit and pray for me day and night.

  

My dearest sisters and brother (Sinna, Indah, Maera and Alba), who always

cheer me up and motivate me to do my best.

  My big family in Tingkir and Ambarawa who always support me. My friends in STAIN Salatiga who cann't be mentioned one by one. vi

  ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

  Assalamu ’alaikum wr.wb Alhamdulillahi Robbil 'cilamin , all praises be to Allah, the Lord o f the

universe, by His blessing, the writer can complete this graduating paper as one o f

the requirement o f Sarjana Pendidikan Islam (S.Pdl) in English Department o f the

State Islamic Studies Institute (STAIN) Salatiga in 2014. Besides, our blessing

and praises to our prophet Muhammad SAW. the best model for us.

  The writer has taken efforts in this research. However, it would not be

possible without the kind support and help o f many individuals and institution.

  

Therefore, the writer would like to take this opportunity to express her profound

gratitude and deepest regards for:

  1. Dr. Rahmat Hariyadi, M.Pd, as the Head o f STAIN Salatiga.

  2. Mr. Suwardi, M.Pd, as the Chief o f Education Faculty.

  

3. Mrs. Rr. Dewi Wahyu Mustikasari, M.Pd, as the Chief o f English

Department, thanks for your knowledge and guidance.

  

4. Mrs. Maslihatul Umami S.Pdl, M.A, as the counselor o f this graduating

paper. Thank for your guidance, support and suggestion for this thesis from beginning until end. Thank you for keeping the progress on schedule. Without your encouragement and guidance, this research could not be finished.

  

5. All lecturers o f STAIN Salatiga, especially the lectures o f English

Department (TB1). Thanks a lot for the very invaluable education.

  

6. The writer would like to place a deep sense o f gratitude to her family

members who always be source o f inspiration during the completing o f this research. Thank to the beloved parents, Bapak Isa Zahir and Mamak Imrori, for giving not just financial but moral and spiritual support. The writer is forever indebted to her parents for their understanding, endless patience when it was most required. Her twin sister Sinna Aanaka, who together keep struggle in the graduating paper work, thank for being more than just best friend since birth, thank for every single help you give when the writer faced difficulties. Her young sisters and brother; Indah Asana, Zahra Khu Maera, Albabul Lathof Muhammad, who always share the joyful and laugh when she was down in the middle o f research.

  

8. All o f the writer's friends o f TBI '10, especially lovely class D who gave

many beautiful moments, laugh, care and love since joined in STAIN Salatiga four years ago.

  

9. All o f A1 Azhar Islamic Boarding House Family; the writer's teacher B u'e /

Hj. Zulaicho, AH and her roommates for praying, happiness and sadness they shared together.

  Finally, the writer acknowledges that this is far from the perfection, so that

she waits for any criticism and suggestion from the readers. And this graduating

  ABSTRACT

  

Aunana, Smta. 2014. “STUDENTS’ MASTERY ON ADJECTIVE ORDER

TOWARD THEIR TRANSLATION SKILL (A Correlative Study in the Second Semester Students o f English Department STAIN Salatiga in the Academic Year 2013/ 2014)”. A Graduating Paper. Salatiga: State Institute for Islamic Studies (STAIN), August 2014. Counselor: Maslihatul Umami, S.Pdl, M.A

  This paper concerns on the correlation o f students’ mastery on adjective

order and their translation skill. Besides, the research is done to find out how is

the students’ mastery on adjective order and how is their translation skill. The

subject o f the research is limited to the second semester students o f English

Department STAIN Salatiga. The data is taken from documentation and test from

30 respondents o f the population. The type o f the test is multiple-choice

completion. The researcher constructed two multiple-choice test, they are

adjective order test and translation test. Each testconsists o f twenty items with

four options for every number. The respondents had to choose the correct one and

eliminated the three wrong answers. Each numbers’ score is five. The techniques

o f data analysis areconventional and statistical technique. Firstly, by using

percentage formula the researcher calculated the data to find out how is students’

adjective order and how is their translation skill. The findings showthat students’

mastery on adjective order is good enough and the students’ translation skill is

excellent. And then to measure the correlation between those two variables, the

researcher used SPSS V. 21. From the calculation, the result o f correlation

between both variables is 0.399 with the level o f significance is 0.029.To make

sure, the researcher also calculated the data using conventional formula. The

formula used is Product Moment Formulation from Karl Pearson. In the end o f

calculating, the researcher finds out that the result is same with the result o f SPSS

program, 0.399.It supports the hypothesis that there is a correlation between

students’ mastery on adjective order and their translation skill, even it is weak.

  Keywords: Mastery, Adjective Order, Translation Skill x

  TABLE OF CONTENT TITLE PAGE .......................................

  DECLARATION ................................. ATTENTIVE COUNSELOR NOTES STATEMENT OF CERTIFICATION

  

  

  CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

  

  

   D. Limitation o f the Study

  5

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

   BIBLIOGRAPHY CURRICULUM VITAE APPENDIXES

  LIST OF TABLE

Table 2.1 Order o f Adjectives

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

  

   xiii

  LIST OF APPENDIXES

  1. Instrument Test o f the Research

  2. Sample o f Students" Work o f the Research

  

3. Students" Answers and Scores o f Variable X

  

4. Students' Answers and Scores o f Variable Y

  5. Delegation Letter o f Counselor

  6. Consultancy Paper

  7. List o f Certificate o f Academic Activities

  CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION A. Background of the Study As an international language English becomes more and more

  important in the world in this era o f globalization. There are many books written in English form and many speeches also spoken in English. It is an international language that is used as a media o f communication internationally. That's why English is introduced into the curriculum and considered as the first foreign language to be taught at most o f schools in the whole world, and also in Indonesia.

  English has been taught for many years in Indonesian schools since in playgroup up to the higher education. Even the government makes it as one o f tests in national final exam. Nowadays, English teachers find out that most o f the students still have poor translation skill. Realizing that language use is to communicate thoughts, ideas and feelings from a person to another, students should pay attention more on how it transforms the information and also in learning foreign language as a second language. Students need to understand first the meaning o f source language (SL) before they can translate it to the target language (TL).

  Translation means not only transferring words from certain language to another language but also transferring the structure.

  Comprehending o f each word meaning is a basic part in learning English

as a foreign language both in written and spoken. It has many different

  

cultures with Indonesian. There are differences among grammatical

structure, meaning of English's words and the pronunciation. For those

reasons, the students are expected to have a good skill in translation so that

it will be understandable.

  We have already known that language is complex and unique. Each

language has its own norms, including its grammar or structure. Structure

is one o f elements taught in English lesson. There are many structures in

English, and all has their roles that can't be ignored. The one that is still

confusing the students because o f its order is "Adjective". An adjective is

traditionally defined as "a word that modifies noun or a pronoun” (Allen,

  

1972:11). It is easy for students to translate an adjective o f a noun into

Indonesian by looking up in dictionary if it stand alone, but they will not

easy to comprehend when they find a noun modified by more than one

adjective. In English, it’s common to use more than one adjective before a

noun. For example, “He is a silly young fo o F or “She is a smart energetic

woman”. When you use more than one adjective, you have to put them in

the right order, according to the type. The type or the categories has been

established properly. Indonesia students usually get difficulties to

compose, comprehend and translate them orderly.

  Based on that case, the researcher wants to know how well and

how much the comprehension o f second semester students o f English

Department o f STAIN Salatiga about adjective order, how they apply it,

and how much its correlation toward their translation skill. The researcher

  2 has two reasons why she chooses second semester students as subject. The first reason is those students have already studied adjective order more deeply when they were in senior high school. The second is they also already have joined translation subject. They are used to translate articles at that time, so it isn’t difficult for them to translate sentences. That's why, the second semester students are expected to do the instrument test correctly.

  Because o f the above reasons, the researcher is interested in analyzing whether there is correlation o f students’ mastery on adjective order toward students’ translation skill. This research is given a title “STUDENTS' MASTERY ON ADJECTIVE ORDER TOWARD THEIR

  TRANSLATION SKILL (A CORRELATIVE STUDY IN THE SECOND SEMESTER STUDENTS OF ENGLISH DEPARTMENT OF STAIN SALATIGA IN THE ACADEMIC YEAR OF 2013/2014)”.

  B. Statements of the Problem

  Based on the background o f the study, the writer would like to compose problems as follow:

  

1. How good is the students’ mastery on adjective order in the second

semester students o f English Department o f STAIN Salatiga o f the academic year o f 2013/2014?

  2. How good is the students' translation skill in the second semester students o f English Department o f STAIN Salatiga in the academic year o f 2013/2014?

  3. How far is the correlation between students’ mastery on adjective order toward translation skill in the second semester students o f English Department o f STAIN Salatiga in the academic year o f 2013/2014?

  C. Objectives of the Study

  According to the statements o f the problem, the objectives o f the study are as follows:

  1. To know how good is the students’ mastery on adjective order in the second semester students o f English Department o f STAIN Salatiga in the academic year o f 2013/2014.

  

2. To know how good is the students’ translation skill in the second

semester students o f English Department o f STAIN Salatiga in the academic year o f 2013/2014.

  

3. To know how far is the correlation between students’ mastery on

adjective order toward students’ translation skill in the second semester students o f English Department o f STAIN Salatiga in the academic year o f 2013/2014.

  4

  D. Limitation of the Study To make focus in this research, it is necessary for the researcher to limit the problem. This research is restricted on the analysis of the correlation between students’ mastery on adjective order toward translation skill. This research is conducted to the second semester students of English Department of STAIN o f Salatiga in the academic year o f 2013/2014.

  E. Benefit of the Study Through this research, the researcher hopes that it can give advantages. This research is expected to give theoretical and practical benefits.

  1. Theoretical The result of the study can be used as the additional reference for those who want to make a research in English teaching and learning process. The finding of this research also can enrich the reference of teaching English especially in teaching structure.

  2. Practical

  a. For the writer The finding o f the research can be used as a starting point for the writer to get experiences that will be useful in the future as an English teacher and the result of the study can be a reference in translating words dealing with adjective order.

  5 b. For the English teacher The result o f this research can be useful references for English teacher in teaching translation focusing adjective order. The writer hopes that the teachers realize the importance o f mastery adjective order in translating English sources besides giving information about language learning, especially in adjective order lesson. The teacher can do improvisation and create their creativity to teach in various methods in order to increase students' comprehend about adjective order and translation.

  c. For the English students The finding o f this research can enrich students' information about adjective order and its importance to mastery it toward translation. Students will be motivated to study and mastery further about adjective order in order to improve their capability on translation.

  F. Definition of Key Terms

  To make easy and understandable in discussing more about the title, the writer wants to explain the meaning o f the title at glance. It consists o f five main terms, which are necessary to explain. They are follows:

  6

  1. Mastery

  The term o f mastery from some experts has differences. According

to John M. Echols and Hassan Shadily (1998: 374), mastery is

achievement o f knowledge. While in accordancewith As Hornby (1987:

523), mastery is complete control o f knowledge.

  2. Adjective

  Arthur Melville Clark in the Spoken English o f Idiomatic Grammar

(1958: 64) defined that "An adjective is a word that qualifies or tell us

something about: a noun, a pronoun, an adjective or participle used as a

noun, a phrase used as a noun, or a clause used as a noun".In accordance

with to Homer C. House (Descriptive English Grammar, 1950: 109) an

adjective is used with a noun or other substantive as a modifier to describe

or define it.

  In addition, Marcella Frank in her book (1972: 109) said

“Adjective is a modifier that has the grammatical property o f comparison,

its usual position is before the noun it modifies".

  3. Adjective order

  Based on (

the definition o f adjective order is the customary order in which two or

more adjectives appear in front o f a phrase. In accordance withDavid

Dennison (1998 cited on that site) he stated that although adjective order

in English isn't random, ordering relations are tendencies rather than rigid

rules. The order o f adjectives in English is not random because different

  

types o f adjectives occur in a certain order. The exception to this is with

adjectives of general description and those o f physical state (size, shape,

color), where their order may be reversed.

  When using multiple adjectives in a sequence, we must be aware o f

the correct adjective order. Based on the

ves.htm) writen by Chris McCarthy) the proper order o f adjectives is listed

below along with some examples for each category.

  a. Determiners: a, an, the, my, your, several, etc,

  b. Opinion: funny, lovely, boring, stimulating, etc,

  c. Size: tiny, small, huge, etc,

  d. Age: old, new, ancient, etc,

  e. Shape: round, square, rectangular, etc,

  f. Color: red, blue, green, etc,

  g. Origin: British, American, Mexican, etc,

  h. Material: gold, copper, silk, etc, i. Purpose: sleeping, rolling, fishing, etc.

  Translation is very important because this is one o f the ways to

understand the meaning of foreign language being learned. Due to that

fact, we should initially understand what the translation is and how to

translate a sentence.

  8 The definition o f translation is explained in many reference books,

as in Oxford Advanced Learner's Dictionary o f Current English. The word

"Translation" (a noun) comes from the word “to translate" (a verb) which

means giving the meaning o f another language (Hornby, 1987: 919). In

the book o f Seni Menerjemahkan by Widyamartaya (1989: 11), she wrote:

  Secara lebih sederhana, menterjemahkan - dapat didefenisikan sebagai memindahkan suatu amant dari bahasa sumber ke bahasa penerima (sasaran) dengan pertama-tama mengungkapkan maknanya dan kedua mengungkapkan gaya bahasanya.

  (Shortly, translating can be defined as transfering the source language message to the receptor language, firstly in expressing the meaning and secondly in the style).

  The explanations above can be concluded that translation is a

process of transferring thoughts, ideas, and message to the target language

as equivalent from the source language, whether the languages are written

or oral form. The process o f translation has to be considered in the

message first, than in term o f style and structure.

  Skill is the ability to do something well; having enough ability,

experiences to be able to do something well; needing special abilities or

training (Oxford Learner's Pocket dictionary, 2011: 414). Another

definition, skill is proficiency, facility or dexterity that is acquired or

developed through training or experience (The American Heritage

Dictionary o f the English Language, 2006: 1630).

  9

  G. Review of Previous Researches

  In this graduating paper, the writer takes review o f related literature from other graduating papers as comparison. They are as follows: The first related research entitled: "A Correlation Study Between

  

Vocabulary Mastery and Grammatical Competence towards Translation

Skill of the Second Year Students o f SM U Muhammadiyah 4 Andong

Boyolali in the Academic Year o f 03/04” was done by Shofwan, a student

o f Islamic University o f STAIN Salatiga, 2003. The objective o f the study

was to find out whether there are any correlations between mastery

vocabulary and mastery grammatical with the translation mastery or not.

He found the fact that both have significant correlation toward translation

ability. In translation, the grammar and the vocabulary mastery o f both the

SL and the TL really play an important role. It can be said that the result o f

translation depends much on their grammar and vocabulary mastery.

  The second paper was done by Nurdiyana L i n d a ^ r r t r t k d ^ 7 ^

Influence o f Students' Reading Comprehension toward Their

Translation Mastery o f the First Year Students o f SM K Negeri 1

  

Tengaran in the Academic Year o f 08/09”. The aim was to find out the

influence of reading comprehension toward students' translation mastery.

  

She concluded that thereis positive and significant influence between

students' reading comprehension toward heir translation mastery.

  The third was conducted by Ratna Sari with her research entitled:

“The Influence o f Students' Mastery on Phrasal Verb Toward Students'

  10

  

Translation Skill (A Correlative Study o f the Sixth Semester Students o f

English Department o f STAIN Salatiga in the Academic Year Of 11/12”.

  

The purposes of the research were to know whether there is influence o f

students' mastery on phrasal verb toward students’ translation skill. The

methodology of the study was quantitative research. The result o f the

study showed that there was significant correlation between the students'

mastery on phrasal verb toward their translation skill. Those facts implied

that the students' mastery on phrasal verb can give positive influence

toward their translation skill.

  The last was Ratna Irawati's paper entitled: “ The Influence o f

Students' Mastery on Absolute Construction Toward Students'

Translation Skill (A Correlative Study in the Eight Semester Students o f

English Department o f STAIN Salatiga in the Academic Year 12/13)''.

  

The aim o f the research was to know whether there is influence o f

students’ mastery on absolute construction toward students’ translation

skill. There was positive correlation between students' mastery on absolute

construction toward their translation skill. It can also be concluded that

students' mastery on absolute construction has significant influence

toward their translation skill.

  From the related researches above, the researcher is interested to

carry out a research dealing with mastery o f English especially in

translation skill. To make difference from other researchers, in this

research the writer wants to analyze students' mastery on adjective order and its influence in translation skill with the title “Students’ Mastery on Adjective Order toward their Translation Skill (A Correlative Study in the Second Semester Students o f English Department o f STAIN Salatiga in the Academic Year o f 2013/2014)”. The purpose is to know whether there is influence o f students’ mastery on adjective order toward students’ translation skill in the second semester students o f English Department of

  STAIN Salatiga in the academic year o f 2013/2014.

  H. Hypothesis

  Hypothesis is a tentative answer to the research problem (David Nachiamas. 1996:66). This research is a correlative study and belongs to quantitative research. Then for this research, the writer has hypothesis that there is a correlation between students’ mastery on adjective order toward translation skill on the second semester students o f English Department of STAIN Salatiga in the academic year o f 2013/2014.

  I. Graduating Paper Outline

  As a guidance o f writing the Graduating Paper, the writer will

convey the Graduating Paper Outline. This paper is composed

systematically into five chapters as follows:

  Chapter I is the introduction. The writer introduces discussion

whose relationship with this research, which consist o f background o f the

study, statement o f the problem, objective o f the study, limitation o f the

  12

  

study, statement o f the problem, objective o f the study, limitation o f the

study, benefit of the study, definition o f key terms, review o f previous

researches, hypothesis, and graduating paper outline. Chapter II describes

the theoretical framework o f this research. It is the main discussion in the

second chapter. The description includes the general concept o f adjective,

adjective order and translation skill. The third chapter discusses the

research methodology, it is the required elements in this quantitative

research; the general situation o f English Department o f STAIN Salatiga

in the academic year o f 2013/2014, population, the technique o f data

collection, the method o f analyzing data and test result. Chapter IV is data

analysis. It consists o f the findings o f the research. It presents the result o f

the analysis o f collected data and the discussion. And as the last chapter o f

this graduating paper, chapter V is closure which contains o f conclusion o f

the research’s finding and suggestion for teaching translation and adjective

order. The last part is bibliography and appendixes.

  5

  CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK A. Students’ Mastery on Adjective Order

  1. Mastery The term mastery from some experts has differences. Jhon M. Echols and Hasan Shadily (1998: 374) in their book stated that mastery is achievement o f knowledge. While according to As Hornby (1987: 523) mastery is complete control o f knowledge. In the same line, Webster (1974: 586) defined that mastery is the state o f having control over something, superiority in competition, victory and eminent still or through knowledge. Finally from the some above definitions, it can be concluded that mastery is an achievement o f knowledge certain subject.

  2. Adjective

  a. The General Description of Adjective Words have traditionally been classified into pats o f speech; noun, adjectives, verbs and adverbs are the four largest groups. Adjectives in English are not inflected for gender and number. They have no singular and plural forms, and they do not agree with their nouns in gender (Hall, 1993: 9). Arthur Melville Clark in the Spoken English o f Idiomatic Grammar (1958: 64) defined that “An adjective is a word that qualifies or tells us

  

something about: a noun, a pronoun, an adjective or participle used as a

noun, a phrase used as a noun, or a clause used as a noun".

  According to Homer C. House (Descriptive English Grammar,

1950: 73) an adjective is used with a noun or other substantive as a

modifier to describe or define it. Wren and Martin (1995: 109) explained

that an adjective is a word used to add something to the meaning o f a

noun.

  In the same line, Marcella Frank (1972: 109) in her book said

"Adjective is a modifier that has the grammatical property o f comparison,

its usual position is before the noun it modifies, but it fills other positions

as well'’.

  b. Types of Adjectives

  As mentioned by Frank in her book (1972: 110) there are two types o f adjectives, namely: 1) Determiners Determiners consist o f a small group o f structure words without characteristic form.

  a) Articles: the, a, an

  b) Demonstrative adjectives: this (plural those), that (plural those)

  c) Possessive adjectives From pronouns: my, your, one ’s, etc • From nouns: John 's, the girl ’s, etc

  15

  • • Cardinal '. four, twenty-five, one hundred, etc

    Ordinal: fourth, twenty-fifth, one hundredth, etc

  e) Adjectives o f indefinite quality: some, few, all, more

t) Relative and interrogative adjectives: whose, what, which

All o f these determiners except the articles and possessive

adjectives o f the personal pronouns may function as pronouns when not

followed by nouns.

  Shakespearian

  b) Participial Adjectives Present participle: an interesting book, a disappointingexperience, a charming view, a trifling gift

  Past participle: a bored student, a worn tablecloth, atired house wife, a spoiled child

  c) Adjective compounds With participles • Present participle: a good-looking girl, a heart-breaking story, a Spanish-speaking student, a long-suffering widow’

  Past participle: a turned-up nose, a broken-down house,

new-born kittens, ready-made clothes

  16

  With -ed added to nouns functioning as the second • element o f a compound. The first element is usually a short adjective. For example: absent-minded, ill- tempered, ready-made clothes.

  3. Adjective Order

  a. The General Concept o f Adjective Order Adjectives allow writer to describe a particular noun using color, taste, shape, size and other important details they can add to a noun. Warriner (1982: 45) pointed out that adjective is a word that modifies a noun or pronoun. Adjectives limit or qualify nouns or pronouns by telling what kind, which one, how many or how much. It is essential to use adjectives to describe a noun or pronoun. Good writers and speakers are able to use adjectives to create clear, mental images for the reader or listener. Using multiple adjectives to describe something is recommended to use even it will sound a little awkward using more than three physically descriptive type adjectives in sequence. In accordance with Kevin Wilson and Jennifer Wauson (2010, in ) adjectives sometime appear in a string, a complicated form, when they do they must appear in a particular order according to the category. Word order is the order o f the words in which the noun is the headword (Slamet Riyanto, 2010: 39). Look at the use o f word order in the table below:

Table 2.1 Order of Adjectives Order of Adjectives Deter miner Opini on Physical Description Orig in Mat crial Purp ose Noun (Head Word) Size Age Shape Colo r

  A beauti ful old

  Itali an ball Touri

  ng

  car An expen sive antiqu e silve

  r

  mirror Four Gorge ous long­ stem­ med Red silk roses

  Her short blac k hair our big old Engl ish Sheep­ dog A pair of old blac k

  Span ish leath er riding Boots many well- made tiny elongat ed bro wn fish in g Boat my old red

  Ger­ man Sleepi ng

  Bag some delici ous

  Enor mou s Thai

  Food

  The categories in the table 2.1 can be described as follow: 1) Determiner Determiners always come before the noun. These words are used as specifier. Determiner limits the meaning or describes the noun which is placed in front o f the noun (Riyanto, 2010: 40). Hall (1993: 11) added that determiners are words which precede nouns and place the nouns in various categories, they are a, an and the. A and an are called the indefinite articles, as they do not indicate a specific noun; whereas, the is called the definite article, because it does point to a specific noun. Sholahudin (2008: 221) jotted down the kinds o f determiner as follows:

  a) Counter and measurer Determiners which describe the countable noun: Indefinite article: a, an • Cardinal number: one, two, three, etc. • Ordinal number: first, second, third, etc

  Few, a few, many, many

  • • more (comparatives degree),

  most (superlative degree) No • Both •

  • All

  Some, any, enough • b) Quantifier Determiners which describe uncountable noun: Much more (comparatives degree), most (superlative • degree)

  NoAllSome, any, enough

  c) Pointer Determiners which describe either uncountable noun or countable noun:

  • Demonstrative: this, that, these, those

  Either, neither • Definite article: the

  d) Possessive Determiners which describe possessive pronoun, for example: my, your, our, this, his, her, and its.

  2) Observation / Opinion An opinion adjective explains what somebody thinks about something (not everyone may agree). Opinion adjectives are divided into two types as follows: a) General opinion It is used to describe almost any noun. For example: good, bad, beautiful, awful, nice, important, etc.

  20

  b)

  Specific opinion It is used to describe particular kinds o f noun: Food: tasty, delicious Furniture, buildings: comfortable, uncomfortable People, animals: clever, intelligent, friendly We usually put a general opinion in front o f a specific opinion. See the example sentences below: Nice tasty soup.

  A nasty uncomfortable armchair. A lovely intelligent animal.

  3) Physical Description

  a) Size Size adjective tells how big or small something is. It includes comparative and superlative adjectives. Height; e.g. Tall, short, high, low; taller, tallest Width; e.g. Wide, narrow, thin, slim; wider, widest Length; e.g. Long, short; longer, longest Volume; e.g. fat, huge; fatter, fattest

  b) Age An age adjective tells how young or old something or someone is. For example: ancient, new, young, old, middle-aged, etc.

  c) Shape

  A shape adjective describes the shape o f something. For example: square, round, flat, rectangular, circular, triangular, oval, etc.